MSc in Civil Engineering

BLT4014
Analysis of Water Systems
Examples
Free ortex ! Example
A point on the surface of a free vortex is at a radius of 300mm from the vortex centre
and 375mm above a datum. The natural free surface, unaffected by the vortex, is
600mm above datum. Determine the radius here the vortex free surface is !"5mm
above datum.
# $ % &
!
!
'r !
c
0.6 $ 0.375 &
!
!
0.3 . ' !
c

' !
c
!
& 0.0!0
At % & 0.!"5m
then, 0.6 $ 0.!"5 & 0.3(5 &
!
0!0 . 0
r

3(5 . 0
0!0 . 0
r
& 0"##$m
Free ortex Example
!
)ea ater * & "0!5 +',m
3
- flos throu'h a rectan'ular culvert * ".6m ide x !..
hi'h-. At a certain section, the culvert describes a hori%ontal circular arc of mean
radius (m. /t is found that a pressure difference of 56 0,m
!
exists beteen the inner
and outer alls of the culvert. Assumin' that the sea ater flos throu'h the culvert
under free vortex conditions, calculate the flo rate.
v &
r
c
i.e. 'reater velocity at inner radius
Applyin' 1ernoulli beteen 2 and / 34
'
p
o

5
' !
v
!
o
5 %
o
&
'
p
/

5
' !
v
!
/
5 %
I
'
p p
/ o

&
' !
c
!
1
]
1

!
o
!
/
r
"
r
"
1
]
1

! !
!
( . (
"
! . 7
"
!
c
"0!5
56
& 0.003!c
!
c
003! . 0 x "0!5
56
& 4"1%#m
!
,s
0o v &
r
c
and v &
r
c
* v is mean celocity-
v &
(
"3! . .
& 0"&1' m(s
6 & v x A & 0.5"7 x ".6 x !.. & 1")$4 m
3
,s
Force* ortex ! Example
A closed vertical cylinder, .50mm dia 7 700mm hi'h containin' some ater, is
rotated about its vertical axis at a speed of !70 r.p.m. 8hen stationary, the ater
3
inside the cylinder fills the cylinder to a depth of 6.0mm, the remainder bein' air at
atmospheric pressure. 9alculate the force on the end plates of the cylinder.
& !70 rpm & !

.
60
!70
& #$"#'4 ra*(s
8ater volume &
.
d
!

x h & 0.6. x
.
0..5 x
!

& 0"10#m
3
*this volume remains constant, since the cylinder is closed-
8hen rotatin' the ater profile becomes the paraboloid 9D:, no
;ol of ater & vol of cylinder $ vol of paraboloid
i.e. 0."0! &
.
.5 . 0 x
!

x 0.07 4
!
"
x

x.
!
o
r x %
5.<.0 x "0
3
&
!
o
r x % ========== "
> 0ote3 ;ol of paraboloid & ? vol. of circumscribin' cylinder.
0o, % &
c
' !
r
! !
+

*:@uation 5 in notes p.6-

Asin' the ori'in of the parabola as datum, i.e. D *datum- hen r & 0, % & 0 c & 0
And hen r & r
o
, then % & %
"
%
"
&
<.(" x !
r x !(.!7.

' !
r
!
0
! !
o
!

& 40"'4& r
o
!
====== !
)ubstitutin' in " 34
.
5.<.0 x "0
3
& r
o
!
*.0.7.5 r
o
!
-

o
r & 0"140m
%
"
& 0"4)#m
To determine the force on the base and lid, first consider the pressure distribution
*:@uation 6 in notes p.6-34
% 4 c
!'
r

'
p
! !
+

As before, c & 0

'
p

&
' !
r
! !

4 % =======3
% at lid & 0..<!m
The ater is in contact ith the lid beteen r & r
o
and r & r
"
,
9onsider annulus, r ide, force on annulus, B & p . !

r r. )o to find the
force on the lid, inte'rate beteen r & r
o
and r & r
"
i.e. B
L
&
" r r
ro r

C . !

r.
but C &
'
1
]
1

D 4
' !
r
! !
* Brom e@uation 3-
&
'
1
]
1

0..<! 4
' !
r
! !

L
F
& !

'
" r
ro
r r 0..<! 4
' !
r
! !

