SECTION 13 EXCAVATIONS AND FOUNDATIONS Cont e n t s 13 0 1 1301.1 1301.2 1301.3 13 0 2 1302.1 Table 1302.

2 EXCAVATIONS Gener al Perm a n e n t and Construction Excavations Enforce m e n t BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL Soil Investiga tion s 13 1 !aximu m Safe "earing Ca#acit$ for %ori &ontal 'ound ation s

(ind and Eart)*u a + e

13 0 3 1303.1 1303.2 1303.3 Table 13 0 4 13 0 130-.1 130-.2 130-.3 Table 130-.1 130-.130-.2 130-.3 130-.4

SOIL BEARING FOUNDATIONS Gener al Continuo u s 'ootings Isolat e d 'ootings 13 2 !inimu m ,imen sion s for Continuo u s 'oot ings

CONCRETE SLABS ON FILL PILED FOUNDATIONS Gener al .llo/able 0oads Timber Piles 13 3 !inimu m 'actor of Safet$ for Piles

Precast Concret e Piles Prestre s s e d Concret e Piles Cast in #lace Concret e Piles Steel Piles S#ecial Piles or S#ecial Conditions

jun e 199 7

13 -1

13 0 ! 13 0 # 1303.1 1303.2 13 0 ' 1304.1 1304.2

FOUNDATION BEA"S SEA $ALLS AND BUL%&EADS Gener al ,esign Criteria CAISSONS Gener al ,esign Criteria

jun e 199 7

13 -2

SECTION 13 EXCAVATIONS AND FOUNDATIONS 13 0 1 13 0 1 ( 1 EXCAVATIONS Gen e) *+ 5ntil #rovisions for #erm a n e n t su##ort )ave bee n mad e all excav a tions s)all be #ro#erl$ guard e d and #rotect e d so as to #reve n t t)e sam e from being dan g er o u s to life and #ro# ert $. Suc) #rot ection is to be #rovide d b$ t)e #erson causing t)e excav a tion to be mad e. Excavations6 for an$ #ur#os e6 s)all not ext en d /it)in one foot of t)e #lane of t)e natur al slo#e of t)e soil under an$ existing footing or found a tion6 unless suc) footing or found a tion is first #ro#erl$ under#i nn e d or #rotect e d against settle m e n t . 13 0 1 ( 2 Pe) , * n e n t E31*4 * t 2 o n s *nTe,. o ) *) / Con s t) 0 1 t2 o n

7o #erm a n e n t excav ation s s)all be mad e nor s)all an$ construction excav a tions be left on an$ lot or lots /)ic) /ill end a n g e r ad8oining #ro# ert $ or buildings or be a men a c e to #ublic )ealt) or safet $. .n$ suc) excav a tion s mad e or maint ai n e d s)all be #ro#erl$ draine d and suc) draina g e #rovi sions s)all function #ro#erl$ as long as t)e exca vation exists. Perm a n e n t excav a tions s)all )ave retaining /alls of ste el6 maso nr $6 concret e or similar a##rov e d mat eri al of sufficient stren gt ) to retain t)e lateral t)rust of t)e surrou n di n g mat erial toget ) e r /it) an$ surc) ar g e d loads. 13 0 1 ( 3 En5o)1 e , e n t ()ere6 in t)e o#inion of t)e .ut)orit$6 an unsafe condition ma$ result or da m a g e ma$ occur as t)e result of an excav a tion6 )e ma$ order t)e /or+ sto## e d or ma$ a##rov e t)e /or+ of excav a tion sub8ect to suc) limitations as )e ma$ dee m nec e s s a r$. 13 0 2 13 0 2 ( 1 BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL So2+ In4e s t 2 6 * t 2 o n s Plans for ne/ buildings or additions s)all bear a stat e m e n t as to t)e natur e and c)aract e r of t)e soil
jun e 199 7

