OFFICIAL MICROSOFT LEARNING PRODUCT

20410C
Installing and Configuring Windows Server2012

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ii 20410C: Instabg and Configuring Windows Servero 2012

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Product Number: 20410C Pad Number: X19-09958 Released: 01/2014

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Module 1
Deploying and Managing Windows Server2012
Contents:
Module Overview Lesson 1: Windows Server 2012 R2 Overview Lesson 2: Installing Windows Server 2012 R2 Lesson 3: Post-Installation Configuration of Windows Server 2012 R2 Lesson 4: Overview of Windows Server 2012 R2 Management Lesson 5: Introduction to Windows PowerShell Lab: Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012 R2 Module Review and Takeaways 1-1 1-2 1-13 1-20 1-31 1-38 1-46 1-54

Module Overview
Understanding the capabilities of a new Windows Server 2012 R2 operating system enables you to leverage that operating system effectively. If you do not understand the capabilities of your new Windows Server 2012 R2 operating system, you might end up using it the same way that you used the previous operating system, which would forego the advantages of the new system. By understanding how to utilize your new Windows Server 2012 R2 operating system fully, and by understanding the tools that are available to manage that functionality, you can provide your organization with more value. This module introduces the new Windows Server 2012 R2 administrative interface. In this module, you will learn about the different roles and features that are available with the Windows Server 2012 R2 operating system. You will also learn about the different installation options that you can use when you install Windows Server 2012 R2. This module discusses the configuration steps that you can perform both during installation and after deployment to ensure that the servers can begin functioning in its assigned role. You will also learn how to use Windows PowerShell to perform common administrative tasks in Windows Server 2012 R2.

Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to: Describe Windows Server 2012 R2. Install Windows Server 2012 R2. Perform post-installation configuration of Windows Server 2012 R2. Describe the management tools available in Windows Server 2012 R2. Perform basic administrative tasks using Windows PowerShell.

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Lesson 1

WindowsServer2012 R2 Overview
Before deploying Windows Server 2012 R2, you need to understand how each of the Windows Server 2012 R2 editions might benefit your organization's servers. You also need to know whether a particular hardware configuration is appropriate for Windows Server 2012 R2, whether a virtual deployment might be more suitable than a physical deployment, and which installation source allows you to deploy Windows Server 2012 R2 in an efficient manner. If you do not have an understanding of these issues, you could end up costing your organization time and money by making a choice that you must later correct. This lesson provides an overview of the various Windows Server 2012 R2 editions, installation options, roles, and features. Using this information, you will be able to determine which Windows Server 2012 R2 edition and installation options are right for your organization.

Lesson Objectives.
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe the different Windows Server 2012 R2 editions. Describe the purpose and function of a Windows Server 2012 R2 Server Core installation. Explain the function of Windows Server 2012 R2 roles. Explain the purpose of various Windows Server 2012 R2 featu res.

Windows Server 2012 R2 Editions

There are several different editions of Windows Server 2012 R2 from which to choose. These editions allow organizations to select a version of Windows Server 2012 R2 that best meets their needs, rather than pay for features they do not require. When deploying a server for a specific role, systems administrators can cave substantially by selecting the appropriate edition. The following table lists the Windows Server 2012 R2 editions. Edition The Windows Server 2012 R2 Standard operating system The Windows Server 2012 R2 Datacenter operating system Description Provides all the roles and features available on the Windows Server 2012 R2 platform. Supports up to 64 sockets and up to 4 terabytes (TB) of random access memory (RAM). Includes two virtual machine licenses. Provides all the roles and features that are available on the Windows Server 2012 R2 platform. Includes unlimited virtual machine licenses for virtual machines that are run on the same hardware. Supports 64 sockets, up to 640 processor cores, and up to 4 TB of RAM. Windows Server 2012 editions:
Windows Server 2012 Standard Windows Server 2012 Datacenter Windows Server 2012 Foundation Windows Server 2012 Essentials Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2012 Windows Storage Server 2012 Workgroup Windows Storage Server 2012 Standard Windows MultiPoint Server 2012 Standard Windows MultiPoint Server 2012 Premium

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20410C: Installing and Configwing Windows Seniefl 2012 1-3

(continued from previous page) Edition The Windows Server 2012 R2 Foundation operating system The Windows Server 2012 R2 Essentials operating system Description Designed for small business owners, it allows only 15 users, cannot be joined to a domain, and includes limited server roles. Supports one processor core and up to 32 gigabytes (GB) of RAM. Next edition of Small Business Server. It is now available in two forms: - As an installable server role in an existing domain. - As a core Windows Server edition on a virtual machine (using a wizard).

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It cannot function as a Hyper-V, Failover Clustering, Server Core, or Remote Desktop Services server. It has limits for 25 users and 50 devices. Supports two processor cores and 64 GB of RAM. There are many new features and improvements for Windows Server 2012 R2 Essentials R2, including client deployment, user management, storage and data protection, and Office 365 integration. Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2012 Standalone Hyper-V platform for virtual machines with no UI. No licensing cost (free) for host operating system, but virtual machines are licensed normally. Supports 64 sockets and 4 TB of RAM. Supports domain join. Does not support other Windows Server 2012 R2 roles, other than limited file services featu res. Entry-level unified storage appliance. Limited to 50 users, one processor core, 32 GB of RAM. Supports domain join.

The Windows Storage Server2012Workgroup operating system i 1-The Windows Storage 1 Server 2012 Standard operating system

Supports 64 sockets, but is licensed on a two-socket, incrementing basic. Supports 4 TB of RAM. Includes two virtual machine licenses. Supports domain join. Supports some roles, including DNS and DHCP Server roles, but does not support others, including Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS), Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS), and Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS). Supports multiple users accessing the same host computer directly using separate mouse, keyboard, and monitors. Limited to one socket, 32 GB of RAM, and a maximum of 12 sessions. Supports some roles, including DNS and DHCP Server roles, but does not support others, including AD DS, AD CS, and AD FS. Does not support domain join. Supports multiple users accessing the same host computer directly using separate mouse, keyboard, and monitors. Limited to two sockets, 4 TB of RAM, and a maximum of 22 sessions. Supports some roles, including DNS and DHCP Server roles, but does not support others, including AD DS, AD CS, and AD FS. Supports domain join.

The Windows MultiPoint Server 2012 Standard operating system

The Windows MultiPoint Server 2012 Premium operating system I I

Reference Links: For detailed information on the new features in Windows Server 2012 R2 Essentials, see "What's New in Windows Server 2012 R2 Essentials" at http://go.nnicrosoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=331071.

Additional Reading: For more information about the differences between Windows Server 2012 R2 editions, download the Windows Server 2012 R2 Products and Editions Comparison chartathttp://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=331070.

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Reference Links: Many featu res have been removed or deprecated in Windows Server 2012 R2. For more information, go to: Features Removed or Deprecated in Windows Server 2012 R2 Preview at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=331069.

What IsServerCore?
Server Core is an installation option for Windows Server 2012 R2 that can contain variations of the Graphical User Interface (GUI) depending on the requirements of the server roles to be installed. You can manage Server Core locally by using Windows PowerShell or a command-line interface, rather than by using GUI-based tools, or remotely by using one of the remote management options. Remote management is covered later in this module. A Windows Server 2012 R2 Server Core installation offers fewer components and administrative management options than the full installation of Windows Server 2012 R2. Server Core installation is the default installation option when installing Windows Server 2012 R2. Server Core has the following advantages over a traditional Windows Server 2012 R2 deployment: Reduced update requirements. Because Server Core installs fewer components, its deployment requires you to install fewer software updates. This reduces the number of monthly reboots required and the amount of time required for an administrator to service Server Core. Reduced hardware footprint. Server Core computers require less RAM and less hard disk space. When virtualized, this means that you can deploy more servers on the same host. Increasing numbers of Microsoft server programs are designed to run on computers with Server Core installed operating systems. For example, you can install SQL Server 2012 on computers that are running the Server Coreinstalled version of Windows Server 2012 R2. You can switch from Server Core to the graphical version of Windows Server 2012 R2 by running the following Windows PowerShell cmdlet, where c:\mount is the root directory of a mounted image that hosts the full version of the Windows Server 2012 R2 installation filen: Install -WindowsFeature -IncludeA77SubFeature User-Interfaces-Infra -Source c:\mount You can also use Windows Update or the installation DVD as the installation file source. Installing the graphical components gives you the option of performing administrative tasks using the graphical tools. Once you have performed the necessary administrative tasks, you can return the computer to its original Server Core configuration. You can switch a computer that has the graphical version of Windows Server 2012 R2 to Server Core by removing the following components of the User Interfaces and Infrastructure featu re: Graphical Management Tools and Infrastructure. This contains a minimal server interface to provide some server management user interface tools such as Server Manager and Administrative Tools. Server Graphical Shell. This contains the full GUI including Internet Explorer and File Explorer and other user interface components. This has a larger footprint than the Graphical Management Tools and Infrastructure option. 5- Note that if you enable remote management, you rarely will need to sign in locally Server Core. is a more secure, less resource-ntensive installation option Can be converted to full graphical shell version of Windows Server 2012 ls the default installation option for Windows Server 2012 is managed locally using sconfig.cmd

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Note: Be careful when removing graphical features, because servers might have other components installed that are dependent upon those features.

When connected locally, you can use the tools that are listed in the following table to manage Server Core deployments of Windows Server 2012 R2. I Tool Cmd.exe Function Allows you to run traditional command-line tools such as ping.exe, ipconfig.exe, and netsh.exe. Launches a Windows PowerShell session on the Server Core deployment. You can then perform Windows PowerShell tasks normally. Windows Server 2012 R2 comes with Windows PowerShell version 4.0 installed. A command-line menu-driven administrative tool that allows you to perform most common server administrative tasks. Allows you to use the Notepad.exe text editor within the Server Core environment. Provides registry access within the Server Core environment. Allows you to view system information about the Server Core deployment. Launches the Task Manager. Used to enable Remote Desktop on the Server Core deployment.

PowerShell.exe

Sconfig.cmd

Notepad.exe

Regedt32.exe Msinfo32.exe Taskmgr.exe SCregEdit.wsf

Note: If you accidentally close the command window on a computer that is running Server Core, you can recover the command window by performing the following steps: 1. 2. Press the Ctrl+Alt+ Del keys, and then click Task Manager. From the File menu, click New Task (Run...), and then type cmd.exe.

Server Core supports most Windows Server 2012 R2 roles and features. However, you cannot install the following roles on a computer running Server Core: AD FS Application Server Network Policy and Access Services (NPAS) Windows Deployment Services

Even if a role is available to a computer that is running the Server Core installation option, a specific role service that is associated with that role might not be available.

: --1 1"- Note: You can check which roles on Server Core are available and which are not by running the query Get-WindowsFeature 1 where-object ($_.InstallState -eq "Removed").

1.6 Deploying and Managing Ihndows Selva' 2012

You can use the following tools to remotely manage a computer that is running the Server Core installation option: Server Manager. You can add a server that is running Server Core to Server Manager that is on a server which is running a full installation of Windows. You can then use Server Manager to manage the server roles running on the Server Core computer. You can configure Remote Desktop by using Sconfig.cmd. Remote Windows PowerShell. You can use Remote Windows PowerShell to run Windows PowerShell commands or scripts against correctly-configured remote servers if the script is hosted on the local server. With Remote Windows PowerShell, you also can locally load Windows PowerShell modules, such as Server Manager, and execute the cmdlets available in that module against appropriatelyconfig u red remote servers. Remote Desktop. You can connect to a computer that is running the Server Core installation option by using Remote Desktop. Configure Remote Desktop by using Sconfig.cmd. Remote Management Consoles. For most server roles, you can add a computer tht is running the Server Core installation option to a management console that is running on another computer.

WindowsServer2012R2Roles
To correctly plan how you are going to use Windows Server 2012 R2 to support your organization's requirements, you need to be fully aware of what roles are available as part of the operating system. Each version of Windows Server comes with a different set of roles. As new versions of Windows Server are released, some roles are enhanced and others are deprecated. For the most part, the roles that are available in Windows Server 2012 R2 are familiar to IT professionals that have managed Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2003. Windows Server 2012 R2 supports the server roles that are listed in the following table. Role AD CS Allows you to deploy certification authorities and related role services. A centralized store of information about network objects, including user and computer accounts. Used for authentication and authorization. Windows Server 2003 domain and functional levels of AD DS and the File Replication Service have been deprecated in Windows Server 2012 R2
Functions Web Server Domain Controller Certificate Server Roles Roles are made up of role services components that provide additional functionahty associated with the role In Server Manager 2012, console servers with a similar role are grouped together Role deployment also includes the configuration of dependencies

AD DS

AD FS

Provides web single sign-on (SSO) and secured identify federation support. Supports storage of application-specific data for directory-aware applications that do not require the full infrastructure of AD DS.

Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (AD LDS)

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(continued from previous page) Role Active Directory " Rights Management Services (AD RMS) 1 Application Server Function Allows you to apply rights management policies to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive documents. Supports centralized management and hosting of high-performance distributed business applications, such as those built with Microsoft .NET Framework 4.5. Provisions client computers on the network with temporary IP addresses. ProIrides name resolution for TCP/IP networks. Supports sending and receiving of faxes. Also a llows you to manage fax resource on the network. Supports the management of shared folders storage, distributed file system (DFS), and network storage. Enables you to host virtual machines on computers that are running Windows Server 2012. A mechanism to create and enforce policies that describe software and security u pdate requirements before the requesting computer is allowed to access the LAN. A computer that is not in compliance can be provided with ways to remediate its configuration to bring it into compliance. Supports centralized management of document tasks, including network scanners and networked printers. Supports Seamless Connectivity, Always On, and Always Managed features based on the Windows 7 DirectAccess feature. Also su pports remote access through virtual private network (VPN) and dial-u p connections. Supports access to virtual desktops, session-based desktops, and RemoteApp programs. Deprecated in Windows Server 2012 R2 Deprecated in Windows Server 2012 R2 Changes in Windows Server 2012R2

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DHCP Server

DNS Server

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Fax Server

File and Storage Services

Hyper-V

Network Access Protection (NAP)

Print and Document Services _ Remote Access

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(continued from previous page) I. Role I Volume Activation 1 Services Function. Allows you to automate and simplify the management of volume license keys and volume key activation. Allows you to manage a Key Management Service (KMS) host or configure AD DSbased activation for computers that are members of the domain. The Windows Server 2012 web server component. Internet Information Service (IIS) 6.0 Manager has been deprecated in Windows Server 2012 R2 Windows PowerShell cmdlets have been added and cmdlet scripting is supported in Windows Server 2012 R2 Chariges in Windows Server 2012 KZ

Web Server (IIS)

Windows Deployment Services

Allows you to deploy server operating systems to clients over the network.

Windows Server Update Services (WSUS)

Provides a method of deploying updates for Microsoft products to network computers.

When you deploy a role, Windows Server 2012 R2 automatically configures aspects of the server's configuration (such as firewall settings), to support the role. Windows Server 2012 R2 also automatically and simultaneously deploys role dependencies. For example, when you install the WSUS role, the Web Server (IIS) role components that are required to support the WSUS role are also installed automatically. You add and remove roles using the Add Roles and Features Wizard, which is available from the Windows Server 2012 R2 Server Manager console. If you are using Server Core, then you can also add and remove roles using the Install -WindowsFeature and Remove-WindowsFeature Windows PowerShell cmdlets. Question: Which roles are often co-located on the same server?

WhatAre the Windows Server 2012 R2 Features?

Windows Server 2012 R2 features are independent components that often support role services or su pport the server directly. For example, Windows Server Backup is a feature because it only provides backup support for the local server. It is not a resource that other servers on the network can use. Features: Are components that support the server such as Windows Server Backup or Failover clustering Usually do not provide a service directly to clients on the network Keep in mirad the foliowing points: Roles can have features as dependencies Features on Demand are features that need to be installed using a mounted image as a source

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Windows Server 2012 R2 includes the features that are listed in the following table.

Feature

Description

Changes in Windows Windows Server 2012 R2 ,

.NET Framework 3.5 Features I 1 .NET Framework 4.5 Features Background Intelligent i Transfer Service (BITS)

Installs .NET Framework 3.5 technologies.

Installs .NET Framework 4.5 technologies. This feature is installed by default. Allows asynchronous transfer of files to ensure that other network applications are not adversely impacted. Supports full-disk and full-volume encryption, and startup environment protection. Provides a network-based key protector that can unlock locked BitLockerprotected domain-joined operating systems. Allows the server to function as either a hosted cache server or a BranchCache content server for BranchCache clients. Provides access to files stored on network file system (NFS) servers. Allows you to enforce bandwidth allocation on Converged Network Adapters. Provides support for additional functionality available in Enhanced Storage Access (IEEE 1667 protocol) device, including data access restrictions. A high availability feature that allows Windows Server 2012 R2 to participate in failover clustering. An administrative management tool for administering Group Policy across an enterprise. Allows use of Ink Support and Handwriting Recognition. Supports use of Internet Printing Protocol. Centralized management of IP address and namespace infrastructure. Provides iSCSI target and disk management services to Windows Server 2012 R2. Supports discovery services of iSCSI storage area networks (SANs).

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Windows BitLocker Drive Encryption BitLocker network unlock

Windows BranchCache

I Client for NFS

Data Center Bridging

Enhanced Storage

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Failover Clustering

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Group Policy Management

Ink and Handwriting Services I Internet Printing Client IP Address Management (IPAM) Server Internet SCSI (iSCSI) Target Storage Provider Internet Storage name Service (iSNS) Server service

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(continued from previous poge) Feature DescriptiOn . Line Printer Remote (LPR) Port Monitor Allows computer to send print jobs to printers that are shared using the Line Printer Daemon (LPD) service. : Allows you to expose Windows PowerShell ' cmdlets through an ODatabased web service running on the Internet Information Services (IIS) platform. Supports media file infrastructu re. Supports message delivery between applications. Supports multiple data paths to storage devices. Allows traffic to be distributed in a loadbalanced manner across multiple servers that host the same stateless applications. Name resolution protocol that allows applications to resolve names on the computer. Supports audio and video streaming applications on IP home networks. Allows you to create connection manager profiles that simplify remote access configuration deployment to client computers. Allows remote su pport through invitations. ' Transfers the differences between files over a network, minimizing bandwidth utilization. Collection of consoles and tools for remotely i managing roles and features on other servers. Relays RPC traffic over HTTP as an alternative to VPN connections. Supports basic TCP/IP services, including Quote of the Day. Supports transfer of email messages. 1 Deprecated in I 1 Windows i Server 2012 R2 Deprecated in Windows Server 2012 R2 Changes in VVindows Server 2012 R2

Management Open Data Protocol (OData) IIS Extension

Media Foundation , Message Queuing

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Multipath input/output (I/O) Network Load Balancing (NLB)

Peer Name Resolution Protocol (PNRP)

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Quality Windows Audio Video Experience Remote Access Server (RAS) Connection Manager Administration Kit

Remote Assistance Remote Differential Compression (RDC) Remote Server Administration Tools Remote Procedure Call (RPC) over HTTP Proxy i i Simple TCP/IP Services

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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Server

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Service

Includes SNMP agents that are used with the : network management services.

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Feature . Subsystem for UNIX-based 1 Applications

Description Supports Portable Operating System Interface for UNIX (POSIX)compliant UNIX-based applications. Allows outbound con nections to Telnet servers and other Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)based services. Allows clients to connect to the server using the Telnet protocol.

, Changes in Windows Server 2012 R2

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Telnet Client

I Telnet Server

Deprecated in Windows Server 2012 R2 I I

I Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) Client r-User Interfaces and Infrastructu re

Allows you to access TFTP servers.

Contains the componente necessary to support the graphical interface installation option on Windows Server 2012 R2. On graphical installations, this feature is installed by default. Allows use of fingerprint devices for authentication. Supports sending of feedback to Microsoft when joining a Customer Experience Improvement Program (CEIP). Set of .NET Framework classes that support implementing claims based identity on .NET applications. Relational data store that can only be used by Windows roles and features such as WSUS. Task-based command-line shell and scripting language used to administer computers running Windows operating systems. This feature is installed by default. Allows remote management of computers by running Windows PowerShell sessions in a web browser. Allows applications hosting Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) services that to not use HTTP protocols to use features of IIS. 1 Allows fast searches of files hosted on a server I I for clients compatible with the Windows Search service. I Version 4.0 is installed in Windows Server 2012 R2 Deprecated in Windows Server 2012 R2

Windows Biometric Framework (WBF) Windows Feedback Forwa rder

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Windows Identity Foundation 3.5

Windows Interna! Database

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Windows PowerShell

Windows PowerShell Web Access

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Windows Process Activation service (WAS)

Windows Search service

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(continued from previous page) Feature Description Changes in Windows , Server 2012 R2

Windows Server Backup

Backup and recovery software for Windows Server 2012 R2. Collection of Windows PowerShell cmdlets that assist in the migration of server roles, operating system settings, files, and shares from computers running previous versions of Windows Server operating systems to Windows Server 2012 R2. Set of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that allow the discovery, management, and monitoring of storage devices that use standards such as Storage Management Initiative Specification (SMI-S). : Allows you to control the allocation of CPU ; and memory resources. Removed in Windows Server 2012 R2

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Windows Server Mig ration Tools

Windows Standards-Based Storage Management

Windows System Resource Manager (WSRM)

Windows TIFF IFilter

' Supports Optical Character Recognition on Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) 6.0-compliantfiles. 4_ Windows Remote Management for IIS. Supports name resolution for NetBIOS narres.

WinRM IIS Extension Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) Server Wireless local area network (LAN) Service Windows on Windows (WoW) 64 Support

Allows the server to use a wireless network interface. Supports running 32-bit apps on Server Core installations. This feature is installed by default. l Supports the viewing and singing of documents in XPS formats.

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XPS Viewer

Features on Demand
Features on Demand enables you to add and remove role and feature files, also known as feature payload, from the Windows Server 2012 R2 operating system to conserve space. You can install roles and features when the feature payload is not present by using a remote source, such as a mounted image of the full operating system. If an installation source is not present but an Internet connection is, source files will be downloaded from Windows Update. The advantage of a Features on Demand installation is that it requires less hard disk space than a traditional installation. The disadvantage is that if you want to add a role or feature, you must have access to a mounted installation source. This is something that is not necessary if you perform an installation of Windows Server 2012 R2 with the graphical features enabled. Question: Which feature do you need to install to support NetBIOS name resolution for client computers running a Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 operating system workstation?

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20410C: Installing and ConfigulinglAlndows Seniert 2012 1-13

Lesson 2

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Installing Windows Server 2012 R2

When preparing to install Windows Server 2012 R2, you need to understand whether a particular hardware configuration is appropriate. You also need to know whether a Server Core deployment might be more suitable than a full GUI deployment, and which installation source allows you to deploy Windows Server 2012 R2 in an efficient manner. In this lesson you will learn about the process of installing Windows Server 2012 R2, including the methods that you can use to install the operating system, the different installation options, the minimum system requirements, and the decisions that you need to make when using the Installation Wizard.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be a ble to: Describe the different methods that you can use to install Windows Server 2012 R2. Identify the different installation types that you can choose when installing the Windows Server 2012 R2.

Determine whether to upgrade or migrate to Windows Server 2012 R2. Determine whether a computer or virtual machine meets the minimum hardware requirements necessary to install Windows Server 2012 R2.

Describe the decisions that you need to make when performing a Windows Server 2012 R2 installation. Describe how to migrate server roles and features.

I nstallation Methods
1 Microsoft distributes Windows Server 2012 R2 on optical media and in an .iso (ISO) image format. ISO format is becoming more common as organizations acquire software over the Internet rather than obtaining physical removable media. Once you have obtained the Windows Server 2012 R2 operating system from Microsoft, you can then use your own method to deploy the operating system. You can install Windows Server 2012 R2 by using a variety of methods, including the following: Optical Media o Advantages include:
Windows Deployment Services Optical disk
USO flash chive

Windows Server 2012 deployment method options inciude:

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Traditional method of deployment

Disadvantagesinclude: Requires that the computer have access to a DVD-ROM drive. Is typically slower than USB media.

11 You cannot update the installation image without replacing the media.

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You can only perform one installation per DVD-ROM ata time.

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USB Media o Advantages include: K K K AH computers with USB drives allow boot from USB media. The image can be updated as new software updates and drivers become available. The answer file can be stored on a USB drive, minimizing the amount of interaction that the administrator must perform.

Disadvantagesinclude: Requires the administrator perform special steps to prepare USB media from an ISO file.

Mounted ISO image o Advantages include: K With virtualization software, you can mount the ISO image directly and install Windows Server 2012 R2 on the virtual machine.

Network Share o Advantages include: It is possible to boot a server off a boot device (DVD or USB drive) and install from installation files that are hosted on a network share.

Disadvantagesinclude: K This method is much slower than using Windows Deployment Services. If you already have access to a DVD or USB media, it is simpler to use those tools for operating system deployment.

Windows Deployment Services Advantagesinclude: You can deploy Windows Server 2012 R2 from .wim image files or specially prepa red VHD files. K You can use the Windows Automated Installation Kit (AIK) to configure lite-touch deployment.

ril Clients perform a Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE) boot to contact the Windows Deployment Services server, and the operating system image is transmitted to the server over the network. K Windows Deployment Services allows multiple concurrent installations of Windows Server 2012 R2 using multicast network transmissions.

System Center Configuration Manager o Advantages include: K Configuration Manager allows you to fully automate the deployment of Windows Server 2012 R2 to new servers that do not have an operating system installed. This process is called Zero Touch deployment.

Virtual Machine Manager Templates o Advantages include: K Windows Server 2012 R2 is typically deployed in private cloud scenarios from preconfigured virtual machine templates. You can configure multiple components of the System Center suite to allow self-service deployment of Windows Server 2012 R2 virtual machines.

Question: What is another method that you can use to deploy Windows Server 2012 R2?

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Installation Types
How you deploy Windows Server 2012 R2 on a specific server depends on the circumstances of that installation. Installing on a server that is running Windows Server 2008 R2 requires different actions than installing on a server running an x86 edition of Windows Server 2003. When you are performing an installation of the Windows Server 2012 R2 operating system, you can choose one of the options in the following table.

Installation option Fresh installation

Descrption I Allows you to perform a fresh install on a new disk or volume. Fresh installations are the most frequently used, and take the shortest amount of time. You can also use this option to configure Windows Server 2012 R2 to perform a dual boot if you want to keep the existing operating system. An upgrade preserves the files, settings, and applications that are installed already on the original server. You perform an upgrade when you want to keep all of these items, and want to continue to use the same server hardware. You can only upgrade to an equivalent or newer edition of Windows Server 2012 from x64 versions of Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2. You can also upgrade from Windows Server 2012 to Windows Server 2012 R2. You launch an upgrade by running setup.exe from within the original Windows Server operating system. Use migration when migrating to Windows Server 2012 R2 from x86 and x64 versions of Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 R2, or Windows Server 2008. You can use the Windows Server Migration Tools feature in Windows Server 2012 R2 to transfer files and settings.

Upgrade

Migration

When you perform a fresh installation, you can deploy Windows Server 2012 R2 to an unpartitioned disk, or to an existing volume. You can also install Windows Server 2012 R2 to a specially-prepared VHD file in a "boot from VHD" or "VHD native boot" scenario. You might come across the use of both terms, or variations of them, to refer to this scenario. Boot from VHD requires special preparation, and is notan option that you can choose when performing a typical installation using the Windows Setup Wizard.

1-16 Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012

Choosing VVhetherto Upgrade orMigrate

Once the decision has been made to move to a new server operating system, and you have determined that your apps are compatible with the new operating system, you must choose whether to perform an in-place upgrade of the operating system on the existing hardware, or perform a clean install on new hardware and migrate the roles, apps and data. If you choose an in-place upgrade, Setup performs compatibility checks to verify that all the components can be upgraded. Any identified issues are shown in a compatibility report that
hl-place upgrade Advantages: Generally straightforward procesa takes less tima and planning han a migraban strategy Alt server roles, features, data and awlicabon settrgsare mal Migraban Advardage Easter to troubleshoot lnataba factures Existing configuraban or aPPlicatut, issues are not carried forward to the new opereting system Vtlu can easily :novata Updated v.szons of application Olsadvantagets: More difficult to troublesitnp installabon faltnes casi aoplicabons or server role Enstng problema and configuration asases might be brought joto the new operating system Disedesedageto Reclines ab application to be reirstabed and configured Rechines plannhg of migraban of server roles Requires: migraban of data Resultes the parchase of new hardware

appears during Setup. This report might include guidance on what steps need to be taken to correct these issues. The following table lists some advantages and disadvantages of an in-place upgrade. Advantages The process is generally straightforward and takes less time and planning than a migration strategy. Al! server roles, features, data and application settings are maintained. Disadvantages More difficult to troubleshoot installation failures that are caused by existing applications or server roles. Existing problems and configuration issues might be brought into the new operating system.

The following table lists some advantages and disadvantages of a migration strategy. Advantages Easier to troubleshoot installation failures. Any existing configuration or application issues are not carried forward to the new operating system. Provides the opportunity to easily move to updated versions of applications. Disadvantages Requires all applications to be re-installed and configu red. Requires planning of migration of server roles. Requires migration of data. Requires the purchase of new hardware.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Seiverg 2012 1-17

Hardware RequirementsforWindowsServer2012R2
Hardware requirements define the minimum hardware that is required to run the Windows Server 2012 R2 server. Your actual hardware requirements might be greater, depending on the services that the server is hosting, the load on the server, and the responsiveness of your server. Each role service and feature places a unique load on network, disk I/O, processor, and memory resources. For example, the File Server role places different stresses on server hardware than the DHCP role. When considering hardware requirements, remember that Windows Server 2012 R2 can be deployed virtually. Windows Server 2012 R2 is supported on Hyper-V and some other non-Microsoft virtualization platforms. Windows Server 2012 R2 virtualized deployments need to match the same hardware specifications as physical deployments. For example, when creating a virtual machine to host Windows Server 2012 R2, you need to ensure that you configure the virtual machine with enough memory and hard disk space. Windows Server 2012 R2 has the following minimum hardware requirements: Processor architecture: x64 Processor speed: 1.4 gigahertz (GHz) Memory (RAM): 512 megabytes (MB) Hard disk drive space: 32 GB, more if the server has more than 16 GB of RAM
Windows Server 2012 has the fotlowing minimum hardware requirements: Processor architecture Processor speed Memory (RAM) Hard disk drive space x64 1.4 GHz 512 MB 32 GB

'm More hard disk drive space is needed if the server has more than 16 GB of RAM

The Datacenter edition of Windows Server 2012 R2 supports the following hardware maximums: 640 logical processors 4 TB of RAM 63 failover cluster nodes

(b1 Additional Reading: For more information about the Windows Server Virtualization Validation Program, see http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=266736.

Question: Why does a server need more hard disk drive space if it has more than 16 GB of RAM?

1-18 Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012

Installing Windows Server 2012 R2

The process of deploying a Windows Server operating system is simpler today than it has been historically. The administrator performing the deployment has fewer decisions to make, although the decisions that they do make are critical to the success of the deployment. A typical installation of Windows Server 2012 R2 (if you do not already have an existing answer file), involves performing the following steps: 1. Connect to the installation source. Options for this include: o Insert a DVD-ROM containing the Windows Server 2012 R2 installation files, and boot from the DVD-ROM. o o Connect a specially prepared USB drive that hosts the Windows Server 2012 R2 installation files. Perform a PXE boot, and connect to a Windows Deployment Services server.

2. On the first page of the Windows Setup wizard, select the following: o o o 3. Language to install Time and currency format Keyboard or input method

On the second page of the Windows Setup wizard, click Instali now. You can also use this page to select Repair Your Computer. You use this option in the event that an installation has become corrupted, and you are no longer able to boot into Windows Server 2012 R2.

4.

In the Windows Setup wizard, on the Select The Operating System You Want To Install page, choose from the available operating system installation options. The default option is Server Core Installation. On the License Terms page, review the terms of the operating system license. You must choose to accept the license terms before you can proceed with the installation process. On the Which Type Of Installation Do You Want page, you have the following options: o Upg rade. Select this option if you have an existing installation of Windows Server that you want to upgrade to Windows Server 2012 R2. You should launch upgrades from within the previous version of Windows Server rather than booting from the installation source. Custom. Select this option if you want to perform a new installation.

5.

6.

o 7.

On the Where do you want to install Windows page, choose an available disk on which to install Windows Server 2012 R2. You can also choose to repartition and reformat disks from this page. When you click Next, the installation process will copy files and reboot the computer severa! times. On the Settings page, provide a password for the local Administrator account.

8.

~~

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows SenfeP 2012 1-19

Migrating Server Roles

If you choose to perform a clean install of the new server operating system, the first step is to migrate any existing server roles that were running on the server being replaced. Each server role is unique and requires its own migration strategy. Roles and features that rely on specific computer names and IP addresses require thorough planning to be successfully migrated. Some role migrations might require a service outage during the migration. Be cure to schedule these migrations so that they have the least impact possible on the production environment.
Windows Server Migration Tools assist in the mtgration process Microsoft provides the following guides to assist in migration of roles and services:
Migrate Active Director} , FederatiocSenwes Role Services to Windows Server 2012 Mgrate Heatth Registration Authority te Windows Server 2012 Migrate Hyper VDIto Windows Server 2012 Mgrate IP Configuration to Windows Server 2012 Migrate Network Policy Server to Windows Server 2012 Migrare Print and Document Services to Windows Server 2012 Migrate Remote Access to Windows Server 2012 Migrate Windows Server Update Services to Windows

Using Windows Server Migration Tools

Windows Server Migration Tools are available as a feature in Windows Server 2012 R2. Administrators can use these tools to migrate some server roles, features, operating system settings, shares, and other data from computers that are running certain editions of Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, or Windows Server 2012 to computers that are running Windows Server 2012 R2. Not all role or feature migrations require these migration tools. The guides provide specific instructions on when and how to use the migration tools.

Migration Guides
Microsoft Technet provides the following migration guides to provide instructions for migrating specific roles and features to Server 2012: Migrate Active Directory Federation Services Role Services to Windows Server 2012 Migrate Health Registration Authority to Windows Server 2012 Migrate Hyper-V to Windows Server 2012 Migrate IP Configuration to Windows Server 2012 Migrating Network Policy Server to Windows Server 2012 Migrate Print and Document Services to Windows Server 2012 Migrate Remote Access to Windows Server 2012 Migrate Windows Server Update Services to Windows Server 2012

Reference Links: To view the Windows Server 2012 migration guides, please see http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=331068.

1-20 Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012

Lesson 3

Post-I nstallation Configuration of Windows Server 2012 R2

The Windows Server 2012 R2 installation process involves answering a minimal number of questions. Once you have completed installation, you need to perform severa! post-installation configuration steps before you can deploy it in a production environment. These steps allow you to prepare the server for the role it will perform on your organization's network. This lesson includes how to perform a range of post-installation configuration tasks, including configuring network addressing information, setting a server's name and joining it to the domain, and understanding product activation options.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe how to use Server Manager to perform post-installation configuration tasks. Describe how to configure server network settings. Describe how to join an Active Directory domain. Explain how to perform an offline domain join. Explain how to activate Windows Server 2012 R2. Describe how to configure a Server Core installation.

OverviewofPost-I nstallationConfiguration
The Windows Server 2012 R2 installation process minimizes the number of questions that you need to answer during the installation. The only information that you provide during the installation process is the password for the default local Administrator account.The post-installation process involves configuring all of the other settings that the server requires before it can be deployed to a production environment. You use the Local Server node in the Server Manager console to perform the following tasks: Configure the IP address Set the computer name Join an Active Directory domain Configure the time zone Enable automatic updates Add roles and features Enable remote desktop Configure Windows Firewall settings

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Senierl 2012 1-21

Configuring Server Network Settings

To communicate on the network, a server needs correct IP address information. Once you have completed installation, you need to either set or check the server's IP address configuration. By default, a newly-deployed server attempts to obtain IP address information from a DHCP server. You can view a server's IP address configuration by clicking the Local Server node in Server Manager. If the server has an IPv4 address in the Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) range of 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254, then the server has not yet been configured with an IP address from a DHCP server. This might be because a DHCP server has not yet been configured on the network, or, if there is a DHCP server, because there is a problem with the network infrastructure that blocks the adapter from receiving an address.

Note: If you are using only an IPv6 network, then an IPv4 address in this range is not problematic, and IPv6 address information is still configured automatically.

Configuration Using Server Manager

You can manually configure IP address information for a server by performing the following steps: 1. In the Server Manager console, click the address next to the network adapter that you want to configure. In the Network Connections window, right-click the network adapter for which you want to configure an address, and then click Properties. 3. In the Adapter Properties dialog box, click Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4), and then click Properties. In the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties dialog box, enter the following IPv4 address information, and then click OK twice: o o o o o IP address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Preferred DNS server Alternate DNS server

2.

4.

Command-Line IPv4 Address Configuration

You can set IPv4 address information manually from an elevated command prompt by using the netsh.exe command from the interface IPv4 context or by using Windows PowerShell. For example, to configure the adapter named Local Area Connection with the IPv4 address 10.10.10.10 and subnet mask 255.255.255.0, type the following commands:

1-22 Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012

You can use the same context of the netsh.exe command to configure DNS configuration. For example, to configure the adapter named Local Area Connection to use the DNS server at IP address 10.10.103 as the primary DNS server, type the following command:

Netsh interface

,y4.

"Loc4si51r, ,C'orhectionl',1'stat:Jitlp)'.10;16.5 primary

Se=fiAl.5bintServerAddregl:-InteraCeInde,-1 In the Windows PowerShell commands, the Interfacelndex value identifies which adapter you are configuring. To get a complete list of adapters with corresponding Interfacelndex values, run the GetNetlPlnterface cmdlet. Network Interface Card Teaming With Network Interface Card (NIC) teaming, you can increase the availability of a network resource. When you configure the NIC teaming feature, a computer uses one network address for multiple cards. In the event that one of the cards fails, the computer is able to maintain communication with other hosts on the network that are using that shared address. NIC teaming does not require that the network cards be the same model or use the same driver. To team network cards, perform the following steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. Ensure that the server has more than one network adapter. In Server Manager, click the Local Server node. Next to Network Adapter Teaming, click Disabled. This will launch the NIC Teaming dialog box. In the NIC Teaming dialog box, hold down the Ctrl key, and then click each network adapter that you want to add to the team. Right-click these selected network adapters, and then click Add to New Team. In the New Team dialog box, provide a name for the team, and then click OK.

1 1 1 1

5. 6.

HowtoJoin a Domain
When you install Windows Server 2012 R2, the computer is assigned a random name. Prior to joining a domain, you should configure the server with the name that you want it to have in the domain. As a best practice, you should use a consistent naming scheme when devising a computer name. Computers should be given names that reflect their function and location, not names with personal ties, such as pet names, or fictional or historical characters. For instante, it is simpler for everyone to determine that a server named MEL-DNS1 is a DNS server in Melbourne, than it is to determine that a server named Copernicus holds the DNS role in the Melbourne office. You change this name using the Server Manager console by performing the following steps: 1. 2. In Server Manager, click the Local Server node. In the Properties window, click the active text next to Computer Name. This launches the System Properties dialog box. In the System Properties dialog box, in the Computer Name tab, click Change.

1 1 1

Information necessary for a domain joie Domain name Account with permission to join computer to domain

3.

1 1 1

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Sentero 2012 1-23

4.

In the Computer Name/Domain Changes dialog box, enter the new name that you want to assign to the computer. Restart the computer to implement the name change.

5.

Prior to joining the domain, be cure to complete the following steps to verify that the new server is ready to be domain-joined: 1. Ensure that you are able to resolve the IP address of the domain controller and that you can contact that domain controller. Use the PING protocol to ping the domain controller by hostname to accomplish both of these goals. 2. Complete one of the following tasks: Create a computer account in the domain that matches the name of the computer that you want to join to the domain. This is often done when large numbers of computers need to be joined to the domain automatically. Join the computer to the domain using a security account that has the right to perform domain-join operations. 3. Verify that the security account that is used for the domain operation already exists within the domain. Now that you have renamed your Windows Server 2012 R2 server and have verified that it is ready to be domain-joined, you can join the server to the domain. To join the domain using Server Manager, perform the following steps: 1. In Server Manager, click the Local Server node. 2. 3. 4. In the Properties window, next to Workgroup, click WORKGROUP. In the System Properties dialog box, on the Computer Name tab, click Change. In the Computer Name/Domain Changes dialog box, in the Member Of area, click the Domain option. Enter the new domain name, and then click OK. 5. In the Windows Security dialog box, enter domain credentials that allow you to join the computer to the domain. Restart the computer.

6.

Performing an Offline Domain Join

Offline domain join is a feature that you can use to join a computer to the domain when that computer does not have an active network connection. This feature can be useful in situations where connectivity is intermittent, such as when you are deploying a server to a remote site that is connected via satellite uplink. Use the djoin.exe command-line tool to perform an offline domain join. You can perform an offline domain join by performing the following steps: 1. Sign in to the domain controller with a user account that has the appropriate rights to join other computers to the domain.
Process for performing an offline join: 1. Ensure the user performing the offline dornajo join n administrator, or delegate the appropriate rights 2. To provsion the computer account object and create the binary file, run djoin on the dornajo controller 3. Transfer the binary file with the domain information to client computer system's hard disk drive 4. To load the binary file, in the destination computer, run djoln 5. Restart the client computer

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1-24 Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012

2. Open an elevated command prompt and use the djoin.exe command with the /provision option. You also need to specify the domain to which you want to join the computer, the narre of the computer you will be joining to the domain, and the name of the savefile that you will transfer to the target of the offline domain join. For example, to join the computer Canberra to the domain adatum.com using the savefile Canberrajoin.txt, type the following command: djoin.exe /provision /domain adatum.com /machine canberra /savefale join.txt 3.

c: \canberra-

Transfer the generated savefile to the new computer, and then run the djoin.exe command with the /requestODJ option. For example, to perform the offline domain join, after transferring the savefile Canberra-join.txt to computer Canberra, you would run the following command from an elevated command prompt on Canberra: djoin.exe /rnuestW /loadfile canberra

join;

4.

Restart the computer to complete the domain-join operation.

Question: In what situation would you perform an offline domain join rather than a traditional domain join?

Activating Windows Server 2012 R2

To ensure that your organization is correctly licensed and to receive notices for product updates, you must activate every copy of Windows Server 2012 R2 that you install. Windows Server 2012 R2 requires activation after installation. Unlike previous versions of the Windows Server operating system, there is no longer an activation grace period. If you do not perform activation, you cannot perform operating system customization. To activate Windows Server 2012 R2, you can use one of two general strategies: Manual activation. Suitable when you are deploying a small number of servers. Automatic activation. Suitable when you are deploying larger numbers of servers.

Manual Activation
With manual activation, you enter the product key, and the server contacts Microsoft. Alternatively, an administrator performs the activation over the phone or through a special clearinghouse website. You can perform manual activation from the Server Manager console by performing the following steps: 1. 2. 3. Click the Local Server node. In the Properties window, next to Product ID, click Not Activated. In the Windows Activation dialog box, enter the product key, and then click Activate.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Sewero 2012 1-25

4. If a direct connection cannot be established to the Microsoft activation servers, details will display about performing activation using a website from a device that has an Internet connection, or by using a local telephone number. Because computers running the Server Core installation option do not have the Server Manager console, you can also perform manual activation using the slmgr.vbs command. Use the slmgr.vbs /ipk command to enter the product key, and slmgr.vbs /ato to perform activation once the product key is installed. You can perform manual activation using either the retail product key, or the multiple activation key. You can use a retail product key to activate only a single computer. However, a multiple activation key has a set number of activations that you can use. Using a multiple activation key, you can activate multiple computers up to a set activation limit. OEM keys are a special type of activation key that are provided to a manufacturer and allow automatic activation when a computer is first powered on. This type of activation key is typically used with computers that are running client operating systems such as Windows 7 and Windows 8. OEM keys are rarely used with computers that are running server operating systems. Performing activation manually in large-scale server deployments can be cumbersome. Microsoft provides a method of activating large numbers of computers automatically without having to enter product keys on each system manually.

Automatic Activation
In previous versions of the Windows Server operating system, you could use KMS to perform centralized activation of multiple clients. The Volume Activation Services server role in Windows Server 2012 R2 allows you to manage a KMS server through a new interface. This simplifies the process of installing a KMS key on the KMS server. When you install Volume Activation Services, you can also configure Active Directorybased activation. Active Directorybased activation allows automatic activation of domain-joined computers. When you use Volume Activation Services, each computer activated must periodically contact the KMS server to renew its activation status. You use the Volume Activation Management Tool (VAMT) 3.0 in conjunction with Volume Activation Services to perform activation of multiple computers on networks that are not connected directly to the Internet. You can use VAMT to generate license reports and manage client and server activation on enterprise networks.

Automatic Virtual Machine Activation

Automatic Virtual Machine Activation (AVMA) is a new feature of Windows Server 2012 R2 R2 that you can use to install virtual machines on a Windows Server 2012 R2 R2 Datacenter Flyper-V host and automatically activate them, provided that the host server is properly activated. The registry on the virtualization host provides real-time tracking data for the guest operations systems. This registry key moves with the virtual machine when it is migrated to a new host. A special key, the AVMA key, is installed to the virtual machine using the following command from an elevated command prompt: 57mgr /ipk <AVAilLke The virtual machine automatically activates the license against the virtualization host. AVMA provides the following benefits: You can activate virtual machines in remote locations. You do not need an Internet connection to activate virtual machines.

1-26 Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012

You can track licenses can be tracked from the virtualization host without requiring access rights on the virtual machines. There are no product keys to manage. Virtual machines remain activated when migrated across virtualization hosts.

The following guest virtual machine operating systems are supported: Windows Server 2012 R2 Datacenter edition Windows Server 2012 R2 Standard edition Windows Server 2012 R2 Essentials edition

Configuringa ServerCore Installation

Performing post installation on a computer running the Server Core operating system option can be daunting to administrators that have not performed the task before. Instead of having GUI based tools that simplify the post-installation configuration process, IT professionals are faced with performing complex configuration tasks from a command-line interface. The good news is that you can perform the majority of post-installation configuration tasks using the sconfig.cmd command-line tool. Using this tool minimizes the possibility of making syntax errors when using more complicated command-line tools. You can use sconfig.cmd to perform the following tasks: Configure Domain and Workgroup information Configure the computer's narre Add local Administrator accounts Configure WinRM Enable Windows Update Download and install updates Enable Remote Desktop Configure Network Address information Set the date and time Perform Windows Activation Sign out Restad the server Shut down the server

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Seniero 2012 1-27

Configure IP Address Information

You can configure the IP address and DNS information using sconfig.cmd or netsh.exe. To configure IP address information using sconfig.cmd, perform the following steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. From a command-line command, run sconfig.cmd. Choose option 8 to configure Network Settings. Choose the index number of the network adapter to which you want to assign an IP address. In the Network Adapter Settings area, choose between one of the following options: o o o o Set Network Adapter Address Set DNS Servers Clear DNS Server Settings Return to Main Menu

Change Server Name

You can change a server's name using the netdom command with the renamecomputer option. For example, to rename a computer to Melbourne, type the following command: amecompute
4

.,computername% inewname:Me7bourne

You can change a server's name using sconfig.cmd by performing the following steps: 1. 2. 3. From a command-line command, run sconfig.cmd. Choose option 2 to configure the new computer name. Type the new computer name, and then press Enter.

You must restart the server for the configuration change to take effect.

Joining the Domain

You can join a Server Core computer to a domain using the netdom command with the join option. For example, to join the adatum.com domain using the Administrator account, and to be prompted for a password, type the following command: Netdom join. %computername% /domain:adatum.com /UseratAdministrator /PlswordD:

Ei

Note: Prior to joining the domain, verify that you are able to ping the DNS server by hostname.

To join a Server Core computer to the domain using sconfig.cmd, perform the following steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. From a command-line command, run sconfig.cmd. Choose option 1 to configure Domain/Workgroup. To choose the Domain option, type D, and then press Enter. Type the name of the domain to which you want to join the computer. Provide the details in domain1usernome format, of an account that is authorized to join the domain. Type the password associated with that account.

To complete a domain join operation, it is necessary to restart the computer.

1-28 Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012

Adding Roles and Features

You can add and remove roles and features on a computer that is running the Server Core installation option by using the Windows PowerShell cmdlets Get -WindowsFeature, Install- WindowsFeature, and Remove -WindowsFeature. These cmdlets are available after you load the ServerManager Windows PowerShell module. For example, you can view a list of roles and features that are installed by typing the following command: Get-WindowsFeatu e I Where-Object (t..InstallState -eq "Instarled"; You can also install a Windows role or feature using the Install-WindowsFeature cmdlet. For example, to install the NLB feature, execute the command: t77-WihdoWsFture - NLE1.Not all features are available directly for installation on a computer running the Server Core operating system. You can determine which features are not directly available for installation by running the following command: hdOWSFatr6,: here-Object .Insta77State -eq "Removed";

You can add a role or feature that is not directly available for installation by using the -Source parameter of the Install-WindowsFeature cmdlet. You must specify a source location that hosts a mounted installation image that includes the full version of Windows Server 2012 R2. You can mount an installation image using the DISM.exe command-line tool. If you do not specify a source path when installing a component that is not available and the server has Internet connectivity, Install- WindowsFeature will attempt to retrieve source files from Windows Update.

Add the GUI

You can configure a Server Core computer with the GUI using the sconfig.cmd command-line tool. To do this, choose option 12 from within the sconfig.cmd Server Configuration menu.