1
]
1

& 6"63(
" r
ro [ ] 0..<!r 4 r 7.5 . .0
3
r
& 6"63( [ ]
!!5 . 0
""0 . 0
! .
0.!.6r 4 r "(6 . "0
E
B
& )%%+
5
0o consider the base,
% & 0.!0(m *4ve since belo datum D-
and B
B
& !

'
" r
ro
1
]
1

*40.!0(- 4
' !
r
! !
r r
&6"63( [ ]
!!6 . 0
0
! .
r "0. . 0 r "(6 . "0 +
1
B
& 1)%4 +
Alternatively the force on the base can be found by addin' the ei'ht of the ater to
the force on the lid34
B
1
& <33 5 *
.
d
!

x h x x '-
& <33 5
.
.5 . 0 x .
!

x 0.6. x "0
3
x <.("
& <33 5 <<<
& 1)%# +
6
Compo,n* ortex ! example
A vertical cylindrical drum *int. dia & 500mm- contains ater. A set of paddles *dia &
300mm- rotate concentrically ith the axis of the drum at "50 rev,min and produce a
compound vortex in the ater.
Assumin' that all the ater in the central core rotates as a forced vortex, determine34
i $ the ater velocity at a- 60mm radius
b- !00mm radius
ii $ the depth of the total depression
iii $ the pressure head at !00 mm radius relative to the centre of the vortex.
&
60
"50
x !

& "5.70( rad,s

i a- Borced ;ortex, here v & r

v 60 & 0.06 x "5.70(

& 0")4%m(s
7
i b- 9ommon radius forced vortex to free vortex & "50 mm
ie- r &

c
0."50 &
70( . "5
c
c & 0"%&% m
!
,s
!00mm radius i.e. free vortex v
!00
&
r
c
&
! . 0
353 . 0

v !00 & 1"'-'m(s

ii Total depression & y
"
5 y
!
&
'
r
! !

&
(" . <
0"50 . 0 . 70( . "5
! !
& 0"&-'m
iii !00mm radius $ free vortex
ie-
'
p

& *#4D- 4
!
!
!gr
c
==== p,o
on surface
g
p

& o
D & # 4
!
!
!gr
c
& 0.567 4
!
!
0.! . <.(" . !
353 . 0
& 0"40$m
Cressure head relative to centre & 0..0(m of ater
* C & ' h h &
'
p

& pressure head-

Flo. ,n*er varying /ea* ! Example 1
(
A vertical cylindrical tan+, 0.6 in diameter and ".5m hi'h, has an orifice !5mm
diameter in the bottom. The dischar'e coefficient is 0.6". /f the tan+ is ori'inally full
of ater, hat time is re@uired to loer the level by 0.<mF
Eet tan+ area & A G v
s
& surface velocityG orifice area & a.
o
G v
o
& outlet velocity
6 & A v
s
& a
o
v
o
6 & 9
d
a
o

gh !
4 for an orifice
9
d
a
o

gh !
& A .
,
_

dt
dh
dt &
dh h
!' a c
A
",! 4
o d

/nte'ratin'34
T &
- h *h .
!' a c
A !
! , "
!
",!
"
o d

&
- 6 . 0 *".5 x
- 6! . "<
.
0.0!5
x * 6" . 0
-
.
!
0.6 x * !
! , " ",!
!

Time & 1)# secon*s

<
Flo. ,n*er varying /ea* Example #
A cylindrical tan+G 0.<m diameter, is emptied throu'h a 50mm diameter pipe, 3.6m
lon' * both ends bein' sharp- for hich & 0.0..
Bind the time ta+en for the head over the outlet to fall from !.. m to ".!m
"
1ernoulli beteen " and !34
%
"
5
'
p
"

5
' !
v
!
"
& %
!
5
'
p
!

5
g
v
!
!
!
5
!'d
v E
!
!

5 H
E
' !
v
!
h &
1
]
1

+ 5 . 0
d
E
"
' !
v
!
!
H
E
& 0.5 $ :ntry loss
h &
1
]
1

+
d
E
5 . "
' !
v
!
!
v &
d
E
5 . "
'h !

+
v
!
& n h
! , "
here n &
d
E
5 . "
' !

+
6 & v
"
A & v
!
a here a & pipe area
4 A
dt
dh
& n h
! , "
a
dt &
n. a
A
h
! , "
dh
t &
n a
A !
( )
! , "
!
! , "
"
h h
"0
t &
! , "
d
E
5 . "
' !
a
A !