13 -3

und er t)e struct ur e. ()ere t)e bearing ca#a c it$ of t)e soil is not +no/n or is in *uestion6 t)e design engine e r s)all arran g e for an exa mi n a tio n of sub soil conditions suc) as b$ borings and ot)er tests. Plate load test s s)all be used onl$ to su##l e ment ot)er sub soil investiga tion s. T)e design ca#a cit$ of t)e soil s)ould be subst a n ti a t e d b$ recognis e d test s6 anal$s e s and #roce d ur e s . 'or t)e #ur#os e s of conce # t u al design onl$6 Table 13 1 ma$ be used as a guide in estim ati n g t)e allo/abl e bearing ca# acities of su##orting soils. T*7+ e 13- 1 "*32 , 0 , S*5 e Be*)2n 6 C*.*12 t2 e s 5o) &o)28o n t * + Fo0 n - * t2on s *t De. t 9 2 5t( 0n- e ) Ve)t21 *+ St*t2 1 Lo*-2 n 6 ( :"*t e)2 *+ s not +2st e - 2n t92 s T*7+ e s9 *++ 7e te s t e - 5o) 7e*)2 n 6 1*. * 12 t / ; ( T/. e s o5 Ro1< s *n- So2+s "*32 , 0 , S*5 e 7e*)2 n 6 C*.*12 t / ton s .e) s=(5 t(
10 To be deter mine d 10 D)/ 1. -. 2. 3. 4. 9. 10. 11. 12. Com#ac t /ell grade d sands and gravel sand mixtures 0oose /ell grade d sands mixtures Com#ac t uniform sands 0oose uniform sands Stiff cla$s and sand$ cla$s 'irm cla$s and sand$ cla$s Soft cla$s and silts :er$ soft cla$s and silts 1;2 !ade ground To be deter mine d after investiga tion 1;2 1 2 2 1 2 1 S07 , e ) 6 e 2 1 1 1;2 To be deter mine d 1

Re,*)< s

1. 2. 3.

!assivel$ bedde d lime stone s and )ard sandston e s. Cla$ s)ales T)inl$ bedde d limeston e s and sandston e s

13 0 2 ( 2 a<
jun e 199 7

$2n- *n- E*)t9 = 0 * < e .ll allo/abl e soil bearing values s#ecified in Table

13 -4

b<

13 1 ma$ be increa s e d b$ one t)ird in calcu lations for /ind or eart ) *ua+e loading /)en com bined /it) vertical loads. 7o incre a s e s)all be allo/ed for vertical loads acting alone. (ind and eart) * u a + e loads nee d not be assu m e d to act simult aneo u sl$. It s)ould be note d t)at in cert ain t$#es of soils6 for exa m #l e6 silt$ /at er logge d soils6 li*ue faction mig)t occur und er certain eart) *ua+ e cond itions. T)e #ossibilit$ of t)e occur renc e of li*ue faction s)ould be investig ated.

13 0 3 13 0 3 ( 1

SOIL BEARING FOUNDATIONS Gen e) *+ 'ootings s)all be so design e d t)at t)e soil #res sure s)ould be reaso n a b l$ uniform to minimise differe nti al settle m e n t . T)e #referre d mat eri al for t)e construction of footings is concret e. 13 0 3 ( 2 =a< Cont2n 0 o 0 s Foot2 n 6 s 'ootings und er /alls s)all be continuo u s or continuit$ ot)er/is e #rovide d and s)all not be less t)an re*uire d to +ee# t)e soil #ress ur e /it)in t)at set fort) in Table 13 1 nor less t)an t)e minim u m si&es set fort) in Table 13 2. .ll concret e footings s)all be ade * u a t el $ reinforce d6 t)e minim u m allo/abl e amou n t of ste el reinforce m e n t being 0.1- #erce nt of t)e gross cross section al are a of t)e concret e in bot) )ori&ont al directions. >einforcing bars s)all be #rovide d /it) a minim u m of 2? of concret e cover. =See Table 12 3< Excavation s for continuo u s footings s)all be cut true to line and level and t)e sides of footings s)all be s)utt er e d6 exce# t /)ere soil conditions are suc) t)at t)e sides of t)e excav a tion stan d firm and s*uar e. Excavation s s)all be mad e to firm bearing. Continuo u s footings s)all be #lace d level and an$ c)an g e s in t)e level of suc) footings s)all be mad e /it) a vertical tie of t)e sam e cross section and design as t)e footings.