Note: You can add or remove the graphical component of the Windows Server 2012 R2 operating system by using the Install-WindowsFeature cmdlet.

You can also use the dism.exe command-line tool to add and remove Windows roles and features from a Server Core deployment, even though this tool is used primarily for managing image files.

Demonstration: Using DISM to Add Windows Features

Deployment Image Servicing and Management (DISM) is a command-line tool that you can use to service offline images or running operating systems. Use it to install, uninstall, configure, and update Windows features, packages, drivers and international settings. After an image has been mounted to the file system, use DISM to service that image by specifying the path to the image and the servicing options in the command line. DISM can also service running systems when you specify the /online parameter and the servicing options in the command line. In this demonstration, you will see how to use DISM to enable the Windows Server Backup feature for a running system. For example, if you were servicing an offline image, you would first use the DISM /mount -image parameter to mount the image to the file system. Then you would use the DISM /image:<path to imagefile> parameter and pass servicing commands to the image.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Seniert 2012 1-29

To service a VHD file you need to attach the virtual disk using the DiskPart.exe command line tool. For example, to attach a VHD file at C:\Server.VHD to the drive letter V, you can perform the following steps. At an elevated command prompt, run the following commands: DskPart Select vdisk file C:\Server.vhd Attach vdisk Assign letter=V Exit After you have finished servicing the VHD file using DISM, you can detach the VHD file using the following commands: DiskPart Select vdisk file C:\Server.vhd Detach vdsk

Reference Links: For more information about using DISM, see the article Enable or Disable Windows Featu res at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=331067.

Additional Reading: For more information about using DISM to service VHD files, see the article Walkthrough: Service a Virtual Hard Disk Image Offline at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=331066.

Demonstration Steps View a list of all Windows features and their current state
1. Use Server-Manager to launch the Windows Server Backup MMC. Notice that Windows Server Backup is not installed on the computer. 2. Close the wbadmin-[Windows Server Backup(Local)] window.

Gather information about the Windows Server Backup feature

1. 2. Launch Windows PowerShell as Administrator. Execute the following command: DISibl ionline,/get7features 3. Execute the following command: online /get-featureinfo ifeaturename:WindowsServerBac

1-30 Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012

Enable the Windows Server Backup feature

1. Execute the following command: gursmilyarrl.
flttii. ..en;ame'lgyndkvsSet..s?093rkirp,

Note: The feature name is case-sensitive.

2.

Use Server Manager to Iaunch the Windows Server Backup MMC. Notice that Windows Server Backup is now available.

1 1 1 1

3.

Close all Open windows.

1
1

1 1 1 1 1

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Soweto 2012 1-31

Lesson 4

Overview of Windows Server 2012 R2 Management

Configuring a server correctly can save you from substantial problems later. Windows Server 2012 R2 provides multiple tools to perform specific administrative tasks, each of which is appropriate for a given set of circumstances. The Windows Server 2012 R2 management interface also enhances your ability to perform administrative tasks on more than one server simultaneously. This lesson covers the different management tools that you can use to perform administrative tasks on computers that are running the Windows Server 2012 R2 operating system.

Lesson O bjectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe Server Manager. Describe how to use administrative tools and Remote Server Administration Tools. Describe how to use Server Manager to perform administrative tasks. Describe how to configure services. Describe how to configure Windows Remote Management.

What Is Server Manager?

Server Manager is the primary graphical tool used to manage computers running Windows Server 2012 R2. You can use the Server Manager console to manage both the local server and remote servers. You can also manage servers as groups. By managing servers as groups, you can perform the same administrative tasks quickly across multiple servers that either perform the same role, or are members of the same group. You can use the server manager console to perform the following tasks on both local servers and remote servers: Add roles and features Launch Windows PowerShell sessions View events Perform server configuration tasks

u can use Server Manager te:

~~ Manage multiple servers on a network from one co ~~ Asid roles and features ~~ launch Windows PowerShell sessions View events Perform server configuration tasks Manage down-level servers

You can use Best Practicas Analyzer te: Determine whether roles on your network are functioning
efficiently Query event logs for warning and error events Diagnose health Issues with specific roles

Server Manager can be used to manage the following down-level systems: Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 (both full server or Server Core) Windows Server 2008 SP2 (full server only) To manage these systems, you must install Windows Management Framework 3.0 (WMF 3.0) on the managed systems.

1-32 Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012

Best Practices Analyzer

Server Manager includes a Best Practices Analyzer tool for all Windows Server 2012 R2 roles. With Best Practices Analyzer, you can determine whether roles on your network are functioning efficiently or if there are problems that you need to remediate. Best Practices Analyzer examines how a role functions including querying associated event logs for warning and error eventsso you can be aware of health issues associated with specific roles before those health issues cause a failure that impacts the server functionality.

AdministrativeTools and Remote ServerAdministration Tools

When you use Server Manager to perform a specific role-related or feature-related administrative task, the console launches the appropriate administrative tool. When you install a role or feature using Server Manager locally or remotely, you are prompted to install the appropriate administrative tool. For example, when you use Server Manager to install the DHCP role on another server, you are prompted to install the DHCP console on the local server. Administrative tools:
Active Drectory Administrative Center Active Directory Users and Computers DNS console Event Viewer '

Group Policy Management Console IIS Manager Performance Monitor Resource Monitor Task Scheduler Can be used to manage non-domain join tems

Remote Server Administration Tools

You can install the complete set of administrative tools for Windows Server 2012 R2 by installing the Remote Server Administration Tools (RSAT) feature. When you install RSAT, you can choose to install all of the tools, or only the tools to manage specific roles and features. You can also install RSAT on computers running the Windows 8 operating system. This allows administrators to manage servers remotely, without having to sign in directly to each server. It is a general best practice to run a Windows Server 2012 R2 server as a Server Core installation and manage it remotely via RSAT for Windows 8, or with one of the many other remote management methods. In addition to Windows PowerShell, the tools that administrators most commonly use include the following: Active Directory Administrative Center. With this console, you can perform Active Directory administrative tasks such as raising domain and forest functional levels, and enabling the Active Directory Recycle Bin. You also use this console to manage Dynamic Access Control. Active Directory Users and Computers. With this tool, you can create and manage Active Directory users, computers, and groups. You can also use this tool to create Organizational Units (OUs). DNS console. With the DNS console, you can configure and manage the DNS Server role. This includes creating forward and reverse lookup zones, and managing DNS records. Event Viewer. You can use the Event Viewer to view events recorded in the Windows Server 2012 R2 event logs. Group Policy Management Console. With this tool, you can edit Group Policy Objects (GPOs) and manage their application in AD DS. IIS Manager Tool. You can use this tool to manage websites. Performance Monitor. You can use this console to view record performance data by selecting counters associated with specific resources that you want to monitor.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servero 2012 1-33

Resource Monitor. You can use this console to view real-time information on CPU, memory, and disk and network utilization. Task Scheduler. You can use this console to manage the execution of scheduled tasks.

You can access each of there tools in Server Manager by accessing the Tools menu.

Note: You can also pin frequently used tools to the Windows Server 2012 R2 taskbar, or to the Start screen.

Managing non-domain joined Windows Server 2012 R2 with RSAT and Server Manager
Under normal circumstances, you cannot manage non-domain joined computers with RSAT from Windows 8 or Windows Server 2012 R2 systems. In Windows Server 2012 R2, however, there are Windows PowerShell commands that allow this configuration. First, ensure you can resolve the name of the computer you will manage by its host name, because you cannot use its IP address. To do this, either manually add the server to your DNS or add an entry in the local Hosts file on the Windows 8 computer. Next, on the Windows 8 computer running the RSAT, start Windows PowerShell as an Administrator and run the following command:

Set Item W5Man:\localhost\C"Fient\TrustedHosts -Value <YourtargetServernameHere> -Force

If the computer has a DNS suffix configured, then include both the host name and the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the server in quotes. For example, to manage a server named SVR1 that has been manually configured to have a DNS suffix of contoso.com, the command would be:

'Set-Item WSIllan:\localhost IC7ieni\TrustedHosts . 71,a7ue "SVR1,5VR1.Contoso.cotn"

-Force

In RSAT Server Manager, click Manage on the menu bar, click the DNS tab, enter the server name, and then add the server to the Selected column. The server should appear in the Servers pane, and displaying a Kerberos error. Right-click the entry and select Manage As, and then enter the local Administrator credentials of the server.

Demonstration: Using Server Manager

In this demonstration, you will see how to use Server Manager to perform the following tasks: Sign in to Windows Server 2012 R2 and view the Windows Server 2012 R2 desktop. Add a featu re by using the Add Roles and Features Wizard. View role-related events. Run the Best Practice Analyzer for a role. List the tools available from Server Manager. Restart Windows Server 2012 R2.

1-34 Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012

Demonstration Steps Add a feature by using the Add Roles and Features Wizard
1. In Server Manager, start the Add Roles and Features Wizard. 2. Select the Role-based or featured-based installation check box. 3. Click Select a server from the server pool, verify that LON-DC1.Adatum.com is selected, and then click Next. On the Select server roles page, select Fax Server. In the Add Roles and Features Wizard dialog box, click Add Features. On the Select features page, click BranchCache. On the Print and Document Services page, click Next twice. On the Fax Server page, click Next. On the Confirmation page, select the Restart the destination server automatically if required check box, click Yes, click Install, and then click Close.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. Click the flag Icon next to Server Manager Dashboard, and review the messages.

51,

Note: You can close this console without terminating the task.

View role-related events

1. Click the Dashboard node.

2. In the Roles and Server Groups pane, under DNS, click Events. 3. On the DNS - Events Detail View, change the time period to 12 hours and the Event Sources to All.

Run the Best Practice Analyzer for a role

1. 2. Under DNS, click BPA results. Select AH on the Severity Levels drop-down menu, and then click OK.

List the tools available from Server Manager

Click the Tools menu, and review the tools that are installed on LON - DC1.

Sign out the currently signed-in user

1. 2. Sign out from LON-DC1. Sign back in to LON - DC1 using the Adatum\Administrator account and the password Pa$$wOrd.

Restart Windows Server 2012 R2

In a Windows PowerShell window, type the following command, and then press Enter: Shutdown /r /t 5

1
Configuring Services Services are programs that run in the background and provide services to clients and to the host

204100: Installing and Configuring Windows Senior, 2012 1-35

1 1 1 1 1

server. You can manag e services through the Services console, which is available in Server Manager from the Tools menu. When securing a computer, you should disable all services except those that are required by the roles, features, and applications that are installed on the server.

Sta rtu p Types

Services use one of the following startup types: Automatic. The service starts automatically when the server boots. Automatic (Delayed Start). The service starts automatically after the server has booted. Manual. The service must be started manually, either by a program or by an administrator. Disabled. The service is disabled and cannot be started.

I Note: If a server is behaving problematically, open the Services console, sort by startup type, and then locate those services that are configured to start automatically and which are not in a running state.

Service Recovery
Recovery options determine what a service does in the event that it fails. You access the Recovery tab

1 1

from the DNS Server Properties window. On the Recovery tab, you have the following recovery options: Take no action. The service remains in a failed state until attended to by an administrator. Restart the Service. The service restarts automatically. Run a Program. Allows you to run a program or a script. Restart the Computer. The computer restarts after a preconfigured number of minutes.

You can configure different recovery options for the first failure, the second failure, and subsequent failures. You can also configure a period of time after which the service failure clock resets.

Managed Service Accounts

Managed service accounts are special domain-based accounts that you can use with services. The advantage of a managed service account is that the account password is rotated automatically according

to a schedule. These password changes are automatic, and do not require administrator intervention, which minimizes the chance that the service account password will be compromised. This happens typically because administrators traditionally assign simple passwords to service accounts with the same service across a large number of servers, and never bother to update those passwords. Virtual accounts are service-specific accounts that are local rather than domain-based. Windows Server 2012 R2 rotates and manages the password for virtual accounts. Question: What is the advantage of a managed service account compared to a traditional domainbased service account?

1-36 Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012

Configuring Windows Remote Management

Most administrators no longer perform systems administration tasks solely from the server room. Almost all tasks that they perform on a daily basis are now performed using remote management technologies. With Windows Remote Management (WinRM), you can use Remote Shell, remote Windows PowerShell, and other remote management tools to manage a computer remotely. You can enable WinRM from Server Manager by performing the following steps: 1. In the Server Manager console, click the Local Server node. 2. In the Properties dialog box for the local server, next to Remote Management, click Disabled. This opens the Configure Remote Management dialog box. 3. In the Configure Remote Management dialog box, select the Enable remote management of this server from other computers check box, and then click OK.
When deciding to sxse Remote the following: You are more likely to manage server remotely than by locally signing on With WinRM, you can use convelen, command-line utilities, or Windows PowerShell to perform remete management tasks With Remote Desktop, you can sign in ta a seryerlocally or from across the network

You also can enable WinRM from a command line by running the command WinRM qc. You disable WinRM by using the same method that you use to enable it. You can disable WinRM on a computer running the Server Core installation option using the sconfig.cmd tool.

Remote Desktop
Remote Desktop is the traditional method by which systems administrators connect remotely to the servers that they manage. You can configure Remote Desktop on a computer that is running the full version of Windows Server 2012 R2 by performing the following steps: 1. In the Server Manager console, click the Local Server node. 2. 3. Next to Remote Desktop, click Disabled. In the System Properties dialog box, on the Remote tab, select one of the following options: o o Don't allow connections to this computer. The default state of remote desktop is disabled. Allow connections from computers running any version of Remote Desktop. Allows connections from Remote Desktop clients that do not support Network Level Authentication o Allow Connections only from Computers running Remote Desktop with Network Level Authentication. Allows secure connections from computers running Remote Desktop clients that support network-level authentication.

You can enable and disable Remote Desktop on computers that are running the Server Core installation option by using the sconfig.cmd command-line tool.

Managing Non-Domain Joined Computers

Many users want to use their own mobile devices, such as smart phones and tablets, to access company apps and data. Managing these devices is difficult when they do not belong to the domain. The domain administrator has little or no control over how the device is used off-premise. There might also be pockets of workgroup computers in your environment. In this case, you can use local group policies to manage these systems, and use Remote Desktop technologies to manage them.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Seiverli 2012 1-37

Demonstration: Performing Remote Management

In this demonstration, you will see how to use Server Manager to manage a remote server, how to add the DNS Server role on a remote server, and how to connect to and configure the remote server by using RDP.

Demonstration Steps Use Server Manager to manage a remote server

1. 2. 3. Sign in to LON-DC1 as Adatum\Administrator with a password of Pa$$wOrd. In Server Manager, click Add other servers to manage. Add LON-SVR1.

Add the DNS Server role on a remote server

- Use the Add Roles and Features wizard to add the DNS Server role to LON-SVR1.

Connect to and configure a remote server by using RDP

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Sign in to LON-SVR1 as Adatum\Administrator with a password of Pa$$wOrd. In Server Manager, open the properties for the Local Server, and then enable Remote Desktop. On LON-DC1, go to the Start screen. Type Remote, and then open Remote Desktop Connection. Connect to LON-SVR1 as Adatum\Administrator. After successfully connecting, sign out from LON-SVR1.

1-38 Deploying and Managing Windows Seno 2012

Lesson 5

Introduction to Windows PowerShell

Windows PowerShell is a command-line interface and task-based scripting technology that is built into the Windows Server 2012 R2 operating system. Windows PowerShell simplifies the automation of common systems administration tasks. With Windows PowerShell, you can automate tasks, leaving you more time for more difficult systems administration tasks. In this lesson, you will learn about Windows PowerShell, and why Windows PowerShell is a critical piece of a server administrator's toolkit. This lesson describes how to use Windows PowerShell's built-in discoverability features to learn how to use specific cmdlets and to find related cmdlets. This lesson also discusses how to leverage the Windows PowerShell Integrated Scripting Environment (ISE) to assist you in creating effective Windows PowerShell scripts.

Lesson O bjectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe the purpose of Windows PowerShell. Describe Windows PowerShell cmdlet syntax, and explain how to determine commands associated with a particular cmdlet. Describe common Windows PowerShell cmdlets used to manage services, processes, roles and features. Describe the functionality of Windows PowerShell OSE. Explain how to use Windows PowerShell. Explain how to use Windows PowerShell ISE.

What Is Windows PowerShell?

Windows PowerShell is a scripting language and command-line interface that is designed to assist you in performing day-to-day administrative tasks. Windows PowerShell is made up of cmdlets that you execute at a Windows PowerShell command prompt, or combine into Windows PowerShell scripts. Unlike other scripting languages that were designed initially for another purpose, but have been adapted for system administration tasks, Windows PowerShell is designed with system administration tasks in mind. An increasing number of Microsoft productssuch as Exchange Server 2010have graphical interfaces that build Windows PowerShell commands. These products allow you to view the generated Windows PowerShell script so you can execute the task at a later time without having to complete all of the steps in the GUI. Being able to automate complex tasks simplifies a server administrator's job, and saves time.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Seivei 2012 1-39

You can extend Windows PowerShell functionality by adding modules. For example, the Active Directory module includes Windows PowerShell cmdlets that are specifically useful for performing Active Directoryrelated management tasks. The DNS Server module includes Windows PowerShell cmdlets that are specifically useful for performing DNS server-related management tasks. Windows PowerShell includes features such as tab completion, which allows administrators to complete commands by pressing the tab key rather than having to type the complete command. You can learn about the functionality of any Windows PowerShell cmdlet by using the Get- Help cmdlet.

Note: Windows PowerShell Version 4.0 ships with Windows Server 2012 R2 and is backward

compatible with previous versions of Windows PowerShell.

WindowsPowerShellCmdletSyntax
Windows PowerShell cmdlets use a verb-noun syntax. Each noun has a collection of associated verbs. The available verbs differ with each cmdlet's noun. Common Windows PowerShell cmdlet verbs include: Get New Set Restad Resume Stop Suspend Clear Limit Remove Add Show Write
Windows PowerShell Cmdlet Syntax: Get-Help -Noun

NounName
Get-Heip -Verb

VerbName
Help CmdltName Get-Command

, 'Blztency erctKe, eredSch,duledrmsk tegttxntri,ncetion,,g,r

You can view the available verbs for a particular Windows PowerShell noun by executing the following command:

You can view the available Windows PowerShell nouns for a specific verb by executing the following command:

Windows PowerShell parameters start with a dash. Each Windows PowerShell cmdlet has its own associated set of parameters. You can learn what the parameters are for a particular Windows PowerShell cmdlet by executing the following command: Get-tie7fi CtncltetName

1-40 Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012

You can determine which Windows PowerShell cmdlets are available by executing the Get-Command cmdlet. The Windows PowerShell cmdlets that are available depend on which modules are loaded. You can load a module using the Import-Module cmdlet.

Common Cmdlets for ServerAdministration

As a server administrator, there are certain cmdlets that you are more likely to use. These cmdlets relate primarily to services, event logs, processes, and the ServerManager module running on the server.

Service Cmdlets
You can use the following Windows PowerShell cmdlets to manage services on a computer that is running Windows Server 2012 R2:
Get-Service. View the properties of a service. New-Service. Creates a new service. Restart-Service. Restarts an existing service. Resume-Service. Resumes a suspended service. Set-Service. Configures the properties of a service. Start-Service. Starts a stopped service. Stop-Service. Stops a running service. Suspend-Service. Suspends a service.

Service Cmdlets Event log Cmdlets Process Cmdlets ServerManager module Windows PowerShell Remote Management

Use the Service noun Use the Eventlog noun Use the Process noun Allows the WindowsFeature noun Allows cmdlets or scrpts to bel run on remete cornputers

Event Log Cmdlets

You can use the following Windows PowerShell cmdlets to manage event logs on a computer that is running Windows Server 2012 R2:
Get-EventLog. Displays events in the specified event log. Clear-EventLog. Deletes all entries from the specified event log. Limit-EventLog. Sets event log age and size limits. New-EventLog. Creates a new event log and a new event source on a computer running Windows

Server 2012 R2.

Remove-EventLog. Removes a custom event log and unregisters all event sources for the log Show-EventLog. Shows the event logs of a computer. Write-EventLog. Allows you to write events to an event log.

Process Cmdlets
You can use the following Windows PowerShell cmdlets to manage processes on a computer that is running Windows Server 2012 R2:
Get-Process. Provides information on a process. Sta rt-Process. Starts a process. Stop-Process. Stops a process.

1
20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Sentel ,2012 1-41

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Wait -Process. Waits for the process to stop before accepting input. Debug - Process. Attaches a debugger to one or more running processes.

ServerManager Module
The ServerManager module allows you to add one of three cmdlets that are useful for managing features and roles. These cmdlets are: Get-WindowsFeature. View a list of available roles and features. Also displays whether the feature is installed, and whether the feature is available. You can only install an unavailable feature if you have access to an installation source. Install-WindowsFeature. Installs a particular Windows Server role or feature. The Add - WindowsFeature cmdlet is aliased to this command and is available in previous versions of Windows operating systems. Remove - WindowsFeature. Removes a particular Windows Server role or feature.

Windows PowerShell Remote Management

You can use Windows PowerShell to remotely run cmdlets on other Windows systems, called remoting. Windows PowerShell remoting depends on the WinRM service running on the target systems. This service can be enabled manually or by running the Enable-PSRemoting cmdlet on the target. The simplest way to use remoting is one-to-one remoting, which allows you to bring up an interactive Windows PowerShell session on the remote system. Once connected, the Windows PowerShell prompt displays the name of the remote computer. To start or end a remote session use the following cmdlet: Enter-PSSession -computername <name of computer to connect to> ExtPSSession You can also use the Invoke-command cmdlet to run commands on multiple remote computers. Specify other computers by using the ComputerName parameter, and specify the commands to run by setting the ScriptBlock parameter. To use the invoke-command cmdlets to get the service status from multiple computers, first enable WinRM on the targets, and then use the following cmdlet: Invake= command -computername' on -Srvl, on-Srv2 -scrlptb7ock (get-service

1-42 Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012

Demonstration: Using Windows PowerShell

In this demonstration, you will see how to use Windows PowerShell to display the running services and processes on a server and a remote server, to connect to a remote computer and display all services, and to invoke commands to multiple computers to display running processes.

Demonstration Steps Use Windows PowerShell to display the running services and processes on a server
1. On LON-DC1, open a Windows PowerShell session. 2. Execute the following commands, and then press Enter: et,-Servid 1 where-object (.1_. status -eq "Running"J Service rocess et-HeYP PrOCeSS Start- Process 3. Close the Windows PowerShell window.

4. On the taskbar, right-click the Windows PowerShell icon, and then click Run as Administrator.

Use Windows PowerShell to connect to a remote computer and display all services and their current status
1. 2. On LON-SVR1, open a Windows PowerShell session. Execute the following command: Enable-P5Renro 3. 4. 5. Accept all the default prompts. On LON-DC1, open a Windows PowerShell session. Execute the following commands:

Use Windows PowerShell to invoke commands to multiple computers and display running processes
1. On LON-DC1, execute the following command: Invke-Conlinn 2.

-computername LON-DC1, LON-SVR1 -Scriptblock:

et-ProcessJ

Examine the output, and then close the Windows PowerShell window.

20410C: Installing and ConfigulinglMndows Serverg 2012 1-43

What Is Windows PowerShell ISE?

Windows PowerShell ISE is an integrated scripting environment that provides you with assistance when using Windows PowerShell. It provides command completion functionality, and enables you to see all available commands and the parameters that you can use with those commands. Windows PowerShell ISE simplifies the process of using Windows PowerShell because you can execute cmdlets from the ISE. You can also use a scripting window within Windows PowerShell ISE to construct and cave Windows PowerShell scripts. The ability to view cmdlet parameters ensures that you are aware of the full functionality of each cmdlet, and can create syntactically-correct Windows PowerShell commands. Windows PowerShell ISE provides color-coded cmdlets to assist with troubleshooting. The ISE also provides you with debugging tools that you can use to debug simple and complex Windows PowerShell scripts. You can use the Windows PowerShell ISE environment to view available cmdlets by module. You can then determine which Windows PowerShell module you need to load to access a particular cmdlet.

Demonstration: Using Windows PowerShell ISE

In this demonstration, you will see how to complete the following tasks: Use Windows PowerShell ISE to import the ServerManager module. View the cmdlets made available in the ServerManager module. Use the Get-WindowsFeature cmdlet from Windows PowerShell ISE. View and run a Windows PowerShell script

Demonstration Steps Use Windows PowerShell ISE to import the ServerManager module
1. 2. 3. Ensure that you are signed in to LON-DC1 as Administrator. In Server Manager, click Tools, and then click Windows PowerShell ISE. At the command prompt, type Import - Module ServerManager.

View the cmdlets made available in the ServerManager module

In the Commands pane, use the Modules drop-down menu to select the ServerManager module.

Use the Get-WindowsFeature cmdlet from Windows PowerShell ISE

1. 2. Click Get-WindowsFeature, and then click Show Details. In the ComputerName field, type LON -DC1, and then click Run.

1-44 Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012

Run a Windows PowerShell script from the scripting pane to create a universal group named Helpdesk and add members
1. 2. 3. In Server Manager, click Tools, and then open Active Directory Users and Computers. Open the IT organizational unit (OU). Note that there is no group named Helpdesk. Use File Explorer to navigate to E.:\Labfiles\Mod01 and edit the CreateAndPopulateHelpdesk.ps1 script. 4. 5. View the script and then click the green arrow on the toolbar to run the script. Switch back to Active Directory Users and Computers and refresh the view. You should now see there is a group named Helpdesk. 6. Open the properties of the Helpdesk group and see that the group is populated by the members of the IT department. 7. Cose all open windows.

Windows PowerShell Desired State Configuration

Windows PowerShell Desired State Configuration (DSC) is a new management platform in Windows PowerShell that enables deploying and managing configurations for software services and managing the environment in which these services run. These Windows PowerShell extensions are available only in Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1. DSC uses WMI providers to implement configurations. DSC comes with 12 WMI providers that enable the configuration of roles and features, managing services and more. You can also create custom providers. This topic provides an overview of DSC. DSC can be innplemented in two different models; either Push or Pull. There are three main phases to implementing DSC: 1. 2. 3. The Authoring phase The Staging phase (if implementing a Pull model) The Implementation phase

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Senrero 2012 1-45

These three main phases are described in the following table. Phase Authoring phase Description The DSC is created by using Windows PowerShell or by using third-party tools. Windows PowerShell commands are used to create one or more Management Object Format (MOF) files that describe the configuration settings. In a Pull model, DSC data and any custom providers are kept on the Pull server, which is an IIS server. The target system contacts the Pull server by passing a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) along with a unique identifier to pull its DSC configuration and verify if any required providers are available. If they are not, those providers are downloaded to the target computer. In the case of a Push model, you need to ensure that any required providers are already in place on the target computer because only the configuration settings are pushed. Implementation phase The final phase is the application of the configuration. Once DSC data is I either pushed or pulled to the target server's Local Configuration Store, the configuration is then parsed and the appropriate WMI provider implements the settings.

Staging phase

DSC can be used to perform many different functions, including the following: Install or remove server roles and features Manage registry settings Manage files and directories Start, stop, and manage processes and services Manage local groups and user accounts Install and manage packages such as .msi and .exe Manage environment variables Run Windows PowerShell scripts Fix a configuration that has drifted away from the desired state Discover the actual configuration state on a given node

1 1

1-46 Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012

Lab: Deploying and Managing Windows Server2012 R2

Scenario
A. Datum Corporation is a global engineering and manufactu ring company with a head office based in London, England. A. Datum has recently deployed a Windows Server 2012 R2 infrastructure with Windows 8 clients. You have been working for A. Datum for several years as a desktop support specialist and have recently accepted a promotion to the server support team. The marketing department has purchased a new web-based application. You need to install and configure the servers in the data center for this application. One server has a GUI interface, and the other server is configured as Server Core.

Objectives
After completing this lab, you should be able to: Deploy Windows Server 2012 R2. Configure Windows Server 2012 R2 Server Core. Manage servers by using Server Manager. Manage servers with Windows PowerShell.

Lab Setup
Estimated Time: 60 minutes

Virtual machines

20410C-LON-DC1 20410C-LON-SVR3 20410C-LON-CORE

User narre Password

Adatum\Administrator Pa$$w0rd

For this lab, you will use the available virtual machine environment. Before you begin the lab, you must complete the following steps: 1. On the host computer, click Start, point to Administra'tive Tools, and then click Hyper-V Manager. 2. In Hyper-V Manager, click 20410C-LON-DC1, and in the Actions pane, click Start. 3. In the Actions pane, click Connect. Wait until the virtual machine starts. 4. Sign in using the following credentials: a. b. User name:Adatum\Administrator Password: Pa$$wOrd

5. Repeat steps 1 through 3 for 20410C-LON-CORE. Do not sign in until directed to do so.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Wndows Server, 2012 1-47

Exercise 1: Deploying Windows Server 2012 R2

Scenario
The first Windows Server 2012 R2 server that you are installing for the Marketing department will host a SQL Server 2012 database engine instance. You want to configure the server so that it will have the full GUI, as this will allow the application vendor to run support tools directly on the server, rather than requiring a remote connection. The first server you are installing for the new marketing app is for a SQL Server 2012 database. This server will have the full GUI to allow the application vendor to run support tools directly on the server. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. Install the Windows Server 2012 server. 2. 3. 4. 5. Change the server name. Change the date and time. Configure the network. Add the server to the domain.

K Task 1: Instan the Windows Server 2012 server

1. In the Hyper-V Manager console, open the settings for 20410C-LON-SVR3. 2. Configure the DVD drive to use the Windows Server 2012 R2 image file named Windows2012R2RTM.iso. This file is located at D:\Program Files\Microsoft Learning \20410\Drives. 3. Start 20410C-LON-SVR3. In the Windows Setup Wizard, on the Windows Server 2012 R2 page, verify the following settings, click Next, and then click Install Now. o o o 4. Language to install: English (United States) Time and currency format: English (United States) Keyboard or input method: US

Click to install the Windows Server Windows Server 2012 R2 Datacenter Evaluation (Server with a GUI) operating system.

5. 6. r;1,1 12.1

Accept the license terms, and then click Custom: Install Windows only (advanced). Install Windows Server 2012 R2 on Drive 0. Note: Depending on the speed of the equipment, the installation takes approximately 20

minutes. The virtual machine will restad severa! times during this process. 7. Enter the password Pa$$w0rd in both the Password and Reenter password boxes, and then click Finish to complete the installation.

K Task 2: Change the server name

1. 2. Sign in to LON-SVR3 as Administrator with the password Pa$$w0rd. In Server Manager, on the Local Server node, click the randomly-generated name next to Computer name. In the System Properties dialog box, on the Computer Name tab, click Change. In the Computer name box, type LON-SVR3, and then click OK.

3. 4.

1-48 Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012

5. 6.

Click OK again, and then click Close. Restart the computer.

K Task 3: Change the date and time

1. 2. 3. 4. Sign in to server LON-SVR3 as Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd. On the taskbar, click the time display, and then click Change date and time settings. Click Change Time Zone, and set the time zone to your current time zone. Click Change Date and Time, and verify that the date and time that display in the Date and Time Settings dialog box match those in your classroom. Close the Date and Time dialog box.

5.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Task 4: Configure the network

On LON-SVR3, click Local Server. Next to Ethernet, click IPv4 Address Assigned by DHCP, IPv6 Enabled. In the Network Connections dialog box, right-click Ethernet, and then click Properties. Click Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4), and then click Properties. Enter the following IP address information, then and click OK: o IP address: 172.16.0.101 o o o Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 Default Gateway: 172.16.0.1

Preferred DNS server: 172.16.0.10

6. Close all dialog boxes.

Task 5: Add the server to the domain

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. On LON-SVR3, in the Server Manager console, click Local Server. Next to Workgroup, click WORKGROUP. On the Computer Name tab, click Change. Click the Domain option, and in the Domain box, enter adatum.com. Enter the following account details: o o 6. 7. 8. 9. Username:Administrator

Password: Pa$$w0rd

In the Computer Name/Domain Changes dialog box, click OK. Restart the computer to apply changes. In the System Properties dialog box, click Close. After LON-SVR3 restarts, sign in as Adatum\Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd.

Rsults: Aiterfcompttiri

OcerOse,,,yjou Ihpuld hve,c10.1:9Y19PI.Y41.1-, 9 LON-SYR3i.

011-21'

ohlt

20410C: Installing and Configudng Windows Seivero 2012 1-49

Exercise 2: Configuring Windows Server2012 R2 ServerCore Scenario

The web-based tier of the marketing application is a .NET application. To minimize the operating system footprint and reduce the need to apply software updates, you have chosen to host the IIS component on a computer that is running the Server Core installation option of the Windows Server 2012 R2 operating system. To enabie this, you need to configure a computer that is running Windows Server 2012 R2 with the Server Core installation option. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. Set computer name. Change the computer's date and time. Configure the network. Add the server to the domain.

Task 1: Set computer name

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Sign in to LON-CORE as Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd. On LON-CORE, type sconfig.cmd. Click option 2 to select Computer Name. Set the computer name as LON -CORE. In the Restad dialog box, click Yes to restad the computer. After the computer restarts, sign in to server LON-CORE using the Administrator account with the password Pa$$wOrd. 7. At the command prompt, type hostname, and then press Enter to verify the computer's name.

K Task2:Changethecomputer'sdateandtime
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ensure you are signed in to server LON-CORE as Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd. At the command prompt, type sconfig.cmd. To select Date and Time, type 9. Click Change time zone, and then set the time zone to the same time zone that your classroom uses. In the Date and Time dialog box, click Change Date and Time, and verify that the date and time match those in your location. Exit sconfig.cmd.

6.

K Task 3: Configure the network

1. Ensure that you are signed in to server LON-CORE using the account Administrator and password Pa$$wOrd. At the command prompt, type sconfig.cmd, and then press Enter. To configure Network Settings, type 8. Type the number of the network adapter that you want to configure. Type 1 to set the Network Adapter Address. Click static IP address configuration, and then enter the address 172.16.0.111.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1-50 Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012

7. 8. 9.

At the Enter subnet mask prompt, type 255.255.0.0. At the Enter default gateway prompt, type 172.16.0.1. Type 2 to configure the DNS server address.

10. Set the preferred DNS server to 172.16.0.10. 11. Do not configure an alternate DNS server address. 12. Exit sconfig.cmd. 13. Verify network connectivity to Ion-dcLadatum.com using the PING tool.

Task 4: Add the server to the domain

Ensure that you are signed in to server LON-CORE using the account Administrator with password Pa$$w0rd. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. At the command prompt, type sconfig.cmd, and then press Enter. Type 1to switch to configure Domain/Workgroup. Type D to join a domain. At the Name of domain to join prompt, type adatum.com. At the Specify an authorized domain\user prompt, type Adatum\Administrator. At the Type the password associated with the domain user prompt, type Pa$$w0rd. At the prompt, click No. Restad the server.

10. Sign in to server LON-CORE with the Adatum\Administrator account using the password Pa$$w0rd.

Results: After completing"this exercise, you should have configu red a Windows Server 20 ZR2Se'rv

Cre deployment and vrlfied the serVees-mame;;

Exercise 3: Managing Servers

Scenario
After deploying the servers LON-SVR3 and LON-CORE for hosting the Marketing application, you need to install appropriate server roles and features to support the application. With this in mind, you will install the Windows Server Backup feature on both LON-SVR3 and LON-CORE. You will install the Web Server role on LON-CORE. You also need to configure the World Wide Web Publishing service on LON-CORE. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. Create a server group. Deploy features and roles to both servers. Review services and change a service setting.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Seivert, 2012 1-51

K Task 1: Create a server group

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Sign in to LON-DC1 with the Administrator account and the password Pa$$wOrd. In the Server Manager console, click Dashboard, and then click Create a server group. Click the Active Directory tab, and then click Find Now. In the Server group name box, type LAB-1. Add LON-CORE and LON-SVR3 to the server group. Click LAB-1. Select both LON-CORE and LON-SVR3. Scroll down, and under the Performance section, select both LON-CORE and LON-SVR3. Right-click LON-CORE, and then click Start Performance Counters.

K Task 2: Deploy features and roles to both servers

1. In Server Manager on LON-DC1, click the LAB-1 server group, right-click LON-CORE, and then cljck
Add Roles and Features.

2.

In the Add Roles and Features Wizard, click Next, click Role-based or feature-based installation, and then click Next. Verify that LON-CORE.Adatum.com is selected, and then click Next. Select the Web Server (IIS) Server role. Select the Windows Server Backup feature. Add the Windows Authentication role service, and then click Next. Select the Restart the destination server automatically if required check box, and then click
Install.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9.

Click Close. Right-click LON-SVR3, click Add Roles and Features, and then click Next.

10. In the Add Roles and Features Wizard, click Role-based or feature-based installation, and then click Next. 11. Verify that LON-SVR3.Adatum.com is selected, and then click Next twice. 12. Click Windows Server Backup, and then click Next. 13. Select the Restart the destination server automatically if required check box, click Install, and then click Close. 14. In Server Manager, click the OS node, and verify that LON-CORE is listed.

Task 3: Review services and change a service setting

1. 2. Sign in to LON-CORE with the Adatum\Administrator account and the password Pa$$wOrd. In the Command Prompt window, execute the following command: netsh.exe advfirewal l fl rewa serule group- ' remate< ;desktop" !te enable, =. 3. 4. 5. 6. Sign in to LON-DC1 with the Adatum\Administrator account. In Server Manager, click LAB-1, right-click LON-CORE, and then click Computer Management. Expand Services and Applications, and then click Services. Verify that the Startup type of the World Wide Web Publishing service is set to Automatic.

1-52 Deploying and Managing Wndows Server 2012

7. 8.

Verify that the service is configured to use the Local System account. Configure the following service recovery settings: o o o o o First failure: Restan the Service Second failure: Restan the Service Su bsequent failu res: Restan the Computer. Reset fail count after: 1days Reset service atter: 1minute

9.

Configure the Restad Computer option to 2 minutes, and then close the World Wide Web Publishing Services Properties dialog box.

10. Close the Computer Management console.

iteialts:'Afte(cOrnPit16gthii,):zrcise;y9J shvld have created a feitres;ariCEC6nfigured,thepOjsei-tis'f service:::

Exercise 4: Using Windows PowerShell to Manage Servers

Scenario
The marketing application vendor has indicated that they can provide some Windows PowerShell scripts to configure the web server that is hosting the application. You need to verify that remote administration is functional before running the scripts. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. Use Windows PowerShell to connect remotely to servers and view information. Use Windows PowerShell to remotely install new features.

Hl Task 1: Use Windows PowerShell to connect remotely to servers and view information
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Sign in to LON-DC1 with the Adatum\Administrator account and the password Pa$$wOrd. On LON-DC1, in Server Manager, click the LAB - 1server group. Right-click LON -CORE, and then click Windows PowerShell. Type Import- Module ServerManager. Type Get-WindowsFeature, and review roles and features. Use the following command to review the running services on LON-CORE: Get-servi ce where-ppyect 7. 8. 'state q "kUpiring"

Type get-process to view a list of processes on LON-CORE. Review the IP addresses assigned to the server by typing the following command: Get-NetIPAddres.s Format- tabl e

9.

Review the most recent 10 items in the security log by typing the following command: Get-EventLog Security Newest'10.

10. Close Windows PowerShell.

20410C: Installing and ConfiguringlAfindows Senil', 2012 1-53

Task 2: Use Windows PowerShell to remotely install new features

1. 2. On LON-DC1, on the taskbar, click the Windows PowerShell icon. Type the following command to verify that the XPS Viewer feature has not been installed on LON-SVR3 Get-WindobvsFeatur 3. To deploy the XPS Viewer feature on LON-SVR3, type the following command, and then press Enter: Install-WindowsFeature XPS-Viewer -ComputerName LON-SVR3 4. Type the following command to verify that the XPS Viewer feature has now been deployed on LON-SVR3: Get-WindowsFeature -ComputerName LON-SVR3 5. 6. In the Server Manager console, in the Tools drop-down menu, click Windows PowerShell ISE. In the Untitledl.psl script pane, type the following: Import-Module ServerManager Instal7-WindowsFeature WINS -ComputerName LON-SVR3 Insta11 WindowsFeature WINS -ComputerName LON-CORE 7. 8. Save the script as InstallWins.psl in a new folder named Scripts. Press the F5 key to execute InstallWins.psl.

Results: After completing this exercise, you should have used Windows PowerShell to perform a remote installation of features on multiple servers.

Prepare for the next module

When you complete the lab, reved the virtual machines back to their initial state. To do this, complete the following steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. On the host computer, switch to the Hyper-V Manager console. In the Virtual Machines list, right click 20410C-LON-DC1, and then click Revert. In the Revert Virtual Machine dialog box, click Revert. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for 20410C-LON-CORE and 20410C-LON-SVR3.

Lab Review Questions

Question: What IP address range is used by the computers in the lab? Question: Why must you set the DNS server address prior to joining the domain? Question: Besides sconfig.cmd, what other tool can you use to rename a computer running the Server Core operating system?

1-54 Deploying and Managing Windows Server 2012

Module Review and Takeaways

Module Review Questions
Question: What is the benefit of using Windows PowerShell to automate common tasks? Question: What are the advantages to performing a Server Core deployment compared to the full GUI deployment? Question: What tool can you use to determine which cmdlets are contained in a Windows PowerShell module? Question: Which role can you use to manage KMS?

Common Issues and Troubleshooting Tips

Common lssue WinRM connections fail. ' Troubleshooting Tip

Windows PowerShell cmdlets not available.

Cannot install the GUI features on Server Core deployments. Unable to restad a computer running Server Core. Unable to join the domain.

Tools
Tool Windows PowerShell Use Performing multiple administrative and configuration tasks Image servicing and management Performing offline domain joins of computers Managing servers remotely from a Windows 8.1 system Assisting with migrating to different versions of Windows Server Managing physical disks i Where to fi nd it
l taskbar

DISM.exe

j From Search on the Start screen

Djoin.exe

. ' From Search on the Start screen

RSAT

Download from the Microsoft i download center and insta II Download from the Microsoft . download center and install From the command prompt using the DiskPart command

Windows Server Mig ration Tools DiskPart

2-1

Module 2
Introduction to Active Directory Domain Services
Contents:
Module Overview Lesson 1: Overview of AD DS Lesson 2: Overview of Domain Controllers Lesson 3: Installing a Domain Controller Lab: Installing Domain Controllers Module Review and Takeaways 2-1 2-2 2-12 2-18 2-26 2-30

Module Overview
Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) and its related services form the foundation for enterprise networks that run Windows operating systems. The AD DS database is the central store of all the domain objects, such as user accounts, computer accounts, and groups. AD DS provides a searchable hierarchical directory, and provides a method for applying configuration and security settings for objects in the enterprise. This module covers the structure of AD DS and its various components, such as forest, domain, and organizational units (OUs). The process of installing AD DS on a server has been refined and improved with Windows Server 2012 compared to the process of installing AD DS with earlier Windows server operating systems. This module examines some of the choices that are available with Windows Server 2012 for installing AD DS on a server.

Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to: Describe the structure of AD DS. Describe the purpose of domain controllers. Install a domain controller.

2-2 Introduction to Active Directory Domain Services

Lesson 1

Overview of AD DS
The AD DS database stores information on user identity, computers, groups, services and resources. AD DS domain controllers also host the service that authenticates user and computer accounts when they sign in to the domain. Because AD DS stores information about all of the objects in the domain, and all users and computers must connect to AD DS domain controllers when they are signing into the network, AD DS is the primary means by which you can configure and manage user and computer accounts on your network. This lesson covers the core logical components and physical components that make upan AD DS deployment.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson you will be able to: Describe the components of AD DS. Describe AD DS domains. Describe OUs and their purpose. Describe AD DS forests and trees, and explain how you can deploy them in a network. Explain how an AD DS schema provides a set of rules that manage the objects and attributes that are stored in the AD DS domain database. Describe what is new for Active Directory in Windows Server 2012 R2.

Overview of AD DS
AD DS is composed of both logical and physical components. You need to understand the way the components of AD DS work together so that you can manage your infrastructure efficiently. In addition, you can use many other AD DS options to perform actions such as installing, configuring, and updating apps, managing the security infrastructure, enabling Remote Access and CrirectAccess, and issuing and managing digital certificates. One of the most used AD DS features is Group Policy, which enables you to configure centralized policies that you can use to manage most objects in AD DS. Understanding the various AD DS components is important to successfully using Group Policy. Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) is composed of both logical and physical components
logical components Partitions Schema Domains Domain Orees != Forests Sites Organizational units (00s) Containers Physical components Domain controllers 1 Data stores Global catalog servers = Read-only domain controllers (RODC)

1 1
Logical Components
Logical component Description

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servato 2012 2-3

AD DS logical components are structures that you use to implement an Active Directory design that is appropriate for an organization. The following table describes the types of logical structures that an Active Directory database contains.

1 1 1

Partition

A section of the AD DS database. Although the database is one file named Ndts.dit, it is viewed, managed, and replicated as if it consisted of distinct sections or instances. These are called partitions, which are also referred to as naming contexts. The set of definitions of the object types and attributes that are used to create objects in AD DS. A logical, administrative container for users and computers. A collection of domains that share a common root domain and a contiguous Domain Name System (DNS) namespace. A collection of domains that share a common AD DS. A collection of users, groups, and computers as defined by their physical location. Sites are useful in planning administrative tasks such as replication of changes to the AD DS database. An organizational unit is a container object that provides a framework for delegating administrative rights and for linking Group Policy Objects (GPOs). A container is an object that provides an organizational framework for use in AD DS. Containers cannot have GPOs linked to them.

Schema

Domain Domain tree

Forest Site

Organizational unit (OU) Container

1 1 1 1
1

Physica I Components
The following table lists some of the physical components of AD DS and gives a brief description of each. Physicalcomponent Domain controller Description Contains a copy of the AD DS database. For most operations, each domain controller can process changes and replicate the changes to all the other domain controllers in the domain. The files on each domain controller that holds the AD DS database. The Ntds.dit file, and associated log files, is a Microsoft JET database, which is stored in the C:\Windows\NTDS folder by default. A domain controller that hosts the global catalog, which is a partial, read-only copy of all the objects in the forest. A global catalog speeds up searches for objects that might be stored on domain controllers in a different domain in the forest. A special read-only installation of AD DS. These are often used in branch offices where security and IT support are less advanced than in the main corporate centers.

Data store

Global catalog server

Read-only domain controller (RODC)

Additional Reading: For more information about domains and forests, see Active Directory Domain Services Overview at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinIdD=331086.

2.4 introduclionto Active Directory Domain Services

WhatAreAD DS Domains? The AD DS Domain Contains User, Computers, Groups

An AD DS domain is a logical container used to manage user, computer, group, and other objects. All of the domain objects are stored in the AD DS database, a copy of which is stored on each domain controller. There are many types of objects in the AD DS database, including user accounts, computer accounts, and groups. The following list gives a brief description of these three object types: User accounts. User accounts contain the required information to authenticate a user during the sign-in process and to build the users access token. Computer accounts. Each domain-joined computer has an account in AD DS. Computer accounts are used in the same matter as user accounts, only for the domain-joined computers. Groups. Groups are used to organize users or computers to make it easier to manage permissions and group policy in the domain. AD OS requires one or more domain controllers
All domain controllers hold a copy of the domain database which is continually synchronized The domain is the context within which user accounts, computer accounts, and groups are created The domain is a replication boundary Users The doman is an administrative AD <D5 center for configuring and managing objects Any domain controller can authenticate any sign-in computers Groups anywhere in the domain The domain provides autho tion

The AD DS Domain is a Replication Boundary

When changes are made to any object in the domain, the domain controller where the change occurred replicates that change to all the other domain controllers in the domain. If there are multiple domains in the forest, only subsets of the changes are replicated to other domains. AD DS uses a multi-master replication model that allows every domain controller to make changes to objects in the domain. Changes to relative ID (RID) management in the Windows Server 2012 version of Active Directory Domain Services (Windows Server 2012 Active Directory now allow a single domain to contain nearly 2 billion objects. With this capacity, most organizations could deploy only a single domain although organizations that have decentralized administrative structures, or that are distributed across multiple locations, might consider implementing multiple domains in the same forest.

The AD DS Domain is an Administrative Center

It contains an Administrator account and a Domain Admins group. By default the Administrator account is a member of the Domain Admins group, and the Domain Admins group is a member of every local Administrators group of domain-joined computers. Also, by default, the members of the Domain Admins group have full control over every object in the domain. The Administrator account in the forest root domain has additional rights as detailed in the "What Is an AD DS Forest?" topic.

The AD DS Domain Provides Authentication

Whenever a domain-joined computer starts up, or a user signs in to a domain-joined computer, AD DS authenticates them. Authentication verifies the computer or user has the proper credentials for an AD DS account.

The AD DS Domain Provides Authorization

Windows operating systems use authorization and access control technologies to allow authenticated users to access resources. Typically the authorization process is performed locally at the resource. Windows Server 2012 introduced domain-based Dynamic Access Control to allow for central access rules to control access to resources. Central access rules do not replace the current access control technology; it just provides an additional level of control.

20410C: Installing and Configuiing Windows Sewelo 2012 2-5

What Are OUs?

