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Multidimensional Heat Transfer

This document discusses multidimensional heat transfer and solving the heat diffusion equation. It can govern 3D unsteady heat transfer problems involving heat generation. For 2D steady state situations, the heat equation simplifies. There are three approaches to solve it: numerical methods, graphical methods using conduction shape factors, and analytical methods. Conduction shape factors relate the heat transfer between two surfaces to a temperature difference and thermal conductivity. They can be used to calculate temperature changes in systems like long buried oil pipes.

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155 views

Multidimensional Heat Transfer

This document discusses multidimensional heat transfer and solving the heat diffusion equation. It can govern 3D unsteady heat transfer problems involving heat generation. For 2D steady state situations, the heat equation simplifies. There are three approaches to solve it: numerical methods, graphical methods using conduction shape factors, and analytical methods. Conduction shape factors relate the heat transfer between two surfaces to a temperature difference and thermal conductivity. They can be used to calculate temperature changes in systems like long buried oil pipes.

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ehdfhdhdfhdh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Multidimensional Heat Transfer

Heat Diffusion Equation T 2T 2T 2T k 2 T q c p k( 2 2 2 ) q t x y z


This equation governs the Cartesian, temperature distribution for a three-dimensional unsteady, heat transfer problem involving heat generation. For steady state / t = 0 No generation

0 q

To solve for the full equation, it requires a total of six boundary conditions: two for each direction. Only one initial condition is needed to account for the transient behavior.

Two-D, Steady State Case


For a 2 - D, steady state situation, the heat equation is simplified to 2T 2T 2 0, it needs two boundary conditions in each direction. 2 x y

There are three approaches to solve this equation:

Numerical Method: Finite difference or finite element schemes, usually will be solved using computers. Graphical Method: Limited use. However, the conduction shape factor concept derived under this concept can be useful for specific configurations. Analytical Method: The mathematical equation can be solved using techniques like the method of separation of variables. (review Engr. Math II)

Conduction Shape Factor


This approach applied to 2-D conduction involving two isothermal surfaces, with all other surfaces being adiabatic. The heat transfer from one surface (at a temperature T1) to the other surface (at T2) can be expressed as: q=Sk(T1-T2) where k is the thermal conductivity of the solid and S is the conduction shape factor. The shape factor can be related to the thermal resistance: q=Sk(T1-T2)=(T1-T2)/(1/kS)= (T1-T2)/Rt where Rt = 1/(kS) 1-D heat transfer can use shape factor also. Ex: heat transfer inside a plane wall of thickness L is q=kA(DT/L), S=A/L Common shape factors for selected configurations can be found in Table 17-5

Example
An Alaska oil pipe line is buried in the earth at a depth of 1 m. The horizontal pipe is a thin-walled of outside diameter of 50 cm. The pipe is very long and the averaged temperature of the oil is 100C and the ground soil temperature is at -20 C (ksoil=0.5W/m.K), estimate the heat loss per unit length of pipe. T2 From Table 17-5, case 1. L>>D, z>3D/2 z=1 m
2L 2 (1) S 3.02 ln( 4 z / D) ln( 4 / 0.5) q kS(T1 T2 ) (0.5)(3.02)(100 20) 181.2(W ) heat loss for every meter of pipe

T1

Example (cont.)
If the mass flow rate of the oil is 2 kg/s and the specific heat of the oil is 2 kJ/kg.K, determine the temperature change in 1 m of pipe length. q 181.2 P DT , DT q mC 0.045( C) P 2000 * 2 mC Therefore, the total temperature variation can be significant if the pipe C T m is very long. For example, 45C for every 1 km of pipe length. Heating might be needed to prevent the oil from freezing up. The heat transfer can not be considered constant for a long pipe Ground at -20C
p

Heat transfer to the ground (q)

C pT m
Length dx

C p (T dT ) m

Example (cont.)
Heat Transfer at section with a temperature T(x) q= 2k(dx) (T 20) 1.51(T 20)( dx ) ln(4z / D) P T q mC P (T dT ) Energy balance: mC P mC

dT dT 1.51(T 20) 0, 0.000378dx, integrate dx T 20 T ( x ) 20 Ce 0.000378 x , at inlet x = 0, T(0) = 100 C, C = 120 T(x) = -20 + 120e 0.000378 x
100

50 T( x ) 0

Temperature drops exponentially from the initial temp. of 100C It reaches 0C at x=4740 m, therefore, reheating is required every 4.7 km.
0 1000 2000 x 3000 4000 5000

50

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