=b<

=c<

=d<

jun e 199 7

13 -

=e<

Continuo u s footings on /)ic) t)e centre of gravit$ of t)e loads falls outsid e of t)e middle one t)ird s)all be con sidere d ecce n tric6 and #rovision s)all be mad e to limit t)e soil #ress ur e at t)e edge s to allo/abl e value s b$ mea n s of count er balancin g or b$ ot)er a##rov e d met ) o d s. Iso+*t e - Foot2 n 6 s

13 0 3 ( 3 =a<

Isolat e d footings in soils )aving lo/ lateral restraint s)all be #rovide d /it) ade* u a t e bracing to resist move m e n t . .n isolat e d footing on /)ic) t)e centre of gravit$ of t)e load falls outsid e t)e middle one t)ird of an$ line #assing t)rou g) t)e centr e of gravit$ of t)e footing s)all be consider e d ecce nt ric6 and #rovision s)all be mad e to limit t)e soil #ress ur e at t)e edge s b$ me a n s of stra# s or ot)er a##rov e d met ) o d s. ()ere isolat e d footings su##ort reinforce d concret e col umns6 start er bars6 e*uival e n t in num b e r and area to t)e colum n reinf orce m e n t 6 and )aving lengt )s not less t)an 30 diam e t e r s above and belo/ t)e 8oints6 s)all be #rovide d in t)e footing. ()ere t)e footing de#t ) does not allo/ straig)t bars6 stan d a r d bend s /ill be allo/ed. Suc) start er bars6 or anc)or bolts as are re*uire d for ste el colum n s6 s)all be )eld to #ro#er level and location during t)e concretin g of t)e footing b$ tem #l at e s or b$ ot)er a##rov e d met ) o d s. T*7+ e 13- 2

=b<

=c<

"2n2 ,0 , D2,e n s 2 o n s 5o) Cont2n 0 o 0 s Foot2 n 6 s A++o> * 7 + e 7e *)2 n 6 1*. * 12 t / :Ton s .e) s=(5 t ( ;
5# to @ Aver 1;2 but less t)an 1 1 or more

N0 ,7 e ) o5 st o) e / s
1 2 1 2 1 2

De. t 9 *n>2- t9 :2n s;

Not e ?

T)e si&es given in t)e Table are to be used /it) caution as t)e c)aracteristics of soils var$ consider a bl$ and all soils s)ould be anal$&ed before designing t)e founda tion.

jun e 199 7

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"ased on soil investiga tions as set fort) in 1302.1 t)e footing si&es ma$ be c)ange d /)en t)e allo/able bearing values and loads are ta+en into account6 but t)e minimu m /idt) of a footing under t)e main /all of a building s)all not be less t)an 21? nor less t)an 4? more t)an t)e /idt) of t)e founda tion /all /)ic)ever is greate r.

13 0 4

CONCRETE SLABS ON FILL =a< ()ere it is #ro#os e d to #lace concret e slabs directl$ on t)e su##orting soil6 a sub grad e s)all )ave first been #re# ar e d b$ removing all to# soil6 orga nic matt er and debris6 and t)e sub grad e and fill s)all be t)orou g)l$ com #act e d b$ a##rov e d mec) a nic al met ) o d s. .ll fill #laced und er slabs s)all be clean6 free of debris and ot)er delet erious mat eri als. T)e maxim u m si&e of roc+ in com #act e d fill s)all be 1? in diam e t e r. 'or case s of )eav$ loading s#eci al com# a c tion test s ma$ be re*uire d. Concret e floor slabs #lace d directl$ on t)e su##orting soil s)all be of an a##ro#riat e t)ic+ne s s for t)e loads inten d e d but in an$ case not less t)an 1?6 and s)all be reinforce d /it) steel reinforce m e n t not less t)an 0.1- #erce n t of t)e gross cross section al are a of t)e concret e in t)e slab. T)e rein force m e n t s)all be #lace d in t)e u## er )alf of t)e slab.