An organizational unit (OU) is a container object within a domain that you can use to consolidate users, computers, groups, and other objects. These should not be confused with the generic container objects in AD DS. The primary difference between OUs and containers are the management capabilities. Containers have limited management capabilities, for instante you cannot directly apply a GPO to a container. Typically containers are used for system objects and as the default locations for new objects. With OUs you have more management options; you can directly link GPOs, assign an OU manager and associate a COM+ partition with an OU. While there is not a menu option for creating new containers in Active Directory Users and Computers, you can create new OUs in AD DS at any time. There are two reasons to create OUs: To configure objects in the OU. You can assign GPOs to the OU, and the settings apply to all objects within the OU. GPOs are policies that administrators create to manage and configure settings for computers and/or users. The GPOs are deployed by linking them to OUs, Domains or Sites. To delegate administrative control of objects within the OU. You can assign management permissions on an OU, thereby delegating control of that OU to a user or group within AD DS in addition to the administrators grou p. You can use OUs to represent the hierarchical, logical structures within your organization. For example, you can create OUs that represent the departments within your organization, the geographic regions within your organization, or a combination of both departmental and geographic regions. You can use OUs to manage the configuration and use of user, group, and computer accounts based on your organizational mode!. Every AD DS domain contains a standard set of containers and OUs that are created when you install AD DS, some of the default objects are used primarily by AD DS and are hidden from view by default. The follow list includes the objects that are visible by default: Domain. Serves as the top level of the domain organizational hierarchy. Builtin container. Stores a number of default groups. Computers container. The default location for new computer accounts that you create in the domain. Domain Controllers OU. The default location for the computer accounts for domain controller computer accounts. This is the only OU that is present in a new installation of AD DS. ForeignSecurityPrincipals. The default location for trusted objects from domains outside the AD DS forest. These are typically created when an objected from an external domain is added to a group in the AD DS domain. Managed Service Accounts. The default location for managed service accounts. A managed service account is domain account where AD DS provides automatic password management. Users container. The default location for new user accounts and groups that you create in the domain. The users container also holds the administrator and guest accounts for the domain, and some default groups.
Containers that can be used to group objects within a domain. Create OUs to: = Configure objects by assignng GPOs = Defegate administrative gerrffissjons
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OUs are represented by a folder with a book on it Containers are represented by a blank folder

2-6 introduction to Active Directory Domain Services

There are severa! containers that can only be seen when the Advanced Features is selected from the View menu. The following list includes the objects that are hidden by default: LostAndFound. This container holds objects that have been orphaned. Program Data. This container holds Active Directory data for Microsoft applications, such as Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS). System. This container holds the built-in system settings. NTDS Quotas. This container holds directory service quota data. TPM Devices. This container is new with Windows Server 2012. It stores the recovery information for Trusted Platform Module (TPM) devices. Note: Containers in an AD DS domain cannot have GPOs linked to them. To link GPOs to apply configurations and restrictions, create a hierarchy of OUs, and then link GPOs to them.

Hierarchy Design
The design of an OU hierarchy is dictated by the administrative needs of the organization. The design cou Id be based on geographic, functional, resource, or user classifications. Whatever the order, the hierarchy should make it possible to administer AD DS resources as effectively and with as much flexibility as possible. For example, if all computers that IT administrators use must be configured in a certain way, you can group all the computers in an OU, and then assign a GPO to manage those computers. You also can create OUs within other OUs. For example, your organization might have multiple offices, and each office might have a set of IT administrators who are responsible for managing user and computer accounts in their office. In addition, each office might have different departments with different computer configuration requirements. In this situation, you could create an OU for each office, and then within each of those OUs, create an OU for the IT administrators and OUs for each of the other departments. Although there is no technical limit to the number of levels in your OU structure, for the purpose of manageability, limit your OU structure to a depth of no more than 10 levels. Most organizations use five levels or fewer to simplify administration. Note that Active Directoryenabled applications can impose restrictions on the OU depth within the hierarchy for the parts of the hierarchy they use.

What Is an AD DS Forest?
A domain tree is a collection of one or more domains that share a contiguous name space. A forest is a collection of one or more domain trees that share a common directory schema and global catalog. The first domain that is created in the forest is called the forest root domain. The forest root domain contains a few objects that do not exist in other domains in the forest. Since these objects are always created on the very first domain controller created, a forest can consist of as little as one domain with a single domain controller, or Tree Root Domain fabnicam.com

Forest Root omain

atladaturn.com Child Dornajo

20410C: Installing and Configuting Windows Seivero 2012 2-7

it can consist of hundreds of domains across multiple trees. These objects that only exist in the forest root domain are as follows: The schema master role. This is a special forest-wide domain controller role. There is only one schema master in any forest. The schema can be changed only on the domain controller which holds the schema master. The domain naming master role. This is also special forest-wide domain controller role. There is only one domain naming master in any forest. New domain names can be added to the directory only by the domain naming master. The Enterprise Admins group. By default, the Enterprise Admins group has the Administrator account for the forest root domain as a member. The Enterprise Admins group is a member of the local administrators group in every domain in the forest. This allows members of the Enterprise Admins group to have full control administrative rights to every domain throughout the forest. The Schema Admins group. By default, the Schema Admins group has no members. Only members of the Enterprise Admins group can dd members to the Schema Admins group. Members of the Schema Ad mins group are the only administrators that can make changes to the Schema.

Security Boundary
An AD DS forest is a security boundary. By default, no users from outside the forest can access any resources incide the forest. Typically an organization will create only one forest, although you can create multiple forests to isolate administrative permissions between different parts of the organization. By default, all the domains in a forest automatically trust the other domains in the forest. This makes t easy to enable access to resources such as file shares and websites for all users in a forest, regardless of the domain in which the user account is located.

Replication Boundary
An AD DS forest is the replication boundary for the configuration and schema partitions in the AD DS database. This means that all domain controllers in the forest must share the same schema. Because of this organizations that want to deploy applications with incompatible schemas will need to deploy additionalforests. The AD DS forest is also the replication boundary for the global catalog. The global catalog provides the ability to find objects from any domain in the forest. The global catalog is used whenever universal principal name (UPN) sign-in credentials are used or when looking up users in Microsoft Exchange Server address books.

What Is the AD DS Schema?

The AD DS schema is the component that defines all object classes and attributes that AD DS uses to store data. It is sometimes referred to as the blueprint for AD DS. The schema is replicated among all domain controllers in the forest. Any change that is made to the schema is replicated to every domain controller in the forest from the schema master holder, typically the first domain controller in the forest. AD DS stores and retrieves information from a wide variety of applications and services; it does this, in part, by standardizing how data is stored in
The Schema defines the objects that can be stored in AD DS

2-8 Introduction to Active Director); Domain Services

the AD DS directory. By standardizing how data is stored, AD DS can retrieve, update, and replicate data, while ensuring that the integrity of the data is maintained.

Objects
AD DS uses objects as units of storage. AH object types are defined in the schema. Each time that the directory handles data, the directory queries the schema for an appropriate object definition. Based on the object definition in the schema, the directory creates the object and stores the data. Object definitions specify both the types of data that the objects can store, and the syntax of the data. You can only create objects in AD DS that are defined by the schema. Because the data is stored in a rigidly defined format, AD DS can store, retrieve, and validate the data that it manages, regardless of which application the data carne from.

Relationships between Objects, Rules, Attributes, and Classes

In AD DS, the schema defines the following: Objects that are used to store data in the directory Rules that define the structure of the objects Structure and content of the directory itself

AD DS schema objects consist of attributes, which are grouped together into classes. Each class has rules that define which attributes are required and which are optional. For example, the user class consists of over 400 possible attributes, including cn (the common name attribute), givenName, displayName, objectSlD and manager. Of these attributes the cn and objectSlD attributes are mandatory, and the cn attribute is defined as a single value Unicode String from 1 to 64 characters long and is replicated to the global catalog.

Making Changes to the Schema

Only members of the Schema Administrators can modify the AD DS schema. You cannot remove anything from the AD DS schema; you can only extend the AD DS schema using AD DS schema extensions, or modify the attributes of existing objects. For example, when you are preparing to install Exchange Server 2013 you must apply the Exchange Server 2013 Schema Extensions. This extension adds or modifies over 200 classes and over 100 different attributes. Because the schema dictates how information is stored, and because any changes that are made to the schema affect every domain controller, changes to the schema should be made only when necessary. Before making any changes, you should review the changes through a tightly controlled process, and then implement them only after you have performed testing to ensure that the changes will not adversely affect the rest of the forest and any applications that use AD DS. The schema master is one of the flexible single master operations (FSMO) roles that are hosted on a single domain controller in AD DS. Because it is a single master, you must make changes to the schema by targeting the domain controller that holds the schema master.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server, 2012 2-9

What is New for Windows Server 2012 Active Directory?

Windows Server 2012 Active Directory (Windows Improvements for using consumer devices Server 2012 AD) includes many enhancements in the enterprise: and improvements from previous versions. Some Workplace Join of these enhancements have been added to help Allows consumer devices to be joined to the domain manage the proliferation of consumer devices in Web Application Proxy Allows applications te be published to the Internet the workplace. For example, to provide users with an easier way to integrate their consumer Multi-Factor Access Control Allows claims using different factors devices into the workplace, the new features Workplace Join and Web Application Proxy were Multi- Factor Authentication Allows you to specfy the use of muitiple factors for implemented. Also, the security around the use authentication of consumer devices in the workplace has been improved; multi-factor access control and multi-factor authentication were implemented to manage the rsk associated with allowing consumer devices to participate in the domain.

Workplace Join
Windows Server 2012 R2 allows users to join their personal devices to the domain. Both Windows-based devices and i0Se-based devices can join a Windows Server 2012 R2-based domain. Using a feature from Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) called Device Registration Service (DRS) a user's personal device can be registered in AD DS. The DRS service will create an AD DS object for the device and issue a certificate to the device that is used to authenticate the device. If both DRS and the Web Application Proxy are used, any device with a working internet connection can be workplacejoined. When a personal device is workplacejoined administrators can: Use the information about the device that is stored in AD DS and configure conditional access. Provide a seamless experience to users who are accessing company resources from workplace joined devices. Provide a single sign on (SSO) experience for accessing resources.

Web Application Proxy

Web Application Proxy is a new Remote Access role service which you can use to provide externa] users access to apps and running on internal servers from anywhere at any time. Web Application Proxy can be used with personal devices that have been workplace joined as well as company owned laptops, smartphones and other devices. Web Application Proxy gives administrators more detailed control than a traditional virtual private network (VPN), because users can only access apps that have been published to them through the Web Application Proxy. You can apply additional security through Web Application Proxy to further control the apps the user can access. Web Application Proxy requires the use of AD FS and uses AD FS features such as SSO.

Multi-Factor Access Control

Workplace Join and Web Application Proxy both use AD FS; the primary function of AD FS is to issue access tokens that contain claims. Claims-based authentication is used extensively in cloud-based apps and services. Claims-based authentication is similar to the traditional authentication process used in a Windows domain; the primary functional difference is that the claims-based security token only includes who the user is and does not define anything they can do. AD FS evaluates claims requests that can be

2-10 introdudion to Active Directory Domain Services

based on one or more factors. An app that uses claims-based authentication is also known as relying party application. There are over 50 factors that AD FS can use to authenticate a claim request, some of those factors are: Claimtype Email Address Name Role Primary group security identifier (SID) Issuer Description The user's email address. The user's name, which must be unique. A role that the user has been assigned. The primary group SID of the user.

The name of the certificate authority that issued the X.509 certificate.

The relying party application defines what the user will be able to do based on the information in the claim. There are several benefits of using multi-factor access control in AD FS, including: You can permit or deny access based on the user, device, location, authentication state or other factors by using the flexible and granular per-application authorization policies. You can create different rules for each application by using the individual issuance authorization rules for relying party applications. You can deliver a rich UI experience for the common multi-factor scenarios to users by using AD FS's web-based authentication with customizable forms for some common scenarios. For more complex scenarios you can use Windows PowerShell to develop your rules by using the rich claims language and Windows PowerShell support. You can tell the users why their request was denied and not just display a generic access denied message by using individual, customized access denied messages for relying party applications.

Additional Reading: For more information about how to manage risk with multi-factor access control, see the article " Overview: Manage Risk with Multi-Factor Access Control" at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=331088.

Multi-Factor Authentication
AD FS has multiple authentication methods which you can use to create flexible authentication scenarios; these flexible authentication scenarios allow your uses to access company resources in more ways. You can create a global authentication policy that applies to all access attempts or you can create custom authentication rules for individual, AD FS-secured resources. Custom, per-relying party application authentication rules do not override global authentication rules. You can configure the authentication rules to require only a primary authentication method, or to use multi-factor authentication. When creating both global and per-relying party application authentication rules, if either the global rule or application specific rule requires the use of multi-factor authentication, then the user will be required to use multi-factor authentication.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server, 2012 2-11

When you create a global authentication policy you can configure the following settings: Primary authentication method. By default, external connections use Forms Authentication and interna! connections use Windows Authentication. Settings and methods for multi-factor authentication. You can configure the conditions under which multi-factor authentication is used, and what additional authentication method is used. You can use Certificate Authentication, such as with a smart card, or other third-party authentication methods. Whether device authentication is enabled. This option is used with Workplace Join and allows you to configure the device as a secondary authentication factor. When configuring per-relying party application authentication rules you can configure the following settings: Whether the users need to provide credentials each time they sign in Multi-factor authentication settings for the relying party application

The parameters on which multi-factor authentication rules can be based include the following: Users or groups in the AD DS directory The workplace joined status of devices The connection being from the intranet or the Internet

A Work from Home Scenario

These features work together to greatly enhance a work from home scenario. In a typical work from home scenario that does not use the new features described aboye, users are connected through a VPN to the corporate network. They may be required to use two factor authentication, such as a smart card, but that only protects the connection. Once they are connected they can access anything they could access from within the corporate network. Security departments generally have several concerns about work from home programs: Are the users accessing the corporate network from a secure system or are they on a less secure system that can be found, for instance, in public libraries? Do the users have access to sensitive files and are they downloading them to their local system? How are users accessing line of business (LOB) applications? What are their screen saver settings, if they walk away from their computer how easy is it for someone else to walk up and use it? When you use the new Windows Server 2012 R2 features you can allow the users to Work from home while you still maintain secure control over what they can access. The users use Workplace Join to add their personal systems to the domain; then security settings can be configured for several different scenarios. For example, certain files might be configured to only be accessible from the users workplace joined computer, or sensitive files might be configured to only be accessible from domain joined systems. Similarly, LOB apps can be published through the Web Application Proxy, using the claims defined through multi-factor access control to specify what the users are allowed to do in the apps. Additionally multi-factor authentication can be specified for certain apps to help ensure the appropriate user is running the apps.

2-12 Introdudion to Active Directory Domain Services

Lesson 2

Overview of Domain Controllers

Because domain controllers authenticate all users and computers in the domain, domain controller deployment is criticar to the correct functioning of the network. This lesson examines domain controllers, the sign-in process, and the importance of DNS in that process. In addition, this lesson discusses the purpose of the global catalog. All domain controllers are essentially the same, with two exceptions. RODCs contain a read-only copy of the AD DS database, while other domain controllers have a read/write copy. There are also certain operations that can only be performed on specific domain controllers called operations masters, which are discussed at the end of this lesson.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe the purpose of domain controllers. Describe the purpose of the global catalog. Describe the AD DS sign-in process, and the importance of DNS and SRV records in the sign-in process. Describe the functionality of SRV records. Explain the functions of operations masters.

What Is a Domain Controller?

A domain controller is a server that is configured to store a copy of the AD DS directory database (Ntds.dit) and a copy of the SYSVOL folder. All domain controllers except RODCs store a read/write copy of both Ntds.dit and the SYSVOL folder. Ntds.dit is the database itself, and the SYSVOL folder contains all the template settings and files for GPOs. Domain controllers use a multi-master replication process; for most operations, data can be modified on any domain controller, except on RODCs. The AD DS replication service then synchronizes the changes that have been made to the AD DS database to all other domain controllers in the domain. The SYSVOL folders are replicated either by the File Replication Service (FRS), or by the newer Distributed File System (DFS) Replication. Domain controllers host several other Active Directoryrelated services, including the Kerberos authentication service, which is used by User and Computer accounts for sign-in authentication, and the Key Distribution Center (KDC), which issues the ticket-granting tickets (TGTs) to an account that signs in to the AD DS domain. You can optionally configure domain controllers to host a copy of the global catalog. All users in an AD DS domain exist in the AD DS database, if the database is unavailable for any reason all operations depending on domain-based authentication will fail. As a best practice, an AD DS domain should have a minimum of two domain controllers. This supports high availability of the AD DS database and spreads the authentication load during peak sign-in times. Domain Controllers
Servers that host the AD DS database Ntds.dit) and SYSVOL Kerberos authentication se ce and Key Distribution Center (KDC) services per nn authentication Best practices: Availability, At least two domain controllers in a domain Security. RODC and Bitlocker

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server,2012 2-13

Note: Two domain controllers should be considered an absolute minimum.

When you deploy a domain controller in a branch office where physical security is less than optima!, there are some additional measures that you can use to reduce the impact of a breach of security. One option is to deploy an RODC. The RODC contains a read-only copy of the AD DS database, and by default, it does not cache any user passwords. You can configure the RODC to cache the passwords for users in the branch office. If an RODC is compromised, the potential loss of information is much lower than with a full read/write domain controller. Another option is to use Windows BitLocker Drive Encryption to encrypt the domain controller hard drive. If the hard drive is stolen, BitLocker encryption ensures that there is a very low chance of a malicious user getting any useful information from it. r 1 - .71

Note: BitLocker is a drive encryption system that is available for Windows Server

operating systems, and for certain Windows client operating system versions. BitLocker securely encrypts the entire operating system so that the computer cannot start without being supplied a private key and (optionally) passing an integrity check. A disk remains encrypted even if you transfer it to another computer.

What Is the Global Catalog?

The global catalog is a partial, read-only, searchable copy of all the objects in the forest. It speeds up searches for objects that might be stored on domain controllers in a different domain in the forest. Within a single domain, the AD DS database on each domain controller contains all the information about every object in that domain, but only a subset of this information is replicated to global catalog servers in other domains in the forest. Within a given domain, a query for an object is directed to one of the domain controllers in that domain, but that query cannot provide any results for objects in other domains in the forest. For a query to include results from other domains in the forest you must query a domain controller that is a global catalog server. By default, the only global catalog server that is hosted is the first domain controller in the forest root domain. To enhance searching across domains in a forest, you should configure additional domain controllers to store a copy of the global catalog. The global catalog does not contain all attributes for each object. Instead, the global catalog maintains the subset of attributes that are most likely to be useful in cross-domain searches. These attributes include givenName, displayName, and mail. There are a variety of reasons why you might perform a search against a global catalog rather than a domain controller that is not a global catalog. For example, when a server that is running Exchange Server receives an incoming email, it needs to search for the recipient's account so that it can decide how to route the message. By automatically querying a global catalog, the server that is running Exchange Server is able to locate the recipient in a multiple domain environment. In another example, when a user Signs in to their Active Directory account, the domain controller that is performing the authentication must contact a global catalog to check for universal group memberships before the user is authenticated.
The Global catalog: Hosts a parta! attrbute set for other domains in the forest Supports queries for objects throughout t forest

2-14 iniroduction to Active Directory Domain Services

In a single domain, all domain controllers should be configured to hold a copy of the global catalog; however, in a multiple domain environment, the infrastructure master should not be a global catalog server unless alI the domain controllers in the domain are also global catalog servers. Which domain controllers are configured to hold a copy of the global catalog depends on replication traffic and network bandwidth. Many organizations are opting to make every domain controller a global catalog server. Question: Should a domain controller be a global catalog?

The AD DS Sign-in Process

When a user signs in to AD DS, their system looks in DNS for service resource (SRV) records to locate the nearest suitable domain controller. SRV records specify information about available services, and are recorded in DNS for all domain controllers. By using DNS lookups, clients can locate a suitable domain controller to service their sign-in requests. If the sign-in is successful, the local security authority (LSA) builds an access token for the user that contains the SIDs for the user and any groups of which the user is a member. The token provides the access credentials for any process initiated by that user. For example, after signing in to AD DS, a user runs Microsoft Word and attempts to open a file. Word uses the credentials in the user's access token to verify the level of the user's permissions for that file.
The AD DS sign-in process: 1. The User Account is authenticated to the domain controller. 2. The domain controller returris a ticket-granting ticket (TGT) back to client 3, The client uses TGT to apply for access to the workstation. 4. The domain controller Tants access to the workstation. 5. The client uses TGT to apply for access to the server. 6. The domain controller retums wo access to the server.

Domain Controller

on

Server

Note: A SID is a unique string in the form of S-R-X-Y1-Y2-Yn-1-Yn. For example, a user SID could be:S-1-5-21-322346712-1256085132-1900709958-500. The parts of this SID are explained in this table: omponent S Definition Indicates that the string is a SID Revision level Identifier authority value Y1-Y2-Yn-1 Yn Domain identifier RID 5 (NT Authority) 21-322346712-1256085132-1900709958 500 In The Example

Every user and computer account and every group that you create has a unique SID. They only differ from each other by virtue of the unique RID. The SID in the example is a well-known SID for the domain administrator account. Well-known SIDs are used by the default accounts and groups, the Domain Administrator account's SID always ends with 500.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server, 2012 2-15

Sites
Sites are used by a client system when it needs to contact a domain controller. It starts by looking up SRV records in DNS. The response to the DNS query will include: A list of the domain controllers in the same site as the client system If there are no domain controllers available in the site the list will include the domain controllers from the next closest site that does not include an RODC, if enabled in the Try Next Closest Site Group Policy setting If no domain controller is found in the next closest site, a random list of available domain controllers in the domain Administrators can define sites in AD DS. Sites usually align with the parts of the network that have good connectivity and bandwidth. For example, if a branch office is connected to the main data center by an unreliable wide area network (WAN) link, it would be better to define the data center and the branch office as separate sites in AD DS. SRV records are registered in DNS by the Net Logon service that is running on each domain controller. If the SRV records are not entered in DNS correctly, you can trigger the domain controller to reregister those records by restarting the Net Logon service on that domain controller. This process only reregisters the SRV records; if you want to reregister the host (A) record information in DNS, you must run ipconfig /registerdns from a command prompt, just as you would for any other computer. Although the sign-in process appears to the user as a single event, it is actually made up of two parts: The user provides credentials, usually a user account name and password, which are then checked against the AD DS database. If the user account name and the password match the information that is stored in the AD DS database, the user becomes an authenticated user and is issued a TGT by the domain controller. At this point, the user does not have access to any resources on the network. A secondary process in the background submits the TGT to the domain controller and requests access to the local machine. The domain controller issues a service ticket to the user, who is then able to interact with the local computer. At this point in the process, the user is authenticated to AD DS and signed in to the local machine.

When a user subsequently attempts to connect to another computer on the network, the secondary process is run again, and the TGT is submitted to the nearest domain controller. When the domain controller returns a service ticket, the user can access the computer on the network, which generates a logon event at that computer.

Note: A domain-joined computer also logs on to AD DS when it startsa fact that is often overlooked. You do not see the transaction when the computer uses its computer account name and a password to log on to AD DS. Once authenticated, the computer becomes a member of the Authenticated Users group. Although the computer log on event does not have any visual confirmation in a GUI, it is recorded in the event log. Also, if auditing is enabled, additional events are recorded in the Security Log of the Event Viewer.

Demonstration: Viewing the SRV Records in DNS

The demonstration shows you how to display the various types of SRV records that the domain controllers register in DNS. These records are crucial to how AD DS operates because they are used to find domain controllers for signing in, changing passwords, and editing GPOs. SRV records are also used by domain controllers to find replication partners.

2-16 Introduclion to Active Directory Domain Services

Demonstration Steps View the SRV records by using DNS Manager

1. 2. 3. On LON-DC1, sign in with the user account Adatum \Administrator and the password Pa$$wOrd. Open the DNS Manager window, and explore the underscore DNS domains. View the SRV records that are registered by domain controllers. These records provide alternate paths so that clients can discover thenn.

What Are Operations Masters?

Although all domain controllers contain the same information, there is some information that that can only be modified on one particular domain controller. There are the five operations masters, or flexible single master operations (FSMO) roles. The FSMO roles help prevent conflicts in AD DS due to replication latency. When making changes to data of any of the FSMO roles you must connect to the domain controller that holds the role. The five FSMO roles are distributed as follows: Each forest has one schema master and one domain naming master. Each AD DS domain has one RID master, one infrastructure master, and one primary domain controller (PDC) emulator.
In the multi-master replication mode), some operations must be single master Many termo are used for single master operations in AD OS, including the following: Operations master (or operations master roles) Single master roles Flexible single master operations (FSMOs) The fine FSMOs are: I Forest Domain naming master Schema master Domain: RID master Infrastructure master PDC Emulator master

Forest Operations Masters

The following are single master roles found in a forest: Domain naming master. This is the domain controller that must be contacted when you add or remove a domain, or when you make domain narre changes. If the domain naming master is unavailable, you will not be able to add additional domains to the forest. Schema master. This is the domain controller where all schema changes are made. To make changes you would typically sign in to the schema master as a member of both the Schema Admins and Enterprise Admins groups. A user who is a member of both of these groups and who has the appropriate permissions could also edit the schema by using a script. If the schema master is unavailable, you will be unable to make changes to the schema; this would prevent installation of applications that required schema changes, such as Microsoft Exchange Server.

Domain Operations Masters

The following are single master roles found in a domain: Relative ID (RID) master. Whenever an object is created in AD DS, the domain controller where the object is created assigns the object a unique identifying number known as a SID. To ensure that no two domain controllers assign the same SID to two different objects, the RID master allocates blocks of RIDs to each domain controller within the domain to use when building the SID.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Seivelo 2012 2-17

If the RID master is unavailable, you can experience difficulties adding new objects to the domain. As domain controllers use their existing RID's they will eventually run out of RID's and be unable to create new objects. Infrastructure master. This role maintains inter-domain object references, such as when a group in one domain contains a member from another domain. In this situation, the infrastructure master is responsible for maintaining the integrity of this reference. For example, when you look at the security tab of an object, the system looks up the SIDs that are listed and translates them finto names. In a multi-domain forest, the infrastructure master looks up SIDs from other domains. If the infrastructure master is unavailable, domain controllers that are not global catalogs will be unable to check universal group memberships and will be unable to authenticate users. The infrastructure role should not reside on a global catalog server, unless you have a single domain forest. The exception is when you follow best practices and make every domain controller a global catalog. In that case, the infrastructure role is not required because every domain controller knows about every object in the forest. Primary domain controller (PDC) emulator master. The domain controller that holds the PDC emulator is the time source for the domain. The PDC emulators in each domain in a forest synchronize their time with the PDC emulator in the forest root domain. You set the PDC emulator in the forest root domain to synchronize with an external atomic time source. The PDC emulator is also the domain controller that receives urgent password changes. If a user's password is changed, the information is sent immediately to the domain controller holding the PDC emulator. This means that if the user subsequently tried to sign in and they were authenticated by a domain controller in a different location that had not yet received an update about the new password, the domain controller in the location to which the user tried to sign in would contact the domain controller holding the PDC emulator and check for recent changes. If the PDC emulator is unavailable, users may have trouble signing on until their password change has replicated to all the domain controllers. The PDC emulator is also used when editing GPOs. When a GPO other than a local GPO is opened for editing, the copy that is edited is the one stored on the PDC emulator. This is done to prevent conflicts if two administrators attempted to edit the same GPO at the same time on different domain controllers. However, you can choose to use a specific domain controller for editing GPOs. This is especially useful when editing GPOs in a remote office with a slow connection to the PDC emulator.

Note: The global catalog is not one of the operations master roles.

Note: The five FSMO roles are also known as: Schema operations master Domain naming operations master infrastructu re operations master RID operations master PDC emulator operations master

2-18 intoduction to Active Director)? Domain Services

Lesson 3

Installing a Domain Controller

Sometimes you need to install additional domain controllers in your Windows Server 2012 domain. There are several reasons you might do this: You need additional resources at a site because existing domain controllers are overworked. You are opening a new remote office that requires you to deploy one or more domain controllers. You are creating an off-site disaster recovery location.

The installation method that you use vares with the circumstances. This lesson examines several ways to install additional domain controllers such as installing AD DS on a local machine and on a remote server by using Server Manager, installing AD DS on a Server Core installation, and installing AD DS by using a snapshot of the AD DS database that is stored on removable media. This lesson also examines how to upgrade a domain controller from n earlier Windows operating system to Windows Server 2012. Finally Windows Azure Active Directory (Windows Azure AD) and how to install a domain controller in Windows Azure is discussed.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Explain how to install a domain controller by using the GUI. Explain how to install a domain controller on a Server Core installation of Windows Server 2012. Explain how to upgrade a domain controller by using Install from Media. Explain how to install a domain controller by using Install from Media. Describe Windows Azure AD. Understand how to deploy domain controllers in Windows Azure.

Installing a Domain Controllerfrom Server Manager

With Windows Server 2008 and earlier versions, it was common practice to start the Active Directory Domain Services Installation Wizard with the Dcpromo.exe tool to install domain controllers. But, beginning with Windows Server 2012, the Active Directory Domain Services Installation Wizard has been moved to Server Manager and the use of Dcpromo.exe is only supported for legacy automation. The domain controller promotion process is a two-step process. First you need to install the files that the domain controller role uses, then you install the domain controller role itself.
tne lonm , e.>

Deployment Configuration page of the Active Directory Domain Services Configuration Wizard

ployrnent Configuration
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Note: The Active Directory Domain Services Installation Wizard (which can be opened from the command line by typing dcpromo.exe) is deprecated beginning in Windows Server 2012.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servero 2012 2-19

Before installing a new domain controller you need to have the answers to the following questions. Question Comments Answering this question will determine what additional information you might need, such as the parent domain name.

Are you installing a new forest, a new tree or an additional domain controller for an existing domain? What is the DNS name for the AD DS domain?

When you are creating the first domain controller for a domain you must specify the fully qualified domain name (FQDN). When you are adding a domain controller to an existing domain or forest the existing domain information will be provided in the wizard. The forest functional level determines the forest features that will be available and the supported domain controller operating system. This also sets the minimum domain functional level for the domains in the forest. The domain functional level determines the domain features that will be available and the supported domain controller operating system. , l Your DNS must be functioning well to support AD DS.

What will the forest functional level be set at?

What will the domain functional leve! be set at?

Will the domain controller be a DNS server? Will the domain controller host the global catalog? Will the domain controller be a RODC? What will the Directory Services Restore Mode (DSRM) password be? What is the NetBIOS name for I the AD DS domain? Where will the database, log files, and SYSVOL folders be created?

! This option is selected by default for the first domain controller in i a forest and cannot be changed. : This option is not available for the first domain controller in a j forest. This is required to be able to recovery the active directory database from a backup.

I When creating the first domain controller for a domain you must I specify the NetBIOS name for the domain. By default, the database and log files folder is C:\Windows\NTDS. By default the SYSVOL folder is C:\Windows\SYSVOL.

When you run Server Manager on the local system you install the AD DS role. At the end of the initial installation process, the AD DS files are installed but AD DS is not yet set up on that server. To set up AD DS, you need to configure it by using the Active Directory Domain Services Configuration Wizard. You start the wizard by clicking the AD DS link in Server Manager. The wizard will allow you to do one of the following operations: Add a domain controller to an existing domain Add a new domain to an existing forest Add a new forest

The specific steps that you follow in the rest of the wizard depends on the operation you wish to complete.

2-20 Introduction to Active Directory Domain Services

Note: If you need to restore the AD DS database from a backup, restad the domain controller in DSRM. When the domain controller starts up it is not running the AD DS services, instead, it is running as a member server in the domain. To sign in to that server in the absence of AD DS, sign in using the Directory Services Recovery Mode password.

Note: Windows Server 2012 supports cloning AD DS servers. Before being cloned an AD DS rever must be a member of the Cloneable Domain Controllers group. Additionally the PDC emulator must be online and available to the cloned DC, and must be running Windows Server 2012.

Installing a Domain Controller on a Server Core Installation of Windows Server 2012

There are several options for configuring a Windows Server 2012 server that is running Server Core as a domain controller. Without the Server Manager GUI interface, you need to use alternate methods to install the files for the domain controller role and to install the domain controller role itself. To install the AD DS files on the server you can do one of the following: Use Server Manager to connect remotely to the Server Core server and install the AD DS role as described in the previous topic. ~~ Use the Windows PowerShell command Install-WindowsFeature AD-Domain- Services to install the files. Once you install the AD DS files, you can complete everything except the hardware the installation and configuration in one of the following ways: ~~ Use Server Manager to start the Active Directory Domain Services Configuration Wizard as described in the previous topic Load the Active Directory Domain Services Deployment module with the Windows PowerShell command Import- Module ADDSDeployment. Then run the Windows PowerShell command Install-ADDSDomainController and supply the required information on the commara line.
Installing AD DS is a two-step process regardless of whch
installation method you use. Method 1, use Server Manager on a Windows 2012 server with a GUI interface to connect to the system 1. 1nstall the files by nstalling the Active Directory Domain Services role 2. Install the domain controller role by running the Active Directory Dornain Services configuration Wizard Method 2, Use Windows PowerShell locally 1. Instan the files by running the command Install-WindowsFeature AD-Domain-Services 2. Instan the domain controller role by running the command Install-ADDSDomainController

Additional Reading: For complete details on using the Windows PowerShell command Install-ADDSDomainController see the article "Install Active Directory Domain Services (Level 100)"at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=331087. Refer to the following site for details: AD DS Deployment Cmdlets in Windows PowerShell, http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=331089

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Santero 2012 2-21

Upgrading a Domain Controller

You can upgrade to a Windows Server 2012 Options to upgrade AD DS to Windows Server 2012: domain in one of two ways. You can upgrade the In-place upgrade (from Windows Server 2008 or Windows Server 2008 R2) operating system on existing domain controllers Benefit Except for the prereguste checks, all the files that are running Windows Server 2008 or and programs stay in-place and there is no additional Windows Server 2008 R2. Alternatively, you can work required Risk: May leave legacy files and DLLs add Windows Server 2012 servers as domain Introduce a new Windows Server 2012 server finto the controllers in a domain which already has domain domain and promote it to be a domain controller This option s usually the preferred choice controllers running previous versions of Windows Benefit The new server has no accumulated legacy Server. Of the two methods, the second is files and settings preferred because when you finish, you have a Risk: May need additional work to mgrate administrators' files and settings clean installation of the Windows Server 2012 operating system and the AD DS database. Whenever a new domain controller is added the domain DNS records are updated and clients will find and use this domain controller immediately.

Upgrading to Windows Server 2012

To upgrade an AD DS domain that is running at an older Windows Server functional levet to an AD DS domain running at Windows Server 2012 functional level, you must first upgrade all the domain controllers to the Windows Server 2012 operating system. You can perform this upgrade by upgrading all of the existing domain controllers to Windows Server 2012, or by introducing new domain controllers that are running Windows Server 2012, and then phasing out the existing domain controllers. An in-place operating system upgrade does not perform automatic schema and domain preparation. To perform an in-place upgrade of a computer that has the AD DS role installed, you must first use the command-line commands adprep.exe /forestprep and adprep.exe /domainprep to prepare the forest and domain. Adprep.exe is included on the installation media in the \Support\Adprep folder. There are no additional configuration steps after that point, and you can continue to run the Windows Server 2012 operating system upgrade. When you promote a Windows Server 2012 server to be a domain controller in an existing domain, and you are signed in as a member of the Schema Admins and Enterprise Admins groups, the AD DS schema will be updated autonnatically to Windows Server 2012. In this scenario, you do not need to run the Adprep.exe commands before starting the installation.

Deploying Windows Server 2012 Domain Controllers

To upgrade the operating system of a Windows Server 2008 domain controller to Windows Server 2012, perform the following steps:1. Insert the installation disk for Windows Server 2012, and then run Setup. The Windows Setup Wizard will eventually open. 2. 3. After the Language Selection page, click Install now. After the Operating System Selection page and the License Acceptance page, on the Which type of installation do you want? page, click Upgrade: Install Windows and keep files, settings, and applications.

Note: With this type of upgrade, there is no need to preserve users' settings and reinstall applications; everything is upgraded in-place. Remember to check for hardware and software compatibility before performing an upgrade.

2-22 Inlroduction to Active Directory Domain Services

To introduce a clean install of Windows Server 2012 as a domain controller, perform the following steps: 1. 2. Deploy and configure a new installation of Windows Server 2012 and join it to the domain. Promote the new server to be a domain controller in the domain by using Server Manager 2012 or one of the other methods described previously. Update client DNS settings that are referring to the old domain controller(s) to use the new domain controller.

3.

Note: You can upgrade directly from Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 to Windows Server 2012.

Installing a Domain Controllerby Using Installfrom Media

If you have an intervening network that is slow, unreliable, or costly, you might find it necessary to add another domain controller at a remote location or branch office. In this scenario, it is often better to deploy AD DS to a server by using the Install from Media (IFM) method. For example, if you connect to a server which is in a remote office and use Server Manager to install AD DS, you need to copy the entire AD DS database and the SYSVOL folder to the new domain controller over a potentially unreliable WAN connection. As an alternative, and to significantly reduce the amount of traffic moving over the WAN link, you can make a backup of AD DS (perhaps to a USB drive) and take this backup to the remote location. When you are at the remote location and run Server Manager to install AD DS, you can select the option to Install From Media. Most of the copying is then done locally, and the WAN link is used only for security traffic and to ensure that the new domain controller receives any changes that were made to the central AD DS after you created the IFM backup. To install a domain controller by using IFM, browse to a domain controller that is not an RODC. Use the Ntdsutil tool to create a snapshot of the AD DS database, and then copy the snapshot to the server that will be promoted to a domain controller. Use Server Manager to promote the server to a domain controller by selecting the Install From Media option, and then providing the local path to the IFM directory that you created previously. The procedure is as follows: 1. On the full domain controller, at an administrative command prompt, type the following commands (where C:\IFM is the destination directory that will contain the snapshot of the AD DS database): Ntdsti Actvate nstance ntds
Additional Optons Page of the Active Directory Domain Services Configura-boa Wizard

Ifin
create SYSVOL ful7 C:\IFM 2. On the server that you are promoting to a domain controller, perforen the following steps: a. b. Use Server Manager to add the AD DS role. Wait while the AD DS files install.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Seiver, 2012 2-23

c.

In Server Manager, click the Notification icon and under Post-Deployment Configuration, click Promote this server to a domain controller. The Active Directory Domain Services Configuration Wizard runs.

d.

On the appropriate page of the wizard, select the option to install from IFM, and then provide the local path to the snapshot directory.

3. 4.

AD DS then installs from the snapshot. When the domain controller restarts, it contacts other domain controllers in the domain and updates AD DS with any changes that were made since the snapshot was created.

Additional Reading: For more information about the steps necessary to install AD DS, see Install Active Directory Domain Services (Level 100) at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=266739.

What is Windows Azure Active Directory?

Windows Azure Active Directory (Windows Azure AD) is a service that provides identity management and access control for your cloudbased applications. Windows Azure AD is used when you subscribe to Microsoft Office 365, Exchange Online, Microsoft SharePoint Online, or Microsoft Lync Online. Additionally, Windows Azure AD can be used with Windows Azure Apps or Internet connected apps that require authentication. You can synchronize your on-premises AD DS with Windows Azure AD to allow your users to use the same identity across both internal resources and cloud-based resources. Windows Azure AD does not include all the services available with an on-premises Windows Server 2012 AD solution. Windows Server 2012 AD supports Five different services: Active Directory Domain Service (AD DS) Active Directory Lightweight Directory Service (AD LDS) Active Directory Federation Service (AD FS) Active Directory Certificate Service (AD CS) Active Directory Rights Management Service (AD RMS)

Windows Azure AD only includes: Windows Azure AD which supports identity management in the cloud Windows Azure Access Control Service which supports federation with external identity management services, including your on-premises AD DS

Windows Azure AD does not support Active Directory Integrated Applications, for applications to integrate with Windows Azure AD they need to be written for Windows Azure AD.

2-24 Introduclionto Active Drectory Domain Services

Deploying Domain Controllers inWindowsAzure

Windows Azure provides Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), which essentially is virtualization in the cloud. All the considerations for virtualizing applications and servers in on-premises infrastructure apply to deploying the same applications and servers to Windows Azure.
Windows Server 2012 is cloud-ready and virtualization rafe considerations for deploying in Windows Azure include: Rollback Resource limitations Vrtualization considerations for deploying AD OS Time synchronization Single porra of failure

Note: Windows Server 2012 AD which has been deployed in Windows Azure is not the same as Windows Azure AD. Windows Server 2012 AD which has been deployed in Windows Azure is your own roles and services (AD DS, AD LDS, AD FS, AD CS, and AD RMS) which you have deployed into Windows Azure. When you deploy AD DS in Windows Azure you are responsible for maintaining everything except the hardware. Windows Azure AD is a service that Microsoft has configured in the cloud. It does not have all of the functions that an on-premises AD DS has; it is primarily concerned with identity management and access control. With Windows Azure AD you are only responsible for managing your data.

Windows Server 2012 has been designed to make it easy for you to integrate it into cloud-based systems. One of the most important decisions an administrator must make is whether the organization should use public cloud IaaS, private cloud virtualization technology, or continue to use physical servers. When implementing AD DS in Windows Azure consider the following: Roliback. While Windows Azure does not provide rollback services to customers, Windows Azure servers may be rolled back as a regular part of maintenance. Domain controller replication depends on Update Sequence Numbers (USN), when an AD DS system is rolled back duplicate USNs could be created. To prevent this, Windows 2012 AD DS introduced a new identifier named VM-Generation ID. VM-Generation ID can detect a rollback, and prevents the virtualized domain controller from replicating changes outbound until the virtualized AD DS has converged with the other domain controllers in the domain. Virtual machine limitations. Windows Azure virtual machines are limited to 14 GB of RAM and one network adapter. Also, the snapshot feature is not supported. Deploying Windows Server 2012 AD on Windows Azure virtual machines is subject to the same guidelines as running AD DS on-premises in a virtual machine. These guidelines include the following: Time Synchronization. A Windows-based AD DS domain infrastructu re relies loosely on all communicating machines having the correct time. When domain controller clocks and domain member clocks have a time difference of more than five minutes, clients cannot sign in or access resources on the network. Therefore, Windows has the Windows Time Service (w32time). This service ensures that the time is synchronized across the domain in the following manner: o o Domain members obtain the time from their domain controller. Domain controllers use the PDC emulator from their own domain or from their parent domain.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server 2012 2-25

o The PDC emulator of the root domain should be configured with an external time source, such as an internet time provider using the network time protocol (NTP). In virtualized environments time synchronization is not as easy as on physical computers. The virtualization engine regulates the use of the virtualization host's central processing units (CPUs) and distributes it among the virtual machines as needed. The clock of the operating system relies on stable CPU cycles, which do not exist in virtual environments. Virtualization engines perform time synchronization with the guest computers by default.. When virtualization hosts do not participate in time synchronization, it is likely the domain time and the virtualization host time will become out of synchronization. While the physical computers participate in the time synchronization, virtual machines are reset to the time on the virtualization host. You must configure the virtualization host to participate in time synchronization or disable the synchronization to the virtual domain controllers for the time synchronization to work properly. Single Point of Failure. Your AD DS domain controllers are the most important pieces of your infrastructure. If they fail, users are unable to sign in, access resources or applications, and certain services may not run as well as other applications or services. When virtualizing domain controllers, it is very important that there is not a single point of failure of your domain controller AD DS infrastructure. Setting up alI domain controllers as virtual servers on the same virtualization cluster is considered a single point of failure. Similarly, using replicated SANs between datacenters can become a single point of failure if corrupt data is replicated. If domain controllers are distributed as mentioned in the Domain Membership section, you will ensure that there is not a single point of failure. This will save you from having to recover your entire forest if anything happens to your virtualization infrastructure. Question: What is the reason to specify the DSRM password?

2-26 introduction to Acbve Directory Domain Services

Lab: Installing Domain Controllers

Scenario
You have been asked by your manager to install a new domain controller in the data center to improve sign-in performance. You have been asked also to create a new domain controller for a branch office by using IFM.

Objectives
After performing this lab, you will be able to: Install a domain controller. Install a domain controller by using IFM.

Lab Setup
Estimated time: 45 minutes

Virtual machines

20410C-LON-DC1 20410C-LON-SVR1 20410C-LON-RTR 20410C-LON-SVR2

User name Password

Adatum\Administrator Pa$$wOrd

For this lab, you will use the available virtual machine environment. Before beginning the lab, you must complete the following steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. On the host computer, click Start, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Hyper-V Manager. In Hyper-V Manager, click 20410C-LON -DC1, and in the Actions pane, click Start. In the Actions pane, click Connect. Wait until the virtual machine starts. Sign in using the following credentials: o o o User name: Administrator Password: Pa$$wOrd Domain: Adatum

5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 for 20410C-LON-SVR1, 20410C-LON-RTR, and 20410C-LON-SVR2.

Exercise 1: Installing a Domain Controller

Scenario
Users have been experiencing slow sign-ins in London during peak use times. The server team has determined that the domain controllers are overwhelmed when many users are authenticating simultaneously. To improve sign-in performance, you are adding a new domain controller in the London data center.

20410C: Installing and Configudng Windows Server, 2012 2-27

The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. K 1. 2. Add an Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) role to a member server. Configure a server as a domain controller. Configure a server as a global catalog server. Task 1: Add an Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) role to a member server On LON-DC1, in Server Manager, add LON-SVR1 to the server list. Add the Active Directory Domain Services server role to LON-SVR1. Add all required features as prompted. Installation will take severa! minutes. 3. K When the installation completes, click Close to close the Add Roles and Features Wizard. Task 2: Configure a server as a domain controller On LON-DC1, use Server Manager to promote LON-SVR1 to a domain controller, and choose the following options: o o o Add a domain controller to the existing Adatum.com domain Use the credentials Adatum \Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd For Domain Controller Options, install the Domain Name System, but remove the selection to install the global catalog The DSRM password is Pa$$wOrd For all other options, use the default options

o o K 1. 2.

Task 3: Configure a server as a global catalog server Sign in to LON-SVR1 as Adatum \Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd. Use Active Directory Sites and Services to make LON-SVR1 a global catalog server.

Results: After completing this exercise,,"yoi server to be a domain controller.

Exercise 2: Installing a Domain Controller by Using IFM

Scenario
You have been assigned by management to manage one of the new branch offices that are being configured. A faster network connection is scheduled to be installed in a few weeks. Until that time, network connectivity is very slow. It has been determined that the branch office requires a domain controller to support local sign-ins. To avoid problems with the slow network connection, you are using IFM to install the domain controller in the branch office. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. Use the Ntdsutil tool to generate IFM. Add the AD DS role to the member server. Use IFM to configure a member server as a new domain controller.

2-28 Intoduction to Active Directory Domain Seivices

K Task 1: Use the Ntdsutiltoolto generate IFM

1. On LON-DC1, open an administrative command-line interface, and use ntdsutil to create an IFM backup of both the AD DS database and the SYSVOL folder. The commands to create the backup are as follows: `Ntdst1t17 Activate:.instante ntd: Ifin Create sysvo7 f77 c - \1f1, 2. Wait for the IFM command to complete and then close the command prompt.

E Task2:AddtheAD DS roletothememberserver
1. 2. 3. Switch to LON - SVR2, and sign in as Adatum\Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd. Open a command prompt and map the drive letter K: to \\LON- DC1\C$\IFM. Use Server Manager to install the AD DS server role on LON-SVR2.

K Task 3: Use I FM to configure a member server as a new domain controller

1. 2. On LON-SVR2, at the command prompt copy the IFM backup from K: to On LON-SVR2, use Server Manager with the following options to perform the post-deployment configuration of AD DS: o o o o o Add a domain controller to the existing Adatum.com domain Use Adatum\Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd for credentials Use Pa$$wOrd for the DSRM password Use the IFM media to configure and install AD DS. Use the location C:\IFM for the IFM media Accept all other defaults

3. Restad LON-SVR2 to complete the AD DS installation.

K Prepare for the next module

When you have completed the lab, reved the virtual machines back to their initial state. To do this, complete the following steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. On the host computer, start Hyper-V Manager. In the Virtual Machines list, right-click 20410C-LON-DC1, and then click Revert. In the Revert Virtual Machine dialog box, click Revert. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for 20410C-LON-SVR1, 20410C-LON-RTR, and 20410C-LON-SVR2.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server, 2012 2-29

La b Review Questions
Question: Why did you use Server Manager and not Dcpromo.exe when you promoted a server to be a domain controller? Question: What are the three operations masters found in each domain? Question: What are the two operations masters that are present in a forest? Question: What is the benefit of performing an IFM install of a domain controller?

2-30 introduction to Active Director), Domain Services

Module Review and Takeaways

Review Questions
Question: What are the two main purposes of OUs? Question: Why would you need to deploy an additional tree in the AD DS forest? Question: Which deployment method would you use if you had to install an additional domain controller in a remote location that had a limited WAN connection? Question: If you needed to promote a Server Core installation of Windows Server 2012 to be a domain controller, which tool or tools could you use?

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3-1

Module 3
Managing Active Directory Domain Services Objects
Contents:
Module Overview Lesson 1: Managing User Accounts Lesson 2: Managing Groups Lesson 3: Managing Computer Accounts Lesson 4: Delegating Administration Lab: Managing Active Directory Domain Services Objects Module Review and Takeaways 3-1 3-2 3-11 3-20 3-27 3-31 3-38

Module Overview
AD DS can help you manage your network more effectively in many ways. For instance, it allows you to manage user and computer accounts as part of groups instead of managing one account at a time. It also provides ways to delegate administrative tasks to various people to help you distribute workloads efficiently. Managing computer identities is becoming more and more complex as more employees bring their own devices into the workplace. As bring your own device (BYOD) programs expand you will be managing computer accounts that run on many types of personal devices which in turn are running various operating systems. AD DS has many features that can make that easier. This module describes how to manage user accounts and computer accounts, including how to manage BYOD programs. It covers how to manage an enterprise network by managing groups, instead of managing individual identities, and how to delegate administrative tasks to designated users or groups to ensure that enterprise administration is efficient and effective.

Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to: Manage user accounts with graphical tools. Manage group accounts with graphical tools. Manage computer accounts. Delegate permissions to perform AD DS administration.

3-2 ManagingAdiveDirectoryDomainServicesObjects

Lesson 1

ManagingUserAccounts
A user object in AD DS is far more than just properties related to the user's security identity, or account.It is the cornerstone of identity and access in AD DS. Therefore, consistent, efficient, and secure processes regarding the administration of user accounts are the cornerstone of enterprise security management. Although users and computers, and even services, change over time, business roles and rules tend to be more stable. Your business probably has a finance role, which requires certain capabilities in the enterprise. The user or users who perform that role might change over time, but the role will remain relatively the same. For that reason, it is not sensible to manage an enterprise network by assigning rights and permissions to individual users, computers, or service identities. Instead, you should associate management tasks with groups. Consequently, it is important that you know how to use groups to identify administrative and user roles, to filter Group Policy Objects (GPOs), to assign unique password policies, and to assign rights and permissions.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: View AD DS objects by using various AD DS administration tools. Explain how to create user accounts that you can use in an enterprise network. Describe how to configure important user account attributes. Describe how to create user profiles. Explain how to manage user accounts.

AD DS Administration Tools
Before you can begin creating and managing user, group, and computer accounts, it is important that you understand which tools you can use to perform these various management tasks. To manage AD OS objects, you can use the following graphical tools: Active Directory Administration snap- ris Active Directory Administrative Center

Active Directory Administration SnapIns

Most AD DS administration is performed with the following snap-ins: Active Directory Users and Computers. This snap-in manages most common day-to-day resources, including users, groups, computers,

You can also use the following commandline tools: Active Directory module in Windows PowerSheil Directory Service commands

and organizational units (OUs). This is likely to be the most heavily used snap-in for an Active Directoryadministrator. Active Directory Sites and Services. This snap-in manages replication, network topology, and related services. Active Directory Domains and Trusts. This snap-in configures and maintains trust relationships and the forest functional leve!. Active Directory Schema. This snap-in examines and modifies the definition of Active Directory attributes and object classes. It is the blueprint for AD DS. It is rarely viewed, and even more rarely changed. Therefore, the Active Directory Schema snap-in is not registered, by default.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Senierg 2012 3-3

Note: To register the Active Directory Schema snap-in, run the following command in an elevated command prompt:
regsvr32 s changan- d7 7

Note: To administer AD DS from a computer that is not a domain controller, you must install Remote Server Administration Tools (RSAT). RSAT can be installed from the Features node of Server Manager on Windows Server 2012. You also can install RSAT on Windows clients, including Windows Vista Service Pack 1 (or newer), Windows 7, and Windows 8. After you download the RSAT installation files from the Microsoft website, run the Setup Wizard, which steps you through the installation. After installing RSAT, you must turn on the tool or tools that you want to use. To do this, in Control Panel, on the Programs And Features category page, use Turn Windows Features On or Off.

Reference Links: To download the RSAT installation files, see the Microsoft Download Centerat http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=266735.

Active Directory Administrative Center

Windows Server 2012 provides another option for managing AD DS objects. The Active Directory Administrative Center provides a graphical user interface (GUI) built upon Windows PowerShell. You can use this enhanced interface to perform AD DS object management by using task-oriented navigation. Tasks that you can perform by using the Active Directory Administrative Center include: Create and manage user, computer, and group accounts Create and manage OUs Connect to, and manage multiple domains within a single instance of the Active Directory Administrative Center Search and filter Active Directory data by building queries Manage Dynamic Access Control settings, such as Central Access Policies and Central Access Rules

Windows PowerShell
You can use the Active Directory module for Windows PowerShell (Active Directory module) to create and manage objects in AD DS. Windows PowerShell is not only a scripting language; it also enables you to run commands that perform administrative tasks, such as creating new user accounts, configuring services, deleting mailboxes, and similar functions. Windows PowerShell is installed by default on Windows Server 2012, but the Active Directory module is only present when you do one of the following: Install the AD DS or Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (AD LDS) server roles. Promote a computer to a domain controller Install RSAT.

3-4 ManagingActiveDirectoryDomainServicesObjects

Directory Service Command-Line Tools

You also can use the Directory Service command-line tools, in addition to Windows PowerShell. These tools enable you to create, modify, manage, and delete AD DS objects, such as users, groups, and computers. You can use the following commands: dsadd. Use to create new objects. dsget. Use to display objects and their properties. dsmod. Use to edit objects and their properties. dsmove. Use to move objects. dsquery. Use to query AD DS for objects that match criteria that you supply. dsrm. Use to delete objects.

1E

Note: It is possible to pipe the results of the dsquery command to other Directory Service commands. For example, typing the following at a command prompt returns the office telephone number of all users that have a name starting with John:
dsquery user -name John* / dsget user

Creating User Accounts

In AD DS, all users that require access to network resources must be configured with a user account. With this user account, users can authenticate to the AD DS domain and receive access to network resources. In Windows Server 2012, a user account is an object that contains all of the information that defines a user. A user account includes the user name, user password, and group memberships. A user account also contains many other settings that you can configure based upon your organizational requirements. With a user account, you can: Allow or deny users permission to sign in to a computer based on their user account identity. Grant users access to processes and services for a specific security context. Manage users' access to resources such as AD DS objects and their properties, shared folders, files, directories, and printer queues. A user account enables a user to sign in to computers and domains with an identity that the domain can authenticate. When creating a user account, you must provide a user logon name, which must be unique in the domain and forest in which the user account is created. To maximize security, you should avoid multiple users sharing a single account, and instead ensure that each user who Signs in to the network has a unique user account and password.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server, 2012 3-5

Note: Although AD DS accounts are the focus of this course, you also can store user accounts in the local security accounts manager (SAM) database of each computer, enabling local sign-in and access to local resources. Local user accounts are, for the most part, beyond the scope of this course.

Creating User Accounts

A user account includes the user name and password, which serve as the sign-in credentials for a user. A user object also includes several other attributes that describe and manage the user. You can use Active Directory Users and Computers, Active Directory Administrative Center, Windows PowerShell, or the dsadd.exe command-line tool to create a user object. When you are creating user accounts, consider the following elements: The Full Name. The Full Name is used to create severa! attributes of a user object, most notably, the common name and display name attributes. The common name of a user is the name displayed in the details pane of the snap-in, and it must be unique within the container or OU. If you are creating a user object for a person with the same name as an existing user in the same OU or container, you need to give the new user object a unique Full Name. The User Principal Name (UPN) Logon. User UPN Logons follow the format user logon name@(UPN). o User names in AD DS can contain special characters, including periods, hyphens, and apostrophes. These special characters let you generate accurate user names, such as O'Hare and Smith-Bates. However, certain programs and apps might have other restrictions, so we recommend that you use only standard letters and numerals until you fully test the applications in your enterprise environment for compatibility with special characters. o You can manage the list of available UPN suffixes by using the Active Directory Domains and Trusts snap-in. Right-click the root of the snap-in, click Properties, and then use the UPN Suffixes tab to add or remove suffixes. The Domain Name System (DNS) name of your AD DS domain is always available as a suffix, and you cannot remove it. Note:It is important that you implement a user account naming strategy, especially in large networks where users might share the same full name. A combination of last name and first name, and where necessary, additional characters, should yield a unique user account name. Specifically, it is only the UPN name that must be unique within your AD DS forest. The Full name needs to be unique only within the OU where it resides, while the User SamAccountName name must be unique within that domain.

Configuring User Account Attributes

When you create a user account in AD DS, you also configure all the associated account properties, or attributes. Note: The attributes that are associated with a user account are defined as part of the AD DS schema, which members of the Schema Admins security group can modify. Generally, the schema does not change frequently. However, when an enterprise-level program (such as Microsoft Exchange Server) is introduced, many schema changes are required. These changes enable objects, including user objects, to have additional attributes.

3-6 ManagingActive Director)? DomainServicesObjects

When you create a new user object, you are not required to define many attributes beyond those required to allow the user to log on by using the account. Since you can associate a user object with many attributes, it is important that you understand what these attributes are, and how you can use them in your organization.

Attribute Categories
The attributes of a user object fall into several broad categories. These categories appear in the navigation pane of the User Properties dialog box in the Active Directory Administrative Center, and include the following: Account. In addition to the user's name properties (First name, Middle initial, Last name, Full name) and the user's various logon names (User UPN logon, User SamAccountName logon), you can configure the following additional properties: o Log on hours. This property defines when the account can be used to access domain computers. You can use the weekly calendar style view to define Logon permitted hours and Logon denied hours. Log on to. Use this property to define which computers a user can use to log on to the domain. Specify the computer's narre and add it to a list of allowed computers. Account expires. This value is useful when you want to create temporary-use user accounts. For example, you might want to create user accounts for interns that are used for just one year. You can use this value to set an account expiration date in advance. The account cannot be used after the expiration date until manually reconfigured by an administrator. o User must change password at next log on. This property enables you to force a user to reset their own password the next time they log on. This is typically something you might enable after you have reset a user's password. Smart card is required for interactive log on. This value resets the user's password to a complex, random sequence of characters, and sets a property that requires that the user use a smart card to authenticate during logon. Password never expires. This is a property that you normally use with service accounts; that is, those accounts that are not used by regular users but by services. By setting this value, you must remember to update the password manually on a periodic basis; however, you are not forced to do so at a predetermined interval. Consequently, the account can never be locked out due to password expirationa feature that is particularly important for service accounts. o o User cannot change password. Again, this option is generally used for service accounts. Store password using reversible encryption. This policy provides support for programs that use protocols that require knowledge of the user's password for authentication purposes. Storing passwords using reversible encryption is essentially the same as storing plaintext versions of the passwords. For this reason, this policy should never be enabled unless program requirements outweigh the need to protect password information. This policy is required when using Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) authentication through remote access or Internet Authentication Service (IAS). It is also required when using Digest Authentication in Internet Information Services (IIS). o Account is trusted for delegation. You can use this property to allow a service account to impersonate a standard user to access network resources on behalf of a user. Organization. This includes properties such as the user's Display name, Office, Email Address, various contact telephone numbers, managerial structure, department and company names, addresses and so forth. Member of. This section enables you to define the group memberships for the user.

20410C: Installing and Contgudng Windows Seniero 2012 3-7

Profile. This section enables you to configure a location for the user's personal data, and to define a location in which to save the user's desktop profile when he or she logs out.

Extensions. This section expones many additional user properties, most of which do not normally require manual configu ration.

Creating User Profiles

When users sign out, their desktop and app settings are saved to a subfolder that is created in the C:\Users folder on the local hard disk that matches their user name. This folder contains their user profile. Within this folder, subfolders contain documents and settings that represent the user's profile, including Documents, Videos, Pictures, and Downloads. If a user is likely to sign in interactively at more than one client workstation, it is preferable for these settings and documents to be available on those other client workstations. As an administrator, you have a number of methods that you can use to ensure that users can access their profiles from multiple workstations.

Configuring User Account Properties to Manage Profiles

Using the user account settings in the Active Directory Administrative Center, you can configure the following properties relating to a user's desktop profile: Profile path. This path is either a local, or more usually, a Universal Naming Convention (UNC) path. The user's desktop settings are stored in the profile. If a user profile has a UNC path, then whichever domain computer services a user's sign-in, their desktop settings will be available. This is known as a

roaming profile.

~~ Note: As a best practice, use a subfolder of the user's home folder for the user's profile path.

Logon script. This script is the name of a batch file that contains commands - that execute when the user logs on. Typically, you use these commands to create drive mappings. Rather than use a logon script batch file, administrators typically implement logon scripts by using GPOs or Group Policy preferences. If you use a login script, this value should be in the form of a filename (with extension) only. Scripts should be stored in the C:\Windows\SYSVOL\domain\scripts folder on alI domain controllers. Home folder. This value enables you to create a personal storage area in which users can save their personal documents. You can specify either a local path, or more usually, a UNC path to the user's folder. You also must specify a drive letter that is used to map a network drive to the specified UNC path. You can then configure a user's personal documents to this redirected home folder.

3-8 ManagingActiveDirectoryDomainServicesObjects

Note: When creating user accounts to use as templates, and using a common location for the profile path and home folder, it is recommended that you use the %username% variable in the path so that AD DS can automatically create these folders when the account is used as a template. For example, you could use the following paths where the fileserver is named LON-FS and shares have been created for the profiles and home folders, profile$ and home$ respectively: Profile Path: \\LON-FS\profile$\%username% Home folder Connect H: to \\LON-FS\honne$\%username%

Using Group Policy to Manage Profiles

As an alternative to using the individual user account settings, you can also use GPOs to manage these settings. You can configure Folder Redirection settings by using the Group Policy Management Editor to open a GPO for editing, and then navigating to the User Configuration\Policies\Windows Settings node. These settings contain the sub-nodes in the following table. Sub-nodes in the Windows Settings node AppData (Roaming) Desktop Start Menu Document i Pictures Music Videos Favorites - Contacts Downloads Links Searches Saved Games

You can use these sub-nodes to configure all aspects of a user's desktop profile and app settings. For a given sub-node, such as Documents, you can choose between Basic and Advanced redirection. In Basic redirection, all users affected by the GPO have their Documents folder redirected to an individual named subfolder off a common root folder defined by a UNC narre, for example, \\LON-SVR1\Users\. In Advanced redirection you can use security group membership to specify where a user's settings and documents will be stored.

Demonstration: Managing User Accounts

This demonstration shows you how to: Use the Active Directory Administrative Center to: o o o Delete a user account. Create a new user account. Move the user account.

Use Windows PowerShell to: o o o Find inactive user accounts. Find disabled user accounts. Delete disabled user accounts.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Senierl 2012 3-9

Demonstration Steps Delete a user account

1. 2. 3. Sign in to LON-DC1 as Adatum\Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd. On LON-DC1, open the Active Directory Administrative Center. Locate Ed Meadows in the Managers OU, and delete the account.

Create a new user account

Create a new user account named Ed Meadows. Ensure that the account is created with a strong password.

Move the user account

Move the Ed Meadows account to the IT OU.

Find users that have not signed in during the Iast 30 days
1. 2. Open Windows PowerShell. Run the following commands: $logonDate (get-date).AddDays(-30) Get-ADUser -Fi lter{lastLogon -le SlogonDa

Find and delete all disabled user accounts

1. To find all disabled user accounts, run the following command: Get-ADUser -Filterfenab7ed -ne $Truel' 2. To delete the disabled user accounts, run the following command: Get-ADUser --SearchBase "OU=Sal es , DC=Adatum , DG.-com" -Fi 7 te r(enab7 ed Remove-adobject -Con fi rm: SFa7 se 3. To verify the disabled accounts have been deleted, run the following command: Get-ADUser -F71ter-ferlabled STrue

Demonstration: Using Templates to Manage User Accounts

This demonstration shows you how to: Create a user template account. Use Windows PowerShell to create a user from the user template. Verify the properties of the new user account.

3-10 ManagingActive Directory DomainServicesObjects

Demonstration Steps Create a template account

1. 2. On LON-DC1, open the Active Directory Administrative Center. In the Sales OU, create a new user account named _LondonSales Template using the following settings: o o o o o o o o o First narre: LondonSales Last name: Template User UPN logon:_LondonSales Check: Protect from accidental deletion Department: Sales Company: A. Datum City: London Description: London Sales users Member of: Sales

Create a user from the _LondonSales template

In the Windows PowerShell window, create a user from the _LondonSales template by using the following commands.
SLondonSal es = Get-ADUser -Identity " LondonSal es" -Propert es Department, Company, Ci ty New-ADUser -Name "Dan Park" -SamAccountName "Dan" -Path "OU=Sal es , DC=Adatum , DC-com" -AccountPassword (Conve rtTo-Secu reSt ri ng -AsP7 ai ntext "Pa$SwOrd" -Force) -Gi venName K"Dan" -Su rname "Park" -Di sial ayName "Dan Park -Enabled $True -Use rPri nci paiNalne ,"Dan@Adatum. com" -ChangePasswordAtLogon $true -Instance $LondonSal es

Verify the user properties

1. Run the following command:

2.

Examine the output to verify the properties were copied from the template.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Serveil 2012 3-11

Lesson 2

Managing Groups
While it might be practical to assign permissions and abilities to individual user accounts in small networks, it becomes impractical and inefficient in large enterprise networks. For example, if many users need the same level of access to a folder, it is more efficient to create a group that contains the required user accounts, and then assign the group the required permissions. This has the added benefit of enabling you to change a user's file permissions by adding or removing them from groups rather than editing the file permissions directly. Before implementing groups in your organization, you must understand about the scope of various Windows Server group types, and how best to use these to manage access to resources or to assign management rights and abilities.

Lesson O bjectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe group types. Describe group scopes. Explain how to implement group management. Describe default groups. Describe special identities. Manage groups in Windows Server.

Group Types
In a Windows Server 2012 enterprise network, there are two types of groups: security, and distribution. When you create a group, you choose the group type and scope. Distribution groups, which are not security-enabled, are used primarily by email apps. Distribution groups have security identifier (SIDs) however they have an Active Directory groupType attribute of 0x2 (ACCOUNT_GROUP), so they cannot be given permission to resources. Sending an email message to a distribution group sends the message to all group members. Security groups are security-enabled, and are used to assign permissions to various resources. Security groups have SIDs, with an Active Directory groupType attribute of 0x80000002 (ACCOUNT_GROUP 1 SECURITY_ENABLED). You can therefore use these groups in permission entries in access control lists (ACLs) to control security for resource access. Because they also include the account group type, you also can use security groups as a means of distribution for email apps. If you want to use a group to manage security, it must be a security group.
Both security groups and distribution groups can be converted to the other type of group.

Distribution groups
- Used only with email applications Not security-enabled (no SID); cannot be given permissions

Security groups
Security principal with an STD: can be gven permissions Can also be ernail-enabted

Note: The default group type is security.

3-12 ManagingAdiveDirectoryDomainServicesObjects

Because you can use security groups for both resource access and email distribution, many organizations use only security groups. However, we recommend that if a group is used only for email distribution, you should create the group as a distribution group. Otherwise, the group is assigned a SID, and the SID is added to the user's security access token, which can make the token unnecessarily large. A security group can be converted to a distribution group at any time; when you do this the groupType attribute changes from 0x80000002 (ACCOUNT_GROUP 1 SECURITY_ENABLED) to 0x2 (ACCOUNT_GROUP). A security group which has been converted to a distribution group therefore loses all permissions assigned to it, even though the ACLs still contain the SID. When a distribution group is converted to a security group the reverse occurs, the groupType attribute changes from 0x2 (ACCOUNT_GROUP) to 0x80000002 (ACCOUNT_GROUP1SECURITY_ENABLED),If the distribution group was a previously converted security group you may inadvertently grant users access to rights and permissions that had been assigned to the group when it was previously a security group.

Note: Consider that when you add a user to a security group, the user's access token which authenticates user processesupdates only when the user signs in. Therefore, if the user is currently signed in, they must sign out and sign back in to update their access token with any changed group memberships.
cttt-t1

Note: The benefit of using distribution groups becomes more evident in large-scale Exchange Server deployments, especially where there is a need to nest these distribution groups across the enterprise.

Group Scopes
Windows Server 2012 supports group scoping. The scope of a group determines both the range of a group's abilities or permissions, and the group mennbership. There are four group scopes: Local. This group type is for standalone servers or workstations, on domain member servers that are not domain controllers, or on domain member workstations. Local groups are truly local, which means that they are available only on the computer where they exist. The important characteristics of a local group are: o o
tOM

Group Members from scope i . same doma , u, C, U, C 1 GG, Dia UG o, GG, and local usets . 1 U, C Dornain 1 U, C, Local 1 , GG, MG, UG GG, UG Local U, C Universal L- tau, UGG U, C, GO U C, GG, UG NiA On the local computer only . U, C GG i Itl/A Anywhere in the domain Anywhere in the forest Al-Ancheta in the domain or a tnisted dormir>

i
i NIA

U C
GG

User Computar Global Group

LULG

LIG

Doroain Local Group Universal Group:

You can assign abilities and permissions only on local resources, meaning on the local computer. Members can be from anywhere in the AD DS forest, and can include: K Any security principals from the domain: users, computers, global groups, or domain local groups. Users, computers, and global groups from any domain in the forest. Users, computers, and global groups from any trusted domain. Universal groups defined in any domain in the forest.

1 1
-

20410C: Insta lling and Configuring Windows Servel, 2012 3-13

Domain local. This group type is used primarily to manage access to resources or to assign management responsibilities (rights). Domain local groups exist on domain controllers in an AD DS forest, and consequently, the group's scope is localized to the dornajo in which they reside. The important characteristics of domain local groups are: o You can assign abilities and permissions only on dornajo local resources, meaning on all computers in the local domain. Members can be from anywhere in the AD DS forest, and can include: Any security principals from the domain: users, computers, global groups, or dornajo local groups. K
11 11

1
1

1
1

Users, computers, and global groups from any domain in the forest. Users, computers, and global groups from any trusted domain. Universal groups defined in any domain in the forest.

1
-

Global. This group type is used primarily to consolidate users that have similar characteristics. For example, global groups often are used to consolidate users that are part of a department or geographic location. The important characteristics of global groups are: o o You can assign abilities and permissions anywhere in the forest. Members can be only from the local domain, and can include: LI Users, computers, and global groups from the local domain. Universal. This group type is most useful in multidomain networks because it combines the characteristics of both domain local groups and global groups. Specifically, the important characteristics of universal groups are: o o You can assign abilities and permissions anywhere in the foreSt, as with global groups. Members can be from anywhere in the AD DS forest, and can include: Users, computers, and global groups from any domain in the forest. 11 Universal groups defined in any domain in the forest. o Properties of universal groups are propagated to the global catalog, and made available across the enterprise network on all dornajo controllers that holt the global catalog role. This makes universal groups' membership lists more accessible, which is useful in multidomain scenarios. For example, if a universal group is used for email distribution purposes, the process for determining the membership list typically is quicker in distributed multidomain networks.

1 1

1 1 1 1

3-14 ManagingActiveDirectoryDomainServicesObjects

The following table summarizes and compares the basic properties of the four group scopes:

Group! Scope

ati iridtide members from these gr-oups<

Can be altigbed permissiorislo';' these groups

Can be converted to these groups,

Local

Domain Users, Domain Computers, global groups and universal groups from any domain in the forest Domain local groups from the same domain Local Users from the computer

Local computer
resources only

N/A

Domain local

Domain Users, Domain Computers, global groups and universal groups from any domain in the forest Domain local groups from the same domain

Local domain resources only

Universal groups (as long as no other domain local groups exist as members)

Global

Domain Users, Domain Computers and global groups from the same domain

Any domain resource in the i forest

Universal groups (as long as it is not a member of any other global groups) Domain local groups Global groups (as long as no other universal groups exist as members)

Universal

Domain Users, Domain Computers, global groups and universal groups from any domain in the forest

Any domain resource in the forest

Implementing Group Management

Adding groups to other groups is a process called nesting. Nesting creates a hierarchy of groups that support your business roles and management rules. A best practice for group nesting is known as IGDLA, which is an acronym for the following: Identities Global groups Domain local groups Access
1 Identities Users or computers, which are members of G Global groups Which collect members based on members' role Mich are members of DLDomain local groups Which provide management such as resource access, which are A Assigned access to -a resource This best practice for nesting ;groups is known as IGDLA. I

These parts of IGDLA are related in the following way: Identities (user and computer accounts) are members of global groups, which represent business roles. Global groups (which are also known as role groups) are members of domain local groups, which represent management rulesfor example, determining who has Read permission to a specific collection of folders.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servelo 2012 3-15

Domain local groups (which are also known as rule groups) are granted access to resources. In the case of a shared folder, access is granted by adding the domain local group to the folder's ACL, with a permission that provides the appropriate level of access.

In a multidomain forest, the best practice for group nesting is known as IGUDLA. The additional letter U stands for universal groups, which fit in between global and domain local groups as follows: Identities Global groups Universal groups Domain local groups Access

In this case, global groups from multiple domains are members of a single universal group. That universal group is a member of domain local groups in multiple domains.

IGDLA Exmple
This figure on the slide represents a group implementation that reflects the technical view of group management best practices (IGDLA), and the business view of role-based, rule-based management. Consider the following scenario: The sales force at Contoso, Ltd. has just completed its fiscal year. Sales files from the previous year are in a folder called Sales. The sales force needs Read access to the Sales folder. Additionally, a team of auditors from Woodgrove Bank, a potential investor, require Read access to the Sales folder to perform the audit. You would perform the following steps to implement the security required by this scenario: 1. Assign users with common job responsibilities or other business characteristics to role groups implemented as global security groups. Do this separately in each domain. Salespeople at Contoso are added to a Sales role group; Auditors at Woodgrove Bank are added to an Auditors role group. 2. Create a group to manage access to the Sales folders with Read permission. You implement this in the domain containing the resource that is being managed. In this case, the Sales folder resides in the Contoso domain. Therefore, you create the resource access management rule group as a domain local group named ACL_Sales Folders_Read. 3. Add the role groups to the resource access management rule group to represent the management rule. These groups can come from any domain in the forest or from a trusted domain, such as Woodgrove Bank. Global groups from trusted externa! domains, or from any domain in the same forest, can be members of a domain local group. 4. Assign the permission that implements the required level of access. In this case, grant the Allow Read permission to the domain local group. This strategy results in two single points of management, reducing the management burden. One point of management defines who is in Sales, the other point of management defines who is an Auditor. Because these roles are likely to have access to a variety of resources beyond the Sales folder, you have another single point of management to determine who has Read access to the Sales folder. Furthermore, the Sales folder might not be a single folder on a single server; it could be a collection of folders across multiple servers, each of which assigns the Allow Read permission to the single domain local group.

3-16 ManagingActiveDirecton/DomainServicesObjects

Default Groups
Windows Server 2012 creates a number of groups automatically. These are called default local groups, and they include well-known groups such as Administrators, Backup Operators, and Remote Desktop Users. There are additional groups that are created in a domain, both in the Builtin and Users containers, including Domain Admins, Enterprise Admins, and Schema Admins.
Carefully manage the default groups that provide administrative privileges, because these group Typically have broader privileges than are necessary for most delegated erwironments Often apply protection to their members
Enterprise Admins Schema Admins Administrators Doman'? Acirrans Server Operators Account Operators Backup Operators Print Operators Ceet Publishers 1 Usets container of the forest root domain Users container of the forest root domain Buitt- in container of each domain Users container of each domara Btait- in container of each domain Sun m container of each dornam Budt-in container of each domain Built-in container of each dornajo Users container ot each doman

Default Groups that Provide Administrative Privileges

The following list provides a summary of capabilities for the su bset of default groups that

have significant permissions and user rights related to the management of AD DS. Because of the rights that these groups have they are Protected groups. Enterprise Admins (in the Users container of the forest root domain). This group is a member of the Administrators group in every domain in the forest, which gives it complete access to the configuration of all domain controllers. It also owns the Configuration partition of the directory and has full control of the domain naming context in all forest domains. Schema Admins (Users container of the forest root domain). This group owns and has full control of the Active Directory schema. Administrators (Built-in container of each domain). Members of this group have complete control over all domain controllers and data in the domain naming context. They can change the membership of all other administrative groups in the domain, and the Administrators group in the forest root domain can change the membership of Enterprise Admins, Schema Admins, and Domain Admins. The Administrators group in the forest root domain is arguably the most powerful service administration group in the forest. Domain Admins (Users container of each domain). This group is added to the Administrators group of its domain. It therefore inherits all of the capabilities of the Administrators group. It is also, by default, added to the local Administrators group of each domain member computer, giving Domain Admins ownership of all domain computers. Server Operators (Built-in container of each domain). Members of this group can perforen maintenance tasks on domain controllers. They have the right to sign in locally, start and stop services, perform backup and restore operations, format disks, create or deleteshares, and shut down domain controllers. By default, this group has no members. Account Operators (Built-in container of each domain). Members of this group can create, modify, and delete accounts for users, groups, and computers located,in any OU in the domain (except the Domain Controllers OU), and in the Users and Computers containers. Account Operator group members cannot modify accounts that are members of the Administrators or Domain Admins groups, nor can they modify those groups. Account Operator group members also can sign in locally to domain controllers. By default, this group has no members. Backup Operators (Built-in container of each domain). Members of this group can perform backup and restore operations on domain controllers, and sign in locally and shut down domain controllers. By default, this group has no members.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servato 2012 3-17

Print Operators (Built-in container of each domain). Members of this group can maintain print queues on domain controllers. They also can sign in locally and shut down domain controllers.

Cert Publishers (Users container of each dornajo). Members of this group are permitted to publish certificates to the directory.

Managing Groups that Provide Administrative Privileges

You need to carefully manage the default groups that provide administrative privileges because they typically have broader privileges than are necessary for most delegated environments, and because they often apply protection to their members. The Account Operators group is a good example of this. If you examine the capabilities of the Account Operators group in the preceding list, you can see that members of this group have very broad rights they can even sign in locally to a domain controller. In very small networks, such rights would probably be appropriate for one or two individuals who typically would be domain adnninistrators anyway. In large enterprises, the rights and permissions granted to Account Operators usually are far too broad. Additionally, the Account Operators group is, like the other administrative groups, a protected group.

Protected Groups
Protected groups are defined by the operating system and cannot be unprotected. Members of a protected group become protected by association and no longer inherit permissions (ACLs) from their OU, but rather receive a copy of an ACL from the protected group. This protected group ACL offers quite a lot of protection to the members. For example, if you add Jeff Ford to the Account Operators group, his account becomes protected, and the help desk, which can reset all other user passwords in the Employees OU, cannot reset Jeff Ford's password.

Custom Groups
You should try to avoid adding users to the groups that do not have members by default (Account Operators, Backup Operators, Server Operators, and Print Operators). Instead, create custom groups to which you assign permissions and user rights that achieve your business and administrative requirements. For example, if Scott Mitchell should be able to perform backup operations on a dornajo controller, but should not be able to perform restore operations that could lead to database rollback or corruption, and should not be able to shut down a dornajo controller, do not put Scott in the Backup Operators group. Instead, create a group and assign it only the Backup Files And Directories user right, and then add Scott as a member.

Special Identities
Windows and AD DS also support special identities, which are groups for which membership is controlled by the operating system. You cannot view the groups in any list (in Active Directory Users and Computers, for example), you cannot view or modify the membership of these special identities, and you cannot add them to other groups. You can, however, use these groups to assign rights and permissions. Special identities
Are groups for which membership is controlled by the operating system Can be used by the Windows Server operating system to provide access to resources:
Based on the type of authentication or connection Not based on the user account

Important special identities include:

Anonymous Logon Authenticated Users Everyone Interactive Network Creator Owner

3-18 ManagingAdivearectoryDomahServicesObjects

The most important special identitiesoften referred to as groups (for convenience)are described in the following list: Anonymous Logon. This identity represents connections to a computer and its resources that are made without supplying a user name and password. Before Windows Server 2003, this group was a member of the Everyone group. Beginning with Windows Server 2003, this group is no longer a default member of the Everyone group. Authenticated Users. This represents identities that have been authenticated. This group does not include Guest, even if the Guest account has a password. Everyone. This identity includes Authenticated Users and the Guest account. (On computers that are running versions of the Windows Server operating system that precede Windows Server 2003, this group includes Anonymous Logon.) Interactive. This represents users accessing a resource while logged on locally to the computer that is hosting the resource, as opposed to accessing the resource over the network. When a user accesses any given resource on a computer to which the user is logged on locally, the user is added to the Interactive group automatically for that resource. Interactive also includes users who log on through a Remote Desktop connection. Network. This represents users accessing a resource over the network, as opposed to users who are logged on locally at the computer that is hosting the resource. When a user accesses any given resource over the network, the user is added automatically to the Network group for that resource. Creator Owner. This represents the security principal that created an object.

The importance of these special identities is that you can use them to provide access to resources based on the type of authentication or connection, rather than the user account. For example, you could create a folder on a system that allows users to view its contents when they are logged on locally to the system, but that does not allow the same users to view the contents from a mapped drive over the network. You could achieve this by assigning permissions to the Interactive special identity.

Demonstration: Managing Groups

This demonstration shows you how to: Create a new group. Add members to the group. Add a user to the group. Change the group type and scope. Modify the group's Managed By property.

Demonstration Steps Create a new group

1. 2. On LON-DC1, open the Active Directory Administrative Center. Create a new global security group in the IT OU called IT Managers.

20410C: Installing and Configunng Windows Seivero 2012 3-19

Add members to the group

Add multiple users to the new group.

Add a user to the group

- Add Ed Meadows to the IT Managers group.

Change the group type and scope

In the Properties of the IT Managers group, change the Group Scope to Universal, and the Type to Distribution.

Modify the group's Managed By property

Add Ed Meadows to the Managed By list, and then grant him the Manager can update membership list permission.

3-20 ManagingAdiveDirectoryDomainSeivicesObjects

Lesson 3

Managing Computer Accounts

Computers, like users, are security principais: They have an account with a logon name and password that Windows Server changes automatically on a periodic basis. They authenticate with the domain. They can belong to groups, have access to resources, and you can configure them by using Group Policy.

A computer account begins its life cycle when you create it and join it to your domain. Thereafter, day-today administrative tasks include the following: Configuring computer properties Moving the computer between OUs Managing the computer itself Renaming, resetting, disabling, enabling, and eventually deleting the computer object

It is important that you know how to perform these various computer-management tasks so you can configure and maintain the computer objects within your organization.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Explain the purpose of the AD DS Computers container. Describe how to configure the location of computer accounts. Explain how to control who has permission to create computer accounts. Describe how to perform an offline domain join. Describe computer accounts and the secure channel. Explain how to reset the secure channel.

What Is the Computers Container?

Before you create a computer object in the Directory Service, you must have a place to put it. When you create a domain, the Computers container is created by default (common name (the cn attribute)=Computers). This container is notan OU; instead, it is an object of the container class. There are subtle but important differences between a container and an OU. You cannot create an OU within a container, so you cannot subdivide the Computers container. You also cannot link a GPO to a container. Therefore, we recommend that you create custom OUs to host computer objects, instead of using the Computers container.

20410C: Installing and ConfigutingWndows Server' 2012 3-21

Specifying the Location of Computer Accounts

Most organizations create at least two OUs for computer objects: one for servers, and another to host computer accounts for client computers, such as desktops, laptops, and other user systems. These two OUs are in addition to the Domain Controllers OU that is created by default during the AD DS installation. Computer objects are created in both OUs. There is no technical difference between a computer object in a client's OU and a computer object in a server's or domain controller's OU; computer objects are computer objects. However, separate OUs typically are created to provide unique scopes of management, so that you can delegate management of client objects to one team and management of server objects to another. Your administrative model might require you to divide your client and server OUs into smaller groups. Many organizations create sub-OUs beneath a server OU, to classify and manage specific types of servers. For example, you might create an OU for file and print servers, and an OU for database servers. By doing so, you can delegate permissions to manage computer objects in the appropriate OU to the team of administrators for each type of server. Similarly, geographically-distributed organizations with local desktop support teams often divide a parent OU for clients into sub-OUs for each site. This approach enables each site's support team to create computer objects in the site for client computers, and to join computers to the domain by using those computer objects. These specific examples acide, what is most important is that your OU structure reflects your administrative model so that your OUs can provide single points of management for the delegation of administration. Additionally, by using separate OUs, you can create various baseline configurations by using different GPOs that are linked to the client and the server OUs. With Group Policy, you can specify configuration for collections of computers by linking GPOs that contain configuration instructions to OUs. It is common for organizations to separate clients into desktop and laptop OUs. You then can link GPOs that specify desktop or laptop configuration to the appropriate OUs.
Best practice is to create Organzational Unts (OUs) for computer objects Servers = Typically subdivided by server role Client computers Typically subdivided by region Divide OUs: By administration To faciltate configuratton with Group Policy Cients El 1.1 aD5 Desktops taPtoes 8 a3 CHI Desktcps Laptops CPT al Desktops Laptops

1 51 Note: You can use the Redircmp.exe command-line tool to reconfigure the default container for computers. For example, if you want to change the default container for computers to an OU called mycomputers, use the following syntax: redi runp ou=mycomputers, DC=contoso, dc-com

3-22 ManagingAdiveDirectoryDomainServicesObjects

Controlling Permissions to Create Computer Accounts

Before joining a computer to a domain you should first create a computer object in the appropriate OU. To join a computer to an AD DS domain, three conditions must be met: You must have appropriate permissions on the computer object that allow you to join a physical computer with a name that matches the name of the object in AD DS to the domain. You must be a member of the local Administrators group on the computer. This allows you to change the computer's domain or workgroup membership. You must not have exceeded the maximum number of computer accounts that you can add to the domain. By default, users can add a maximum of ten computers to the domain; this value is known as the machine account quota and is controlled by the MS-DS-MachineQuota value. You can modify this value by using the Active Directory Service Interfaces Editor (ADSI Edit) snap-in.

Note: You do not have to create a computer object in the directory service, but it is recommended. Many administrators join computers to a domain without first creating a computer object. However, when you do this, Windows Server attempts to join the domain to an existing object. When Windows Server does not find the object, it fails and creates a computer object in the default Computers container.

The process of creating a computer account in advance is called pre-staging a computer. There are two major advantages of pre-staging a computer: The account is placed into the correct OU, and is therefore delegated according to the security policy defined by the ACL of the OU. The computer is within the scope of GPOs linked to the OU, before the computer joins the domain.

After you have been given permission to create computer objects, you can do so by right-clicking the OU and from the New menu clicking Computer. Next, enter the computer name, following the naming convention of your enterprise, and select the user or group that is allowed to join the computer to the domain with this account. The computer names that you type into the two fieldsComputer Name and Computer Name (pre-Windows 2000)should be the same. Very rarely is there a justification for configuring them separately.

Delegating Permissions
By default, the Enterprise Admins, Domain Admins, Administrators, and Account Operators groups have permission to create computer objects in any new OU. However, as discussed earlier, we recommend that you tightly restrict membership in the first three groups, and that you do not add Administrators to the Account Operators group. Instead, you should delegate the permission to create computer objects (called Create Computer Objects) to appropriate administrators or support personnel. This permission, which is assigned to the group to which you are delegating administration, allows group members to create computer objects in a specified OU. For example, you might allow your desktop support team to create computer objects in the clients OU, and allow your file server administrators to create computer objects in the file servers OU.

20410C: Installing and Configunng Windows Serreta 2012 3-23

To delegate permissions to create computer accounts, you can use the Delegate Control Wizard to choose a custom task to delegate. When you delegate permissions to manage computer accounts, you might consider granting additional permissions beyond those required to create computer accounts. For example, you might decide to allow a delegated administrator to manage the properties of existing computer accounts, to delete the computer account, or to move the computer account.

J Note: If you want to allow a delegated administrator to move computer accounts, consider that they require the appropriate permissions both in the source AD DS container (where the computer currently exists), and in the target container (where the computer will be moved to). Specifically, they must have Delete Computer permissions in the source container and Create Computer permissions in the target container.

Performing an Offline Domain Join

Typically when you want to join a computer to a domain the computer needs to be able to communicate with an online domain controller. Beginning with Windows Server 2008 R2, Microsoft introduced offline domain join which makes it possible for you to join a computer which is running Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows Server 2008 R2, or Windows Server 2012 to a domain without directly communicating with an online domain controller. You can use the command-line tool, Djoin.exe, to join a computer to the domain without contacting an online domain controller; this includes generating a domain join file and then importing it on the client computer. Starting with Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 offline domain join can also configure DirectAccess for offsite computers. The DirectAccess policies need to be created before the offline domain join process can include Direct Access settings. Offline domain join requires the following steps: 1. Djoin.exe is run to provision a computer account in the domain and create the domain join file. The command is: Offline Domain join can is used to join computers to a Domain when they cannot contact a domain controller. Create a domain join file using: uestaW/tOadFil' theeffl4nw.hi .Impott the domain join file using: djoin.exe,/request0D3 /LoadFile>,-filePath.'"
, "10i1 110:Wi /Windowleath,Path O"

" thloff)7)91 image,:,

cijo7n.exe /Prov7s7on /Domain <DomainName> /Machine <MachineName> /SaveFile <filepath>

If the computer account is not pre-staged it will be created in the Computers container. If the computer is pre-staged then Djoin.exe will also require the /reuse option. 2. Djoin.exe is run on the provisioned computer to import the information in the domain join file. The command is: d di j oin.exe re t /requestOW f /LoadFf le <filepath> /WindowsPath <path to the Windows c ory o the offline image> Optionally you can perform the import on an online operating system using the /IocaIOS option. If using the /IocaIOS option the /WindowsPath option should be set to %systemroot% or %windir%. 3. Start or Reboot the computer.

3-24 ManagingActiveDirectoryDomainServicesObjects

When performing a DirectAccess offline domain join, the computer account should be added to the DirectAccessClients group before initially running Djoin.exe and creating the domain join file. Additional Djoin.exe options are available if DirectAccess has been configured to use public key infrastructure (PKI).

Note: To apply the domain join file to a Windows image (.wim) file or virtual hard disk (.vhd or .vhdx) file, first use the Deployment Image Servicing and Management (DISM.exe) command-line tool to mount the image to a file system, and then use the djoin command to apply the domain join file. After the Djoin.exe process is complete, you can then use DISM.exe to unmount the image file and prepare the .wim file for deployment

ComputerAccounts and Secure Channels

Every member computer in an AD DS domain maintains a computer account with a user name (SamAccountName) and password, just like a user account does. The computer stores its password in the form of a local security authority (LSA) secret, and changes its password with the domain approximately every 30 days. The NetLogon service uses the credentials to log on to the domain, which establishes the secure channel with a domain controller. Computer accounts and the secure relationships between computers and their domain are robust. Nevertheless, certain scenarios might arise in which a computer is no longer a ble to authenticate with the domain. When this happens, users are unable to sign in and the computer cannot access resources, such as Group Policy. Examples of scenarios where this can happen include: After reinstalling the operating system on a workstation, the workstation is unable to authenticate, even though the technician used the same computer name as was used in the previous installation. Because the new installation generated a new SID, and because the new computer does not know the original computer account password in the domain, it does not belong to the domain and cannot authenticate to the domain. A computer has not been used for an extended period, perhaps because the user is on vacation or working away from the office. Computers change their passwords every 30 days, and AD DS remembers the current and previous password. If the computer is unused within this period, authentication can fail. A computer's LSA secret gets out of synchronization with the password that the domain knows. You can think of this as the computer forgetting its password. Although it did not forget its password, it just disagrees with the domain over what the password really is. When this happens, the computer cannot authenticate, and the secure channel cannot be created.
Computers have accounts sAMAccountName and password Used to create a secure channel between the computer and a domain controller scenarios where a secure channel can be broken Reinstalling a computer, even with same name, generales a new SIL) and password Restoring a computer from an old backup, or rolling back a computer to an ()Id snapshot Computer and domain disagree about what the password la

The following topic discurses the steps to take when one of these scenarios happens.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server, 2012 3-25

Resetting the Secure Channel

Occasionally, the security reiationship between a computer account and its domain can be broken; this results in a number of symptoms and errors. The most common Signs of computer account problems are: Messages at sign-in indicate that a domain controller cannot be contacted, that the computer account might be missing, that the password on the computer account is incorrect, or that the trust relationship (another way of saying the secure relationship) between the computer and the domain has been lost. Error messages or events in the event log indicate similar problems or suggest that passwords, trusts, secure channels, or relationships with the dornajo or a domain controller have failed. One such error is "NETLOGON Event ID 3210: Failed To Authenticate," which appears in the computer's event log. A computer account is missing in AD DS. Do not delete a computer from the domain and rejoin
This process creates a new account,e "ng in new 510 and lost group memberships

Options for resetting the secure channel

- Active Directory Users and Computers 05Mod.exe NetDom.exe NLTestexe Windows PowerShell

When the secure channel fails, you must reset it. Many administrators do this by removing the computer from the dornajo, putting it in a workgroup, and then rejoining the domain. When you remove the computer from the domain, the computer account in AD DS is disabled. When you rejoin the computer to the dornajo, the same computer account is reused and activated. Do not rename the computer when you join it to the dornajo. You can also reset the secure channel between a domain member and the domain by using the following: Active Directory Users and Computers Active Directory Adnninistrative Center the Dsmod.exe command line tool the NetDom.exe command line tool the Nltest.exe command line tool

If you reset the account, the computer's SID remains the same, and it maintains its group memberships. To reset the secure channel by using Active Directory Users and Computers: 1. 2. 3. Right-click a computer, and then click Reset Account. Click Yes to confirm your choice. Rejoin the computer to the dornajo, and then restart the computer.

To reset the secure channel by using Active Directory Administrative Center: 1. 2. 3. Right-click a computer, and then click Reset Account. Click Yes to confirm your choice. Rejoin the computer to the domain, and then restart the computer.

To reset the secure channel by using Dsmod: 1. Ata command prompt, type the following command:
dsmod computer "ComputerDN"

- reset

2.

Rejoin the computer to the dornajo, and then restart the computer.

3-26 ManagingActiveDirectoryDomainServicesObjects

To reset the secure channel by using NetDom.exe, type the following command at a command prompt, where the credentials belong to the local Administrators group of the computer:

This command resets the secure channel by attempting to reset the password on both the computer and the domain, so it does not require rejoining or rebooting. To reset the secure channel by using NLTest.exe, on the computer that has lost its trust, type the following command at a command prompt: nitest /server:servername /sc reset:domain\domaincontro77er You also can use Active Directory module for Windows PowerShell to reset a computer account. The following example demonstrates how to reset the secure channel between the local computer and the domain to which it is joined. You must run this command on the local computer:

1 1 1 1 1

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Note: You also can reset a remote computer's password with Windows PowerShell: invoke-command

-computername

Workstationl -scriptblock -freset-corTputermaehinepasswo <rdj,

Bring Your Own Device

With the proliferation of bring your own device programs in corporate environments security considerations must include consumer devices. Typically security for BYOD programs relies on user based security. Windows Server 2012 R2 introduces en hancements to Active Directory Federation Services that you can use to apply security to consumer devices. The four enhancements include: Workplace Join7With workplace join you can create AD DS objects for consumer devices. The devices do not join the domain; instead, the devices are issued certificates to represent the AD DS objects. Once the AD DS objects are created they can be used to ma nage security like any other AD DS objects. Multi-factor Access Control. With multi-factor access control you can configure claims-based authorization rules. Multi-Factor Authentication. With multi factor authentication you can require users to use more than one form of authentication, for example, forms based authentication and a smartcard based certificate. Web Application Proxy. Web Application Proxy is a reverse proxy for allowing internal apps to be securely accessed from the web. AD FS has been enhanced to support bring your own device programs Workplace Join Creates an AD DS object for consumer devices Multi-Factor Access Control - Increases security by using claims-based authorization rules Multi-Factor Authentication - Increases security by requiring more than one form of authentication -Web Application Proxy Allows apps to be securely Publish to the Internet

1 1 1 1

1 1 1

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server, 2012 3-27

Lesson 4

Delegating Administration
Although a single person can manage a small network with a few user and computer accounts, as the network grows, the volume of work that relates to network management grows too. At some point, teams with particular specializations evolve, each with responsibility for some specific aspect of network management. In AD DS environments, it is common practice to create OUs for different departments and geographical regions, and to delegate control of those OUs to different people. It is important that you know why and how to create OUs, and how to delegate administrative tasks to users on objects within those OUs.

Lesson O bjectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe the use of OUs. Describe AD DS permissions. Determine a user's effective AD DS permissions on an AD DS object. Delegate administrative control of an AD DS object to a specified user or group of users.

1 1
1

ConsiderationsforUsing Organizational Units

By default the AD DS only contains a single OU, the Domain Controllers OU. While it is possible to manage a small organization without creating additional OUs, even small organizations typically create an OU hierarchy. An OU hierarchy allows you to subdivide the administration of your domain for management purposes. The best practice for creating an OU hierarchy is to create OUs to organize objects for: Delegation of control Application of GPOs

OUs allow you to subdivide the Domani for management purposes OUs are used for: Delegation of control Application of GPOs The OU structure can be: Fiat one to two levels deep Deep, more than 5 leyels deep Warrow, anything in between

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- Both delegation of control and application of GPOs When you design an OU hierarchy there are many different strategies that you can follow. You can create a fat, wide structure that has OUs that are only one or two levels deep; you can create a deep, narrow structure nesting five or more levels of OUs; or you can create anything in between. The key factor in designing your OU hierarchy is that it should help your manage your organization. How you design your OU hierarchy could be based on any of the following: Geographic location. There could be local IT staff for delegating management, local regulations that require specific policies, or a myriad of other factors. Departmental characteristics. Typically different departments are managed differently and have unique requirements. Resource type. Some organizations create separate OUs for different resources. File servers are typically managed differently than SQL servers and require different polices applied to them.

1 1

3-28 ManagingActiveDirectoryDomainServicesObjects

Management structu re. Some organizations want their OU hierarchy to mirror their management structure.

Any combination of the aboye. There is no one right way to design your OU hierarchy.

For example, you might have a diverse organization with offices in many geographic locations, and there are sufficient IT staff at most locations. You could create top level OUs based on these geographic locations and delegate control of these OUs to the local IT staff. Each of these could have child OUs based on the departments in those locations with GPOs applied to those OUs to enforce departmental settings. Another design for the same organization could have the top level OUs representing the departmental structure with child OUs representing locations.