,
_

+
( )
! , "
!
! , "
"
h h

&
( )
- ! . " *!.. x
0.05
3.6 x 0. . 0
5 . "
6! . "<
.
0.05

0.< x !
! , " ",!
! , "
!
!,.

,
_

&
0..5. x
!.""7 x 00"<6 . 0
!7! . "
Time & 1%) secon*s
""
S,rge Tan0 1 Example
A 6m diameter sur'e tan+ is located at the donstream end of a "m diameter ater
pipeline. The pipeline is 3+m lon' ith & 0.0! and a velocity of flo & 3m,s.
Determine the difference in ater level beteen the upstream reservoir and the sur'e
tan+, and the period of oscillation of the ater level in the sur'e tan+, hen the flo
becomes unsteady.
Asin' a time interval of "0 seconds and a finite difference inte'ration method,
calculate the ater level in the sur'e tan+ and the velocity in the pipeline at a time of
.0 sec after load reIection.
Eevel difference beteen reservoir
7 sur'e tan+ &
!'d
; E
!

&

".0 x <.(" x !
3.0 x 3000 x 0! . 0
!
#'"&#%m
Ceriod of oscillation, T & !

a'
AE
*p' < in notes-
& !

<.(" x "
3000 x 6
!
!
& -&)"% sec
:@uations appropriate are34
dv & 4 1
]
1

t t
d ' !
v v E
%
l
'
dt *e@n 5 p' "0 in notes-
d% & v a
A
dt
*e@n 6 p' "0 in notes-
:@uation 6 becomes34
d% & v
!
!
6
"
"0 & 0.!7(v
and
'd !
E
&
".0 . (" x < . !
3000 x 0! . 0
& 3.05(
:@uation 5 becomes
"!
dv & 4
[ ] "0 v v 05( . 3 %
3000
(" . <
t t
dv & 4 0.033
[ ] v v 05( . 3 % t t
/nitially %
o
& 4 !7.5!3 and v
o
& 3.0 m,s i.e. at t & 0 secs
d% & 0.!7( x 3 & 0.(3.mG
dv & 0.033 J4!7.5!3 5 3.05( x 3.0 x 3.0K & 0
At t & "0secs, % "0 & 4!7.5!3 5 0.(3. & 1#-"-$)m
v
"0
& 3.0 $ 0.0 & 3.0m,s
d% & 0.!7( x 3 & 0.(3.m
dv & 40.033 J 4!6.6(< 5 3.05( x 3 x 3K & 4 0"0#$ m(s
At t & !0secsG %
!0
& 4!6.6(< 5 0.(3. & 1#&"$&&m
v
!0
& 3 $ 0.0!( & #")'#m(s
d% & 0.!7( x !.<7! & 0"$#- m(s
dv & 40.033 J4!5.(55 5 3.05( x !.<7! x !.<7!K& 1 0"0%$ m(s
At t & 30secs, %
30
& 4 !5.(55 5 0.(!6 & 1#&"0#)m
v
30
& !.<7! $ 0.03( & #")%4m(s
d% & 0.!7( x !.<3. & 0"$1-m
dv & 4 0.033 J4!5.0!< 5 3.05( x !.<3. x !.<3.K & 4 0"04% m(s
At t & .0secs, %
.0
& 4 !5.0!< 5 0.("6 & 1#4"#1%m
v
.0
& !.<3. $ 0.0.3 & #"$)1m(s
etc
"3
2pen c/annel s,rge .aves3 4ositive ,pstream s,rge example
A rectan'ular concrete channel, 3m ide, slope & "in <00 and Lannin'Ms rou'hness
coefficient n & 0.0"! conveys a florate of "5 m
3
,s. The donstream florate is
suddenly reduced to <m
3
,s by the partial closure of a sluice 'ate.
Determine the initial depth of flo and the celerity of the positive sur'e ave.
Assumin' uniform flo conditions exist initially then3
6 &
n
A
N
3 , !
)
o
! , "
Lannin'Ms e@uation
"5 &
! , "
3 , !
"
" "
<00
"

!y 3
y 3
.
0.0"!
y 3

,
_

,
_

+
Trial and error 'ives, y
"
& #"0m
v
"
&
"
"
A
6
&
! . 3
"5
& #"&m(s
v
!
&
!
!
A
6
&
!
y 0 . 3
0 . <
&
!
y
3
9ontinuity 'ives34
A
"
*v
"
5 c - & A
!
* v
!
5 c -
3.0 x ! .0 *!.5 5 c- & 3.0 x y
!