=b<

13 0 13 0 ( 1

PILED FOUNDATIONS Gen e) *+ =a< Piled found a tion s s)all be design e d and su#er vised b$ a #ro fession all$ *ualified engin e e r a##rov e d b$ t)e .ut)orit$ and suitabl$ *ual ified and ex#eri en c e d in suc) design. Piles used for t)e su##ort of an$ building or structur e s)all be driven to a resist a n c e and #en e tr a tion in accord a n c e /it) t)e #lans and;or s#ecifications and as set fort) )erein. Piles ma$ be 8etted onl$ if #ermitt e d b$ t)e engine e r. Imm e di at el $ after com #l etion of 8etting6 t)e #ile s)all be driven belo/ t)e de#t ) 8etted to t)e re*uired resist a n c e but not less t)an 1B 0?. 7o 8etting /ill be #ermitt e d t)at ma$ be detrim e n t al to existing ad8ac e n t structur e s or to #iles t)at )ave been driven. Co+0 , n *1t2 o n . .ll #iles standin g unbra c e d in

=b<

=c<

=d<
jun e 199 7

13 -#

air6 /ater6 or in mat erial not ca# a bl e of #rovid ing lateral su##ort6 s)all be design e d as colum n s. Suc) #iles driven into firm ground ma$ be consider e d fixed and laterall$ su# #orte d at -B 0? belo/ t)e groun d surfac e unless ot)er/ise #rescrib e d b$ t)e design engine e r after a found a tion investigation b$ a com# e t ent age nc $ a##rov e d b$ t)e .ut)orit$. =e< ()en isolat e d colum n s and ot)er loads are su##ort e d on #iles a minim u m of t)re e #iles s)all be used for suc) su##ort unless lateral bracing is #rovide d at t)e #ile ca# to ensur e stabilit$. S)ould a #ile be loade d ecce n tri call$ so as to #roduc e an overload on an$ #ile more t)an 10 #er cent of t)e allo/abl e load6 footing stra# s or ot)er a##rov e d met ) o d s s)all be re*uire d to count er a c t t)e effect of ecce n tric loading. T)e minim u m centr e to centr e s#acing of fric tion #iles s)all be not less t)an 3B 2? or t)e #erim e t e r of t)e #iles /)ic)ev er is great e r. 'or #iles deriving t)eir resist a n c e from end bearing6 t)e minim u m centre s#acing of t)e #iles s)all be not less t)an 2B 2? or t/ice t)e least /idt)6 /)ic)ev e r is great e r. T)e s#acing of #iles s)all be suc) t)at in no case t)e aver a g e load on t)e su##orting stra tum ma$ exce e d t)e safe bearing value of t)at strat u m . It is advisa bl e t)at #iles s)all not be driven closer t)an 1B 0? to an existing building or struct ur e6 unless s#eci al consider ation is given to t)e #ro#erti es of t)e soil and to t)e struc ture of t)e existing building. G)o0 . *1t2 o n . Consider a tion s)all be given to t)e reduction of allo/abl e #ile load /)en #iles are #lace d in grou# s. ()ere soil con siderations ma+ e suc) load reductions advis able or nec e s s a r $6 t)e allo/abl e axial load det er mi n e d for a single #ile s)all be reduc e d b$ an$ rational met ) o d or formul a. P2+e s 2n s0 7 s 2 - 2 n 6 *)e * s . ()ere #iles are driven t)roug) subsiding fills or ot)er sub siding strat a and derive su##ort from underl$ ing firmer mat eri als6 consid er a tion s)all be given to t)e do/n/ard frictional forces /)ic) ma$ be im#os e d on t)e #iles b$ t)e subsiding u##er strat a. T)e engin e e r or ot)er com # e t e n t #erso n