AD DS Permissions
All AD DS objects, such as users, computers, and groups, can be secured by using a list of permissions. The permissions on an object are called access control entries (ACEs), and they are assigned to users, groups, or computers, which are also known as security principals. ACEs are saved in the object's discretionary access control list (DACL), which is part of the object's ACL. The ACL contains the system access control list (SACL) that includes auditing settings. Each object in AD DS has its own ACL. If you have sufficient permissions, you can modify the permissions to control the level of access on a specific AD DS object. If you have sufficient permissions, you can also delegate administrative controlthat is, just as you can give a group the ability to change files in a folder, you can give a group the ability to reset passwords on user objects, for example. You can also use the DACL of an object to assign permissions to an object's specific properties. For example, you can allow (or deny) permission to Read phone and email options or Write phone and email options. While you can do this with a single checkbox, this is actually a property set that includes multiple, specific properties. Using property sets, you can easily manage permissions to commonly used collections of properties. However, you can also assign more granular permissions and allow or deny permission to change just some of the information, such as the mobile telephone number or the street address. Assigning the help desk permission to reset passwords for each individual user object is tedious. Even so, in AD DS, it is not a good practice to assign permissions to individual objects. Instead, you should assign permissions at the level of OUs. The permissions that you assign to an OU are inherited by all objects in the OU. Therefore, if you give the help desk permission to reset passwords for user objects and attach that permission to the OU that contains the users, all user objects within that OU will inherit that permission. In just one step, you have delegated that administrative task. Child objects inherit the permissions of the parent container or OU. That container or OU in turn inherits its permissions from its parent container or OU. If it is a first-level container or OU, it inherits the permissions from the domain itself. The reason child objects inherit permissions from their parents is that, by default, each new object is created with the Include inheritable permissions from this object's parent option enabled.
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20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server, 2012 3-29

Effective AD DS Permissions
Effective permissions are the resulting permissions for a security principal (such as a user or group), based on the cumulative effect of each inherited and explicit ACE. Your ability to reset a user's password, for example, might be due to your membership in a group that is allowed the Reset Password permission on an OU several levels aboye the user object. The inherited permission assigned to a group to which you belong results in an effective permission of Allow: Reset Password. Your effective permissions can be complicated when you consider Allow and Deny permissions, explicit and inherited ACEs, and the fact that you might belong to multiple groups, each of which might be assigned different permissions.
Permissions assigned to users and groups accumulate Best practica is to assign permissions to groups, not to individual users In the event of conflicto; Deny permissions override Allow permissions Explica permissions override Inherted permissions Explica Allow overrides Inherited Deny To evaluate effective permissions, you can use: The Effective Access tab Manual analyss

Permissions, whether assigned to your user account or to a group to which you belong, are equivalent. This means that ultimately an ACE applies to you, the user. The best practice is to manage permissions by assigning them to groups, but it is also possible to assign ACEs to individual users or computers. A permission that has been assigned directly to you, the user, is neither more important nor lens important than a permission assigned to a group to which you belong. The Allow permissions, which allow access, are cumulative. When you belong to several groups, and when those groups have been granted permissions that allow a variety of tasks, you will be able to perform all of the tasks assigned to all of those groups, and tasks assigned directly to your user account. Deny permissions, which deny access, override equivalent Allow permissions.If you are in one group that has been allowed the permission to reset passwords, and you are also another group that has been denied permission to reset passwords, the Deny permission prevents you from resetting passwords.

Le...3 Note: Use

Deny permissions rarely. In fact, it is unnecessary to assign Deny permissions, because if you do not assign an Allow permission, users cannot perform the task. Before assigning a Deny permission, check to see if you could achieve your goal instead by removing an Allow permission. For example, if you want to delegate an Allow permission to a group, but exempt only one member from that group, you can use a Deny permission on that specific user account while the group still has an Allow permission. Every permission is granular. Even if you have been denied the ability to reset passwords, you might still have the ability through other Allow permissions to change the user's logon name or email address. Because child objects inherit the inheritable permissions of parent objects by default, and because explicit permissions can override inheritable permissions, an explicit Allow permission will actually override an inherited Deny permission.

Unfortunately, the complex interaction of user, group, explicit, inherited, Allow, and Deny permissions can make evaluating effective permissions tedious. You can use the permissions reported by the dsacls command, or listed on the Effective Access tab of the Advanced Security Settings dialog box to begin evaluating effective permissions, but it is still a manual task.

3-30 ManagingActiveDirectoryDomainSetvicesObjects

Demonstration:DelegatingAdministrativePermissions
This demonstration shows you how to: Create an OU.

- Move Objects into an OU. Delegate a standard task. Delegate a custom task. View AD DS permissions resulting from these delegations.

Demonstration Steps Create an OU

1. 2. Open Active Directory Users and Computers. Create an OU named Executives in the Adatum.com root.

Note: Discuss the Protect Container From Accidental Deletion setting.

Move users into the Executives OU

Move all the users from Carol Troup to Euan Garden into the Executives OU.

Delegate a standard task

Use the Delegate Control Wizard to grant the IT group permissions to perform the following standard management tasks on the Executives OU: o o o Create, delete, and manage user accounts Reset user passwords and force password change at next logon Read all user information

Delegate a custom task

Use the Delegate Control Wizard to grant the following permissions on the Executives OU to the IT group: o o o Full Control on computer objects Create computer objects Delete computer objects

View AD DS permissions resulting from these delegations

1. 2. 3. 4. Enable the Advanced Features view in Active Directory Users and Computers. View the Properties of the Executives OU. Use the Security tab to verify the assigned permissions. Close all open windows.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server 2012 3-31

Lab: Managing Active Directory Domain Services Objects

Scenario
You have been working for A. Datum as a desktop support specialist and have visited desktop computers to troubleshoot app and network problems. You have recently accepted a promotion to the server support team. One of your first assignments is configuring the infrastructure service for a new branch office. To begin deployment of the new branch office, you are preparing AD DS objects. As part of this preparation, you need to create an OU for the branch office and delegate permission to manage it. Then you need to create users and groups for the new branch office. Finally, you need to reset the secure channel for a computer account that has lost connectivity to the domain in the branch office.

Objectives
After completing this lab, you will be able to: Delegate administration for a branch office. Create and configure user accounts in AD DS. Manage computer objects in AD DS.

Lab Setup
Estimated time: 60 minutes

Virtual machines

20410C-LON-DC1 20410C-LON-CL1

User name

Adatum\Administrator

For this lab, you will use the available virtual machine environment. Before you begin the lab, you must complete the following steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. On the host computer, click Start, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Hyper-V Manager. In Hyper-V Manager, click 20410C-LON -DC1, and in the Actions pane, click Start. In the Actions pane, click Connect. Wait until the virtual machine starts. Sign in using the following credentials: o o o User name: Administrator Password: Pa$$wOrd Domain: Adatum

5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 for 20410C-LON-CL1.

3-32 ManagingActiveDirectoryDomainServicesObjects

Exercise 1: Delegating Administration for a Branch Office

Scenario
A. Datum delegates management of each branch office to a specific group. This allows an employee who works onsite to be configured as an administrator when required. Each branch office has a branch administrators group that is able to perform full administration within the branch office OU. There is also a branch office help desk group that is able to manage users in the branch office OU, but not other objects. You need to create these groups for the new branch office and delegate permissions to the groups. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. Delegate administration for Branch Administrators. Delegate a user administrator for the Branch Office Help Desk. Add a member to the Branch Administrators. Add a member to the Branch Help Desk group.

Task 1: Delegate administration for Branch Administrators

1. On LON-DC1, open Active Directory Users and Computers, and create in the Adatum.com domain a new OU named Branch Office 1. Create the following global security groups in the Branch Office 1 OU: o o o 3. 4. Branch 1 Help Desk Branch 1 Administrators Branch 1 Users

2.

Move Holly Dickson from the IT OU to the Branch Office 1 OU. Move the following users to the Branch Office 1 OU: o o o o o Development\Bart Duncan Managers \Ed Meadows Marketing \Connie Vrettos Research\Barbara Zighetti Sales \Ariene Huff

5. 6. 7.

Move the LON-CL1 computer to the Branch Office 1 OU, and then restart the LON-CL1 computer. Sign in to LON-CL1 as Adatum \Ad ministrator with the password Pa$$wOrd. On LON-DC1, in Active Directory Users and Computers, use the Delegate Control Wizard to delegate administration of the Branch Office 1 OU to the Branch 1 Administrators security group by delegating the following common and custom tasks: a. Delegate the following common tasks: n K Create, delete, and manage user accounts Reset user passwords and force password change at next logon Read all user information Create, delete and manage groups Modify the membership of a group Manage Group Policy links

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Senrerl 2012 3-33

b. Delegate the following custom tasks:

Li L1

Create and delete computer objects in the current OU

Full control of computer objects in the current OU

Task 2: Delegate a user administrator for the Branch Office Help Desk
1. On LON-DC1, in Active Directory Users and Computers, use the Delegate Control Wizard to delegate administration of the Branch Office 1 OU to the Branch 1 Help Desk security group. 2. Delegate the following common tasks: o o o Li 1. 2. 3. 4. Reset user passwords and force password change at next logon Read all user information Modify the membership of a group

Task 3: Add a nnemberto the Branch Administrators

On LON-DC1, add Holly Dickson to the Branch 1 Administrators global group. Add the Branch 1 Administrators global group to the Server Operators domain local group. Sign out from LON-DC1. Sign in as Adatum \Holly with the password Pa$$wOrd. You can sign in locally ata domain controller because Holly belongs indirectly to the Server Operators domain local group.

5.

In Server Manager, open Active Directory Users and Computers. Confirm Holly's current credentials in the User Account Control dialog box.

6.

Attempt to delete Sales NAaren Ekelund. You are unsuccessful, because Holly lacks the required permissions.

7.

Try to delete Branch Office 1\Ed Meadows. You are successful, because Holly has the required permissions.

[7 Task 4: Add a member to the Branch Help Desk group

1. 2. 3. 4. On LON-DC1, add Bart Duncan to the Branch 1 Help Desk global group. Close Active Directory Users and Computers, and then close Server Manager. Open Server Manager, and then open Active Directory Users and Computers. In the User Account Control dialog box, specify Adatum\Administrator and Pa$$wOrd as the required credentials.

Note: To modify the Server Operators membership list, you must have permissions beyond those available to the Branch 1 Administrators group.

5. 6. 7.

Add the Branch 1 Help Desk global group to the Server Operators domain local group. Sign out from LON-DC1. Sign in as Adatum\Bart with the password Pa$$wOrd. You can sign in locally at a domain controller because Bart belongs, indirectly, to the Server Operators domain local group.

3-34 ManagingActiveDirectoryDomainServicesObjects

8.

Open Server Manager, and then open Active Directory Users and Computers. Confirm your current credentials in the User Account Control dialog box. Try to delete Branch Office 1\Connie Vrettos. You are unsuccessful, because Bart lacks the required permissions.

9.

10. Reset Connie's password to Pa$$wOrd. 11. After confirming the password reset is successful, sign out from LON-DC1. 12. Sign in to LON-DC1 as Adatum\Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd.

Exercise 2: Creating and Configuring UserAccounts in AD DS

Scenario
You have been a given a list of new users for the branch office, and you need to begin creating user accounts for them. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. Create a user template for the branch office. Configure the template settings. Create a new user for the branch office, based on the template. Sign in as a user to test account settings.

K Task 1: Create a user template for the branch office

1. 2. On LON-DC1, create a folder called C:\branchl-userdata, and then share it. Modify the shared folder permissions so that the Everyone group has Full Control AIIow permissions. In Server Manager, open Active Directory Users and Computers, and then create a new user with the following properties in the Branch Office 1 OU: o o o o Full name:_Branch_template User logon name:_Branch_template Password: Pa$$wOrd Account is disabled

3.

Task 2: Configure the template settings

On LON-DC1, modify the following properties of the _Branch template account: o o o City: Slough Group: Branch 1 Users Home folder:Won-dcnbranchl-userdata \%username%

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servere 2012 3-35

Task 3: Create a new user for the branch office, based on the template
1. On LON-DC1, copy the _Branch_template user account, and configure the following properties: o o o o o First name: Ed Last name: Meadows Password:Pa$$wOrd User must change password at next logon is cleared Account is disabled is cleared

2. Verify that the following properties have been copied during account creation: o o o City: Slough Home folder path: Won-dcl\branchl-userdata \Ed Group: Branch 1 Users

3. Sign out from LON-DC1.

Task 4: Sign in as a user to test account settings

1. 2. Switch to LON-CL1 and sign off. Sign in to LON-CL1 as Adatum\Ed with the password Pa$$wOrd. You are able to sign in successfully. 3. 4. Verify that you have a drive mapping for drive Z to Ed's home folder on LON-DC1. Sign out of LON-CL1.

Results: After completing this exercise, you will have successfutry created and tested a user account created from a template.

Exercise 3: Managing Computer Objects in AD DS

Scenario
A workstation has lost its connectivity to the domain and cannot authenticate users properly. When users attempt to access resources from this workstation, access is denied. You need to reset the computer account to recreate the trust relationship between the client and the domain. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. Reset a computer account. Observe the behavior when a client logs on. Rejoin the domain to reconnect the computer account.

Task 1: Reset a computer account

1. On LON-DC1, sign in as Adatum \Holly with the password Pa$$wOrd.

2. Open Active Directory Users and Computers. 3. 4. 5. Confirm your credentials in the User Account Control dialog box. Navigate to Branch Office 1. Reset the LON-CL1 computer account.

3-36 ManagingActiveDirectoryDomainServicesObjects

K Task 2: Observe the behavior when a Client logs on

1. Switch to LON-CL1 and attempt to sign in as Adatum\Ed with the password Pa$$wOrd. A message appears stating that The trust relationship between this workstation and the primary
domain failed.

2.

Click OK to acknowledge the message.

K Task3:Rejointhedornaintoreconnectthecomputeraccount
1. 2. 3. 4. Sign in to LON-CL1 as Adatum\Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd. Open Control Panel, switch to Large icons view, and then open System. View the Advanced system settings, and then click the Computer Name tab. In the System Properties dialog box, use the Network ID button to rejoin the computer to the domain. Complete the wizard using the following settings: o o o o 6. 7. User name: Administrator Password:Pa$$wOrd Domain:Adatum Do you want to enable a domain user account on this computer: No

1 1 1 1 1

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5.

When prompted, restart the computer. Sign in as Adatum\Ed with the password of Pa$$wOrd. You are successful because the computer had been successfully rejoined.

kcompletinTt.,.11exertilt
K Prepare for the next module
When you have completed the lab, revert the virtual machines back to their initial state. To do this, complete the following steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. On the host computer, start Hyper-V Manager. In the Virtual Machines list, right-click 20410C-LON-CL1, and then click Revert. In the Revert Virtual Machine dialog box, click Revert. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for 20410C-LON-DC1.

Lab Review Questions

Question: What are the options for modifying the attributes of new and existing users? Question: What types of objects can be members of global groups? Question: What types of objects can be members of domain local groups? Question: What are the two credentials that are necessary for any computer to join a

domain?

20410C: Installing and ConfiguringlMndows Seivei 2012 3-37

Module Review and Takeaways

Module Review Questions
Question: A company with branches in multiple cities has members of a sales team that travel frequently between domains. Each of these domains has their own printers that are managed by using domain local groups. How can you provide these members with access to the various domains printers? Question: You are responsible for managing accounts and access to resources for your group members. A user in your group transfers to another department within the company. What should you do with the user's account? Question: What is the main difference between the Computers container and an OU? Question: When should you reset a computer account? Why is it better to reset the computer account rather than to disjoin and then rejoin it to the domain? Question: A project manager in your department is starting a group project that will continue for the next year. Severa! users from your department and other departments will be dedicated to the project during this time. The project team must have access to the same shared resources. The project manager must be able to manage the user accounts and group accounts in AD DS; however, you do not want to give the project manager permission to manage anything else in AD DS. What is the best way to do this? Question: You are working as an IT technician in Contoso, Ltd. You are managing the Windows Serverbased infrastructure. You have to find a method for joining new Windows 8.1-based computers to a domain during the installation process, without intervention of a user or an administrator. What is the best way to do this?

Best Practices
Best Practices for User Account Management Do not let users share user accounts. Always create a user account for each individual, even if that person will not be with your organization for long. Educate users about the importance of password security. Ensure that you choose a naming strategy for user accounts that enables you to identify the user to whom the account relates. Also ensure that your naming strategy uses unique names within your domain.

Best Practices for Group Management When managing access to resources, try to use both domain local group and role groups. Use universal groups only when necessary because they add weight to replication traffic. Use Windows PowerShell with Active Directory Module for batch jobs on groups. Avoid adding users to built-in and default groups.

Best Practices Related to Computer Account Management Always provision a computer account before joining computers to a domain, and then place them in appropriate OU. Redirect the default Computers container to another location. Reset the computer account, instead of disjoining and rejoining. Integrate the offline domain join functionality with unattended installations.

3-38 ManagingActiveDirectoryDomainSencesObjects

Tools
Tool Active Directory Users and Computers Active Directory module for Windows Power Shell Active Directory module for Windows PowerShell Djoin.exe Redircmp.exe Use Manage groups Where to find it AdministrativeTools

1 1
Manage groups Installed as Windows Feature

Computer account management Offline domain join Change default computer container View and modify AD DS permissions

AdministrativeTools --I Command line Command line

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Dsacls

Command line

1
4-1

Module 4
Implementing Local Storage
Contents:
Module Overview Lesson 1: Overview of Storage 4-1 4-2 4-12 4-23 4-29 4-34

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Lesson 2: Managing Disks and Volumes Lesson 3: Implementing Storage Spaces Lab: Implementing Local Storage Module Review and Takeaways

Module Overview
Storage is one of the key components that you must consider when planning and deploying a Windows Server 2012 operating system. Most organizations require a great deal of storage because users work regularly with apps that create new files that require storage in a central location. When users keep their files for longer periods of time, storage demands increase. Every time a user logs on to a server, an audit trail is created in an event log; this also uses storage. Even as files are created, copied, and moved, storage is req u ired. This module introduces you to different storage technologies. It discusses how to implement the storage solutions in Windows Server 2012, and how to use Storage Spaces, a new feature that you can use to combine disks into pools that are then managed automatically.

O bjectives
After completing this module you will be able to: Describe various storage technologies. Explain how to manage disks and volumes. Explain how to implement Storage Spaces.

4-2 ImplementingLocalStorage

Lesson 1

Overview of Storage
When you plan a server deployment, one of the key components that you require is storage. There are various types of storage that you can utilize, such as locally-attached storage, storage that is remotely accessed via Ethernet, or storage connected with optical fiber. You should be aware of each solution's benefits and limitations. As you prepare to deploy storage for your environment, you need to make some important decisions. This lesson addresses questions to consider, such as: Does the storage need to be fast? Does the storage need to be highly available?

~~ How much storage does your deployment actually require? How much resilience do you need to add to the initial storage requirement to ensure that your investment remains secure in the future?

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be a ble to: Describe disk types and performance. Describe direct-attached storage. Describe network-attached storage. Describe a storage area network (SAN). Describe Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID). Describe RAID levels. Describe the new file and storage service features in Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2.

DiskTypes and Performance

There are various types of disks available that you can use to provide storage to server and client systems. The speed of disks is measured in Input Outputs per second (IOPS).The most common types of disks are: Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE). EIDE is based on standards that were created in 1986. The Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) interface supports both the Advanced Technology Attachment 2 (ATA-2) and Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI) standards. Enhanced refers to the ATA-2 (Fast ATA) standard. Due to the addressing standards of this technology, there is a 128 gigabyte (GB) limitation on storage using EIDE. Also, the speed of an EIDE drive is limited to a maximum of 133 megabytes (MB) per second. EIDE drives are almost never used on servers today.

20410C: Installing and Configunng Windows Servers 2012 4 -3

Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA). Introduced in 2003, SATA is a computer bus interface, or channel, for connecting the motherboard or device adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives. SATA was designed to replace EIDE. It is a ble to use the same low-level commands as EIDE, but SATA holt adapters and devices communicate via a high-speed serial cable over two pais of conductors. It can operate at speeds of 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 GB per second, depending on the SATA revision (1, 2 or 3 respectively). SATA disks are generally low-cost disks that provide mass storage. Because SATA drives are less expensive than other drive options, but also provide less performance, organizations might choose to deploy SATA drives when they require large amounts of storage but not high performance. SATA disks are also less reliable compared to serial attached SCSI (SAS) disks. A variation on the SATA interface is eSATA, which is designed to enable high-speed access to externally-attached SATA drives.

Small computer system interface (SCSI). SCSI is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices. SCSI was originally introduced in 1978 arid became a standard in 1986. Similar to EIDE, SCSI was designed to run over parallel cables; however, recently the usage has been expanded to run over other mediums. The 1986 parallel specification of SCSI had initial speed transfers of 5 MB per second. The more recent 2003 implementation, Ultra 640 SCSI, also known as Ultra 5, can transfer data at speeds of 640 MB per second. SCSI disks provide higher performance than SATA disks, but are also more expensive.

SAS. SAS is a further implementation of the SCSI standard. SAS depends on a point-to-point serial protocol that replaces the parallel SCSI bus technology, and uses the standard SCSI command set. SAS offers backward-compatibility with second generation SATA drives. SAS drives are reliable and made for 24 hours a day, seven days a week (24/7) operation in data centers. With up to 15,000 rotations per minute (RPM), these disks are also the fastest traditional hard disks. Solid State Drives (SSDs). SSDs are data storage devices that use solid-state memory to store data rather than using the spinning disks and movable read/write heads that are used in other disks. SSDs use microchips to store the data and do not contain any moving parts. SSDs provide fast disk access, use less power, and are less susceptible to failure from being dropped than traditional hard disks (such as SAS drives), but are also much more expensive per GB of storage. SSDs typically use a SATA interface, so you can usually replace hard disk drives with SSDs without any modifications.

Note: Fibre Channel, FireWire, or USB-attached disks are also available storage options. They define either the transport bus or the disk type. For example, USB-attached disks use mostly with SATA or SSD drives to store data.

What is Direct Attached Storage?

Almost all servers provide some built-in storage. This type of storage is referred to as direct attached storage (DAS). DAS can include disks that are physically located inside the server or connect directly with an external array, or disks that connect to the server with a USB cable or an alternative method. Because DAS storage is physically connected to the server, if the server suffers a power failure, the storage is unavailable. DAS comes in various disk types such as SATA, SAS or SSD, which affect the speed and the performance of the storage, and has both advantages and disadvantages.
A ntages:  Easy to configure Inexpensive solution Disadvantagew  Slower Isolated because the disks are attached to a single server

4-4 Implementing Local Storage

Advantages of Using DAS

A typical DAS system is made up of a data storage device that includes a number of hard disk drives that connect directly to a computer through a host bus adapter (H BA). Between the DAS and the computer, there are no network devices such as hubs, switches, or routers. Instead, the storage is connected directly to the server that utilizes it, making DAS the easiest storage system to deploy and maintain. DAS is also usually the least expensive storage available today, and is widely available in various speeds and sizes to accommodate various installations. In addition to being inexpensive, DAS is very easy to configure. In most instantes, you would simply plug in the device, ensure that the running Windows operating system recognizes it, and then use Disk Management to configure the disks.

Disadvantages of Using DAS

Storing data locally on DAS makes data centralization more difficult because the data is located on multiple servers. This can make it more complex to back up the data and, for users, more difficult to locate the data they want to find. Furthermore, if any one device that has DAS connected to it suffers a power outage, the storage on that computer becomes unavailable. DAS also has drawbacks in its access methodologies. Due to the way reads and writes are handled by the server operating system, DAS can be slower than other storage technologies. Another drawback is that DAS shares the processing power and server memory of the server to which it is connected. This means that, on very busy servers, disk access might become slow when the operating system is overloaded.

What Is NetworkAttached Storage?

Network attached storage (NAS) is storage that is connected to a dedicated storage device and then accessed over the network. NAS is different from DAS in that the storage is not directly attached to each individual server, but rather is accessible across the network to many servers. NAS has two distinct solutions: a low-end appliance (NAS only), and an enterprise-class NAS that integrates with SAN.
NAS is storage that ls attached to a dedicated storage device and accessed through network shares Advantages: Retatively inexpensive, NAS offers centralized storage atan afforciable price Easy to configure Disartvantagem Siower access times Notan enterprise solution

Each NAS device has a dedicated operating system that solely controls the access to the data on the device, which reduces the overhead associated with sharing the storage device with other server services. An example-of NAS software is Windows Storage Server, a feature of Windows Server 2012. NAS devices typically provide file-level access to the storage. This means that the data on the storage is accessible only as files, and you must use protocols like Common Internet Files System (CIFS), Server Message Block (SMB), or Network File System (NFS) to access the files. To enable NAS storage, you need a storage device. Frequently, these devices do not have any server interfaces such as keyboards, mice, and monitors. To configure the device, you need to provide a network configuration and then access the device across the network. You can then create network shares on the device by using the name of the NAS and the share created. These shares are then accessible to users on the network.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows ServeP 2012 4 -5

Advantages of Using NAS

NAS is an ideal choice for organizations that are looking for a simple and cost-effective way to achieve fast data access for multiple clients at the file levet. Users of NAS benefit from performance and productivity gains because the processing power of the NAS device is dedicated solely to the distribution of the files. NAS also fits nicely into the market as a mid-priced solution. It is not expensive, but it suits more needs than DAS in the following ways: NAS storage is usually much larger than DAS. NAS offers a single location for all critica) files, rather than dispersing them on various servers or devices with DAS. NAS offers centralized storage at an affordable price. NAS units are accessible from any operating system. They often have multi-protocol support and can serve up data via CIFS and NFS simultaneously. For example, Windows and Linux hosts can simultaneously access a NAS unit. NAS can also be considered a Plug and Play solution that is easy to install, deploy, and manage, with or without IT staff onsite.

Disadvantages of Using NAS

NAS is slower than SAN technologies. NAS is frequently accessed via Ethernet protocols. Because of this, it relies heavily on the network supporting the NAS solution. For this reason, NAS is commonly used as a file sharing/storage solution and cannot (and should not) be used with data-intensive applications such as Microsoft Exchange Server and Microsoft SQL Server. NAS is affordable for small to mid-size businesses, but provides less performance and may be less reliable than a SAN. For this reason, most large enterprises use SANs rather than NAS.

Additional Reading: For more information about Windows Storage Server 2012 R2, see Windows Server 2012 R2 at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=199647.

What Is a SAN?
The third type of storage is a storage area network (SAN). A SAN is a high-speed network that connects computer systems or host servers to high-performance storage subsystems. A SAN usually includes various components such as host bus-adapters (HBAs), special switches to help route traffic, and storage disk arrays with logical unit numbers (LUNs) for storage. A SAN enables multiple servers to access a pool of storage in which any server can potentially access any storage unit. Because a SAN uses a network, you can use a SAN to connect many different devices and hosts and provide access to any connected device from anywhere. SANs provide block leve) access. This means that, rather than accessing the content on the disks as files by using a file access protocol, SANs write blocks of data directly to the disks using protocols such as Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCOE) or Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI).
SANs offers higher avaliability with the most ffexibility Advantages: Fastest access times Easity expandable - centralizad storage Fligh levet of redundancy Disadvantages: More expensive Requires specialized skills SANs can be implemented using Fibra ChannelSCSI

4-6 Implementing Local Storage

Today, most SAN solutions offer SAN and NAS together. The backend head units, disks, and technologies are identical; the access method is the only thing that changes. Enterprises often provision block storage from the SAN to the servers using FCOE or iSCSI, whereas NAS services are made available via CIFS and N FS.

Advantages of Using SAN

SAN technologies read and write at block levels, making data access much faster. For example, with most DAS and NAS solutions, if you write a file of 8 GB, the entire file has to be read/written and its checksum calculated. With a SAN, the file is written to the disk based on the block size for which the SAN is set up. This speed is accomplished by using fiber channel and block leve! writing, instead of having to read/write an entire file by using a checksum. SANs also provide: Centralization of storage into a single pool, which enables storage resources and server resources to grow independently. They also enable storage to be dynamically assigned from the pool when it is required. Storage on a given server can be increased or decreased as needed without complex reconfiguring or re-cabling of devices. Common infrastructure for attaching storage, which enables a single common management model for configuration and deployment. Storage devices that are inherently shared by multiple systems. Data transfer directly from device to device without server intervention. A high level of redundancy. Most SANs are deployed with multiple network devices and paths through the network. As well, the storage device contains redundant components such as power supplies and hard disks.

Disadvantages of Using SAN

The main drawback to SAN technology is that due to the complexities in the configuration, SAN often requires management tools and expert skills. It is also considerably more expensive than DAS or NASan entry leve! SAN can often cost as much as a fully-loaded server with a DAS or an NAS device, and that is without any SAN disks or configuration. To manage a SAN, you often use command-line tools. You must have a firm understanding of the underlying technology, including the LUN setup, the Fibre Channel network, the block sizing, and other factors. In addition, each storage vendor often implements SANs using different tools and features. Because of this, organizations often have dedicated personnel whose only job is to manage the SAN deployment.

Note: You can implement SANs using a variety of technologies. The most common options are Fibre Channel and iSCSI.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Serveio 2012 4 -7

What Is RAID?
RAID is a technology that you can use to configure storage systems to provide high reliability and (potentially) high performance. RAID implementa storage systems by combining multiple disks into a single logical unit called a RAID array. Depending on the configuration, a RAID array can withstand the failure of one or more of the physical hard disks contained in the array, and/or provide higher performance than is available by using a single disk. RAID provides an important component redundancythat you can use when planning and deploying Windows Server 2012 servers. In most organizations, it is important that the servers are available all of the time. Most servers provide highly redundant components such as redundant power supplies and redundant network adapters. The goal of this redundancy is to ensure that the server remains available even when a single component on the server fails. By implementing RAID, you can provide the same level of redundancy for the storage system.

RAID:
Combines multiple disks into a single logical unit to provide fault tolerance and performance Provides fault tolerance by using: Disk mirroring Parity information Can provide performance benefits by spreading disk I/O across multiple disks Can be configured using several differe levels Should not replace server backups

How RAID Works

RAID enables fault tolerance by using additional disks to ensure that the disk subsystem can continue to function even if one or more disks in the subsystem fail. RAID uses two options for enabling fault tolerance: Disk mirroring. With disk mirroring, all of the information that is written to one disk is also written to another disk. If one of the disks fails, the other disk is still available. Parity information. Parity information is used in the event of a disk failure to calculate the information that was stored on a disk. If you use this option, the server or RAID controller calculates the parity information for each block of data that is written to the disks, and then stores this information on another disk or across multiple disks. If one of the disks in the RAID array fails, the server can use the data that is still available on the functional disks along with the parity information to recreate the data that was stored on the failed disk. RAID subsystems can also provide potentially better performance than single disks by distributing disk reads and writes across multiple disks. For example, when implementing disk striping, the server can read information from all hard disks in the stripe set. When combined with multiple disk controllers, this can provide significant improvements in disk performance. _

Note: Although RAID can provide a greater level of tolerance for disk failure, you Should not use RAID to replace traditional backups. If a server has a power surge or catastrophic failure and all of the disks fail, then you would still need to rely on standard backups. Hardware RAID vs. Software RAID
Implement hardware RAID by installing a RAID controller in the server and then configure it by using the RAID controller configuration tool. With this implementation, the RAID configuration is hidden from the operating system, but the RAID arrays are exposed to the operating system as single disks. The only configuration you need to perform in the operating system is to create volumes on the disks.

4-8 Implementing Local Storage

Software RAID is implemented by exposing all of the disks that are available on the server to the operating system, and then configuring RAID from within the operating system. Windows Server 2012 supports the use of software RAID, and you can use Disk Management to configure several different levels of RAID. When choosing to implement hardware or software RAID, consider the following: Hardware RAID requires disk controllers that are RAIDcapa ble. Most disk controllers shipped with new servers have this functionality. To configure hardware RAID, you need to access the disk controller management program. Normally, you can access this during the server boot process or by using a web Page that runs management software. Implementing disk mirroring for the disk containing the system and boot volume with software RAID can require additional configuration when a disk fails. Because the RAID configuration is managed by the operating system, you must configure one of the disks in the mirror as the boot disk. If that disk fails, you may need to modify the boot configuration for the server to start the server. This is notan issue with hardware RAID, because the disk controller accesses the available disk and exposes it to the operating system. In older servers, you may get better performance with software RAID when using parity, because the server processor can calculate parity more quickly than the disk controller can. This is no longer an issue with newer servers, where you may get better performance on the server because you can offload the parity calculations to the disk controller.

RAID Levels
When implementing RAID, you need to decide what level of RAID to implement. The following table lists the features for each different RAID level.

1
Level RAID O Descriplion Striped set without parity or mirroring Data is written sequentially to each disk RAID 1 : Mirrored set without parity or striping Data is written to both disks simultaneously RAID 2 Data is written in bits to each disk with parity written to separate disk or disks Data is written in bytes to each disk with parity written to separate disk or disks Data is written in blocks to each disk with parity written to a dedicated disk Striped set with distributed parity Data is written in blocks to each disk with parity spread across all disks RAID 6 Striped set with dual distributed parity Data is written in blocks to I each disk with 1 double parity written across all disks Good read performance, poor write performance Uses the equivalent of two disks for parity Extremely high performance Good performance Performance H ig h read and write performance

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server 2012 4 -9

Space utilization Al! space on the disks is available

I Redundancy

Comments

A single disk 1 Use only in failure results situationswhere in the loss of you require high performance i all data and can tolerate I data loss Can tolerate a single disk failure Frequently used for system and boot volumes with hardware RAID

Can only use the amount of space that is available on the smallest disk

1 1 1

Uses one or more disks for parity

Can tolerate a single disk failure

i Requires that all disks be synchronized Not currently used

RAID 3

Very high performance

Uses one disk for , Can tolerate parity ; a single disk failure

Requires that all . disks be ; synchronized Rarely used

RAID 4

Good read performance, poor write performance

Uses one disk for 1 Can tolerate parity ' a single disk r failure

Rarely used

F RAID 5

Good read performance, poor write performance

Uses the equivalent of one disk for parity

Can tolerate a single disk failure I

Commonly used for data storage where . performance is not critical, but maximizing disk usage is important

1 1

Can tolerate two disk failures

Commonly used for data storage where performance is not critical but maximizing disk usage and i availability are important

4-10 I mplementing Local Storage

(continued from previous page) Level RAID 0+1 I Description Striped sets in 1 a mirrored set A set of drives is striped, and then the strip set is mirrored Performance Very good read and write performance Space utifization Only half the disk space is available due to mirroring Redundancy Can tolerate the failure of two or more disks as long as all failed disks are in the same striped set Can tolerate the failure of two or more disks as long as both disks in a mirror do not fail Comments Not commonly used

RAID 1+0 (or 10)

Mirrored set in a stripe set Severa' drives are mirrored to a second set of drives, and then one drive from each mirror is striped Striped set with distributed parity in a stripe set Drives are striped with RAID 5, and then striped without parity

Very good read and write performance

Only half the disk space is available due to mirroring

Frequently used in scenarios where performance and redundancy are critical, and the cost of the required additional disks is acceptable This level is recommended for applications that require high fault tolerance, capacity, and random positioning performance Requires at least six drives

RAID 5+0 (or 50)

Good read performance, better write performance than RAID 5

The equivalent of at least two disks is used for parity

Provides better fa u lt tolerance than a single RAID levet

jt Note: The most common RAID levels are RAID 1 (also known as mirroring), RAID 5 (also known as striped set with distributed parity), and RAID 1+0 (also known as mirrored set in a stripe set). Question: Should all disks be configured with the same amount of fault tolerance?

20410C: Installing and Configuring Ilindows Servei 2012 4 -11

Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 Storage Features

Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 include some important enhancements to the File and Storage Services server role. The new featu res include: Storage Spaces. Storage Spaces is a storage virtualization feature that you can use to add multiple physical disks of any type and size to a storage pool, and then create highly available virtual disks from the storage pool. With Storage Spaces, you can implement and manage a storage infrastructure that provides a high level of performance and redundancy without implementing any special storage infrastructure. Data deduplication. Data deduplication optimizes volume storage by finding redundant data on a volume, and then ensu ring that the data is stored only once on the volume. It does this by storing the data in a single location, and then providing a reference to this single location in place of other redundant copies of the data. Data is segmented into 32 KB to 218 KB chunks, so data deduplication can optimize not only redundant files, but also portions of files that are redundant on the volume. SCSI Target Server. Windows Server 2012 includes the iSCSI Target Server role to provide block storage to other servers and applications. SCSI enables you to deploy a highly available SAN infrastructure using a standard network infrastructure. Windows Server 2012 R2 provides enhancements to the iSCSI Target Server role by su pporting the creation of larger virtual disks that use the .vhdx format, optimizing disk caching, and increasing the number of sessions per server. Management enhancements. Windows Server 2012 provides a single management console for the File and Storage Services server role. You can use this console to manage all the file and storage components on a local or a remote server. Windows Server 2012 also provides new Windows PowerShell commands you can use to manage disks and storage. Work Folders. Work Folders enable users to access work files on computers and devices that are not members of an AD DS domain. You can synchronize the Work Folder contents from corporate file servers to the devices, so that users can work with the files easily. Administrators can maintain control over corporate data by setting permissions and device management policies to manage how users can use Work Folders. Distributed File System (DFS) enhancements. Windows Server 2012 R2 provides several new features for DFS, including the following: o o o o A Windows PowerShell module for managing DFS A database cloning feature for initial synchronization A database corruption recovery feature An option to disable cross-file remote differential compression (RDC) Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 provide several file and storage services enhancements including:
Storage Spaces Data deduplication SCSI Target Server Management enhancements Work Folders DFS enhancements

If you disable cross-file RDC, the network bandwidth used for replication increases; however, this decreases the processor load on file servers.

Note Storage Spaces and storage pools are covered later in this lesson. The other storage enhancements are covered in Course 20411C: Administering Windows Server 2012and Course

20412C: Configuring Advanced Windows Server 2012Services.

4-12 I mplementing Local Storage

Lesson 2

Managing Disks and Volumes

Identifying which storage technology that you want to deploy is the first critical step in making sure that your environment is prepared for data storage requirements. This, however, is only the first step. There are other steps that you need to take to prepare for data storage requirements. For example, once you have identified the best storage solution, or have chosen a combination of storage solutions, you need to figure out the best way to manage that storage. Ask yourself the following questions: What disks are you going to allocate to a storage pool? Are the type of file systems going to be the same for all disks?

This lesson addresses these and similar questions, including why it is important to manage disks and what tools you need to manage disks.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Explain how to select a partition table format. Describe the difference between basic and dynamic disk types. Explain how to select a file system. Describe a resilient file system. Describe mount points and links. Explain how to create mount points and links. Describe the process of extending and shrinking volumes.

Selecting a Partition Table Format

A partition table format, or partition style, refers to the method that an operating system such as Windows Server 2012 uses to organize partitions or volumes on a disk. For Windows operating systems, you can decide between master boot record (MBR) and globally unique identifier (GUID) partition table (GPT).
MBR Standard Partition table format since early 1980s Supports a maximum of 4 primary partitions per drive Can partition a disk up to 2 TB GPT GPT ls the successor of MBR partition Cable forrnat Supports a maximum of 128 partitions per drive Can partition a disk up to 18 EB
Use MBR for disks mallar than 2 T8

MBR
The MBR partition table format is the standard partitioning scheme that has been used on hard disks since the first personal computers carne out in the 1980s. The MBR partition table format has the following characteristics:  Use GPT for disks largar than 2 TB

A partition supports a maximum of four primary partitions per drive. A partition can have maximum of 2 terabytes (TB) (2.19 x 10^12 bytes).

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Sewero 2012 4-13

If you initialize a disk larger than 2 TB using MBR, the disks are only able to store volumes up to 2 TB and the rest of the storage is not used. You must convert the disk to GPT if you want to use all of its space.

Note: You can use the MBR partition table format for disk drives that never surpass 2 TB in size. This provides you with a bit more space, because GPT requires more disk space than MBR.

GPT
The GPT was introduced with Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP 64-bit Edition to overcome the limitations of MBR, and to address larger disks. GPT has the following characteristics: GPT is the successor of MBR partition table format. GPT supports a maximum of 128 partitions per drive. A partition can have up to 18 exabytes (EB).

~~ A hard disk can have up to 8 zettabytes (ZB), with 512 kilobytes (KB) logical block addressing (LBA). To boot from a GPT partition table, your BIOS must support GPT.

1Note: If your hard disk is larger than 2 TB, you must use the GPT partition table format.
Additional Reading: For frequently asked questions about the GUID partitioning table disk architecture, see http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=266748.

Selecting a Disk Type

When selecting a type of disk for use in Windows Server 2012, you can choose between basic disks and dynamic disks.
Basic disks are: Disks initialized for basic storage The default storage for Windows operating ystem Dynamic disks can: Be modified without resfarting Windows Provide severa! options for configuring volumes Disk volume requirements include: A system volume for hardware-specific files that are required to start the server oot volume for the Windows operating system

Basic Disk
Basic storage uses normal partition tables that are used by all versions of the Windows operating system. A disk that is initialized for basic storage is called a basic disk. A basic disk contains basic partitions, such as primary partitions and extended partitions. You can subdivide extended partitions into logical drives.

By default, when you initialize a disk in the Windows operating system, the disk is configured as a basic disk. You can easily convert basic disks to dynamic disks without any loss of data; however, when converting a dynamic disk to basic disk, alI data on the disk is lost. There is no performance gain by converting basic disks to dynamic disks, and some applications cannot address data that is stored on dynamic disks. For these reasons, most administrators do not convert basic disks to dynamic disks unless they need to use some of the additional volume configuration options that are available with dynamic disks.

4-14 Implementhg Local Storage

Dynamic Disk
Dynamic storage was introduced in the Microsoft Windows 2000 Server operating system. With dynamic storage, you can perform disk and volume management without the need to restad computers running Windows operating systems. A disk that is initialized for dynamic storage is called a dynamic disk. A dynamic disk contains dynamic volumes. When you configure dynamic disks, you create volumes rather than partitions. A volume is a storage unit that is made from free space on one or more disks. You can format the volume with a file system, and can assign it a drive letter or configure it with a mount point. The following is a list of the dynamic volumes that are available: Simple volumes. A simple volume uses free space from a single disk. It can be a single region on a disk, or consist of multiple, concatenated regions. A simple volume can be extended within the same disk or extended to additional disks. If a simple volume is extended across multiple disks, it becomes a spanned volume. Spanned volumes. A spanned volume is created from free disk space from multiple disks that is linked together. You can extend a spanned volume onto a maximum of 32 disks. A spanned volume cannot be mirrored, and is not fault-tolerant; therefore, if you lose one disk, you will lose the entire spanned volume. Striped volumes. A striped volume has data that is spread across two or more physical disks. The data on this type of volume is allocated alternately and evenly to each of the physical disks. A striped volume cannot be mirrored or extended, and is not fault-tolerant. This means that the loss of one disk causes the immediate loss of all the data. Striping is also known as RAID-O Mirrored volumes. A mirrored volume is a fault-tolerant volume that has all data duplicated onto two physical disks. All of the data on one volume is copied to another disk to provide data redundancy. If one of the disks fails, the data can still be accessed from the remaining disk. A mirrored volume cannot be extended. Mirroring is also known as RAID- 1 RAID-5volumes. A RAID-5 volume is a fault-tolerant volume that has data striped across a minimum of three or more disks. Parity is also striped across the disk array. If a physical disk fails, the portion of the RAID-5 volume that was on that failed disk can be re-created from the remaining data and the parity. A RAID-5 volume cannot be mirrored or extended.

Required Disk Volumes

Regardless of which type of disk you use, you must configure both a system volume and a boot volume on one of the hard disks in the server: System volumes. The system volume contains the hardware-specific files that are needed to load Windows operating system (for example, Bootmgr and BOOTSECT.bak). The system volume canbut does not have tobe the same as the boot volume. Boot volumes. The boot volume contains the Windows operating system files that are located in the %Systemroot% and %Systemroot%\System32 folders. The boot volume canbut does not have to be the same as the system volume.

Note: When you install the Windows 8 operating system or the Windows Server 2012 operating system in a clean installation, a separate system volume is created to enable encrypting the boot volume by using Windows BitLocker drive encryption.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servet, 2012 4-15

Additional Reading: For more information about how basic disks and volumes work, see http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=199648. For more information about dynamic disks and volumes, see http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=199649.

Selecting a File System

When you configure your disks in Windows Server 2012, you can choose between file allocation table (FAT), the NTFS file system, and Resilient File System (ReFS) file systems.
When selecting a file system, consider the differences between FAT, NTFS, and ReFS FAT provides: Basic fele system Partition size kmitations FAT32 to enabie larger. disks exFAT developed for flash drives NTFS provides; Metadata Auditing and journalin Security (ACIs and enc ptio ReFS provides: : Backivard compatibility support for NTFS Enhanced data verification and error correo:ion Support for larger files, drectories, volumes, and so on

FAT
The FAT file system is the most simplistic of the file systems that Windows operating systems support. The FAT file system is characterized by a table that resides at the very top of the volume. To protect the volume, two copies of the FAT file system are maintained in case one becomes damaged. In addition, the file allocation tables

and the root directory must be stored in a fixed location so that the system's boot files can be correctly located. A disk formatted with the FAT file system is allocated in clusters, whose sizes are determined by the size of the volume. When a file is created, an entry is created in the directory, and the first cluster number containing data is established. This entry in the table indicates either that this is the last cluster of the file, or points to the next cluster. There is no organization to the FAT directory structure, and files are given the first open location on the drive. Because of the size limitation with the file allocation table, the original release of FAT could only access partitions that were less than 2 GB in size. To enable larger disks, Microsoft developed FAT32. FAT32 supports partitions of up to 2 TB. FAT does not provide any security for files on the partition. You should never use FAT or FAT32 as the file system for disks attached to Windows Server 2012 servers. You might consider using FAT or FAT32 to format external media such as USB flash media. The file system designed especially for flash drives is Extended FAT (exFAT),It can be used where FAT32 is not suitable, such as when you need a disk format that works with a television, which requires a disk that is larger than 2 TB. A number of media devices support exFAT, such as modern fat panel TVs, media centers, and portable media players.

NTFS
NTFS is the standard file system for all Windows operating systems beginning with Windows NT Server 3.1. Unlike FAT, there are no special objects on the disk, and there is no dependence on the underlying hardware, such as 512-byte sectors. In addition, in NTFS there are no special locations on the disk, such as the tables. NTFS is an improvement over FAT in several ways, such as better support for metadata, and the use of advanced data structures to improve performance, reliability, and disk space utilization. NTFS also has additional extensions such as security access control lists (ACLs), which you can use for auditing, file system jou rnaling, and encryption.

4-16 lmplementing Local Storage

NTFS is required for a number of Windows Server 2012 roles and features such as Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS), Volunne Shadow Services (VSS), Distributed File System (DFS) and File Replication Services (FRS). NTFS also provides a much higher leve) of security than FAT or FAT 32.

Resilient File System (ReFS)

ReFS was introduced with Windows Server 2012 to enhance the capabilities of NTFS. ReFS was developed to improve upon NTFS by offering larger maximum sizes for individual files, directories, disk volumes, and other tems. Additionally, ReFS offers greater resiliency, meaning better data verification, error correction, and scalability. You should use ReFS with very large volumes and very large file shares to overcome the NTFS limitation of error checking and correction. Because ReFS was not available prior to Windows Server 2012 (the only choice was NTFS), it makes sense to use ReFS with Windows Server 2012 instead of NTFS to achieve better error checking, better reliability, and less corruption. ReFS cannot be used for the boot volume.

Additional Reading: For more information on how FAT works, see http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=199652.

Additional Reading: For more information on how NTFS works, see http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=199654.

Question: What file system do you currently use on your file server? Will you continue to use it?

What Is ReFS?
ReFS is a new feature in Windows Server 2012. ReFS is based on the NTFS file system, and provides the following advantages: Metadata integrity with checksums Expanded protection against data corruption Maximizes reliability, especially during a loss of power (while NTFS has been known to experience corruption in similar circumstances) Large volume, file, and directory sizes Storage pooling and virtualization, which makes creating and managing file systems easier Redundancy for fault tolerance
ReFS is a new file system that is built in to Windows Server 2012. Advantages include: Metadata integrity with checksums Integrity streams with user data integrity Allocaton on write transactional mode) Large volume, file, and directory sizes (2 478 bytes with 16-K8 cluster size) Storage pooling and virtualization Data striping for perforrnance and redundancy Disk scrubbing for protection against latent disk errors Resiliency to corruptions with recovery Shared storage poois across machnes

Disk scrubbing for protection against latent disk errors Resiliency to corruptions with recovery for maximum volume availability Shared storage pools across machines for additional failure tolerante and load balancing ReFS inherits some features from NTFS, including the following: BitLocker drive encryption ACLs for security Update sequence number (USN) journal Change notifications

20410C: Installing and ConfiguringlMndows Senterl 2012 4-17

Symbolic links, junction points, mount points and reparse points Volume snapshots File IDs

Because ReFS uses a subset of features from NTFS, it is designed to maintain backward compatibility with NTFS. Therefore, applications that run on Windows Server 2012 can access files on ReFS just as they would on NTFS. However, an ReFSformatted drive is not recognized when placed in computers that are running Windows Server operating systems previous to Windows Server 2012. ReFS driver can be used with Windows 8.1, but not with Windows 8. With NTFS, you can change the size of a cluster; however, with ReFS, each cluster has a fixed size of 64 KB, which you cannot change. Encrypted File System (EFS) for files is not supported in ReFS. As its name implies, the new file system offers greater resiliency, meaning better data verification, error correction, and scalability. Beyond its greater resiliency, ReFS also surpasses NTFS by offering larger maximum sizes for individual files, directories, disk volumes, and other items, as listed in the following table. Attribute Maximum size of a single file Limit Approximately 16 EB (18.446.744.073.709.551.616 bytes) 2^78 bytes with 16 KB cluster size (2^64 * 16 * 2^10) Windows stack addressing allows 2^64 bytes Maximum number of files in a directory Maximum number of directories in a volume Maximum file name length Maximum path length Maximum size of any storage pool Maximum number of storage pools in a system I Ma ximum number of spaces in a storage pool 2^64 21'64 32,000 Unicode characters 32,000 4 petabytes (PB) No limit No limit

Maximum size of a single volume

Additional Reading: For more information about ReFS, see http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkID=270872.