,
_

+c
y
3
!
c &
!
!
!
y
0o, c &
( )
"
! , "
"
" ! !
v
y
y y

!
'y

1
]
1

( )
5 . !
0 . !
0 . ! y

!
y <.("

!
!
! , "
! !
!

1
]
1

y
".
Trial and error 'ives34 y
!
& #"--m & *ept/ of flo.
c &
! 66 . !
!

& %"0%m(s & .ave celerity

/f the 'ate is rapidly closed completely, determine the increase in the depth of the
sur'e ave.
v
"
& !.5m,s y
"
& !.0 v
!
& 0 y
!
& F
9ontinuity34
A
"
*v
"
5 c- & A
!
*v
!
5 c-
3.0 x !.0 *!.5 5 c- & 3.0 x y
!
*0 5 c-
c &
! y
5
!

c &
( )
"
! , "
"
" ! !
v
y
y y

!
'y

1
]
1

( )
5 . !
0 . !
0 . ! y

!
y <.("

! y
5
! , "
! !
!

1
]
1

Trial and error 'ives y

!
& %"#-m
/ncrease in depth & 3.!6 $ !.66 & 0"-m
5y*ra,lic Mo*elling Example
"5
A fixed bed model is to be constructed of a "5+m len'th of river *direct len'th &
"0+m- for investi'ation of flood ave flo. At normal inter dischar'e of !70m
3
,s
it is +non that the avera'e depth and idth are .m and .5m respectively. The
Lannin'Ms rou'hness coefficient n, is estimated to be 0.035. The maximum flood
dischar'e is <"0m
3
,s.
/f the laboratory is !!m lon', calculate 34
i suitable scales for the model
ii scales for hori%ontal velocity and acceleration in the donstream
direction
iii the maximum dischar'e re@uired from the circulatin' pump
Hinematic viscosity of ater & "."5 x "0
6
m
!
,s.
i Lax hori%ontal scale & " 3
!!
"0000
& " 3 .5..5
say 1 3 4&&
)ay distortion of " 3 5 vertical scale & 1")1
Time scale $ hori%ontal
p
m
T
T
&
p
m
O
O

! , "
m
p
P
P

,
_

p
m
T
T
&
.55
"

! , "
"
<"

,
_

& 134'"'
ii #ori%ontal
;elocity scale &
m
p
p
m
p
m
T
T

O
O

;
;

&
,
_

"
.7.7

.55
"
& 1 3 )"&4
Acc
n
scale &
m
p
m
p
p
m
m
p
p
m
T
T

T
T

O
O

T
T

;
;

T
;

&
.55
"

T
T

O
O
!
m
p
p
m

,
_

*.7.7-
!
& 1 3 &
iii
p
m
6
6
&
! , 3
p
m
p
m
P
P
O
O

,
_

"6
p
m
6
6

&
! , 3
<"
"

.55
"

,
_

& #"& " 10

6
m
3
(s
46
m
"0 x !.5 x <"0 6 & !.!75 x "0
3
m
3
,s & #"#'& (sec
b-
6 , "
p
m
p
m
P
P

n
n

,
_

e
! , "
! , "
m
p
p
m
6 , "
p
m
p
m

O
O
.
P
P

P
P

n
n

,
_

,
_

! , " 6 , "
m
.55 x
<"
"

<"
"
0.035 n
,
_

,
_

& 0"0%'
9hec+ Ne
m
Q (00 y &

<"
.
0"044m 1 &
.55
.5
& 0"0))m
N &

C
A

0.0<< !*0.0..-
0.0<< x 0.0..
+
& 0"0#%m
p
m
;
;
&
! , "
p
m
P
P

,
_

&
! , "
<"
"

,
_

& 0."05
;
p
&
p
p
A
6
&
.5 . .
!70
& 1"&m(s
m
;
& ".5. 0."05 & 0"1&$m(s
m
Ne
&

N ;
&
6 4
"0 . "."5
0.0!3 . "5( . 0
& %1-0 Q (00 Turbulent 7 o+
p
Ne
&

N ;
.5 . .
!70
A
6
;
p

& 1"&m(s
6
"0 . "5 . "
3<6 . 3 . 5 . "

p
R
&
5 . . . . !
.5 . .
+

P
A
& %"%)-
& 4"4%0 " 10
6 +
Turbulent
"7