=f<

=g<

=)<

=i<

=8<
jun e 199 7

13 -'

a##rov e d b$ t)e .ut)orit$ su#ervising t)e #ile driving o#eration s s)all be re*uired to +ee# an accur at e record of t)e mat eri al and t)e #rinci#al dime n sio n s of eac) #ileC t)e /eig)t and fall of t)e )am m e r6 if a single acting or dro# )am m e rC t)e si&e and ma+e6 o#erating #ress ur e6 lengt ) of )ose6 num b e r of blo/s #er minut e and ener g$ #er blo/ if a double acting )am m e rC toget ) e r /it) t)e avera g e #en e tr a tion of eac) #ile for at least t)e last five blo/s6 and t)e levels at ti# and cut off. . co#$ of t)es e records s)all be filed and +e#t /it) t)e #lans. =+< .ll #iles s)all be design e d so t)at lifting and )andling stress e s s)all not exce e d allo/ able /or+ing stress e s6 as s#ecified. Stress e s during driving ma$ exce e d t)es e stress e s b$ not more t)an 100 #erc e nt . A++o> * 7 + e Lo*- s =a< T)e allo/abl e axial and lateral loads on #iles s)all be det er mine d b$ an a##rov e d form ula6 b$ load tests6 or b$ a found a tion investi gation b$ a com # e t e n t age n c $. ()ere a d$na m ic #ile formula ultim at e resist a n c e s)all be accord a n c e /it) t)e met )o d given suc) ot)er formula as t)e engin e e r suitabl e. is used t)e calculat e d in in "S 4001 or s)all consid er

13 0 ( 2

=b<

=c<

()en t)e allo/abl e axial load of a single #ile is det er mi n e d b$ a load test one of t)e fol lo/ing met ) o d s s)all be used to det er mi n e t)e ultim at e resist a n c e. T)e ultim at e resist a n c e s)all be define d asD =1< T)e load at /)ic) an incre a s e in load #roduc e s a dra m a tic increa s e in settle m entC or T)e maxi m u m load /)ic) during a 14 )our #eriod of continuou s load a##lication caus e s settle m e n t s at a rate not exce e d ing 0.01 in;)r.

=d<

=2<

In an$ event6 t)e maxim u m settle m e n t s)ould not exce e d 0.01 in;ton gross settle m e n t or 0.02- in net settle m e n t =/)ere net settle m e n t is t)e differe nc e bet/e e n gross and recover$<.
jun e 199 7

13 -@

=e<

()ere t)e ultim at e resist a n c e of a friction #ile is det er mi n e d b$ soil tests6 t)e soil investiga tion and laborat or$ tests s)all be carried out b$ a com # e t e n t age n c $. Table 13 3 s)all be used to det er mi n e t)e minim u m factor of safet$ to be used in calcu lating t)e allo/abl e axial load on a #ile. T*7+ e 13- 3

=f<

"2n2,0 , F*1t o) o5 S*5 e t / 5o) P2+e s

>oc+ 7on co)esive soil %ard co)esive soil Soft co)esive soil

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

E Test load s)ould be used in t)e circumst a nc e s

13 0 ( 3 =a<

T2,7 e) P2+e s Timber #iles s)all be of one #iece of a##rov e d timber cont ain ing no eviden c e of deca $6 free from s)ort +in+s or revers e bends and )aving uniform ta# er from butt to ti#. . straig)t line dra/n from t)e centre of t)e butt to t)e centre of t)e ti# s)all lie /)oll$ /it)in t)e bod$ of t)e #ile. T)e diam e t e r of round #iles s)all be not less t)an 2 inc)es at t)e ti# and not less t)an 10 inc)es t)ree feet from t)e butt6 for #iles /)ic) are 2-B0? or less in lengt ). 'or #iles /)ic) exce e d 2- feet in lengt )6 t)e diam e t e r at t)e ti# s)all be not less t)an 4 inc)esC and at 3 feet from t)e butt6 t)e diam e t e r s)all not be less t)an 12 inc)e s.