4-18 I mplementing Local Storage

What Are Mount Points and Links?

With NTFS and ReFS file systems, you can create mount points and links to refer to files, directories, and volumes.
lt mount point h a reference toa location en a disk that enables Windows operating system access te disk resources
Use volume mount points: ~~ To rnount volumes or disks as tolden Instead of using drive #estera ~~ When you do not have drve tetters avaiiable volurnes To add disk space without ~ging the fof

Mount Points
Mount points are used in Windows operating systems to make a portion of a disk or the entire disk useable by the operating system. Most commonly, mount points are associated with drive-letter mappings so that the operating system can gain access to the disk through the drive letter.

A link filo tontaina a reference to anot

Link options: Symbolic file link (or, soft link) Symbolic directory link (or, directoryjunctions)

Since the Windows 2000 Server was first introduced, you have been able to enable volume nnount points, which you can then use to mount a hard disk to an empty folder that is located on another drive. For example, if you add a new hard disk to a server, rather than mounting the drive using a drive letter, you can assign a folder name such as C:\datadrive to the drive. When you do this, any time you access the C:\datadrive folder, you are actually accessing the new hard disk. Volume mount points can be useful in the following scenarios: If you are running out of drive space on a server and you want to add disk space without modifying the folder structure. You can add the hard disk, and configure a folder to point to the hard disk. If you are running out of available letters to assign to partitions or volumes. If you have several hard disks that are attached to the server, you may run out of available letters in the alphabet to which you can assign drive letters. By using a volume mount point, you can add additional partitions or volumes without using more drive letters. If you need to separate disk input/output (I/O) within a folder structure. For example, if you are using an application that requires a specific file structure, but which uses the hard disks extensively, you can separate the disk I/O by creating a volume mount point within the folder structure.

Note: You can assign volume mount points only to empty folders on an NTFS partition. This mearas that if you want to use an existing folder name, you must first rename the folder, create and mount the hard disk using the required folder name, and then copy the data to the mounted folder.

Links
A link is a special type of file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an absolute or relative path. Windows supports the following two types of links: A symbolic file link (also known as a soft link) A symbolic directory link (also known as a directoryjunction)

A link that is stored on a server share could refer back to a directory on a client that is not actually accessible from the server where the link is stored. Because the link processing is done from the client, the link would work correctly to access the client, even though the server cannot access the client. Links operate transparently. Applications that read or write to files that are named by a link behave as if they are operating directly on the target file. For example, you can use a symbolic link to link to a Hyper-V parent virtual hard disk file (.vhd) from another location. Hyper-V uses the link to work with

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Seivei 2012 4-19

the parent virtual hard disk (VHD) as it would the original file. The benefit of using symbolic links is that you do not need to modify the properties of your differencing VHD.

Note: In Hyper-V, you can use a differencing VHD to save space by making changes only to the child VHD, when the child VHD is part of a parent/child VHD relationship.

Links are sometimes easier to manage than mount points. Mount points force you to place the files on the root of the volumes, whereas with links, you can be more flexible with where you save files. You can create links by using the mklink.exe command-line tool.

Demonstration: Creating Mount Points and Links

In this demonstration, you will see how to: Create a mount point. Create a directory junction for a folder. Create a hard link for a file.

Demonstration Steps Create a mount point

1. 2. 3. 4. Sign in to LON -SVR1 with the username Adatum\Administrator and the password Pa$$w0rd. Open Computer Management, and then expand Disk Management. In Disk Management, initialize Disk2 with GPT (GUID Partition Table). On Disk 2, create a Simple Volume with the following parameters: o o o o 5. Size: 4000 MB Do not assign a drive letter or drive path File system: NTFS Volume label: MountPoint

Wait until the volume is created, right-click MountPoint, and then click Change Drive Letter and Paths.

6.

Change the drive letter as follows: o o Mount in the following empty NTFS folder Create new Folder C:\MountPointFolder and use it as mount point.

7. On the taskbar, open a File Explorer window, and then click Local Disk (C:). You should now see the MountPoint folder with a size of 4,095,996 KB assigned to it. Notice the icon that is assigned to the mount point.

Create a directory junction for a folder

1. 2. Open a Command Prompt window. Create a folder in C:\ called CustomApp, and run the following: copy C: Windows \system32 \notepad.exe CACustomApp.

4-20 Implementin Local Storage

3. 4.

At the command prompt, type mklink /j AppLink CustomApp, and then press Enter. In a File Explorer window, browse to C:\AppLink. Notice that because it is a link, the directory path in the address bar is not updated to C:\CustomApp.

Create a hard link for a file

1. 2. Ata command prompt, type mklink/h C:\AppLink\Notepad2.exe C:\AppLink\Notepad.exe. In File Explorer, notice that Notepad2.exe appears exactly the same as Notepad.exe. Both file names point to the same file.

Extending and Shrinking Volumes

In versions of Windows prior to Windows Server 2008 or Windows Vista, you required additional software to shrink or extend a volume on your disk. Since Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista, this functionality is included in the Windows operating system so you can use the Disk Management snap-in to resize NTFS volumes. When you want to resize a volume, you must be aware of the following: You only have the ability to shrink or extend NTFS volumes. FAT, FAT32 or exFAT volumes cannot be resized. You can only extend ReFS volumes, not shrink them. You can extend a volume using free space on the same disk and on other disks. When you extend a volume with other disks, you create a dynamic disk with a spanned volume. In a spanned volume, if one disk fails, all data on the volume is lost. In addition, a spanned volume cannot contain boot or system partitions, thus you cannot extend your boot partitions by using another disk. When you want to shrink a partition, immovable files such as page files are not relocated. This means that you cannot reclaim space beyond the location where these files are on the volume. If you have the requirement to shrink a partition further, you need to delete or move the immovable files. For example, you can remove the page file, shrink the volume, and then add the page file back again.
You can resize NTFS votan
operating system, beginm Windows Server 2008

om ihe WI itb Windows

When you want to resize a disk, consider the following:

You can extend or shrink NTFS volumes ReFS volarnos can only be extended FAT/FAT32/exFAT cannot be reszed You can shrink a volurne ony up to usters on a disk prevent you

Note: As a best practice for shrinking volumes, you should defragment the files on the volume before you shrink it. This procedure returns the maximum amount of free disk space. Du ring the defragmenting process, you can identify any immoveable files.

If bad clusters exist on the partition, you cannot shrink it.

To modify a volume, you can use Disk Management, the Diskpart.exe tool, or the Resize - Partition cmdlet in Windows PowerShell.

el Additional Reading: For more information about how to extend a basic volume, see http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=266749.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servero 2012 4 -21

Additional Reading: For more information about how to shrink a basic volume, see http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=266750.

ManagingVirtualHardDisks
Starting with Windows 7 and Windows 2008 R2, you can manage virtual hard disks within the operating system in much the same way that you can manage physical disks. For example, you can create and attach a virtual hard disk and use it for storing data. The virtual hard disk appears as another drive letter in the disk or folder management tools. Virtual hard disks are files that represent a traditional hard disk drive. Typically, virtual hard disks are used with Hyper-V as the operating system disk and the storage disks for virtual machines. In Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2, you can access the same virtual hard disks from within the operating system. The virtual hard disks have the following characteristics: In Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2, you can only work with .vhd files. In Windows 8 or Windows Server 2012 or later, you can also create and manage .vhdx files, which enable much larger disk sizes as well as provide other benefits.
Virtual hard disks are files that can be rrranaged just like physical hard disks You can: Create and manage virtual hard disks using Disk Management and Diskpart Configure .vhd or .vhdx files Configure computers to start from the virtual hard disk Transfer virtual hard disks from Flyper-V servers and start computers from the virtual hard disk - Use virtual hard disks as a deployment technology

Note: For details on the differences between .vhd and .vhdx files, see Module 13, which covers the use of virtual hard disks in Hyper-V.

You can create and attach virtual hard disks using disk management tools such as Disk Management and Diskpart. After creating and attaching the virtual hard disk, you can create volumes on the drive and format the partition. You can configure Windows 7 or Windows Server 2008 R2 or later versions to start from a virtual hard disks using the native VHD boot feature. This feature enables you to configure multiple operating systems on a single computer and choose which operating system to use when you start the computer. You can attach virtual hard disks that have been created using Hyper-V or that have been created on another computer. For example, if you create a virtual hard disk in Hyper-V, you can copy that virtual hard disk to another computer, and then use the native VHD boot feature to start the computer using the virtual disk that you created in Hyper-V. You can use virtual hard disks as a deployment technology. For example, you can use Hyper-V to create a standard image for desktop or server computers, and then distribute the image to other computers.

4-22 Implementin Local Storage

Demonstration:ManagingVirtual Hard Disks

In this demonstration, you will see how to: Create a virtual hard disk. Manage a virtual hard disk.

Demonstration Steps Create a virtual hard disk

1. In Server Manager, open Disk Management. 2. Create a new .vhdx file named DiskF.vhdx in the Documents folder. Assign a size of 10 MB, and configure the file as dynamically expanding. Verify that the .vhdx file was created in the documents folder.

3.

Manage a virtual hard disk

1. In Disk Management, initialize the disk and create and format a new volume using all the space on the disk and a volume label Data. 2. Verify that the new disk appears in File Manager.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server, 2012 4 -23

Lesson 3

Implementing StorageSpaces
Managing physical disks that are attached directly to a server has proven to be a tedious task for administrators. To overcome this problem, many organizations use SANs that essentially group physical disks together. SANs require specialized configuration and sometimes specialized hardware, which makes them expensive. To overcome these issues, you can use Storage Spaces, which is a Windows Server 2012 feature that pools disks together and presents them to the operating system as a single disk. This lesson explains how to configure and implement the Storage Spaces feature.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe the Storage Spaces feature. Describe various options for configuring virtual disks. Describe advanced management options for Storage Spaces. Describe how to configure Storage Spaces. Compare Storage Spaces with other storage methods.

What Is the Storage Spaces Feature?

Storage Spaces is a storage virtualization capability that is built into Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8 and laten It is a feature that is available for both NTFS and ReFS volumes, providing redundancy and pooled storage for numerous internal and external drives of differing sizes and interfaces. You can use Storage Spaces to add physical disks of any type and size to a storage pool, and then create highly available virtual disks from the storage pool. The primary advantage of Storage Spaces is that you do not manage single disks, but can manage multiple disks as one unit. To create a highly-available virtual disk, you need the following: Physical disk. Physical disks are disks such as SATA or SAS disks. If you want to add physical disks to a storage pool, the disks need to satisfy the following requirements: o One physical disk is required to create a storage pool; a minimum of two physical disks is required to create a resilient mirror virtual disk. A minimum of three physical disks are required to create a virtual disk with resiliency through parity. Three-way mirroring requires at least five physical disks. Disks must be blank and unformatted; no volume must exist on them. Disks can be attached using a variety of bus interfaces including SAS, SATA, SCSI, and USB. If you want to use failover clustering with storage pools, you cannot use SATA, USB or SCSI disks.
Use storage spaces to add physical disks of any type and size to a storage pool, and then create highly-available virtual disks from the storage pool To create a virtual disk, you need the following: One or more physical disks Storage pool that includes the disks Virtual disk that are created with disks from the storage pool Disk drives that are based on virtual drives Virtual disks are not virtual hard disks; they should be considered a drive in Disk Manager Windows Server 2012 R2 enables Storage Space tiering and write-back caching

1 1

o o o o

1 1

4-24 Implementing Local Storage

Storage pool. A storage pool is a collection of one or more physical disks that you can use to create virtual disks. You can add to a storage pool any available physical disk that is not formatted or attached to another storage pool. Virtual disk (or storage space). This is similar to a physical disk from the perspective of users and applications. However, virtual disks are more flexible because they include thin provisioning or justin-time (JIT) allocations, and they include resiliency to physical disk failures with built-in functionality such as mirroring. Disk drive. This is a volume that you can access from your Windows operating system, for example, by using a drive letter.

New Features of Windows Server2012 R2 Storage Spaces

Storage Spaces were first introduced in Windows 2012. Windows Server 2012 R2 provides the following enhancements to Storage Spaces: Tiered Storage Spaces. Tiered Storage Spaces allow you to use a combination of disks in a Storage Space: very fast, but small-capacity hard disks (such as SSD5) alongside slower, but large-capacity hard disks. When you use this combination of disks, Storages Spaces automatically moves frequentlyaccessed data to the faster hard disks and moves less frequently-accessed data to the slower disks. By default, Storage Spaces moves data once day at 01:00 A.M. You can also configure where files will be stored. The advantage to this is if you have files that are frequently accessed, you can pin them to the faster disk. The goal of tiering is to balance capacity against performance. Windows Server 2012 R2 only supports two levels of disk tiers. Write-back caching. The purpose of write-back caching is to optimize the process of writing data to the disks in a Storage Space. Write-back caching typically works with tired Storage Spaces. If the server running the Storage Space detects a peak in disk-writing activity, it automatically starts writing data to the faster disks. Write-back caching is enabled by default. Write-back caching is limited to 1 GB by default.

Virtual Disk Configuration Options

You can create virtual disks from storage pools. If your storage pool contains more than one disk, you can also create redundant virtual disks. To configure virtual disks or Storage Spaces in Server Manager or Windows PowerShell, you need to consider the following features and their redundancyfunctionalities.
:Disk sector size Drive allocation 1Storage Layout Simple Two-way or three-way mirror Parity - 512 or 512e Automatic - Manual Hot Spare

Storage Layout
Configure this feature to define the number of disks from the storage pool that are allocated. Valid options include:

Provisioning schemes Thin vs fixed provisioning

Simple. A simple space has data striping but no redundancy. In data striping, logically sequential data is segmented across all disks in a way that access to these sequential segments can be made to different physical storage drives. Striping makes it possible to access multiple segments of data concurrently. Do not host important data on a simple volume, because it provides no failover capabilities when the disk that is storing the data fails. Two-way and three-way mirrors. Mirror spaces maintain two or three copies of the data that they host (two data copies for two-way mirrors and three data copies for three-way mirrors). Data

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servert 2012 4 -25

duplication happens with every write to ensure that all data copies are always current. Mirror spaces also stripe the data across multiple physical drives. Mirror spaces provide the benefit of greater data throughput and lower access latency. They also do not introduce a risk of corrupting at-rest data, and do not require the extra journaling stage when writing data. Parity. A parity space is similar to RAID 5. Data, along with parity information, is striped across multiple physical drives. Parity enables Storage Spaces to continue to service read and write requests even when a drive has failed. Parity is always rotated across available disks to enable I/O optimization. Storage spaces require a minimum of three physical drives for parity spaces. Parity spaces have increased resiliency through journaling.

Disk Sector Size

A storage pool's sector size is set when it is created. If the list of drives being used contains only 512 and/or 512e drives, then the pool is defaulted to 512e. A 512 disk uses 512 byte sectors. A 512e drive is a hard disk with 4,096 byte sectors that emulates 512 byte sectors. If the list contains at least one 4 KB drive, then the pool sector size is defaulted to 4 KB. Optionally, an administrator can explicitly define the sector size that is inherited by all contained spaces in the pool. After an administrator defines this, the Windows operating system only permits you to add drives that have a compliant sector size, that is: 512 or 512e for a 512e storage pool, and 512, 512e, or 4 KB for a 4 KB pool.

Drive Allocation
This defines how the drive is allocated to the pool. Options are: Automatic. This is the default allocation when any drive is added to a pool. Storage Spaces can automatically select available capacity on data-store drives for both storage space creation and JIT allocation. Manual. Administrators can choose to specify Manual as the usage type for drives that are added to a pool. A manual drive is not used automatically as part of a storage space unless it is specifically selected at the creation of that storage space. This usage property makes it possible for administrators to specify particular types of drives for use by only certain Storage Spaces. Hot Spare. Drives added as Hot Spares to a pool are reserve drives that are not used in the creation of a storage space. If a failure occurs on a drive that is hosting columns of a storage space, a reserve drive is called upon to replace the failed drive.

Provisioning Schemes
You can provision a virtual disk by using two different schemes: ~~ Thin provisioning space. Thin provisioning is a mechanism that allows storage to be easily allocated on a just-enough and JIT basis. Storage capacity in the pool is organized into provisioning slabs that are not allocated until the point in time when datasets grow to require the storage. As opposed to the traditional fixed storage allocation methodwhere large pools of storage capacity are allocated but may remain unusedthin provisioning optimizes utilization of available storage. Organizations are also able to save on operating costs such as electricity and floor space that are associated with keeping unused drives operating. The downside of using thin provisioning is lower disk performance. Fixed provisioning space. With Storage Spaces, fixed provisioned spaces also employ the flexible provisioning slabs. The difference between thin provisioning and a fixed provisioning space is that the storage capacity in the fixed provisioning space is allocated at the same time that the space is created.

Cluster Disk Requirement

Failover clustering prevents interruption to workloads or data in the event of a machine failure. For a pool to support failover, clustering all assigned drives must support a multi-initiator protocol, such as SAS.

4-26 Implementhg Local Storage

Note: You can use Storage Spaces to create both thin and fixed provisioning virtual disks within the same storage pool. Having both provisioned types in the same storage pool is convenient, particularly when they are related to the same workload. For example, you can choose to have a thin provisioning space to host a database and a fixed provisioning space to host its log.

Question: What is the narre for a virtual disk that is larger than the amount of disk space available on the physical disks portion of the storage pool?

Advanced ManagementOptionsforStorageSpaces
Server Manager provides you with basic management of virtual disks and storage pools. In Server Manager, you can create storage pools, add and remove physical disks from pools, and create, manage, and delete virtual disks. For example, in Server Manager you can view the physical disks that are attached to a virtual disk. If any of these disks are unhealthy, you will see an unhealthy disk icon next to the disk narre. To correct a failed disk in a virtual disk or storage pool, you must remove the disk that is causing the problem. Tools such as defragmenting, scan disk, or chkdsk cannot repair a storage pool. To replace a failed disk, you add a new disk to the pool. The new disk resynchronizes automatically when disk maintenance occurs during daily maintenance. Alternatively, you can trigger disk maintenance manually. Windows PowerShell provides advanced management options for virtual disks and storage pools. Some examples of management cmdlets are listed in the following table. Windows PowerShell cmdlet Get-StoragePool Get-VirtualDisk Repair-VirtualDisk Get-PhysicalDisk 1 Where($_.HealthStatus ne "Healthy") Reset-PhysicalDisk Description Lists storage pools Lists virtual disks Repairs a virtual disk Lists unhealthy physical disks Removes a physical disk from a storage pool Lists physical disks that are used for a virtual disk - Basc Management for Storage Spaces is available in Server Manager For disk failure: Do not use chkdsk or scan disk Remove the drive and add a new one Advanced management requires Windows PowerShell

Get-VirtualDisk Get-PhysicalDisk

Additional Reading: To learn more about storage cmdlets in Windows PowerShell, see http://go.microsoft.corn/fwlink/?LinkID=266751.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server, 2012 4 -27

Demonstration: Configuring Storage Spaces

In this demonstration, you will see how to: Create a storage pool. Create a virtual disk and a volume.

Demonstration Steps Create a storage pool

1. 2. 3. Sign in as Adatum\Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd. On LON-SVR1, in Server Manager, access File and Storage Services and Storage Pools. In the STORAGE POOLS pane, create a New Storage Pool named StoragePooll, and add all of the available disks.

Create a virtual disk and a volume

1. In the VIRTUAL DISKS pane, create a New Virtual Disk with the following settings: o o o o o 2. Storage pool: StoragePooll Disk name: Simple vDisk Storage layout: Simple Provisioning type: Thin Size: 2 GB

On the View results page, wait until the task completes, and then ensure that the Create a volume when this wizard closes check box is selected.

3.

In the New Volume Wizard, create a volume with these settings: o o o Virtual disk: Simple vDisk File system: ReFS Volume label: Simple Volume

4. Wait until the task completes, and then click Close.

4-28 Implemenfng Local Storage

Discussion: Comparing Storage Spaces with Other Storage Solutions

Storage Spaces in Windows Server 2012 provides an alternative to using more traditional storage solutions such as SANs and NAS. Consider the questions on the slide and in the table below. Write your responses to the questions in the foliowing table to prepare for the class discussion.
Does your organization currently use SANs or NAS? 2. What are the advantages of using Storage Spaces compared to using SANs or NAS? What are the disadvantages of using Storage Spaces compared to using SANs or NAS?
4.

In What scenaros would you recommend each option?

10 minutes

Question Does your organization currently use SANs or NAS?

' Your Response

What are the advantages of using Storage Spaces compared to using SANs or NAS?

What are the disadvantages of using Storage Spaces compared to using SANs or NAS? In what scenarios would you recommend each option?

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20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Seniero 2012 4 -29

Lab: Implementing Local Storage

Scenario
Your manager has asked to add disk space to a file server. After creating volumes, your manager has also asked you to resize those volumes based on updated information he has been given. Finally, you need to make data storage redundant by creating a three-way mirrored virtual disk.

Objectives
After completing this lab, you will be able to: Install and configure a new disk. Resize volumes. Configure a redundant storage space.

Lab Setup
Estimated Time: 30 minutes

Virtual machines

20410C-LON-DC1 20410C-LON-SVR1

User name Password

Adatum\Administrator Pa$$w0rd

For this lab, you will use the available virtual machine environment. Before beginning the lab, you must complete the following steps: On the host computer, click Start, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Hyper-V Manager. 1. In Hyper-V Manager, click 20410C-LON -DC1, and in the Actions pane, click Start. 2. 3. In the Actions pane, click Connect. Wait until the virtual machine starts. Sign in using the following credentials: o o o User name: Administrator Password: Pa$$wOrd Domain: Adatum

4. Repeat steps 1 through 3 for 20410C-LON-SVR1.

Exercise 1: Installing andConfiguringa NewDisk

Scenario
The file server in your branch office is low on disk space. You need to add a new disk to the server and create volumes based on specifications provided by your manager. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. Initialize a new disk. 2. 3. Create and format two simple volumes on the disk. Verify the drive letter in a File Explorer window.

4-30 Implementin Local Storage

K Task 1: Initialize a new disk

1. 2. 3. LI Sign in to LON - SVR1 with the username Adatum\Administrator and the password Pa$$w0rd. In Server Manager, open Computer Management, and then access Disk Management. Initialize Disk2 and configure it to use GPT (GUID Partition Table).

Task 2: Create and format two simple volumes on the disk

attributes: o o o o Volume size: 4000 MB Drive Letter: F File system: NTFS Volume label: Volumel

1. In the Computer Management console, on Disk 2, create a Simple Volume with the following

2. In the Computer Management console, on Disk 2, create a Simple Volume with the'following attributes: o o o o Volume size: 5000 MB Drive Letter: G File system: ReFS Volume label: Volume2

Task 3: Verify the drive letter in a File Explorer window 1.

Use File Explorer to make sure you can access the following volumes: o o Volumel (F:) Volume2 (G:)

2. On Volume2 (G:), create a folder named Folderi.

Results: After you complete this lab, you should have initialized a new disk, created two simple volumes, and then formatted them You should also have verified that the drive letters you assigned are available in File Explorer.

Exercise 2: Resizing Volumes

Scenario
After installing the new disk in your file server, you are contacted by your manager who indicates that the information he gave you was incorrect. He now needs you to resize the volumes without losing any data. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. ShrinkVolumel. Extend Volume2.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Seniero 2012 4 -31

K Task 1: Shrink Volume1

Use Disk Management to shrink Volumel (F:) to 3000 MB.

K Task 2: Extend Volume2

1. 2. Use Disk Management to extend Volume2 (G:) by 1000 MB. Use File Explorer to verify that the folder Folderl is still on drive G.

Exercise 3: Configuring a Redundant Storage Space

Scenario
Your server does not have a hardware-based RAID card, but you have been asked to configure redundant storage. To support this feature, you need to create a storage pool. After creating the storage pool, you also need to create a redundant virtual disk. Because the data is critical, the request for redundant storage specifies that you must use a three-way mirrored volume. Shortly after the volume is in use, a disk fails and you have to add another disk to the storage pool to replace it. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Create a storage pool from five disks that are attached to the server. Create a three-way mirrored virtual disk. Copy a file to the volume, and verify that it is visible in File Explorer. Remove a physical drive. Verify that the write.exe file is still accessible. Add a new disk to the storage pool and remove a broken disk.

K Task 1: Create a storage pool from five disks that are attached to the server
1. 2. 3. On LON-SVR1, open Server Manager. In the left pane, click File and Storage Services, and then in the Servers pane, click Storage Pools. Create a storage pool with the following settings: o o Name: StoragePooll

Physical disks: K K K K K PhysicalDisk3 PhysicalDisk4 PhysicalDisk5 PhysicalDisk6 PhysicalDisk7

4-32 ImplementhgLocalStorage

K Task 2: Create a three-way mirrored virtual disk

1. On LON-SVR1, in Server Manager, in the VIRTUAL DISKS pane, create a virtual disk with the following settings: o o o o o o Storage pool: StoragePooll Name: Mirrored Disk Storage Layout: Mirror Resiliency settings: Three-way mirror Provisioning type: Thin Virtual disk size: 10 GB

2. In the New Volume Wizard, create a volume with the following settings: o o o o Virtual disk: Mirrored Disk Drive letter: H File system: ReFS Volume label: Mirrored Volume

K Task 3: Copy a file to the volume, and verify that it is visible in File Explorer
1. 2. Open a Command Prompt window. Type the following command: Copy C:\windovsksystem32\wrte.exe H: \ 3. Open File Explorer from the taskbar, and access Mirrored Volume (H:). You should now see write.exe in the file list.

Task 4: Remove a physical drive

On Host machine, in Hyper-V Manager, in the Virtual Machines pane, change 20410C-LON-SVR1 settings to the following: o Remove Hard Drive that begins with 20410C-LON-SVR1-Disk5.

K Task 5: Verifythatthewrite.exe file is stillaccessible

1. 2. 3. Switch to LON-SVR1. Open File Explorer and browse to H:\write.exe to ensure access to the file is still available. In Server Manager, in the STORAGE POOLS pane, on the menu bar, click the Refresh "Storage Pools" button. Notice the warning that displays next to Mirrored Disk. 4. Open the Mirrored Disk Properties dialog box, and access the Health pane. Notice that the Health Status indicates a Warning. The Operational Status should indicate Incomplete or Degraded.

K Task6:Add a newdisktothestorage pool and removea broken disk

1. 2. Switch to LON-SVR1. In Server Manager, in the STORAGE POOLS pane, on the menu bar, click the Refresh "Storage Pools" button.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

20410C: Installing and Configtuing Windows Seiver, 2012 4 -33

3. In the STORAGE POOLS pave, right-click StoragePooll, click Add Physical Disk, and then click PhysicalDisk8 (LON -SVR1). 4. Open Windows PowerShell and run the following commands to remove the disconnected disk. a. Get - PhysicalDisk Note the FriendlyName for the disk that shows an OperationalStatus of Lost Communication. b. $Disk = Get - PhysicalDisk FriendlyName diskname Replace diskname with the name of the disk you noted in previously. Remove- PhysicalDisk PhysicalDisks $disk_StoragePoolFriendlyName StoragePooll

c.

5. In Server Manager, refresh the storage pools view to see the warnings disappear.

Results: After completing this lab, you should have created a storage pool and added five disks to it. Then you should have created a three-way mirrored, thinly provisioned virtual disk from the storage pool. You should have also copied a file to the new volume and verified that it is accessible. Next after removing a physical drive, you should have verified that the virtual disk was still available and could be accessed. you should have added another physical disk to the storage pool.

Prepare for the next module

After you finish the lab, reved the virtual machines back to their initial state. To do this, complete the following steps. 1. 2. 3. 4. On the host computer, start Hyper-V Manager. In the Virtual Machines list, right-click 20410C- LON - DC1, and then click Revert. In the Revert Virtual Machine dialog box, click Revert. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for 20410C- LON -SVR1.

Lab Review Questions

Question: At a minimum, how many disks must you add to a storage pool to create a threeway mirrored virtual disk? Question: You have a USB-attached disk, four SAS disks, and one SATA disk that are attached to a Windows Server 2012 server. You want to provide a single volume to your users that they can use for file storage. What would you use?

4-34 I mplernenting Local Storage

Module Review and Takeaways

Module Review Questions
Question: Your current volume runs out of disk space. You have another disk available in the same server. What actions in the Windows operating system can you Perform to help you add disk space? Question: What are the two different types of disks in Disk Management? Question: What are the most important implementations of RAID? Question: You attach five 2 TB disks to your Windows Server 2012 computer. You want to manage them almost automatically, and if one disk fails, you want to make sure the data is not lost. What feature can you implement to accomplish this?

Best Practices
The following are recommended best practices: If you want to shrink a volume, defragment the volume first so you can reclaim more space from the volume. Use the GPT partition table format for disks larger than 2 TB. For very large volumes, use ReFS. Do not use FAT or FAT32 on Windows Server operating system disks. Use the Storage Spaces feature to have the Windows operating system manage your disks.

Tools
Tool Disk Management Use - Initialize disks - Create and modify volumes Diskpart.exe Initialize disks Create and modify volumes from a command prompt - Create a symbolic link to a file or folder Chkdsk.exe - Check a disk for a NTFSformatted volume Cannot be used for ReFS or virtual disks Defrag.exe Disk defragmentation tool for NTFS formatted volumes. Cannot be used for ReFS or virtual disks Command prompt Command prompt Command prompt Where to find it In Server Manager on the Tools menu (part of Computer Management) Command prompt

5-1

Module 5
Implementing File and PrintServices
Contents:
Module Overview Lesson 1: Securing Files and Folders Lesson 2: Protecting Shared Files and Folders by Using Shadow Copies Lesson 3: Configuring Work Folders Lesson 4: Configuring Network Printing Lab:Implementing File and Print Services Module Review and Takeaways 5-1 5-2 5-15 5-18 5-25 5-31 5-38

Module Overview
Accessing files and printers on the network is one of the most common activities in the Windows Server environment. Reliable, secure access to files and folders and print resources is often the first requirement of a Windows Server 2012-based network. To provide access to file and print resources on your network, you must understand how to configure these resources within Windows Server 2012 server, and how to configure appropriate access to the resources for users in your environment. This module discusses how to provide these important file and print resources with Windows Server 2012. It describes how to secure files and folders, how to protect previous versions of files and folders by using shadow copies, and how to give workers remote access to corporate files by implementing the new Work Folders role service. It also describes new network printing features that help manage the network printing environment.

Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to: Secure shared files and folders. Protect shared files and folders by using shadow copies. Configure the Work Folders role service. Configure network printing.

5-2 Implementing Pile and Print Services

Lesson 1.

Securing Filesand Folders

The files and folders that your servers store typically contain your organization's business and functional data. Providing appropriate access to these files and folders, usually over the network, is an important part of managing file and print services in Windows Server 2012. This lesson gives you information necessary to secure files and folders on your Windows Server 2012 servers, so that your organization's data is available yet protected.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe NTFS file system permissions. Describe a shared folder. Describe permissions inheritance. Explain how effective access and permissions work when you access shared folders. Describe access-based enumeration. Describe Offline files. Explain how to create and configure a shared folder.

What Are NTFS Permissions?

NTFS permissions are assigned to files or folders on a storage volume that is formatted with NTFS. The permissions that you assign to NTFS files and folders govern user access to these files and folders. The following points describe the key aspects of NTFS permissions: NTFS permissions can be configured for an individual file or folder, or sets of files or folders. NTFS permissions can be assigned individua Ily to objects that include users, groups, and computers. NTFS permissions are controlled by granting or denying specific types of NTFS file and folder access, such as Read or Write. NTFS permissions can be inherited from parent folders. By default, the NTFS permissions that are assigned to a folder are also assigned to newly created folders or files within that parent folder.
NTFS permissions control access for filen and folde on NTFS-formatted storage volumen NTFS Permissions: Are configured for filos or folders Can be granted or denied Are inherited from parent folders Permissions conflict precedente; 1. Explicitly assigned Deny Explicitly assigned Allow 3. Inherited Deny 4. Inherited Allow

NTFS Permission Types

There are two assignable NTFS permissions types: standard, and advanced.

Standard Permissions
Standard permissions provide the most commonly used permission settings for files and folders. You assign standard permissions in the Permissions for folder name dialog box.

20410C: Installing and Configuting Windows Sentero 2012 5-3

The following table details the standard permissions options for NTFS files and folders. File perrnissions Description Grants the user complete control of the file or folder, including control of permissions. Grants the user permission to read, write, or delete a file or folder, including creatng a file or folder. It also grants permission to execute files. Grants the user permission to read a file and start apps. Grants the user permission to view file or folder content. Grants the user permission to write to a file. Grants the user permission to view a list of the folder's contents.

1 1 1

Full Control

Modify

Read and Execute Read Write List folder contents (folders only)

II

Note: Granting users Full Control permissions on a file or a folder gives them the ability to perform any file system operation on the object, and the ability to change permissions on the

1 1 1 1 1 1

object. They can also remove permissions on the resource for any or all users, including you.

Advanced Permissions
Advanced permissions can provide a much greater level of control over NTFS files and folders. Advanced permissions are accessible by clicking the Advanced button from the Security tab of a file or folder's Properties dialog box. The following table details the Advanced permissions for NTFS files and folders. File permissions Traverse Folder/Execute File Description The Traverse Folder permission applies only to folders. This permission grants or denies users the right to browse through folders to reach other files or folders, even if the user has no permissions for the traversed folders. The Traverse Folder permission takes effect only when the group or user is not granted the Bypass Traverse Checking user right. By default, the Everyone group is given the Bypass Traverse Checking user right. The Execute File permission grants or denies access to run program files. If you set the Traverse Folder permission on a folder, the Execute File permission is not automatically set on all files in that folder. List Folder/Read Data The List Folder permission grants the user permission to view file names and subfolder names. This permission applies only to folders and affects only the contents of that folderit does not affect whether the folder itself is listed. In addition, this setting has no effect on viewing the file structure from a command-line interface. The Read Data permission grants or denies the user permission to view data in files. The Read Data permission applies only to files. Read Attributes The Read Attributes permission grants the user permission to view the basic attributes of a file or a folder such as Read-only and Hidden attributes. Attributes are defined by NTFS.

1 1

5-4 implementing File and Print Services

(continued from previous page) File permissions Read Extended Attributes Description The Read Extended Attributes permission grants the user permission to view the extended attributes of a file or folder. Extended attributes are defined by apps, and can vary by app. The Create Files permission applies only to folders, and grants the user permission to create files in the folder. The Write Data permission grants the user permission to make changes to the file and overwrite existing content by NTFS. The Write Data permission applies only to files. Create Folders /Append Data The Create Folders permission grants the user permission to create folders within the folder. The Create Folders permission applies only to folders. The Append Data permission grants the user permission to make changes to the end of the file, but not to delete or overwrite existing data. The Append Data permission applies only to files. Write Attributes The Write Attributes permission grants the user permission to change the basic attributes of a file or folder, such as Read-only or Hidden. Attributes are defined by NTFS. The Write Attributes permission does not imply that you can create or delete files or folders; it includes only the permission to make changes to the attributes of a file or folder. To grant Create or Delete permissions, see the Create Files/Write Data, Create Folders/Append Data, Delete Subfolders and Files, and Delete entries in this table. Write Extended Attributes The Write Extended Attributes permission grants the user permission to change the extended attributes of a file or folder. Extended attributes are defined by programs and apps, and can vary by each one. The Write Extended Attributes permission does not imply that the user can create or delete files or folders; it includes only the permission to make changes to the attributes of a file or folder. To grant Create or Delete permissions, see the Create Files/Write Data, Create Folders/Append Data, Delete Subfolders and Files, and Delete entries in this table. Delete Subfolders and Files Delete The Delete Subfolders and Files permission grants the user permission to delete subfolders and files, even if the Delete permission is not granted on the subfolder or file. The Delete Subfolders and Files permission applies only to folders. The Delete permission grants the user permission to delete the file or folder. If you have not been assigned Delete permission on a file or folder, you can still delete the file or folder if you are granted Delete Subfolders and Files permissions on the parent folder. Read Permissions grants the user permission to read permissions a bout the file or folder, such as Full Control, Read, and Write. Change Permissions grants the user permission to change permissions on the file or folder, such as Full Control, Read, and Write.

Create Files/Write Data

Read Permissions Change Permissions

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Serveie 2012 5-5

(continued from previous page) File permissions Take Ownership Description The Take Ownership permission grants the user permission to take ownership of the file or folder. The owner of a file or folder can change permissions on it, regardless of any existing permissions that protect the file or folder. The Synchronize permission assigns different threads to wait on the handle for the file or folder, and then synchronize with another thread that may signa) it. This permission applies only to multiple-threaded, multiple-process programs and apps.

Synchronize

N ote: Standard permissions are combinations of several individual Advanced permissions that are grouped into commonly used file and folder scenarios.

NTFS Permissions Examples

The following are basic examples of assigning NTFS permissions: For a folder called Marketing Pictures, an administrator has chosen to assign Adam Carter Allow permissions for the Read permission type. Under default NTFS permissions behavior, Adam Carter will have Read access to the files and folders that are contained in the Marketing Pictures folder. When applying NTFS permissions, the results are cumulative. For example, in the previous example, say that Adam Carter is also a part of the Marketing group. The Marketing group has been given Write permissions on the Marketing Pictures folder. When we combine the permissions assigned to Adam Carter's user account with the permissions assigned to the Marketing group, Adam will have both Read and Write permissions for the Marketing Pictures folder.

Important Rules for NTFS Permissions

There are two important groups of NTFS permissions: Explicit vs. Inherited. When you apply NTFS permissions, permissions that are explicitly applied to a file or a folder take precedence over those that are inherited from a parent folder. Deny vs. Allow. After NTFS permissions have been divided into explicit and inherited permissions, any existing Deny permissions override conflicting Allow permissions within the group.

Therefore, taking these rules into account, NTFS permissions are applied in the following orden 1. 2. 3. 4. Explicit Deny Explicit Allow Inherited Deny Inherited Allow

It is important to remember that NTFS permissions are cumulative, and these rules apply only when two NTFS permission settings conflict with each other.

How to Configure NTFS Permissions

You can view and configure NTFS permissions by following these steps: 1. 2. Right-click the file or folder for which you want to assign permissions, and then click Properties. In the Properties dialog box, click the Security tab.

5-6 Implementing File and Print Services

3. 4.

In the Security tab, select the user or group that you want to view or edit the specific permissions of. To modify existing permissions or add new users or groups, click the Edit button. This opens the Permissions dialog box.

What Are Shared Folders?

Shared folders are a key component to granting access to files on your server from the network. When you share a folder, the folder and all of its contents are made available to multiple users simultaneously over the network. Shared folders maintain a separate set of permissions from the NTFS permissions, which apply to the folder's contents. These permissions provide an extra level of security for files and folders that are made available on the network. Most organizations deploy dedicated file servers to host shared folders. You can store files in shared folders according to categories or functions. For example, you can put shared files for the Sales department in one shared folder, and shared files for the Marketing department in another.
Folders can be shared, but individual files cannot .Accessing a shared folder using the UNC path: \\10N-svRINsales (standard share) 111-0N-SVR1\5ales$ (hidden share) -Shared faldera are faldera ha access to their contenta nt network

Note: The sharing process applies only to the folder levet. You cannot share an individual file or a group of files.

Accessing a Shared Folder

Users typically access a shared folder over the network by using its Universal Naming Convention (UNC) address. The UNC address contains the name of the server on which the folder is hosted, and the actual shared folder name, separated by a backward slash (\) and preceded by two backward slashes (\\). For example, the UNC path for the Sales shared folder on the LON-SVR1 server is \\LON-SVR1\Sales.

Sharing a Folder on the Network

Windows Server 2012 provides different ways to share a folder. Click the appropriate drive, and then in the Files and Storage Services section in Server Manager, click the New Share task. Use the File Sharing Wizard, either from the folder's shortcut menu, or by clicking the Share button on the Sharing tab of the folder's Properties dialog box. Use Advanced Sharing by clicking the Advanced Sharing button on the Sharing tab of the folder's Properties dialog box. Use the Net share command-line tool from a commandline window. Use the New - SMBShare cmdlet in Windows PowerShell.

Note: When you are setting up a shared folder, you will be asked to give it a name. This name does not have to be the same name as the actual folder, it can be a descriptive name that better describes the folder contents to network users.

20410C: Installing and Configuiing Windows Serveio 2012 5-7

Administrative Shares
If you have shared folders that need to be available from the network, but should be hidden from users browsing the network, you can create administrative (or hidden) shared folders. You can access an administrative shared folder by typing in its UNC path, but the folder will not be visible if you browse the server by using File Explorer. Administrative shared folders also typically have a more restrictive set of permissions to reflect the administrative nature of the folder's contents. To hide a shared folder, append the dollar symbol ($) to the folder's name. For example, a shared folder on LON-SVR1 named Sales can be made into a hidden shared folder by naming it Sales$. The shared folder is accessible over the network by using the UNC path \\LON-SVR1\Sales$.

Note: Sha red folder permissions apply only to users who access the folder over the network. They do not affect users who access the folder locally on the computer where the folder is stored.

Shared Folder Permissions

Just like NTFS permissions, you can assign shared folder permissions to users, groups, or computers. However, unlike NTFS permissions, shared folder permissions are not configu rabie for individual files or folders within the shared folder. Shared folder permissions are set once for the shared folder itself, and apply universally to the entire contents of the shared folder for users who access the folder over the network. When you create a shared folder, the default assigned shared permission for the Everyone group is set to Read. The following table lists the permissions that you can grant to a shared folder. Sharedfolder permission Read Description Users can view folder and file names, view file data and attributes, run program files and scripts, and navigate the folder structure within the shared folder. Users can create folders, add files to folders, change data in files, append data to files, change file attributes, delete folders and files, and perform all tasks permitted by the Read permission. Users can change file permissions, take ownership of files, and perform all tasks permitted by the Change permission.

Change

Full Control

Note: When you assign Full Control permissions on a shared folder to a user, that user can modify permissions on the shared folder, which includes removing all users (including administrators), from the shared folder's permissions list. In most cases, you should grant Change Permission instead of Full Control permission.

5-8 Implementing File and Print Services

Permissions Inheritance
By default, NTFS and shared folders use inheritance to propagate permissions throughout a folder structure. When you create a file or a folder, it is automatically assigned the permissions that are set on any folders that exist aboye it (parent folders) in the hierarchy of the folder structure. Inheritance isused to manage access to resources without assigning explicit permissions to each object By default, permissions are inherited in a parent/child relationship Blocking inheritance: You can block permission inheritance You can apply blocking at the file or folder levet You can set blocking on a folder to propagate the new permissions to child objects

How Inheritance Is Applied

Consider the following example. Adam Carter is a member of the Marketing group and the New York Editors grou p. The following table is a summary of the permissions for this example: FolderorFile Marketing (folder) Marketing Pictures (folder) New York (folder) Fall_Compositejpg (file)

Assigned Permissions Read Marketing None set Write New York Editors None set

AdarrIsPermissions Read Read (inherited) Read(i) + Write Read(i) + Write(i)

In this example, Adam is a member of two groups that are assigned permissions for files or folders within the folder structure. They are as follows: The top-level folder, Marketing, has an assigned permission for the Marketing Group giving them Read access. In the next levet, the Marketing Pictures folder has no explicit permissions set, but because of permissions inheritance Adam has Read access to this folder and its contents from the permissions that are set on the Marketing folder. In the third levet, the New York folder has Write permissions assigned to one of Adam's groupsNew York Editors. In addition to this explicitly assigned Write permission, the New York folder also inherits the Read permission from the Marketing folder. These permissions pass down to file and folder objects, cumulating with any explicit Read and Write permissions set on those files.

~~ The fourth and last level is the Fall_Connpositejpg file. Even though no explicit permissions have been set for this file, Adam has both Read and Write access to the file dueto the inherited permissions from both the Marketing folder anci- the New York folder.

Permission Conflicts
Sometimes, explicitly set permissions on a file or folder conflict with permissions inherited from a parent folder. In these cases, the explicitly assigned permissions always override the inherited permissions. In the given example, if Adam Carter was denied Write access to the parent Marketing folder, but then explicitly granted Write access to the New York folder, the granted Write access permissions take precedence over the inherited deny Write access permission.

Blocking Inheritance
You can also disable the inheritance behavior for a file or a folder (and its contents) on an NTFS drive. You do this when you want to explicitly define permissions for a set of objects without including any of the

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Senierli 2012 5-9

inherited permissions from any parent folders. Windows Server 2012 provides an option for blocking inheritance on a file or a folder. To block inheritance on a file or folder, complete the following steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Right-click the file or folder where you want to block inheritance, and then click Properties. In the Properties dialog box, click the Security tab, and then click Advanced. In the Advanced Security Settings dialog box, click Change Permissions. In the next Advanced Security Settings dialog box, click Disable inheritance. At this point, you are prompted to either convert the inherited permissions into explicit permissions or remove all inherited permissions from the object to start with a blank permissions slate.

Resetting Default Inheritance Behavior

After you block inheritance, changes made to permissions on the parent folder structure no longer have an effect on the permissions for the child object (and its contents) that has blocked inheritance, unle.ss you reset that behavior from one of the parent folders by selecting the Replace AH Child Objects With Inheritable Permissions From This Object option. When you select this option, the existing set of permissions on the current folder are propagated down to all child objects in the tree structure, and override all explicitly assigned permissions for those files and folders. This check box is located directly under the Include Inheritable Permissions From This Object's Parent check box.

EffectivePermissions
Access to a file or folder in Windows Server 2012 is granted based on a combination of permissions. When a user attempts to access a file or folder, the permission that applies is dependent on various factors, including: Explicitly defined and inherited permissions that apply to the user Explicitly defined and inherited permissions that apply to the groups to which the user belongs How the user is accessing the file or folders: locally, or over the network Effective NTFS permissions are the cumulative permissions that are assigned to a user for a file of folder based on the factors listed aboye. The following principies determine effective NTFS permissions: Cunnulative permissions are the combination of the highest NTFS permissions granted to the user and to all the groups of which the user is a member. For example, if a user is a member of a group that has Read permission and is a member of a group that has Modify permission, the user is assigned cumulative Modify permissions. Deny permissions override equivalent Allow permissions. However, an explicit Allow permission can override an inherited Deny permission. For example, if a user is denied Write access to a folder via an inherited Deny permission, but is explicitly granted Write access to a subfolder or a particular file, the explicit Allow overrides the inherited Deny for the particular subfolder or file. You can apply permissions to a user or to a group. Assigning permissions to groups is preferred because they are more efficient than managing permissions that are set for many individuals.
When combining shared folder and NTFS permissions, the most restrctve permission is applied Example: If a user or group is given the shared folder permission of Read and the NTFS permission of Write, the usar or group will only be able to read the file because it is the more restrictve permission Both the share and the NTFS file and folder permissions must have the correct permissions, otherwise the user or group will be denied access to the resource

5-10 Implementing File and Print Services

NTFS file permissions take priority over folder permissions. For example, if a user has Read permission to a folder, but has been granted Modify permission to certain files in that folder, the effective permission for those files will be set to Modify. Every object in an NTFS drive or in Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) is owned. The owner controls how permissions are set on the object and to whom permissions are granted. For example, a user who creates a file in a folder where they have Modify permissions can change the permissions on the file to Full Control.

Effective Access Tool

Windows Server 2012 provides an Effective Access tool that shows the effective NTFS permissions on a file or folder for a user, based on permissions assigned to the user account and groups to which the user account belongs. You can access Effective Access tool by the following steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. Right-click the file or folder for which you want to analyze permissions, and then click Properties. In the Properties dialog box, click the Advanced button. In the Advanced Security Settings dialog box, click the Effective Access tab. Choose a user or group to evaluate by using Select a user.

Combining NTFS Permissions and Shared Folder Permissions

NTFS permissions and shared folder permissions work together to control access to file and folder resources that are accessed from a network. When you configure access to network resources on an NTFS drive, use the most restrictive NTFS permissions to control access to folders and files, and combine them with the most restrictive shared folder permissions to control access to the network.

How Combining NTFS and Shared Folder Permissions Works

When you apply both NTFS and shared folder permissions, remember that the more restrictive of the two permissions dictates the access that a user will have to a file or folder. The following two examples explain this further: If you set the NTFS permissions on a folder to Full Control, but you set the shared folder permissions to Read, then that user has only Read permission when accessing the folder over the network. Access is restricted at the shared folder level, and any greater access at the NTFS permissions level does not apply. Likewise, if you set the shared folder permission to Full Control, and you set the NTFS permissions to Write, then the user will have no restrictions at the shared folder level, but the NTFS permissions on the folder grants only Write permissions to that folder.