jun e 199 7

13 -10

=b<

7o #iles /)ic) )ave a s#iral grain exce e di n g one com #l et e turn in 10B 0? s)all be used. S*uar e d timber #iles less t)an 4? s*uar e s)all not be used. 5ntreat e d /ood #iles s)all not be used6 exce #t #iles mad e of timber /)ic) )as bee n s)o/n to be resist a n t to termit e s and /ood borers. T)e a##rov al of t)e .ut)orit$ s)all be soug)t for t)e use of all timbers for #iling. .ll ot)er #iles s)all be #ress ur e treat e d in accord a n c e /it) t)e re*uire m e n t s of Section 11 of t)is Code. T)e allo/abl e stress in com#r e s sio n #arallel to t)e grain under maxi m u m /or+ing load s)all not exce e d 20 #erc e nt of t)e basic stres s as det er mi n e d b$ t)e 5S 7ational 'orest Product s .ssociation or an$ ot)er .genc$ a##rov e d b$ t)e .ut)orit$6 and in no case s)all stress exce e d 300 lb. #er s*.in. P)e1 * s t Con1) e t e P2+e s

=c<

=d<

=e<

13 0 ( 4 =a<

T)e man uf a ct ur e of #rec a s t concret e #iles s)all conform in all res# e c t s to Section 12 of t)is CodeC concret e s)all conform to not less t)an t)e re*uire m e n t s of stan d a r d mix ST1E for norm al or eas$ driving and of mix ST- for )ard driving6 and for all #iles used in marine /or+. ANot e? Con1) e t e Se1 t2 o n 1!( 6)*- e s *)e -e52n e 2n

=b<

.ll #iles s)all be reinforce d /it) not less t)an 1 longitudin al steel bars )aving an are a of not less t)an 1.2- #erce nt and not more t)an 1.0 #erc e nt of t)e gross cross section al area of t)e #ile. .ll t)e main longitudin al bars s)all be of uniform si&e and lengt ). Foints in longitudin al bars6 if unavoid a bl e6 s)all be mad e b$ full stren gt ) butt /elding. 0ateral reinforce m e n t in t)e form of )oo#s or lin+s s)all be not less t)an 3;12? diam e t e r. In t)e bod$ of t)e #ile t)e lateral reinforce ment s)all be not less t)an 2 #erce n t of t)e gross volum e s#ac e d at not more t)an )alf t)e least /idt) of t)e #ile. 'or lengt ) of 3 times t)e least /idt) of t)e #ile at eac) end of t)e #ile t)e volum e of lateral reinforce ment s)all be not less t)an 2 #erce nt of t)e gross volum e. T)e transition bet/ e e n t)e

=c<

jun e 199 7

13 -11

close s#acing at t)e ends and t)e maxim u m s#acing s)all be mad e gradu all$ over a lengt ) of 3 times t)e least /idt). =d< .ll reinforce m e n t 6 including binding /ire6 s)all be #rotect e d b$ at least 1 1;2? of concret e cover exce #t t)at for #iles sub8ect e d to t)e action of o#en /ater6 /aves or ot)er sever e ex#os ur e 2 1;2? cover s)all be #rov ided. T)e com #r e s siv e stres s im#os e d on driven #iles s)all not exce e d 3-0 lb. #er s*.in. on t)e nomin al minim u m cross section al are a of t)e #ile. Precast concret e #iles s)all be not less t)an 10? x 10? in section. .ll #rec a st concret e #iles s)all )ave t)eir dat e of man uf a c ture and t)e lifting #oints clearl$ mar+e d on t)e #ile. Concret e #iles s)all not be driven until t)e$ )ave attain e d t)eir s#ecified 24 da$ stren gt ) as verified b$ tests6 nor s)all t)e #iles be remov e d from t)e forms until -0 #erc e nt of t)e s#ecified 24 da$ stren gt ) )as been attain e d. Piles s)all not be trans # ort e d nor driven until t)e$ )ave bee n cured not less t)an seve n da$s. P)e s t ) e s s e - Con1) e t e P2+e s =a< Prestre s s e d concret e #iles s)all conform to 1204 of t)is Code exce#t as s#ecificall$ det ailed in 130-.-. 0ongitudin al #re stressing tendo n s s)all )ave not less t)an 2? of cover exce #t t)at for #iles sub8ect to o#en /at er or /ave action6 or ot)er sever e ex#osur e t)e cover s)all be 3?. 0ateral reinforce m e n t s)all be as s#ecified 130-.1=c< for t)e #rec a s t concret e #iles. in

=e<

=f< =g<

13 0 (

=b<

=c< =d< =e< =f<

Piles s)all )ave a minim u m #re stres s of 200 lb. #er s*.in. at time of driving. 7o tension s)all be allo/ed in t)e concret e under /or+ing load conditions. T)e com#r e s siv e stres s in t)e #ile under /or+ing load com bin e d /it) t)e #restr e s s in t)e #ile at t)e time of loading s)all not exce e d one t)ird of t)e com #r e s siv e stren gt ) of t)e #ile.

jun e 199 7

13 -12

13 0 ( ! =a<

C*st- 2n- .+*1 e Con1) e t e P2+e s Concret e #iles cast in #lace against eart ) in drilled or bored )oles s)all be mad e in suc) a man n e r as to ensur e t)e exclu sion of an$ foreign matt er and to secur e a full si&ed s)aft. A++o> * 7 + e st) e s s e s . T)e allo/abl e com#r e s siv e stress in t)e concret e s)all not exce e d 0.22times t)e s#ecified 24 da$ cube stren gt ). T)e reinforcing steel s)all conform to .ST! .302 42a ?Stand a r d S#ecification for 0o/ .llo$ Steel ,eform e d "ars for Concret e >einforce m e n t ? or to t)e e*uivale n t "ritis) stand a r d. Cased cast in #lace concret e #iles ma$ consist of a steel or concret e s)ell driven in inti mat e cont act /it) t)e surroun d ing soil and left in #lace and filled /it) concret e. Steel s)ells ma$ be uniforml$ ta# er e d6 ste# ta# er e d6 c$lindrical or a com bin a tion of suc) s)a# e s and ma$ be laterall$ corru gat e d6 s#irall$ corrug a t e d 6 longitudin all$ fluted or #lain. Pile s)ells and end closure s s)all be of sufficient stren gt ) and rigidit$ to #ermit t)eir driving in +ee#ing /it) t)e driving met )o d used6 and to #rev e n t )armful distortion caus e d b$ soil #ress ur e or t)e driving of ad8ac e n t #iles until filled /it) concret e. . reduction of cross section al area in exce s s of 1- #erc e nt s)all be caus e for re8ection. T)e s)ells s)all also be sufficientl$ /ater tig)t to exclud e /at er during t)e #lacing of conc rete. T)e minim u m diam e t e r s)all be 4?. Concret e for cast in #lace #iles s)all conform to not less t)an t)e re*uire m e n t s of Grade ST16 Table 12 2. >einforce m e n t including binding /ire s)all )ave not less t)an 2? of concret e cover in uncas e d #iles and 1? /)ere #iles are com #l et e l$ enca s e d . ()ere t)e s)ell )as a t)ic+ne s s of 0.12? or more t)e s)ell ma$ be consider e d as carr$ing #art of t)e load. .de*u at e allo/anc e for corrosion s)all be consider e d in t)e design but not less t)an t)e out er 1;12? of a ste el s)ell s)all be deduct e d before com # utin g t)e area of t)e s)ell con sidere d as carr$ing load. T)e load carried b$ t)e s)ell

=b<

=c<

=d<

=e<

=f<

=g<

=)<

jun e 199 7

13 -13

s)all not exce e d 96000 lb. #er s*.in. bas e d on t)e net steel are a deductin g t)e allo/anc e for corrosion. 13 0 ( # =a< Ste e + P2+e s T)e *ualit$ of t)e steel in 8oints6 tubes6 box #iles and ot)er #lain or built u# sections s)all com #l$ /it) t)e s#ecification for struc tural ste el in conform a n c e /it) t)e releva nt .ST! or "ritis) stand a r d. 7o section s)all )ave met al of less t)an 3;4?. a nomin al t)ic+ne s s of

=b< =c<

T)e allo/abl e stress under /or+ing load s)all not exce e d 2- #erc e nt of t)e minim u m guar a n t e e d $ield stress of t)e steel. ()ere ade * u a t e corrosion #rev e n tion is not #rovide d 1;12? s)all be deduct e d from eac) surfac e in det er mi nin g t)e area of t)e #iles section.