The user must have appropriate permissions on both the NTFS file or folder and the shared folder. If no permissions exist for the user (either as an individual or as the member of a group) on either resource, access is denied.

Considerations for Combined NTFS and Shared Folder Permissions

The following are several considerations that make administering permissions more manageable: Grant permissions to groups instead of users. Groups can always have individuals added or deleted, while permissions on a case-by-case basis are difficult to track and cumbersome to manage. Use Deny permissions only when necessary. Because Deny permissions are inherited, assigning deny permissions to a folder can result in users not being able to access files further clown in the folder structure tree. You should assign Deny permissions only in the following situations: o To exclude a subset of a group that has Allow permissions

' 2012 5-11 20410C: Installing and Configuringli1findows Server,

o To exclude one specific permission when you have granted Full Control permissions to a user or a group Never deny the Everyone group access to an object. If you deny the Everyone group access to an object, you deny Administrators accessincluding yourself. Instead, remove the Everyone group from the permissions list, as long as you grant permissions for the object to other users, groups, or computers. Grant permissions to an object that is as high in the folder structure as possible, so that the security settings are propagated throughout the tree. For example, instead of bringing groups representing all departments of the company together into a Read folder, assign Domain Users (which is a default group for all user accounts on the domain) to the share. In this manner, you elimnate the need to update department groups before new users receive the shared folder. Use NTFS permissions instead of shared permissions for fine-grained access. Configuring both NTFS and shared folder permissions can be difficult. Consider assigning the most restrictive permissions for a group that contains many users at the shared folder level, and then use NTFS permissions to assign permissions that are more specific.

What IsAccess-Based Enumeration?

With access-based enumeration, users see only the files and folders which they have permission to access. Access-based enumeration provides a better user experience because it displays a less complex view of the contents of a shared folder, making it easier for users to find the files that they need. Windows Server 2012 allows access-based enumeration of folders that a server shares over the network.

Access-based enumeration allows an administrator to control the visibility of shared folders according to the permissions set on the shared folder
Access

Basad Enumeration is:

Buit nto Windows Server 2012 Available for shared folders Configurable on a per shared folder basic

Enabling Access- Based Enumeration

To enable access-based enumeration for a shared folder: 1. 2. 3. 4. Open Server Manager. In the navigation pane, click File and Storage Services. In the navigation pane, click Shares. In the Shares pane, right-click the shared folder for which you want to enable access-based enumeration, and then click Properties. 5. In the Properties dialog box, click Settings, and then select Enable access-based enumeration.

When Enable access-based enumeration is selected, access-based enumeration is enabled on the shared folder. This setting is unique to each shared folder on the server.

El Note: The File and Storage Services console is the only place in the Windows Server 2012
interface where you can configure access-based enumeration for a shared folder. Access-based enumeration is not available in any of the properties dialog boxes that are accessible by right-clicking the shared folder in File Explorer.

5-12 Implementing File and Print Senaces

What Are Offline Files?

An offline file is a copy of a network file that is stored on a client computer. By using offline files, users can access network-based files when their client computer is disconnected from the network. If offline files and folders have been edited or modified by the client, then the changes are synchronized with the network copy of the files the next time the client reconnects to the network. The synchronization schedule and behavior of offline files is controlled by the Windows client operating system. Offline files are available with the following operating systems: Windows 8.1 Windows 8 Windows Server 2012 R2 Windows Server 2012 Windows 7 Windows Server 2008 R2 Windows Server 2008 Windows Vista Windows Server 2003
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Offline file settings allow a client computer to cache network files locally for offline use when they are disconnected from the network Offline settin.. s window
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Note: Offline files is not available in home versions of Windows operating systems.

Offline Settings
With Windows Server 2012, you view the Offline Settings dialog box for a shared folder by clicking the Caching button in the Advanced Sharing dialog box. The following options are available within the Offline Settings dialog box: Only the files and programs that users specify are available offline. This is the default option when you set up a shared folder. When you use this option, no files or programs are available offline by default, and users control which files and programs they want to access when they are not connected to the network. Alternatively, you can choose the Enable BranchCache option. This option enables computers that are accessing the files to cache files downloaded from the folder using Windows BranchCache. You must install and configure BranchCache on the Windows Server 2012 server to select this option. No files or programs from the shared folder are available offline. This option blocks client computers from making copies of the files and programs on the shared folder. All files and programs that users open from the shared folder are automatically available offline. Whenever a user accesses the shared folder or drive and opens a file or program in it, that file or program is made automatically available offline to that user. Files and programs that are made automatically available offline remain in the offline files cache and synchronize with the version on the server until the cache is full or the user deletes the files. Files and programs that are not opened are not available offline.

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20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Senrero 2012 5-13

Optimized for performance. If you select this option, executable files (.exe, .d11) that are run from the shared folder by a client computer are cached on that client computer automatically. The next time the client computer runs the executable files, it will access its local cache instead of the shared folder on the server.

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Note: The Offline Files feature must be enabled on the client computer for files and programs to be cached automatically. In addition, the Optimized For Performance option does not have any effect on client computers that use Windows Vista or older Windows operating systems, because these operating systems perform the program-level caching automatically, as specified by this option.

The Always Offline Mode

You can configure Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8 computers to use the Always Available Offline Mode when accessing shared folders. When you configure this option, client computers always use the locally cached version of the files from a network share, even if they are connected to the file server by a high-speed network connection. This configuration typically results in faster access to files for client computers, especially when connectivity or speed of a network connection is intermittent. Synchronization with the files on the server occurs according to the offline files configuration of the client computer.

How to Enable the Always Offline Mode

To enable Always Offline mode, use Group Policy to enable the Configure slow - link mode setting, and set the latency value to 1. The Configure slow - link mode setting is located in Group Policy under the Computer Configuration\Administrative Policies\Network\Offline Files node.

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Demonstration: Creating and Configuring a Shared Folder

Creating and configuring a shared folder is typically done within File Explorer, from the file or folder's Properties dialog box on the Sharing tab. When creating a shared folder, always ensure that you set permissions that are appropriate for all of the files and folders within the shared folder location. In this demonstration, you will see how to: Create a shared folder. Assign permissions for the shared folder. Configure access-based enunneration. Configure offline files.

Demonstration Steps Create a shared folder

1. Sign in to LON-SVR1 as Adatum\Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd. On drive E, create a folder named Data. Share the Data folder.

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2. 3.

5-14 Implementing File and Print Services

Assign permissions for the shared folder

1. 2. 3.

Grant the Authenticated Users Change permissions for the Data folder.

Configure access-based enumeration

Open Server Manager. Navigate to the Share pane in the File and Storage Services management console. Open the Data Properties dialog box for \\LON-SVR1Wata, and enable access-based enumeration.

Configure offline files

1. 2. 3. Open the Data Properties dialog box for E:\Data. Navigate to the Sharing tab, and open the Advanced Sharing settings. Open the Caching settings, and then disable offline files.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Sewerl 2012 5-15

Lesson 2

Protecting Shared Files and Folders by Using Shadow Copies

You use shadow copies to restore previous versions of files and folders. It is much faster to restore a previous version of a file from a shadow copy than from a traditional backup copy, which might be stored offsite. Files and folders can be recovered by administrators, or directly by end users. This lesson introduces you to shadow copies, and shows you how to configure a schedule of shadow copies in Windows Server 2012.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe shadow copies. Describe considerations for scheduling shadow copies. Identify methods for restoring data from shadow copies. Restore data from a shadow copy.

What Are Shadow Copies?

A shadow copy is a static image (or a snapshot) of a set of data, such as a file or folder. Shadow copies provide the capability to recover files and folders based on snapshots of storage drives. After a snapshot is taken, you can view and potentially restore previous versions of files and folders from that snapshot. A shadow copy does not make a complete copy of all files for each snapshot. Instead, after a snapshot is ta ken, Windows Server 2012 tracks changes to the drive. A specific amount of disk space is allocated for tracking the changed disk blocks. When you access a previous version of a file, some of the content might be in the current version of the file, and some might be in the snapshot. By default, the changed disk blocks are stored on the same drive as the original file, but you can modify where they are stored. You can also define how much disk space is allocated for shadow copies. Multiple snapshots are retained until the allocated disk space is full, after which, older snapshots are removed to make room for new snapshots. The amount of disk space that is used by a snapshot is based on the size of disk changes between snapshots. Because a snapshot is not a complete copy of files, you cannot use shadow copies as a replacement for traditional backups. If the disk containing a drive is lost or damaged, then the snapshots of that drive are also lost. Shadow copies are suitable for recovering data files, but not for more complex data (such as databases), that need to be logically consistent before a backup is performed. A database that is restored from previous versions is likely to be corrupt and require data base repairs.
Allow access to previous versions of files Are based on tracking disk changes Disk space s alfocated on the same volume When the space is fulf. older shadow copies are emoved Are not a replacement for backups Are not suitable for recovering databases

5-16 implementing Fire and Print Services

Considerations for Scheduling Shadow Copies

The default schedule for creating shadow copies is Monday through Friday at 07:00 A.M., and again at noon. You can modify the default schedule as desired for your organization. When scheduling shadow copies: ~~ Consider that increasing the frequency of shadow copies increases the load on the server. As a best practice, you should not schedule drive shadow copies more than once each hour. Increase the frequency of shadow copies for frequently changing data. This increases the likelihood that recent file changes are captured. Increase the frequency of shadow copies for important data. This increases the likelihood that recent file changes are captured.
fault schedule is 7:00 A.M. and noon Create a shadow copy schedule based on: Capacity of server Frequency of changes 1mportance of changes

Restoring Data from a Shadow Copy

Previous versions of files can be restored by either users or administrators. Most users are unaware that they can do this, and they will need instructions on how to restore a previous version of a file. Administrators can access and restore previous versions of files directly on the server that stores the files. Users can access and restore previous versions of files over the network from a file share. In both cases, previous versions are accessed from the Properties dialog box of the file or folder. When viewing previous versions of a folder, you can browse the available files and select only the file that you need. If multiple versions of files are available, you can review each version before deciding which one to restore. Finally, you can copy a previous version of a file to an alternate location instead of restoring it to its previous location. This prevents overwriting the current file version. Windows Vista and Windows 7 operating system clients can access previous file versions without installing any additional software. The ability to access previous file versions is no longer supported in Windows operating systems before Windows Vista.
Previous versions are accessible from the Properties dialog box of a file or folder Administrators can restare previous versions directly on the server Users can restore previous versions over the network All users can: Restore afile or folder Browse previous versions to select the correct one Copy a file or folder to an altemate location

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Serierl 2012 5-17

Demonstration: Restoring Data from a Shadow Copy

You can create shadow copies using the default schedule, or you can modify the schedule to provide more frequent snapshots. In either case, you will only see the versions of the file as it has changed. Taking a shadow copy of a file that has not changed has no actual effect on the shadow copy. No additional versions are available, and no space is used in the snapshot for that particular file. In this demonstration, you will see how to: Configure shadow copies. Create a new file. Create a shadow copy. Modify the file. Restore the previous version.

Demonstration Steps Configure shadow copies

1. 2. On LON-SVR1, open File Explorer. Enable Shadow Copies for Local Disk (C:).

Create a new file

1. 2. 3. 4. Open File Explorer. Create a folder on drive C named Data. Create a text file named TestFile.txt in the Data folder. Change the contents of TestFile.txt by adding and saving the text Version 1.

Create a shadow copy

1. In File Explorer, right-click Local Disk (C:), and then click Configure Shadow Copies. 2. 3. In the Shadow Copies dialog box, click Create Now. When the shadow copy is complete, click OK.

Modify the file

1. 2. 3. Open TestFile.txt as a Notepad document. In Notepad, type Version 2. Save the changes.

Restore the previous version

1. In File Explorer, right-click TestFile.txt, and then click Restore previous versions. 2. 3. 4. Choose the most recent version. In the Are you sure you want to restore message, click Restore. Open TestFile.txt and verify that the previous version is restored.

5-18 Implemening File and Print Services

Lesson 3

Configuring Work Folders

More and more, information workers want the ability to use their own devices such as smart phones and tablets to access corporate data files while out of the office. The Work Folders role service address this by allowing users to store and access work files from anywhere while complying with corporate policies. This is accomplished by synchronizing corporate data to user devices from a centralized, on-premise server using a new synchronization protocol. The corporate organization still maintains control of the data by implementing policies such as encryption.

Lesson Objectives
After completing the lesson, you will be able to: Describe the Work Folders role service. Discuss the benefits and limitations of Work Folders. Describe Work Folders components. Configure Work Folders.

What is the Work Folders Role Service?

Work Folders is a new role service of the File and Storage Services role and is only available in Windows Server 2012 R2. Work Folders allows users to synchronize corporate data to all of their devices. When a user creates or modifies a file in a Work Folders folder on any device or PC, it is automatically replicated (using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) connections on port 443) to a folder known as the sync share on the corporate file server. The changes in the sync share are then securely replicated to that user's other devices if those devices are configured to use Work Folders. A sync share maps to a physical location on the file server where files are stored. New folders or existing shared folders can be mapped to sync shares. Client computers can be configured to connect to the sync share either manually or automatically. Once configured on the client computer, the work folder appears to the user like any other folder in File Explorer. Users can create files and folders in the work folder just as they do in any other network shared folder. These files and folders will be synchronized to all other devices configured to use Work Folders. Other factors to keep in mind when working with Work Folders are: Corporate security polices can be applied to the data to enforce encryption, lock devices, and wipe corporate data off of devices. File management technologies such as quotas, file screens, reporting, and classification can be applied to files and folders held in Work Folders. Client devices are limited to one synchronize partnership per user per device.
User devices

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es to entorce lencrypto , lock devices, and Iwipe corporate data off of ;devices

File management technig I Quotas I = File screens Reporting Classification

20410C: Installing and Configunng Windows Senil, ' 2012 5-19

How Files Stay In Synchronization

Once the synchronize partnership is established between the client and the server, a data directory is created on the NTFS volume on the client device. A hidden version database is also created and stored in the user profilethis database tracks the metadata of the files and folders stored in the work folders and detects when chang es occur. A hidden download staging directory is used to accept updated files from the Work Folders server. The first time a user synchronizes a device, a data directory and upload staging directory is created on the server for that user. One version-database is created on the sync share for each user. Synchronization occurs through change detection on the client or by polling. Polling is done every 10 minutes by default. When a local change is detected on a device, the client connects to the server and uploads the change to the upload staging directory. Then the change is applied to the user's data directory on the server. Synchronization is always initiated by the client device.

Conflict Resolution
If a file is edited and saved on different devices at the same time, both copies will be uploaded to the server. One of the file names will have the name of the device it was saved on appended to it. For example, a user opens, edits, and saves a file named Doc1 on his office PC; he then edits the offline version on his tablet. When the tablet version synchronizes, the file will be saved as Doc 1 name of tablet. There will now be two versions of the file in the sync share.

Backup and Recovery

Files can be selectively restored either on the server or the client. The restored file is seen as just another change and becomes the authoritative version that will be synchronized to the other devices. When you are backing up client systems, do not backup the version database; it will rebuild itself from the server. For server disaster scenarios, the Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS) writer supports a full server restore. Because synchronizations are initiated by the client the database becomes current automatically after receiving updates from clients.

Comparing Work Folders to Cloud -based Storage

For organizations that want to maintain data storage on-premise and already have established practices around data management and storage, Work Folders provides a solution that users will find familiar. Cloud-based technologies such as SkyDrive Pro are good solutions for organizations that use SharePoint and need the collaboration features of Office 365.

Benefits and Limitations of Work Folders

Work Folders provides a number of benefits that cannot be achieved using existing technologies, but there are limitations to what Work Folders can do.
The benefits of Work Folders include: Works on domain joined and non-domain ioitsetf systems Provides a single point of access to work files - %vides offline access to work files Synchronizes files for users Data can be encrypted - Campan/ale with existing data management technologies . Work Folders has the following fimitations Currently supported on Windows Server 2012112 and Windows 8c1 Does not support collaboration scenarios - Files cannot be selectively synchronized Does not support synchronizng multiple file res

Benefits
Work Folders provides the following benefits: It is available for domain joined and nondomain joined systems. Users need to provide credentials to connect from non-domain joined devices.

5-20 implernenting Frie and Print Services

It provides a single point of access to work files on a user's work and personal computers and devices. It provides access to work files while users are offline. It synchronizes files for the users when the computer or device next has Internet or network access. It can be deployed alongside existing technologies such as Folder Redirection and Offline Files. Data can be encrypted while in-transit as well as when it is sitting on the device itself. Administrators can configure security policies. These policies may include to instruct user computers and devices to encrypt work folders and to use a lock-screen password.

It can use existing file server management technologies such as file classification and folder quotas to manage user data.

Failover Clustering can be used to ensure high-availability.

Limitations
Work Folders has the following limitations: Work Folders are currently supported on Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1 only. It does not provide collaboration functionality such as sharing synchronized files or folders with other users. There is no a bility to selectively synchronize files in work folders; all files are synchronized. Users synchronized to their own folder on the file serverthere is no support for synchronizing to otherfile shares.

Work Folder Components

In order to implement Work Folders there are specific software requirements and both server and client side components that need to be configured.
Software Requirements Windows Server 2012 R2 Trle Windows 8.1 fent SSL certificates NTFS file system for both

nd server

Software Requirements
Work Folders has the following software requirements for file servers: A server running Windows Server 2012 R2 for hostingsync shares and user data An NTFS formatted volume to store user files A server certificate from a certification authority (CA) that is trusted by your users - a public CA is best

Server Components Work Folders role service IIS Management Comer rc4e service t Fire Server role service Web Server Role (IIS) role LES Hostable Web Core role service Client Components Manual deployment using built in Control Automatic deployment via Group Policy, Con Manager, or Intune

To enable users to synchronize across the Internet, there are additional requirements: The file server must be accessible from the Internet A publicly registered domain name and associated Dornain Name System (DNS) records

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Seiverl 2012 5-21

Work Folders has the following software requirements for client computers: Windows 8.1 Windows RT 8.1 An NTFS formatted volume to store user files

74 s Note: A

Windows Server 2012 R2 cannot be a client of Work Folders.

Server Components
Work Folders is a role service of the File and Storage Services role. The Work Folders role service can be installed on any edtion of Windows Server 2012 R2 and can be installed alongside any other roles or programs. For example, a domain controller or Exchange server can also host Work Folders. Installing the Work Folders role service also installs the following roles and role services: File Server role service Web Server Role (Internet Information Services (IIS)) role IIS Management Console role service IIS Hostable Web Core role service

Once the role service is installed, the sync share must be created. You can create multiple sync shares on a file server. Each one maps to different file system locations with different users and groups having access and different policies defined per share.

Client Components
The ability to connect to and manage Work Folders folders and files is built into Windows 8.1. Deployment can be manual or automatic.

Manual Deployment
A built-in item in Control Panel named Work Folders is used to supply the user's corporate email address. This email address is used to construct the URL for the Work Folders server and that URL is used to connect to the Work Folders folder.ff there is no corporate email address the URL can be entered manually.

Opt- in Deployment
Work Folders settings can be delivered via Group Policy, Microsoft System Center 2012 Configuration Manager or by Windows Intune-. After the settings are delivered, the user can then decide if they want to use Work Folders on that device.

Mandatory Deployment
Settings are delivered via Group Policy, System Center 2012 Configuration Manager or by Windows Intune-. No user action is required. Work Folders is configured on the device.

5-22 Implementing Pile and Print Services

Configuring Work Folders

There are a number of steps on both the server and a client that must be completed in order to successfully configure Work Folders. -Server configuration
Install the Work Folders role service (reate a sync aliare Insta!l a server certificate named to support the Work Folders URL

Server Configu ration

Server configuration begins with the addition of the Work Folders role service and then the configuration of the sync share as outlined in the following steps: 1. Use Server Manager or Windows PowerShell to add the Work Folders role service and dependent role services.

Client configuration
Manual configuration requres the user to manually enter their email address - Automatic configuration can be done by using Group Policy

The following Windows PowerShell command adds the Work Folders role service: Add-WindowsFeature FS-SyncShareServi ce 2. Use the New Sync Share Wizard or Windows PowerShell to create a sync share. You must provide the following information: o o The name of the server that will host the sync share. The path to the sync share. This is a path to a local folder or an existing shared folder on the local server. If you are using an existing shared folder then the work folders can also be accessed by the UNC path. The folder naming format. This is in the form of an email address ora user alias. The user alias is compatible with technologies such as home folders. You can also specify that only a subfolder of the sync share will be synchronized. The name of the sync share. This is the friendly name the sync share is known by. The names of the users or groups that will have access to the sync share. By default, inherited permissions on the user folders is disabled and the user is granted exclusive access to the folder, but you can change that. You can specify whether to encrypt the work folders and whether to automatically lock the screen and require a password.

o o

Windows PowerShell cmdlets New-SyncShare and Set-SyncShare are used to create and modify the sync share. The following example creates a sync share named SalesShare at the local path of C:\SalesShare, grants access to the Sales group, and sets the conflict resolution method to keep the latest file saved. NewSyncShare ,Sa esS are -path C:\SaIesShare -User Keeptatest )1ctli'eSet":ti o n'

The server must have an SSL certificate installed in the computer's Trusted Root Certification Authority. The common name (CN) in the certificate must match the name used as the Work Folders URL. For example, if the client is making a request to https://syncsvr.contoso.com, then the CN must also be https://syncsvr.contoso.conn. 1:21 Note: A single file server can host multiple sync shares, which will require a certificate with multiple hostnames (a Subject Alternative Name (SAN) certificate can be used).

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server,2012 5-23

Client Configuration
Clients can be configured either manually or automatically. In either case the Work Folders connection uses SSL, therefore clients must trust the server certificate. Although it is possible to use an internal CA, those certificates are not normally trusted by non-domain joined devices. As a best practice, purchase the server certificate from a public CA.

Eb Reference Links: For more information about certificates for Work Folders see the article "Work Folders Certificate Management" at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinIdD=331094.

Manual Configuration
This requires the user to launch the Work Folders item in Control Panel and enter their corporate email address. This address is used to build the URL (by default HTTPS://FQDN) of the file server, which will connect the user to Work Folders. If the URL cannot be discovered by using the user's email address, the URL can be input manually.

Automatic Configuration using Group Policy

Automatic configuration can be accomplished via Group Policy. The following Group Policy settings are used for configuring client computers: Setting Force automatic setup for all users Desnription This computer configuration setting specifies whether Work Folders will be set up automatically for all users on this computer. This prevents users from manually specifying the local folder in which filen are stored. Work Folders uses the settings specified in the user Group Policy configuration for Work Folders. This user configuration setting specifies the Work Folders server as well as whether or not the users are allowed to change settings on domain-joined computers. When enabled, users receive settings for the Work Folders URL and they can be prevented from manually specifying the local folder in which work folders are stored. The default location is %userprofile%\Work Folders.

Specify Work Folders settings

Note: Automatic configuration using System Center 2012 Configuration Manager or Windows Intune is beyond the scope of this course.

Demonstration: How to Configure Work Folders

In this demonstration, you will see how to: Install the Work Folders role service. Create a sync share for work folders on a file server. Configure Work Folder access on a Windows 8.1 client. Create a file in the work folder. Configure Work Folders to synchronize data on a second Windows 8.1 client.

5-24 Implementing File and Print Services

Demonstration Steps Install the Work Folders role service

On LON-SVR1, install the Work Folders role service.

Create a sync share on a file server

In Server Manager, in File and Storage Services use the New Sync Share Wizard to create a new sync share with the following parameters: o o o o o o Server Name: LON-SVR1 Select by file share: Data Structure for user folders: User alias Sync share name: WorkFolders Grant synchronize access to groups: Domain Users Device policies: Automatically lock screen, and require a password

Configure Work Folder access on a Windows 8.1 client

1. 2. Sign in to LON-CL1 as Adatum\Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd. Navigate to C:\Labfiles\Mod10 and run the WorkFolders.bat. This batch file adds a registry entry that allows unsecured connections to work folders. 3. 4. Open Control Panel and, in System and Security, open the Work Folders item. Setup Work Folders as follows: Click Enter a Work Folders URL instead. o Work Folders URL: http://lon-svrl.adatum.com Normally this requires a secure connection o o 5. 6. Work Folders location: Accept default Policies: Accept the policies

Set up the Work Folders folder. Open File Explorer. Notice there is now a Work Folders folder under the This PC folder.

Create a file in the work folder

Open the Work Folders folder and create a new text document.

Synchronize data on a second client computer

1. 2. Sign in to LON-CL2 as Adatum\Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd. Navigate to CALabfiles\Mod10 and double-click SetIP.bat. This configures the IP address of the client to be on the correct subnet. 3. 4. 5. 6. Repeat steps 2 through 6 from the Configure Work Folder access on a Windows 8.1 Client task. Open the Work Folders folder and notice the file you created is available from this computer. Close all open windows. Use Hyper-V Manager on the holt computer to Reved 20410C-LON-CL2.

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Lesson 4

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server, ' 2012 5-25

Configuring Network Printing

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By using the Print and Document Services role in Windows Server 2012, you can share printers on a network and centralize print server and network printer management. By using the Print Management console, you can monitor print queues, and receive important notifications regarding print server activity. Windows Server 2012 introduces new features and important changes to the Print and Document Services role that you can use to manage your network printing environment better. This lesson explains the important aspects of network printing, and introduces new network printing features that are available in Windows Server 2012.

Lesson Objectives
After completing the lesson, you will be able to: Identify the benefits of network printing. Describe Enhanced Point and Print. Identify security options for network printing. Create multiple configurations for a print device. Describe printer pooling. Describe Branch Office Direct Printing. Identify methods for deploying printers to clients.

Benefits of Network Printing

You can configure network printing by using Windows Server 2012 as a print server for users. In this configuration, client computers submit print jobs to the print server for delivery to a printer that is connected to the network.
Centralfzed Console geme 'a the Print Management

Simplified troubleshooting

er total cost of ownershp

Listing in AD DS

Benefits of Network Printing

Centralized management. The biggest benefit of using Windows Server 2012 as a print server is centralized management of printing. Instead of managing client connections to many individual devices, you manage their connection to the server. You install printer drivers centrally on the server, and then distribute them to workstations. Simplified troubleshooting. By installing printer drivers centrally on a server, you also simplify troubleshooting. It is relatively easy to determine whether printing problems are caused by the printer, server, or client computer. ~~ Lower costs. A network printer is more expensive than those typically used for local printing, but it also has significantly lower consumables costs and better quality printing. Therefore, the cost of printing is still minimized, because the initial cost of the printer is spread over all the computers that connect to that printer. For example, a single network printer could service 100 users or more. Users can search for printers easily. You can also publish network printers in AD DS, which allows users to search for printers in their domain.

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5-26 Implementing File and Print Services

Enterprise Print Management

Windows Server 2012 provides a Print Management console that allows administrators to manage printing for the entire enterprise from a single interface. The Print Management console provides realtime information a bout the status of printers and print servers on the network and can take actions such as sending notifications or running scripts when printers need attention. With this console you can connect to and manage printers on print servers running Microsoft Windows 2000 and higher. The Print Services Tools are not installed by default; you install the role using Server Manager or Windows PowerShell. Once installed, Print Services can detect print devices that exist on the same subnet as the print server, install the appropriate printer drivers, set up print queues and share the printers. Printers can then be deployed to users or computers through either existing or new group policies directly from the Print Management console.

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el Reference Links: For more information see the Tech Net article Print Management Step- byStep Guide at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?Lin kID= 331093.

What is Enhanced Point and Print?

Enhanced Point and Print is a new featu re in Windows Server 2012 that makes it easier to install drivers for network printers. Enhanced Point and Print uses the new version 4 (v4) driver type that is introduced in Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8.
Enhanced Point and Print uses the v4 driver model to provide a simplified management structu re for network printer drivers Benefits of Enhanced Point and Print: Print servers do not need to store client print drivers Driver Piles are isolated, preventing file naming contlicts A single driver can support multiple devices Driver packages are smaller and instan faster The print driver and the printer user interface can be deployed independently

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Understanding V3 Drivers and V4 Drivers

The Windows printer driver standard that is used in previous versions of Windows Server has existed in relatively the same form since the introduction of version 3 (v3) drivers in the

Microsoft Windows 2000 operating systems. With v3 drivers, printer manufacturers create customized print drivers for each specific device that they produce, to ensure that Windows apps can use all of their printer's features. With the v3 model, printer infrastructure management requires administrators to maintain drivers for each print device in the environment, and separate 32-bit and 64-bit drivers for a single print device, to support both platforms.

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Introducing the V4 Printer Driver

Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8 include support for v4 print drivers, which enables improved print device driver management and installation. Under the v4 model, print device manufacturers can create Print Class Drivers that support similar printing features and printing language that may be common to a large set of devices. Common printing languages may include Printer Control Language (PCL), .ps, or XML Paper Specification (XPS). V4 drivers are typically delivered by using Windows Update or Windows Software Update Services. Unlike v3 drivers, v4 drivers are not delivered from a printer store that is hosted on the print server.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Santero 2012 5-27

The v4 driver model provides the following benefits: Sharing a printer does not require provisioning drivers that match the client architecture. Driver files are isolated on a per-driver basis, preventing driver file naming conflicts. A single driver can support multiple devices. Driver packages are smaller and more streamlined than v3 drivers, resulting in faster driver installation times. The printer driver and the printer user interface can be deployed independently.

Using Enhanced Point and Print for Driver Installation

Under the v4 model, printer sharing and driver installation operates automatically under Enhanced Point and Print. When a network printer is installed on a client computer, the server and client work together to identify the print device. The driver then installs directly from the driver store on the client machine, or from Windows Update or Windows Software Update Services. With Enhanced Point and Print, the print device drivers no longer need to be maintained on the print server. Driver installation for network print devices becomes faster because printer drivers no longer need to be transferred over the network from server to client. If the driver store on the client machine does not contain a driver for the network printer that is being installed, and if an appropriate driver cannot be obtained from Windows Update or Windows Server Update Services, Windows uses a fallback mechanism to enable cross-platform printing using the print driver from the print server.

Security Options for Network Printing

When a printer is shared over a network, in many cases no security is required. The printer is considered open-access, meaning everyone is allowed to print on it. This is the default configuration for a printer that is shared on a Windows server. The permissions that are available for shared printing include: Print: This permission allows users to print documents on the printer. By default, the Everyone group is assigned this permission. Manage this printer: This permission allows users to modify printer settings, including updating drivers. By default, this permission is given to Administrators, Server Operators, and Print Operators. Manage documents: This permission allows users to modify and delete printjobs in the queue. This permission is assigned to CREATOR OWNER, which means that the user who creates a print job manages that job. Administrators, Server Operators, and Print Operators also have this permission for all printjobs.
- The default security allows everyone to: Print Manage their own printjobs The available permissions are: Print Manage this printer Manage documents

5-28 lmplementing File and Print Services

Demonstration: Creating Multiple Configurationsfora Print Device

Creating multiple configurations for a print device enables you to assign print queues to specific users or groups so that they can print high priority jobs to a printer that is being used by other users. When a print job is sent to the high priority print queue, the print server will process the job before any jobs coming from the normal priority queue. In this demonstration, you will see how to: ~~ Create a shared printer. Create a second shared printer using the same port. Increase printing priority for a high priority print queue.

Demonstration Steps Create a shared printer

1. 2. 3. 4. On LON-SVR1, open the Devices and Printers window. Add a printer using the LPT1 local port, and the Brother Color Leg Typel Class driver. Name the printer AllUsers. Share the printer using the default settings.

Create a second shared printer using the same port

1. 2. 3. 4. On LON-SVR1, pen the Devices and Printers window. Add a printer using the LPT1 local port, and the Brother Color Leg Typel Class driver. Name the printer Executives. Share the printer using the default settings.

Increase printing priority for a high priority print queue

1. 2. Open the Executives Printer properties window. Increase the Priority to 10.

What is Printer Pooling?

Printer pooling is a way to combine multiple physical printers into a single logical unit. To client computers, the printer pool appears to be a single printer. When jobs are submitted to the printer pool, any available printer in the printer pool can process them. Printer pooling increases the scalability and availability of network printing by using a printer pool. If one printer in the pool is unavailable (for example, from a large print job, a paper jam, or being offline), all jobs are distributed to the remaining printers. If a printer pool does not have sufficient capacity, you can add another printer to the printer pool without performing any client configuration.
Printer pooling combines multiple physical printers into a single logical unit A printer pool: increases availability and scalability Requires that all printers use the same driver Regules that all printers are in the same location

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Salvar,2012 5-29

A printer pool is configured on a server by specifying multiple ports for a printer. Each port is the location

of one physical printer. In most cases, the ports are an IP address on the network, instead of a local LPT or USB connection. The requirements for a printer pool are as follows: Printers must use the same driver: Clients use a single printer driver for generating print jobs. All printers must accept print jobs in the same format. In many cases, this means that a single printer model is used. Printers should be in the same location: The printers in a printer pool should be located physically close together. When users retrieve their print jobs, they must check all printers in the printer pool to find their document. There is no way for users to know which printer has printed their document.

Whatls Branch Office Direct Printing?

Branch Office Direct Printing reduces network costs for organizations that have centralized their Windows Server roles. When Branch Office Direct Printing is enabled, Windows clients obtain printer information from the print server, but send the print jobs directly to the printer. The print data no longer travels to the central server and then back to the branch office printer. This configuration reduces traffic between the client computer, the print server, and the branch office printer, and results in increased network efficiency. Branch Office Direct Printing is transparent to the user. In addition, the user can print even if the print server is unavailable for some reason (for example if the wide area network (WAN) link to the data center is down). This is because the printer information is cached on the client computer in the branch office.
Print request Print redirect Branch Office-. Branch Office Direct Printing enab es (tient computers to print directly to network printers that are shared on a print server Main Office Print Server

Managed Printer

Configuring Branch Office Direct Printing

Branch Office Direct Printing is configured by an administrator using the Print Management console or a Windows PowerShell command-line interface. To configure Branch Office Direct Printing from the Print Management console, use the following steps: 1. In Server Manager, open the Print Management console. 2. In the navigation pane, expand Print Servers, and then expand the print server that is hosting the network printer for which Branch Office Direct Printing will be enabled. 3. Click the Printers node, right-click the desired printer, and then click Enable Branch Office Direct Printing.

To configure Branch Office Direct Printing using Windows PowerShell, type the following cmdlet at a Windows PowerShell prompt: Set-Printer'-nam "<Prtnter Name Here>" 7ComputerName, -d7rint erver Neme rlere> i---Render7nOode BranchOffwe-:,

5-30 implernenting File and Print Services

Deploying Printersto Clients

Deploying printers to clients is a critical part of managing printing services on the network. A well-designed system for deploying printers is scalable and can be used to manage hundreds or thousands of computers. The options for deploying printers are: Group Policy preferences. You can use Group Policy preferences to deploy shared printers to Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Windows 8 clients. The printer can be associated with either the user account or computer account, and can be targeted by group. For Windows XP computers, you must install the Group Policy Preference Client Extension. Group Policy Object (GPO) created by Print Management. The Print Management administrative tool can add printers to a GPO for distribution to client computers based on either a user account or a computer account. Windows XP computers must be configured to run PushPrinterConnections.exe. Manual installation. Each user can add printers manually by either browsing the network or using the Add Printer Wizard. It is important to note that network printers that are installed manually are available only to the user that installed them. If multiple users share a computer, they must each install the printer manually.
You can deploy printers ta clients by using; Group Policy preferences GPO created by Print Management Manual installation

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server, 2012 5-31

Lab: Implementing Fileand PrintServices

Scenario
Your manager has recently asked you to configure file and print services for the branch office. This requires you to configure a new shared folder that will be used by multiple departments, configure shadow copies on the file servers, and configure a printer pool. Many other users want to be able to work on their data files while they are connected across the Internet to other devices, for example, Windows RT-based tablets. You must ensure that these users are able to access their work-related data files from other locations when offline.

Objectives
Atter performing this lab you will be able to: Create and configure a file share. Configure shadow copies. Enable and configure Work Folders. Create and configure a printer pool.

Lab Setup
Estimated time: 60 minutes

Virtual machines

20410C-LON-CL1 20410C-LON-DC1 20410C-LON-SVR1 Adatum\Administrator Pa$$w0rd

For this lab, you will use the available virtual machine environment. Before beginning the !ab, you must complete the following steps: 1. 2. 3. On the host computer, click Start, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Hyper-V Manager. In Hyper-V Manager, click 20410C-LON-DC1 and in the Actions pane, click Start. In the Actions pane, click Connect. Wait until the virtual machine starts. 4. Sign in using the following credentials: o o o 5. 6. User name: Administrator Password: Pa$$wOrd Domain: Adatum

Repeat steps 2 through 4 for 20410C-LON-SVR1. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for 20410C-LON-CL1. Do not sign in to LON-CL1 until directed to do so.

5-32 implementing Frie and Print Services

Exercise 1: Creating and Configuring a File Share

Scenario
Your manager has asked you to create a new shared folder for use by all departments. There will be a single file share with separate folders for each department. To ensure that users only see files to which they have access, you need to enable access-based enumeration on the share. There have been problems in other branch offices with conflicts when offline files are used for shared data structures. To avoid conflicts, you need to disable Offline Files for this share. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. K Create the folder structure for the new share. Configure NTFS permissions on the folder structure. Create the shared folder. Test access ta the shared folder. Enableaccess-based enumeration. Test access to the share. Disable Offline Files for the share. Task 1: Create the folder structure for the new share

~~ On LON-SVR1, open File Explorer and create the following folders: o o o o o K 1. E:\Data E:\Data\Development E:\Data\Marketing E:\Data\Research E:\Data\Sales

Task 2: Configure NTFS permissions on the folder structure In File Explorer, block the NTFS permissions inheritance for E:\Data, and when prompted, convert inherited permissions into explicit permissions. In File Explorer, remove permissions for LON-SVR1\Users on subdirectories in E:\Data. In File Explorer, add the following NTFS permissions for the folder structure: Falder E:\Data E:\Data\Development E:\Data\Marketing E:\Data\Research E:\Data\Sales Pet-missions I No change Modify:Adatum\ Development Modify:AdatumWarketing Modify: Adatum\Research Modify:Adatunn\Sales

2. 3.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server,2012 5-33

LI Task 3: Create the shared folder

1. In File Explorer, share the E:\Data folder. 2. Assign the following permissions to the shared folder: o Change:Adatum\Authenticated Users

Task4:Test accesstothesharedfolder
1. Sign in to LON-CL1 as Adatum \Bernard with the password Pa$$wOrd.

53
2. 3. 4.

Note: Bernard is a member of the Development grou p.

Open File Explorer. Navigate to \\LON-SVR1\Data. Attempt to open the Development, Marketing, Research, and Sales folders.

C= ;

Note: Bernard should have access to the Development folder. However, although Bernard can still see the other folders, he does not have access to their contents.

5.

Sign out of LON-CL1.

1 1 Task5: Enableaccess-basedenumeration
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Switch to LON-SVR1. Open Server Manager. Click File and Storage Management. Click Shares. Open the Properties dialog box for the Data share, and on the Settings page, enable Access-based enumeration.

Task 6: Test accesstotheshare

1. 2. Sign in to LON-CL1 as Adatum\Bernard with the password Pa$$wOrd. Open File Explorer, and navigate to \\LON-SVR1\Data.

Note: Bernard can now view only the Development folder, the folder for which he has been assigned permissions.

3. 4. II 1. 2.

Open the Development folder to confirm access. Sign out of LON-CL1.

Task 7: Disable Offline Files for the share

Switch to LON-SVR1. Open File Explorer.

5-34 Implementing File and Print Services

3. 4.

Navigate to drive E. Open the Properties dialog box for the Data folder, and disable Offline file caching.

Reslts*:A:iter 01 41eting th<ls'dSceri, you " will dpartmrlts:,

h created a new shared folder for use by multiple

Exercise 2: Configuring Shadow Copies

Scenario
A. Datum Corporation stores daily backups offsite for disaster recovery. Every morning the backup from the previous night is taken offsite. To recover a file from backup requires the backup tapes to be shipped back onsite. The overall time to recover a file from backup can be a day or more. Your manager has asked you to ensure that shadow copies are enabled on the file server so you can restore recently modified or deleted files without using a backup tape. Because the data in this branch office changes frequently, you have been asked to configure a shadow copy to be created once per hour. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. Configure shadow copies for the file share. Create multiple shadow copies of a file. Recover a deleted file from a shadow copy.

K Task 1: Configure shadow copies for the file share

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. On LON-SVR1. Open File Explorer. Navigate to drive E, right-click Alifiles (E:), and then click Configure Shadow Copies. Enable Shadow Copies for drive E. Configure the settings to schedule hourly shadow copies for drive E.

Task 2: Create multiple shadow copies of a file

1. 2. 3. On LON-SVR1, switch to File Explorer, and navigate to E:\Data\Development. Create a new text file named Report.txt. Switch back to the Allfiles (E:) Properties dialog box; it should still be opened on the Shadow Copies tab. Click Create Now.

K Task 3: Recover a deleted file from a shadow copy

1. 2. 3. On LON-SVR1, switch back to File Explorer. Delete the Report.txt file. Open the Properties dialog box for E:\Data\Development, and then click the Previous Versions tab. Open the most recent version of the Development folder, and then copy the Report.txt file.

4.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Seivero 2012 5-35

5. 6.

Paste the file back into the Development folder. Close File Explorer and all open windows.

Exercise3: Enabling and Configuring Work Folders

Scenario You must now enable and configure Work Folders to support the requirements of your users. Domain users have their own Windows 8.1 and Windows RT 8.1 tablet devices and want access to their work data from anywhere. When they return to work, they want to be able to synchronize these data files. You will use Group Policy to force the Work Folders settings to users and test the settings. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. K Install the Work Folders role service. Create a Sync Share on the File Server. Automate settings for users via Group Policy. Test synchronization. Task 1: Insta the Work Folders role service On LON-SVR1, use Windows PowerShell to run the following command to install the Work Folders role service: Add -WindowsFeature FS-SyncShareService Note that the name of the feature is case-sensitive. K 1. Task 2: Create a Sync Share on the File Server On LON-SVR1, use Windows PowerShell to run the following command to create the sync share named Corp: New -SyncShare Corp path C:\CorpData User "Adatum \Domain Users" 2. K 1. 2. Open Server Manager and view the Work Folders to ensure the sync share was created. Task 3: Automate settings for users via Group Policy On LON-DC1, create a GPO named Work Folders and link it to the Adatum.com domain. Edit the Work Folders GPO as follows: o o o Navigate to User Configuration \Policies\Administrative Templates\Windows Components \Work Folders. Enable the Specify Work Folders settings policy and specify the Work Folders URL as http://Ion-svrl.Adatum.com. Select Force automatic setup to force automatic setup.

3. Close all open windows. K 1. 2. Task 4: Test synchronization Sign in to LON-CL1 as Adatum \Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd. Use File Explorer to navigate to CALabfiles\Mod10 and double-click WorkFolders.bat This adds a registry entry to allow unsecured connections to the work folders.

5-36 Implementing File and Print Services

3. 4. 5. 6.

Sign out of LON-CL1. Sign in to LON-CL1 as Adatum\Administrator. In File Explorer, open Work Folders and create a new text document named TestFile2. Switch to LON-SVR1 and use File Explorer to open C:\CorpData\Administrator. Ensure the new text file you created exists.

Results: After completing this exercise, you will have installed the Work Folders role service, created a sync Share, and created a Group Policy Object to deliver the settings to the users automatically. You will have also tested the settings.

Exercise 4: Creating and Configuring a Printer Pool Scenario

Your manager has asked you to create a new shared printer for your branch office. However, instead of creating the shared printer on the local server in the branch office, he has asked you to create the shared printer in the head office and use Branch Office Direct Printing. This allows the printer to be managed in the head office, but prevents print jobs from traversing WAN links. To ensure high availability of this printer, you need to format it as a pooled printer. Two physical print devices of the same mode! have been installed in the branch office for this purpose. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. Install the Print and Document Services server role. 2. 3. 4. Install a printer. Configure printer pooling. Install a printer on a client computer.

Task 1: Install the Print and Document Services server role

1. 2. On LON-SVR1, open Server Manager. Install the Print and Document Services role, and accept the default settings.

K Task 2: Install a printer

1. On LON-SVR1, use the Print Management console to install a printer with following parameters: o o IP Address: 172.16.0.200 Driver: Microsoft XPS Class Driver o 2. 3. 4. Name: Branch Office Printer

Share the printer. List the printer in AD DS. Enable Branch Office Direct Printing.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows SenieM 2012 5-37

Task 3: Configure printer pooling o o o Type: Standard TCP/IP port IP Address: 172.16.0.201 Connection: Generic Network Card

1. On LON-SVR1, in the Print Management console, create a new port with the following configuration:

2. 3. K

Open the Branch Office Printer Properties dialog box, and on the Ports tab, enable printer pooling. Select port 172.16.0.201 as the second port. Task 4: Instan a printer on a client computer On LON-CL1, add a printer, selecting the Branch Office Printer on LON -SVR1 printer.

Result.s: Atter completing this exercise, you will have installed the Print and DocuriteiSerVice server role and installed a printer with printer pooling

Cl Prepare for the next module After you finish the lab, reved the virtual machines to their initial state. To do this, complete the following steps. 1. 2. 3. 4. On the holt computer, start Hyper-V Manager. In the Virtual Machines list, right-click 20410C- LON -SVR1, and then click Revert. In the Revert Virtual Machine dialog box, click Revert. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for 20410C- LON -CL1 and 20410C- LON - DC1.

La b Review Questions Question: How does implementing access-based enumeration benefit the users of the Data shared folder in this lab? Question: Is there another way you could recover the file in the shadow copy exercise? What benefit do shadow copies provide in comparison? Question: In Exercise 3, how could you configure Branch Office Direct Printing if you were in a remote location and did not have access to the Windows Server 2012 GUI for the print server?

5-38 implementing File and Print Services

Module Review and Takeaways

Review Questions
Question: How does inheritance affect explicitly assigned permissions on a file? Question: Why should you not use shadow copies as a means for data backup? Question: In which scenarios could Branch Office Direct Printing be beneficial?

Tools
Use Effective Access Tool Assessing combined permissions for a file, folder, or shared folder. Wheretofind it Under Advanced, on the Security tab of the Properties dialog box of a file, folder or shared folder. Command Prompt window.

Net share command-line tool Print Management console

Configuring Windows Server 2012 networking components. Managing the print environment in Windows Server 2012.

The Tools menu in Server Manager.

6-1

Module 6
Implementing Group Policy
Contents:
Module Overview Lesson 1: Overview of Group Policy Lesson 2: Group Policy Processing Lesson 3: Implementing a Central Store for Administrative Templates Lab:Implementing Group Policy Module Review and Takeaways 6-1 6-2 6-10 6-16 6-20 6-24

Module Overview
Maintaining a consistent computing environment across an organization is challenging. Administrators need a mechanism to configure and enforce user and computer settings and restrictions. Group Policy can provide that consistency by enabling administrators to centrally manage and apply configuration settings. This module provides an overview of Group Policy and provides details about how to implement Group Policy.

Objectives
After completing this module, you Will be able to: Create and manage Group Policy Objects. Describe Group Policy processing. Implement a Central Store for administrative templates.

6-2 Implemenling Group Policy

Lesson 1

Overview of Group Policy

You can use Group Policy to control the settings of the computing environment. It is important to understand how Group Policy functions, so you can apply Group Policy correctly. This lesson provides an overview of Group Policy structure, and defines local and domain-based Group Policy Objects (GPOs). It also describes the types of settings available for users and groups.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe the components of Group Policy. Describe multiple local GPOs. Describe storage options for domain GPOs. Describe GPO policies and preferences. Describe starter GPOs. Describe the process of delegating GPO management. Describe the process of creating and managing GPOs.

Components of Group Policy

Group Policy settings are configuration settings that allow administrators to enforce settings by modifying the computer-specific and user-specific registry settings on domain-based computers. You can group together Group Policy settings to make GPOs, which you can then apply to users or computers.
A Group Policy setting: A GPO; Defines a specfic configuration is a collection of Group Policy change settings Can be applied to a user or to Can be applied to a user a computer a computer, or both

GPOs
A Group Policy Object (GPO) is an object that contains one or more policy settings that apply configuration setting for users, computers, or both. GPO templetes are stored in SYSVOL, and GPO container objects are stored in Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS). You can manage GPOs by using the Group Policy Management Console (GPMC). Within the GPMC, you can open and edit a GPO by using the Group Policy Management Editor window. GPOs are linked to Active Directorycontainers to apply settings to the objects in those containers.

Group Policy Settings

A Group Policy setting is the most granular component of Group Policy. It defines a specific configuration setting to apply to an object (a computer or a user, or both) within AD DS. Group Policy has thousands of configura ble settings. These settings can affect nearly every area of the computing environment. Not all settings can be applied to all older versions of Windows Server and Windows operating systems. Each new version introduces new settings and capabilities that only apply to that specific version. If a computer has a Group Policy setting applied that it cannot process, the setting is simply ignored.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server',2012 6 -3

Most policy settings have the following three states: Not Configured. The GPO does not modify the existing configuration of the particular setting for the user or computer. Enabled. The policy setting is applied. Disabled. The policy setting is specifically reversed.

By default, most settings are set to Not Configured.

Note: Some settings are multi-valued or have text string values. These are typically used to provide specific configuration details to apps or operating system components. For example, a setting might provide the URL of the home page used in Windows Internet Explorer or the path to blocked apps.