=d<

13 0 ( '

S. e 12 *+ P2+e s o) S. e 12 *+ Con-2t2 o n s T)e use of t$#e s of #iles or conditions not s#e cificall$ covere d )erein ma$ be consider e d u#on exa mi n a tio n of acce # t a bl e test dat a6 calcula tions or ot)er inform a tion relating to t)e #ro# erti es and load carr$ing ca#a cit$ of suc) #iles.

13 0 !

FOUNDATION BEA"S =a< 'ound ation bea m s 6 su##orting loads bet/ e e n #iles6 s)all be reinforce d concret e6 or struc tural ste el #rotect e d b$ at least 2? of con cret e cover. T)e /idt) of found a tion bea m s s)all be at least e*u al to t)e t)ic+ne s s of t)e /all t)e$ su##ort but never less t)an 4?. 'ound ation bea m s s)all be suitabl$ design e d and reinforce d aroun d acce s s o#enings and vent s.

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13 0 # 13 0 # ( 1
jun e 199 7

SEA $ALLS AND BUL%&EADS Gen e) *+

13 -14

Sea /alls6 bul+)e a d s 6 gro$n e s and ot)er retaining /alls along an ocea n front6 ba$6 cree+6 canal6 or /ater /a$ s)all be design e d b$ a #ro fession all$ *ualified and a##rov e d engin e e r. 13 0 # ( 2 a< Des2 6 n C)2te)2 * T)e struct ur e s)all retain t)e ad8oining eart ) from t)e surfac e of t)e ground to a #oint sufficientl$ dee # to retain t)e bas e against surc) ar g e #ress ur e s6 /it) due design consid er ations for /ave action and current s. Timber s)all not be used6 ot)er t)an /)ere locat e d belo/ mea n lo/ /ater6 exce#t t)at bore resist a n t or a##ro#ri at el $ treat e d /oods ma$ be a##rov e d b$ t)e .ut)orit$. Structur e s s)all be class e d as gravit$ t$#e s /)en t)e result a nt of t)e acting forces falls /it)in t)e middle t)ird of t)e bas e. "oulder t$#e /alls s)all be consider e d as gravit$ t$#e /)ere t)e bas e /idt) e*u als or exce e d s t)e )eig)t of t)e /all. Structur e s /)ic) are not of gravit$ or cantilev er t$#e s)all be secur e d to #ro#erl$ design e d anc)ors. ()ere structur e s are construct e d of a com bin a tion of lime roc+ boulders and concret e6 t)e minim u m #erce n t a g e of cross section are a of t)e concret e to t)e total cross section are a of t)e structur e s)all be 10 #erce n t6 not including concret e used for co#ings or decor ative #ur#os e s .

b<

c<

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13 0 ' 13 0 ' ( 1

CAISSONS Gen e) *+ T)e footings of an$ struct ur e ma$ be carried do/n to a firm found a tion b$ isolat e d #iers of rein forced concret e or b$ o#en or #neu m a ti c caisso n s eit)er /it) or /it)out enlarge d bas e or bell at t)e botto m . 13 0 ' ( 2 a< Des2 6 n C)2te)2 * T)e safe carr$ing ca#a cit$ of suc) s)afts or caisson s s)all not exce e d t)e allo/abl e unit bear ing ca# acit$ of t)e soil multi #lied b$ t)e are a of t)e bas e or bell at t)e botto m6 #rovided suc) bell s)all )ave at least a 12? t)ic+ne s s of concret e at its edge and t)e sides s)all slo#e at an angl e of

jun e 199 7

13 -1

not less t)an 20 degr e e s /it) t)e )ori&ont al. b< In no case s)all suc) #iers or caisson s be of less t)an 2B 0? minim u m )ori&ont al dim en sion.

jun e 199 7

13 -1!