The effect of a configuration change depends on the policy setting. For example, if you enable the Prohibit Access to Control Panel policy setting, users cannot open Control Panel. If you disable the policy setting, you ensure that users can open Control Panel. Notice the double negative in this policy setting: You disable a policy that prevents an action, thereby allowing the action.

Group Policy Settings Structure

There are two distinct areas of Group Policy settings: User settings. These are settings that modify the HKey Current User hive of the registry. Computer settings. These are settings that modify the HKEY Local Machine hive of the registry.

User and computer settings each have three areas of configuration, as described in the following table. Section Software settings Description Contain software settings that can be deployed to either the user or the computer. Software that is deployed to a user is specific to that user. Software that is deployed to the computer is available to all users of that computer.

Windows operating system ; Contain script settings and security settings for both user and computer, and Internet Explorer maintenance settings for the user configuration. settings Administrative templates Contain hundreds of settings that modify the registry to control various aspects of the user and computer environment. New administrative templates might be created by Microsoft or other vendors. You can add these new templates to the GPMC. For example, there are Microsoft Office templates that you can add to the GPME. You can download these templates from the Microsoft website.

Group Policy Management Editor Window

The Group Policy Management Editor window displays the individual Group Policy settings that are available in a GPO. These are displayed in an organized hierarchy that begins with the division between computer settings and user settings, and then expands to show the Computer Configuration node and the User Configuration node. The Group Policy Management Editor window is where you configure all Group Policy settings and preferences.

6-4 Implementiog Group Pacy

Group Policy Preferences

In addition to the Group Policy sections shown in the previous table, a Preferences node is present under both the Computer Configuration and User Configuration nodes in the Group Policy Management Editor window. Preferences provide even more capabilities with which to configure the environment, and are discussed later in this module.

Local Group Policy

All systems that are running Microsoft Windows client or server operating systems also have available local GPOs. Local policy settings only apply to the local machine, but you can export and import them to othercomputers.

New in Windows Server 2012 R2

Windows Server 2012 R2 offers several new or updated Group Policy settings and features for computers that run Windows Server 2012 R2 or Windows 8.1. These settings and features include the following: Faster processing by using a Group Policy Caching setting. This new setting allows computers to rely on a local cache of a GPO when running in synchronous mode (which is the default mode for Group Policy processing). Increased support for IPv6. New IPv6 settings include the ability to push IPv6 printers and IPv6 VPN connections to computers. In addition, item-level targeting is available for IPv6. Extended logging for Group Policy operations. The Group Policy Operational event log contains more details of operational events, including the length of processing time and the amount of time for downloading policies, than previous versions. You can find this log here: Event Viewer\Applications and Services\ Microsoft\Windows\GroupPolicy\Operational. There are many new settings for Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, including settings for managing the Start screen layout, configuring charms, and customizing background colors.

WhatAre Multiple Local GPOs?

In Windows operating systems prior to Windows Vista, there was only one available user configuration in the local Group Policy. That configuration was applied to all users who logged on from that local computer. This is still true, but Windows Vista and newer Windows client operating systems, and Windows Server 2008 and newer Windows Server operating systems, have an added feature: multiple local GPOs. Since Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012, you also can have different user settings for different local users, but this is only available for users' configurations that are in Group Policy. In fact, there is only one set of computer configurations available that affects all users of the computer. Since Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012, Computers that run Windows provide this ability with the following three layers of local GPOs: Local Group Policy (contains the computer configuration settings) Administrators and Non-Administrators Local Group Policy User-specific Local Group Policy
Adrninistrator N -Aldo) nistrator User-specific Multiple Group Policies: Have a single computer configuration that applies to the computer for all users who log on Have layers of user settings that can apply only to individual users, not to groups There are three layers of user configurations:

20410C: Installing and Configuting Windows Server, ' 2012 6 -5

Note: The exception to this feature is domain controllers. Dueto the nature of their role, domain controllers cannot have local GPOs.

How the Layers Are Processed

The layers of local GPOs are processed in the following orden 1. 2. 3. Local Group Policy Administrators and Non-Administrators Group Policy User-specific Local Group Policy

With the exception of the Administrator or Non-Administrator categories, it is not possible to apply local GPOs to groups, but only to individual local user accounts. Domain users are subject to the local Group Policy, or to the Administrator or Non-Administrator settings, as appropriate.

-1 Note: Domain administrators can disable processing local GPOs on clients that are running Windows client operating systems and Windows Server operating systems by enabling the Turn Off Local Group Policy Objects Processing policy setting.

StorageofDomainGPOs
Group Policy settings are presented as GPOs in the GPMC, but a GPO is actually two componente: a Group Policy template, and a Group Policy container.
Group Policy Components GPO
Contains Group Policy settings Stores content in two iocations

Group Policy Template

Group Policy templates are the actual collection of settings that you can change. The Group Policy template is a collection of files stored in the SYSVOL of each domain controller. SYSVOL is located in the %SystemRoot% \SYSVOL\Domain \Policies\GPOGUID path, where GPOGUID is the globally unique identifier (GUID) of the Group

Group Policy Container

Stored in AD DS Prowdes version information

Group Policy Templete

Stored in shared SYSVOL toldar Provides Group Policy settings

Policy container. When you create a GPO, a new Group Policy template is created in the SYSVOL folder, and a new Group Policy container is created in AD DS.

Group Policy Container

The Group Policy container is an Active Directory object that is stored in the Active Directory database. Each Group Policy container includes a GUID attribute that uniquely identifies the object within AD DS. The Group Policy container defines basic attributes of the GPO such as links and version numbers, but it does not contain any of the settings. By default, when a Group Policy refresh occurs, the Group Policy client-side extensions (CSEs) only apply settings in a GPO if the GPO has been updated. The Group Policy client can identify an updated GPO by its version number. Each GPO has a version number that is incremented each time a change is made. The version number is stored as an attribute of the Group Policy container, and in a text file, GPT.ini, in the Group Policy Template folder. The Group Policy Client knows the version number of each GPO that it has previously applied. If, during Group Policy refresh, the Group Policy client discovers that the version number of the Group Policy container has been changed, the CSEs are informed that the GPO is updated.

6-6 Implementing Group Policy

When editing a Group Policy Object, the version you are editing is the version on the domain controller that has the primary domain controller (PDC) emulator Flexible Single Master Operations (FSMO) role. It does not matter what computer you are using to perform the editing, the GPMC is focused on the PDC emulator by default. You can, however, change the focus of the GPMC to edit a version on a different domain controller.

WhatAre Group Policy Preferences?

Group Policy preferences are a Group Policy feature, which includes more than 20 Group Policy extensions that expand the range of configurable settings within a GPO. Configuring preferences helps reduce the need for logon scripts. Use Group Policy preferences to;
- Configure, deploy. and manage operating system and application settings that are not manageable by using Group Policy Appty once at startup or sign in, optional!y refresh at intervals Target to users or computers Expand the range of configurable settings within a GPO

Characteristics of Preferences
Preferences have the following characteristics: Preferences exist for both computers and users. Unlike Group Policy settings, preferences are not enforced, and users can change the configurations that are established by preferences.

Group Policy preferences:

Are not

Are not enforced removed when the GPO no longer apprees De not disable the interface of the setting: users can change the setting Cannot be used in local group polices

Preferences can be managed through the Remote Server Administration Tool (RSAT). Preferences can be applied only once at startup or sign in, and can be refreshed at intervals. Unlike Group Policy settings, preferences are not removed when the GPO is no longer applied, but you can change this behavior. You can target preferences easily to certain users or computers by using a variety of ways, such as by the user's security group membership or by the operating system version. Preferences are not available for local GPOs. Unlike a Group Policy setting, the user interface of a Group Policy preferente setting is not disabled.

Common Uses for Group Policy Preferences

Although you can configure many settings through Group Policy preferences, the following are some of the more common uses: Map network drives for users Configure desktop shortcuts for users or computers Set environment variables Map printers Set power options Configure Start menus Configure data sources Configure Internet options Schedule tasks

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servero 2012 6 -7

What Are Starter GPOs?

Starter GPOs are templates that assist in the creation of GPOs. When creating new GPOs, you can choose to use a starter GPO as the source. This makes it easier and faster to create multiple GPOs with the same baseline configuration. A starter GPO:
Has preconfigured administrativo te Mate settings u which new GPOs can be based Can be exported to .cab files Can be imported into other areas of he enterprise

Available Settings
Starter GPOs contain settings from only the Administrative Templates node of either the User Configuration section or the Computer Configuration section. The Software Settings and Windows Settings nodes of Group Policy are not available, because these nodes involve interaction of services and are more complex and domain-dependent.

Exporting Starter GPOs

You can export starter GPOs to a Cabinet file (.cab) and then load that .cab file into another environment that is completely independent of the source domain or forest. By exporting a starter GPO, you can send the .cab file to other administrators, who can then use it in other areas. For example, you might create a GPO that defines Internet Explorer security settings. If you want all sites and domains to employ the same settings, then you could export the starter GPO to a .cab file, and then distribute it.

When to Use Starter GPOs

The most common situation in which you would use a starter GPO is when you want a group of settings for a type of computer role. For example, you might want all corporate laptops to have the same desktop restrictions, or all file servers to have the same baseline Group Policy settings, but enable variations for different departments.

Included Starter GPOs

The GPMC includes a link to create a Starter GPO folder, which contains a number of predefined starter GPOs. These policies provide preconfigured, security-oriented settings for Enterprise Clients (EC), in addition to Specialized SecurityLimited Functionality (SSLF) clients for both user and computer settings on Windows Vista and Windows XP with Service Pack 2 (SP2) operating systems. You can use these policies as starting points when you design security policies.

Delegating ManagementofGPOs
Administrators can delegate some of the Group Policy administrative tasks to other users. These users do not have to be domain administrators they can be users that are granted certain rights to GPOs. For example, a user who manages a particular Organizational Unit (OU) could be tasked with performing reporting and analysis duties, while the help desk group is allowed to edit GPOs for that OU. A third group made up of developers might be put in charge of creating Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) filters.
Delegation of GPO-related tasks allows the administrative workload to be distributed across the enterprise The following Group Policy tasks can be independently delegated: Creating GPOs, including Starter GPOs Editing GPOs Managing Group Policy links for a ste, domain, or OU Performing Group Policy Modeling analysis n a domain or OU Reading Group Policy Resulte data in a domain or OU Creating WMI flters on a domain

6-8 Implementing Group PoBcy

The following Group Policy administrative tasks can be delegated independently: Creating GPOs, including creating Starter GPOs Editing GPOs Managing Group Policy links for a site, domain, or OU Performing Group Policy modeling analysis Reading Group Policy results data Creating WMI filters

Members of the Group Policy Creator Owners group can create new GPOs and edit or delete GPOs that they have created.

Group Policy Default Permissions

By default, the following users and groups have full access to manage Group Policy: Domain Admins Enterprise Admins Creator Owner Local System

The Authenticated User group has Read and Apply Group Policy permissions only.

Permissions for Creating GPOs

By default, only Domain Admins, Enterprise Admins, and Group Policy Creator Owners can create new GPOs. You can use two methods to grant a group or user this right: Add the user to the Group Policy Creator Owners group Explicitly grant the group or user permission to create GPOs by using the GPMC

Permissions for Editing GPOs

To edit a GPO, the user must have both Read and Write access to the GPO. You can grant this permission by using the GPMC.

Managing GPO Links

The ability to link GPOs to a container is a permission that is specific to that container. In the GPMC, you can manage this permission by using the Delegation tab on the container. You can also delegate it through the Delegation of Control Wizard in Active Directory Users and Computers.

Group Policy Modeling and Group Policy Results

You can delegate the ability to use the reporting tools either through the GPMC or through the Delegation of Control Wizard in Active Directory Users and Computers.

Creating WMI Filters

You can delegate the ability to create and manage WMI filters either through the GPMC or through the Delegation of Control Wizard in Active Directory Users and Computers.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servei5 2012 6 -9

Demonstration: Creating and Managing GPOs

In this demonstration, you will see how to: Create a GPO by using the GPMC. Edit a GPO in the Group Policy Management Editor window. Use Windows PowerShell to create a GPO.

Demonstration Steps Create a GPO by using the GPMC

Sign in to LON-DC1 as Administrator with a password of Pa$$wOrd, and create a policy named Prohibit Windows Messenger.

Edit a GPO in the Group Policy Management Editor window

1. 2. Edit the policy to prohibit the use of Windows Messenger. Link the Prohibit Windows Messenger GPO to the domain.

Use Windows PowerShell to create a GPO named Desktop Lockdown

In Windows PowerShell, import the grouppolicy module, and then use the following New-GPO cmdlet:

ew-GP0,7.-Name, ;,.,ZDs

610 Inplementing Group Polo/

Lesson 2

Group Policy Processing

Understanding how Group Policy is applied is the key to being able to develop a Group Policy strategy. This lesson shows you how Group Policy is associated with Active Directory objects, how it is processed, and how to control the application of Group Policy. After creating the GPOs and configuring the settings you want to apply, they must be linked to containers. GPOs are applied in a specific order. This order might determine what settings are applied to objects. There are two default policies that are automatically created. You can use these policies to deliver password and security settings for the domain and for domain controllers. The application of policies can also be controlled through security filtering.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe a GPO link. Explain how to apply GPOs to containers and objects. Describe the Group Policy processing order. Describe the default GPOs. Describe GPO security filtering.

GPO Links
Once you have created a GPO and defined all the settings that you want it to deliver, the next step is to link the policy to an Active Directory container. A GPO link is the logical connection of the policy to a container. You can link a single GPO to multiple containers by using the GPMC. You can link GPOs to the following types of containers: Sites
When linking GPOs, remember that To deliver settings to an object, a GPO must be linked to a container Disabling a link removes the settings from the container Deleting a link does not delete the GPO GPOs can be tinked to: Sites Domains OUs GPOs cannot Users Groups Computen System cantata
O:

- Domains Organizational Unit (OUs)

Once a GPO is linked to a container, by default the policy is applied to all the objects in the container, and subsequently all the child containers under that parent object. This is because the default permissions of the GPO are such that Authenticated Users have Read and Apply Group Policy permission. You can modify this behavior by managing permissions on the GPO. You can disable links to containers, which removes the configuration settings. You can also delete links. Deleting links does not delete the actual GPO, only the logical connection to the container. GPOs cannot be linked directly to users, groups, or computers. In addition, GPOs cannot be linked to the system containers in AD DS, including Builtin, Computers, Users, or Managed Service Accounts. The AD DS system containers receive Group Policy settings from GPOs that are linked to the domain leve) only.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server,2012 6-11

Applying GPOs
Computer configuration settings are applied at startup, and then are refreshed at regular intervals. Any startup scripts are run at computer startup. The default interval is every 90 minutes, but this is configurable. The exceptions to this default interval are domain controllers, which have their settings refreshed every five minutes. User settings are applied at logon and are refreshed at regular, configurable intervals. The default for this is also 90 minutes. Any logon scripts are run at sign in. When you apply GPOs, remembe that:
- Computer settings apply at startup User settings apply at sign in Polices refresh at regular, configurable intervals Security settings refresh at least every 16 hours Policies refresh manually by using: The Gpupdate command The Windows PowerShell cmdlet lnvoke-Gpupdate Since Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8, a new Remote Policy Refresh feature allows you to remotely refresh policies.

Note: A number of user settings require two sign ins before the user sees the effect of the GPO. This is because multiple users signing in to the same computer use cached credentials to speed up sign ins. This means that, although the policy settings are being delivered to the computer, the user is already signed in and thus the settings do not take effect until the next sign in. The Folder Redirection setting is an example of this.

You can change the refresh interval by configuring a Group Policy setting. For computer settings, the refresh interval setting is found in the Computer Configuration\Policies\Administrative Templates \System\Group Policy node. For user settings, the refresh interval is found at the corresponding settings under User Configuration. An exception to the refresh interval is the security settings. The security settings section of the Group Policy is refreshed at least every 16 hours, regardless of the interval that you set for the refresh interval. You can also refresh Group Policy manually. The command-line utility Gpupdate refreshes and delivers any new Group Policy configurations. The Gpupdate /force command refreshes all the Group Policy settings. There is also a new Windows PowerShell Invoke - Gpupdate cmdlet, which performs the same function. A new feature in Windows Server 2012 and in Windows 8 is Remote Policy Refresh. This feature allows administrators to use the GPMC to target an OU and force Group Policy refresh on all of its computers and their currently signed-in users. To force a Group Policy refresh, right-click any OU, and then click Group Policy Update. The update occurs within 10 minutes.

Group Policy Processing Order

GPOs are not applied sinnultaneously; rather, they are applied in a logical order. GPOs that are applied later in the process of applying GPOs overwrite any conflicting policy settings that were applied earlier. GPOs are applied in the following order: 1. Local GPOs. Local GPOs are processed first. Computers running Windows operating systems already have a configured local Group Policy.
Group Policy Processing Order

6-12 Implementing Group Policy

2. 3.

Site GPOs. Policies that are linked to sites are processed next. Domain GPOs. Policies that are linked to the domain are processed next. There are often multiple polices at the domain level. These policies are processed in order of preference.

4.

OU GPOs. Policies linked to OUs are processed next. These policies contain settings that are unique to the objects in that OU. For example, the Sales users might have special required settings. You can link a policy to the Sales OU to deliver those settings.

5.

Child OU policies. Any policies that are linked to child OUs are processed last.

Objects in the containers receive the cumulative effect of all polices in their processing order. In the case of a conflict between settings, the last policy applied takes effect. For example, a domain-level policy might restrict access to registry editing tools, but you could configure an U-levet policy and link it to the IT OU to reverse that policy. Because the OU-level policy is applied later in the process, access to registry tools would be available.

E='1

Note: Other methods such as Enforcement and Inheritance Blocking can change the effect of policies on containers.

If multiple policies are applied at the same level, the administrator can assign a preference value to control the order of processing. The default preference order is the order in which the policies were linked. The administrator can also disable the user or computer configuration of a particular GPO. If one section of a policy is known to be empty, it should be disabled to speed up policy processing. For example, if there is a policy that only delivers user desktop configuration, the administrator could disable the computer side of the policy.

What Are the Default GPOs?

During the installation of the AD DS role, two default GPOs are created: Default Domain Policy, and Default Domain Controllers Policy.
There are two default GPOs: Default Domain Policy Used to define the account policles for the domain: Password Account lockout Kerberos protocol Default Doman ControRers Policy Used to define auditing policies Defines user rights on domain controilers

Default Domain Policy

The Default Domain Policy is linked to the domain and affects all security principies in the domain. It contains the default password policy settings, the account lockout settings, and the Kerberos protocol. As a best practice, this policy should not have other settings configured. If you need to configure other settings to apply to the entire domain, then you should create new policies to

deliver the settings, and then link those policies to the domain. r 21 Note: Currently, fine-grained password policies are the typical enterprise method, although they are beyond the scope of this module.

1 1 1 1 1

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Seniero 2012 6-13

Default Domain Controllers Policy

The Default Domain Controllers Policy is linked to the Domain Controllers OU, and should only affect domain controllers. This policy is designed to provide auditing settings and user rights, and should not be used for other purposes.

GPO Security Filtering

By nature, a GPO applies to all the security principies in the container, and all child containers beiow the parent. However, you might want to change that behavior and have certain GPOs apply only to particular security principies. For example, you might want to exempt certain users in an OU from a restrictive desktop policy. You can accomplish this through security filtering. Each GPO has an Access Control List (ACL) that defines permissions to that GPO. The default permission is for Authenticated Users to have the Read and Apply Group Policy permissions applied.
Apply Group Policy pennissions GPO has an ACL (Delegabon tab, clck Advanced) Default Authentcated Users have Allow Apply Group Policy Scope only to users in selected global or universal groups Remove Authenticated Users Add appropriate global or universal groups (GPOs do not scope to dornajo local groups) Scope to users except for those in selected groups On the Delegation tab, clck Advanced Add appropriate global groups Deny the Apply Group Policy permission

By adjusting the permissions in the ACL, you can control which security principies receive permission to have the GPO settings applied. There are two approaches you might take to do this: Deny access to the Group Policy Limit permissions to Group Policy

Note: The Authenticated Users group includes all user and computer accounts that have been authenticated to AD DS.

1 1 1 1 1 1

Deny Access to Group Policy

If most security principies in the container should receive the policy settings but some should not, then you can exempt particular security principies by denying them access to the Group Policy. For example, you might have a Group Policy that all the users in the Sales OU should receive except the Sales Managers group. You can exempt that group (or user) by adding that group (or user) to the ACL of the GPO, and then setting the permission to Deny.

Limit Permissions to Group Policy

Alternatively, if you have created a GPO that should only be applied to a few security principies in a container, you can remove the Authenticated Users group from the ACL, add the security principies that should receive the GPO settings, and then grant the security principies the Read and Apply Group Policy permissions. For example, you might have a GPO with computer configuration settings that should only apply to laptop computers. You could remove the Authenticated Users group from the ACL, add the computer accounts of the laptops, and then grant the security principies the Read and Apply Group Policy permission. The ACL of a GPO is accessed in the GPMC by selecting the GPO in the Group Policy Object folder, and then clicking the Delegation >Advanced tab.

6-14 Implementing Group Polcy

1-3 1 Note: As a best practice, you should never deny access to the Authenticated User group. If you do, then security principies would never receive the GPO settings.

Discussion: ldentifying Group Policy Application

For this discussion, review the AD DS structure in the graphic, read the scenario, and then answer the questions on the slide.
Review the scenario and the AD DS structure graphic in the handbook to answer the following questions: - What power options will the servers in the Servers OU receive? What power options will the laptops in the Sales Laptops OU receive? What power options will al! other compotera in the domain receive? wlil osera in the Sales Users OU who have created local policies to grant access to Control Panel be able to access Control Panel? If you needed to grant access to Control Panel to some users, how would you do it? Can 0P02 be applied to other department OUs?

Scenario
The following illustration represents a portion of the A. Datum Corporation's AD DS structure, which contains the Sales OU with its child OUs and the Servers OU.

20 minuete

Domain Ro GP04 configures power options lo servers

* e H1

ae

GPOi removes access te registry tools and configures power options

GPO2 locks down desidops, removes access to Control ' 1'5' Panel, and configures printers GP03 configures power options for client laptops

FIGURE 11.1: AD DS STRUCTURE

GPO1 is linked to the Adatum domain container. The GPO configures power options that turn off the monitors and disks after 30 minutes of inactivity, and restricts access to registry editing tools. GPO2 has settings to lock down the desktops of the Sales Users OU, and configure printers for Sales Users. GPO3 configures power options for laptops in the Sales Laptops OU. GPO4 configures a different set of power options to ensure that the servers never go into power save mode.

Some users in the Sales OU have administrative rights on their computers, and have created local policies to specifically grant access to Control Panel.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Somero 2012 6-15

Discussion Questions
Based on this scenario, answer the following questions: Question: What power options will the servers in the Servers OU receive? Question: What power options will the laptops in the Sales Laptops OU receive? Question: What power options will all other computers in the domain receive? Question: Will users in the Sales Users OU who have created local policies to grant access to Control Panel be able to access Control Panel? Question:If you needed to grant access to Control Panel to some users, how would you do it? Question: Can GPO2 be applied to other department OUs?

Demonstration: Using Group Policy Diagnostic Tools

In this demonstration, you will see how to: Use Gpupdate to refresh Group Policy. Use the Gpresult cmdlet to output the results to an HTML file. Use the Group Policy Modeling Wizard to test the policy.

Demonstration Steps Use Gpupdate to refresh Group Policy

On LON-DC1, use Gpupdate to refresh the GPOs.

Use the Gpresult cmdlet to output the results to an HTML file

1. 2. Use Gpresult /H to create an HTML file that displays the current GPO settings. Open the HTML report and review the results.

Use the Group Policy Modeling Wizard to test the policy

Use the Group Policy Modeling Wizard to simulate a policy application for users in the Managers OU who sign in to any computer.

6-16 Implementing Group Poky

Lesson 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Implementing a Central Store for Administrative Templates

Larger organizations might have many GPOs with multiple administrators managing them. When an administrator edits a GPO, the template files are pulled from the local workstation. The Central Store provides a single folder in SYSVOL that contains all of the templates required to create and edit GPOs. This lesson discusses the files that make up the templates, and covers how to create a Central Store location to provide consistency in the templates that administrators use.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe the Central Store. Describe ad ministrative templates. Describe how administrative templates work. Describe managed and unmanaged policy settings.

WhatlstheCentralStore?
If your organization has multiple administration workstations, there could be potential issues when editing GPOs. If you do not have a Central Store that contains the template files, then the workstation from which you are editing will use the .admx (ADMX) and .adml (ADML) files that are stored in the local PolicyDefinitons folder. If different administration workstations have different operating systems or are at different service pack levels, there might be differences in the ADMX and ADML files. For example, the ADMX and ADML files that are stored on a workstation running Windows 7 with no service pack installed might not be the same as the files that are stored on a domain controller running Windows Server 2012. This could lead to administrators not seeing the same settings in a GPO. The Central Store addresses this issue. The Central Store provides a single point from which administration workstations can download the same ADMX and ADML files when editing a GPO. The Central Store is detected automatically by Windows operating systems (Windows Vista or newer or Windows Server 2008 or newer). Because of this automatic behavior, the local workstation that the administrator uses to perform administration always checks to see if a Central Store exists before loading the local ADMX and ADML files in the Group Policy Management Editor window. When the local workstation detects a Central Store, it then downloads the template files from there. In this way, there is a consistent administration experience among multiple workstations.
The Central Store: ts a central repository for ADMX and ADML fi1es la stored in SYSVOL Must be created manually Is detected automatically by Windows operating terns

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server' 2012 6-17

Creating and Provisioning the Central Store

You must create and provision the Central Store manually. First you must create a folder on a domain controller, na me the folder PolicyDefinitions, and store the folder at C:\Windows\SYSVOL\sysvol\{Domain Name}\Policies\. This folder is now your Central Store. You must then copy all the contents of the C:\Windows\PolicyDefinitions folder to the Central Store. The ADML files in this folder are also in a languagespecific folder (such as en-US).

WhatAreAdm inistrative Templates?

An administrative template is made up of two XML files types: ADMX files that specify the registry setting to change. AMDX files are language-neutral.
Adrninistrative Templates determine what settings appear and how they are grouped in the GPO Editor

ADML files that generate the user interface to configure the Administrative Templates policy settings in the Group Policy Management Editor window. ADML files are language-specific. ADMX and ADML files are stored in the %SystemRoot%\PolicyDefinitions folder or in the Central Store. You can also create your own custom administrative templates in XML format. Administrative templates that control Microsoft Office products (such as Office Word, Office Excel and Office PowerPoint) are also available from the Microsoft website. Administrative templates have the following characteristics: They are organized into subfolders that house configuration options for specific areas of the environment, such as network, system, and Windows components. The settings in the Computer section edit the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE registry hive, and settings in the User section edit the HKEY_CURRENT_USER registry hive. Some settings exist for both User and Computer. For example, there is a setting to prevent Windows Messenger from running in both the User and the Computer templates. In case of conflicting settings, the Computer setting prevails. Some settings are available only to certain versions of Windows operating systems. Double-clicking the settings displays the supported versions for that setting. Any setting that cannot b processed by an older Windows operating system is simply ignored by that system.

ADM Files
Prior to Windows Vista, administrative templates had an .adm file extension (ADM). ADM files were language-specific, and were difficult to customize. ADM files are stored in SYSVOL as part of the Group Policy template. If an ADM file is used in multiple GPOs, then the file is stored multiple times. This increases the size of SYSVOL, and therefore increases the size of Active Directory replication traffic.

6-18 Implementing Group Po5cy

How Administrative Templates Work

Administrative Templates have settings for almost every aspect of the computing environment. Each setting in the template corresponds to a registry setting that controls an aspect of the computing environment. For example, when you enable the setting that prevents access to Control Panel, the value in the registry key that controls that aspect also changes. The Administrative Templates node is organized as shown in the following table.
Changing policy settings in the Administrativo Ternplates node also changes the registry .Changing the Prevent access to registry editing toots setting changes the value of HiaM\Software WiassestRegedit

Section Computer settings

Nodes Control Panel Network Printers - System Windows Components All Settings

User settings

Control Panel - Desktop - Network - Shared Folders Start Menu and Taskbar System WindowsComponents All Settings

Most of the nodes contain multiple subfolders to further organize settings into logical groupings. Even with this organization, finding the setting that you need might be a daunting task. To help you locate settings in the All Settings folder you can filter the entire list of settings in either the computer or the user section. The following filter options are available: Managed or unmanaged Configured or not configured Commented By keyword By platform

You can also combine multiple criteria. For example, you could filter to find alI the configured settings that apply to Internet Explorer 10 by using the keyword ActiveX.

20410C: Installing and ConfiguringlAndowsServel 2012 6-19

Managed and Unmanaged Policy Settings

There are two types of policy settings: managed, and unmanaged. AH policy settings in a GPO's Administrative Templates are managed policies. The Group Policy service controls the managed policy settings and removes a policy setting when it is no longer within scope of the user or computer. The Group Policy service does not control unmanaged policy settings. These policy settings are persistent. The Group Policy service does not remove unmanaged policy settings.
Managed policy settings: UI is locked; user cannot make a change to the setting Changes are made in one of four reserved registry keys Change and UI locks are released when the user/computer falls out of acope Unmanaged policy settings: UI is not locked Changes made are persistent tattoos the registry Only managed settings are shown by default Set Filter options to vlew unmanaged settings

Managed Policy Settings

A managed policy setting has the following characteristics: The UI is locked so that a user cannot change the setting. Managed policy settings result in the appropriate UI being disabled. For example, if you configure the desktop wallpaper through a Group Policy setting, then those settings are grayed out in the user's local UI. Changes are made in the restricted areas of the registry to which only administrators have access. These reserved registry keys are: o o o o HKLM \Software\ Policies (computer settings) HKCU\Software\Policies (user settings) HKLM \Software\ MicrosoftWindows\Current Version\Policies (computer settings) HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\ Policies (user settings)

Changes made by a Group Policy setting and the UI lockout are released if the user or computer falls out of scope of the GPO. For example, if you delete a GPO, managed policy settings that had been applied to a user are released. Typically, the setting then resets to its previous state. Also, the UI interface for the setting is enabled.

Unmanaged Policy Settings

In contrast, an unmanaged policy setting makes a change that is persistent in the registry. If the GPO no longer applies, the setting remains. This is often called tattooing the registryin other words, making a permanent change. To reverse the effect of the policy setting, you must deploy a change that reverts the configuration to the desired state. Additionally, an unmanaged policy setting does not lock the UI for that setting. By default, the Group Policy Management Editor hides unmanaged policy settings to discourage administrators from implementing a configuration that is difficult to revert. Many of the settings that are available in Group Policy preferences are unmanaged settings.

6-20 Implementing Group Pohcy

Lab: Implementing Group Policy

Scenario
A. Datum Corporation is a global engineering and manufacturing company with a head office based in London, England. An IT office and a data center are located in London to support the London location and other locations. A. Datum has recently deployed a Windows Server 2012 infrastructure with Windows 8 clients. In your role as a member of the server support team, you help to deploy and configure new servers and services into the existing infrastructure based on the instructions given to you by your IT manager. Your manager has asked you to create a Central Store for ADMX files to ensure that everyone can edit GPOs that have been created with customized ADMX files. You also need to create a starter GPO that includes Internet Explorer settings, and then configure a GPO that applies GPO settings for the Marketing department and the IT department.

Objectives
After completing this lab, you will be able to: Configure a Central Store. Create GPOs.

Lab Setup
Estimated Time:40 minutes

Virtual machines

20410C-LON-DC1 20410C-LON-CL1

User name Password

Adatum\Administrator Pa $$w0rd

Lab Setup Instructions

For this lab, you will use the available virtual machine environment. Before you begin the lab, you must complete the following steps: 1. On the host computer, click Start, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Hyper-V Manager. In Hyper-V Manager, click 20410C -LON -DC1. In the Actions pane, click Start. In the Actions pane, click Connect. Wait until the virtual machine starts. Sign in using the following credentials: o o User nanne:Adatum\Administrator Password:Pa$$wOrd

2. 3. 4.

5. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for 20410C-LON-CL1. Do not sign in until directed to do so.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servei 2012 6-21

Exercise 1: Configuring a Central Store Scenario

A. Datum recently implemented a customized ADMX template to configure an app. A colleague obtained the ADMX files from the vendor before creating the GPO with the configurations settings. The settings were applied to the app as expected. After implementation, you noticed that you are unable to modify the app settings in the GPO from any location other than the workstation that was originally used by your colleague. To resolve this issue, your manager has asked you to create a Central Store for administrative templates. After you create the Central Store, your colleague will copy the vendor ADMX template from the workstation into the Central Store. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. View the location of administrative templates in a Group Policy Object (GPO). Create a Central Store. Copy administrative templates to the Central Store. Verify the administrative template location in GPMC.

K Task 1: View the location of administrative templates in a Group Policy Object (GPO)
1. 2. 3. Sign in to LON-DC1 as Administrator with a password of Pa$$wOrd. Start the Group Policy Management Console (GPMC). In the Group Policy Object folder, open the Default Domain Policy and view the location of the administrative templates.

1 Task 2: Create a Central Store

1. 2. Open File Explorer and browse to C"indows\SYSVOL\sysvol\Adatum.com\Policies. Create a folder to use for the Central Store and name it PolicyDefinitions.

Task 3: Copy administrative templates to the Central Store

Copy the contents of the default PolicyDefinitions folder located at C:\Windows\PolicyDefinitions to the new PolicyDefinitions folder located at C:\Windows\SYSVOL\sysvol\Adatum.com\Policies.

Task 4: Verify the administrative template location in GPMC

1. Verify that the Group Policy Management Editor is using the ADMX files from the Central Store PolicyDefinitions folder by viewing the location information text of the Administrative templates folder. 2. Close the Group Policy Management Editor window.

Results: After completing this exercise, you should have configureci a Central Store.

6-22 Implementing Group Pohcy

Exercise 2: Creating GPOs

Scenario
After a recent meeting of the IT Policy committee, management has decided that A. Datum will use Group Policy to restrict user access to the General page of Internet Explorer. Your manager has asked you to create a starter GPO that can be used for all departments with default restriction settings for Internet Explorer. You then need to create the GPOs that will deliver the settings for members of all departments except for the IT department. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. K 1. 2. K 1. Create a Windows Internet Explorer Restriction default starter GPO. Configure the Internet Explorer Restriction starter GPO. Create an Internet Explorer Restrictions GPO from the Internet Explorer Restrictions starter GPO. Test the GPO for Domain Users. Use security filtering to exempt the IT Department from the Internet Explorer Restrictions policy. Test the GPO app for IT department users. Test Application of the GPO for other domain users. Task 1: Create a Windows Internet Explorer Restriction default starter GPO Open the GPMC and create a starter GPO named Internet Explorer Restrictions. Type a comment that states This GPO disables the General page in Internet Options. Task 2: Configure the Internet Explorer Restriction starter GPO Configure the starter GPO to disable the General page of Internet Options and name it Internet Explorer Restrictions.

Hint: Select All Settings in Administrative Templates and filter for an exact match by using the keywords General page.

2.

Close the Group Policy Management Editor window.

u Task 3: Create an Internet Explorer Restrictions G PO from the Internet Explorer Restrictions starter GPO

Create a new GPO named IE Restrictions that is based on the Internet Explorer Restrictions starter GPO, and then link it to the Adatum.com domain. Task 4: Test the GPO for Domain Users Sign in to LON-CL1 as Adatum\Brad, with a password of Pa$$wOrd. Open Control Panel. Attempt to change your home page. Open Internet Options to verify that the General tab has been restricted. Sign out from LON-CL1.

K 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server 2012 6-23

u 1. 2.

Task 5: Use security filtering to exempt the IT Department from the Internet Explorer Restrictions policy On LON-DC1, open the GPMC. Configure security filtering on the Internet Explorer Restrictions policy to deny access to the IT department. Task 6: Test the GPO app for IT department users Sign in to LON-CL1 as Brad, with a password of Pa$$wOrd. Open Control Panel. Attempt to change your home page. Verify that the Internet Properties dialog box opens to the
General tab, and all settings are available.

K 1. 2. 3.

4. n 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Sign out from LON-CL1. Task 7: Test Application of the GPO for other domain users Sign in to LON-CL1 as Boris, with a password of Pa$$wOrd. Open Control Panel. Attempt to change your home page. Open Internet Options to verify that the General tab has been restricted. Sign out from LON-CL1.

Ftesults ' : Afterconlpleting this lah; y,

should h-OvecreateCI GP

ri Prepare for the next module After you finish the lab, reved the virtual machines back to their initial state. To do this, complete the following steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. On the host computer, start Hyper-V Manager. In the Virtual Machines list, right-click 20410C-LON-DC1, and then click Revert. In the Revert Virtual Machine dialog box, click Revert. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for 20410C-LON-CL1.

Lab Review Questions

Question: What is the difference between ADMX and ADML files? Question: The Sales Managers group should be exempted from the desktop lockdown

policy that is being applied to the entire Sales OU. All sales user accounts and sales groups reside in the Sales OU. How would you exempt the Sales Managers group?
Question: What Windows command can you use to force the immediate refresh of all GPOs on a client computer?

6-24 Implementing Group Policy

Module Review and Takeaways

Module Review Questions
Question: What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of using site-levet GPOs? Question: You have a number of logon scripts that map network drives for users. Not all users need these drive mappings, so you must ensure that only the desired users receive the mappings. You want to move away from using scripts. What is the best way to map network drives for selected users without using scripts?

Best Practices
The following are recommended best practices: Do not use the Default Domain and Default Domain Controllers policies for uses other than their default uses. Instead, create new policies. Limit the use of security filtering and other mechanisms that make diagnostics more complex. If they have no settings configured, disable the User or Computer sections of policies. If you have multiple administration workstations, create a Central Store. Add comments to your GPOs to explain what the policies are doing. Design your OU structu re to support Group Policy application.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Common Issues and Troubleshooting Tips

Common lssue A user is experiencing abnormal behavior on their I workstation. All users in a particular OU are having issues, and the OU has multiple GPOs applied. Troubleshooting Tip

Tools
Tool Group Policy Management Console (GPMC) Group Policy Management Editor snap-in Resultant Set of Policy (RSoP) Group Policy Modeling 1 Wizard Use Controls all aspects of Group Policy _ Configure settings in GPOs i Accessed by editing any GPO Where to find ft i In Server Manager, on the Tools 1 menu

Determine what settings are applying to a user or computer

In the GPMC

Test what would occur if settings : In the GPMC were applied to users or computers, prior to actually applying the settings Configure Group Policy settings that apply only to the local computer I Accessed by creating a new l Microsoft Management Console (MMC) on the local computer, and adding the Group Policy Management Editor snap-in

Local Group Policy 1 Editor

7-1

Module 7
Securing Windows Servers Using Group Policy Objects
Contents:
Module Overview Lesson 1: Windows Operating Systems Security Overview Lesson 2: Configuring Security Settings Lab A: Increasing Security for Server Resources Lesson 3: Restricting Software Lesson 4: Configuring Windows Firewall with Advanced Security Lab B: Configuring AppLocker and Windows Firewall Module Review and Takeaways 7-1 7-2 7-6 7-17 7-24 7-28 7-33 7-39

Module Overview
Protecting IT infrastructure has always been a priority for organizations. Many security risks th reaten companies and their critical data. When companies fail to have adequate security policies, they can lose data, experience server unavailability, and lose credibility. To protect against security threats, companies must have well-designed security policies that include many organizational and IT-related components. Security policies must be evaluated on a regular basic because as security threats evolve, so must IT evolve. Before you begin designing security policies to help protect your organization's data, services, and IT infrastructure, you must learn how to identify security threats, plan your strategy to mitigate security threats, and secu re your Windows Server 2012 infrastructure.

Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to: Describe Windows Server operating system security. Configure security settings by using Group Policy. Increase security for server resources. Restrict unauthorized software from running on servers and clients. Configure Windows Firewall with Advanced Security.

7-2 Securing Windows Servers Using Group Poicy Objects

Lesson 1

Windows Operating Systems Security Overview

As organizations expand their availability of network data, a pps, programs, and systems, ensuring the security of network infrastructure becomes more challenging. Security technologies in Windows Server 2012 enable organizations to provide better protection for their network resources and organizational assets in increasingly complex environments and business scenarios. This lesson reviews the tools and concepts that are available for implementing security within a Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 infrastructure. Windows Server 2012 includes numerous features that provide different methods for implementing security. These features combine to form the core of the security functionality of Windows Server 2012. Understanding these features and their associated concepts and being familiar with their basic implementation are critical to maintaining a secure environment.

Lesson Objectives
Atter completing this lesson, you will be able to: Identity security risks for Windows Server 2012 and the costs associated with them. Apply the defense-in-depth model to increase security. Describe best practices for increasing Windows Server 2012 security.

Discussion: Identifying Security Risks and Costs

The first step in defending your systems is id entifying the potential security risks and their associated costs. Once you do that, you can begin to make accurate decisions about how to allocate resources to mitigate those risks. Review the question on the slide and participate in the discussion to identify some of the security risks in Windows-based networks, and their associated costs. -What are sorne of security risks in Windows-based networks?

10 minutes

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Salve) 2012 7 -3

Applying Defense-In-Depth to Increase Security

You can mitigate risks to your organization's computer network by providing security at various infrastructure layers. The term defense-in-depth is often used to describe the use of multiple security technologies at different points throughout your organization. Defense-in-depth technologies include layers of security that extend from user policies, to the app, and to the data itself.
Defense-in-depth uses a layered approach Reduces an attacker's chance of success .Increases an anadees risk of detection
procedures. Security documents, use and awareness Physical security Guards, locks, tracking Perimeter Networks Host Application Data Firewails, network access quaran Network segments, IPsec, Forefront TMG 2010 Hardening, authentication, update management Application hardening, antivrus ACts, EFS, Eitlocker, backupirestore proc

ecurity

Policies, Procedures, and Awareness

Security policy measures need to operate within the context of organizational policies regarding security best practices. For example, enforcing a strong user password policy is not helpful if users write down their passwords and place them next to their computer screens; users must be educated a bout how to protect their passwords. Another example of a security best practice is ensuring that users do not leave their desktop computer without first locking the desktop or signing off of the computer. When establishing a security foundation for your organization's network, it is a good idea to start by establishing appropriate policies and procedures and then make users aware of them. You can then progress to the other aspects of the defense-in-depth model.

Physical Security
If any unauthorized person can gain physical access to a computer on your network, then most other security measures can be more easily bypassed. You must ensure that computers containing the most sensitive data (such as servers) are physically secure, and that physical access is granted only to authorized personnel.

Perimeter
These days, no organization is an isolated enterprise. Organizations operate within the Internet, and many organizational network resources are available from the Internet. This might include a website that describes your organization's services, or internal services that you make available externallysuch as web conferencing and emailso that users can work from home or from branch offices. Perimeter networks mark the boundary between public and private networks. Providing reverse proxy servers in the perimeter network enables you to provide more secure corporate services across the public network. Many organizatTons implement network access quarantine control, where computers that connect to the corporate network are checked for different security criteria, such as whether the computer has the latest security updates, antivirus updates, and other company-recommended security settings. If these criteria are met, the computer is allowed to connect to corporate network. If not, the computer is placed in an isolated network, called a quarantine, with no access to corporate resources. Once the computer has its security settings remediated, it is removed from the quarantine network and is allowed to connect to corporate resources.

Note: A reverse proxy, such as Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway 2010 1.:1 (Forefront TMG), enables you to publish services such as email or web services, from the corporate intranet without placing the email or web servers in the perimeter or exposing them to externa! users. Forefront TMG acts as both reverse proxy and as a firewall solution.

7-4 Securing Windows Servers Using Group Polcy Objects

Networks
Once you connect your computers to a network (either internal or public), they are susceptible to a number of threats including eavesdropping, spoofing, denial of service, and replay attacks. By implementing Internet Protocol Security (IPsec), you can encrypt network traffic and protect data while in transfer between computers. When communication takes place over public networks, such as by employees who are working from home or from remote offices, as a best practice they should connect to a firewall solution such as Forefront TMG 2010 to protect from different types of network threats.

Host Computer Security Hardening

The next layer of defense is the layer that is used for the host computer. Together, the following steps form a process that is referred to as host computer security hardening. On your host computer, you must: Keep computers secure with the latest security updates. Configure security policies, such as password complexity. Configure the host firewall. Install antivirus software.

Application Security Hardening

Apps are only as secure as your latest security update. Together, the following steps form a process that is called application security hardening: Consistently use the Windows Update feature or the app vendor update web sites to keep your apps up-to-date. Test apps to determine if they have any security vulnera bilities that might allow an external attacker to compromise them or other network componente.

Data Security
The final layer of security is data security. To help ensure the protection of your network, you should: Ensure the proper use of file user permissions by using Access Control Lists (ACLs). Implement the encryption of confidential data with Encrypting File System (EFS). Perform regular data backups.

Additional Reading: For the latest Microsoft security bulletin and advisory information, see Security for IT Pros at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=266741. For more information about common types of network attacks, see http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=266742.

Question: How many layers of the defense-in-depth model should you Implement in your organization?

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

20410C: Installing and Configuang Windows Servera 2012 7 -5

Best Practices for increasing Security

Consider the following best practices for increasing security: Apply all available security updates as quickly as possible following their release. You should strive to implement security updates as soon as possible to ensure that your systems are protected from known vulnerabilities. Microsoft publicly releases the details of any known vulnerabilities alteran update has been released, which can lead to an increased volume of malware attempting to exploit the vulnerability. However, you must still ensure that you adequately test updates before they are applied widely within your organization. Follow the principie of least privilege. Provide users and service accounts with the lowest permission levels required to complete their necessary tasks. This ensures that any malware using those credentials is limited in its impact. It also ensures that users are limited in their ability to accidentally delete data or modify critical operating system settings. Mandate that administrators use separate administrative accounts for administration and configuration changes. This ensures that administrators, while browsing the Internet or reading email, are not exposing a user account that has virtually unlimited access to the IT environment. Restrict administrator console sign in. Signing in locally ata console is a greater risk to a server than accessing data remotely. This is because some malware can only infect a computer by using a user session at the desktop. If you allow administrators to use Remote Desktop Connection for server administration, ensure that enhanced security features such as User Account Control (UAC) are enabled. Restrict physical access. If someone has physical access to your servers, that person has virtually unlimited access to the data on that server. An unauthorized person could use a wide variety of tools to quickly reset the password on local administrator accounts and allow local access, or use a USB drive to introduce malware. BitLocker can be effective at limiting or reducing the effectiveness of some physical attacks.
Some best practices for increasing security are: Apply all available security updates quickly Follow the principie of least privilege Use separate administrative accounts Restrict administrator console sign-in -Restrict physical access

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Additional Reading: For more information aboilt best practices for enterprise security, see http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=266743.

~~

7-6 Securing Wndows Servers Using Group Polcy Objects

Lesson 2

Configuring Security Settings

Once you have learned about security threats, risks, and best practices for increasing security, you can start configuring security for your Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 environment. This lesson explains how to configure security settings. To apply those security settings to multiple users and computers in your organization, you can use Group Policy. For example, you can configure password policy settings by using Group Policy, and then deploy them to multiple users. Group Policy has a large security component that you can use to configure security for both users and computers. You can apply security consistently across the organization in Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) by defining security settings in a Group Policy Object (GPO) that is associated with a site, domain, or organizational unit (OU).

Additional Reading: For a detailed list of Group Policy settings, see the document "Group Policy Settings Reference for Windows and Windows Server" at: http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=266744.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe how to configure security templates. Describe what user rights are, and how to configure them. Describe how to configure Security Options.

~~ Describe how to configure UAC. Describe how to configure Security Auditing. Describe how to configure Restricted Groups. Describe how to configure Account Policy Settings. Describe Security Compliance Manager (SCM).

- Install and Use SCM.

Configuring Security Templetes

Security templates are files that you use to manage and configure security settings on Windows-based computers. Depending on the various categories of security settings, security templates are divided into logical sections. You can configure each of the following sections according to a company's needs and requests: Account Policies. Password Policy, Account Lockout Policy, and Kerberos Policy Local Policies. Audit Policy, User Rights Assignment, and Security Options
Security Templetes categories:
Account Policies Local Policies Event Log Restricted Groups System Services Registry Fila System

How Security Templetes are distributed:

Secedtexe Security Templates Snap-in Security Configuraban and Analysis Wizard Group Policy Security Compliance Manager (SCM)

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server,2012 7 -7

Event log. App, system, and security event log settings Restricted Groups. Mem bership of groups that have special rights and permissions System Services. Startup and permissions for system services Registry. Permissions for registry keys File System. Permissions for folders and files

When you configure a security template, you can use it to configure a single computer or to configure multiple computers on the network. The following are a few ways that you can configure and distribute securitytemplates: Secedit.exe. You can use the secedit.exe command-line tool to compare the current configuration of a computer running Windows Server 2012 to specific security templates. Security Templates snap-in. You can use this snap-in to create a security policy by using security templates. Security Configuration and Analysis Wizard. You can use this wizard to analyze and configure computer security. Group Policy. You can use Group Policy to analyze and configure computer settings, and to distribute specific security settings. SCM. You can use the SCM to view security settings, compare settings to security baselines (which are groups of settings designed on the basis of Microsoft security guides and best practices), customize settings, and import or export GPO backups. SCM is described in detail in a later topic.

Configuring User Rights

User rights assignment refers to the ability to perform actions in the operating system. Each computer has its own set of user rights, such as the right to change the system time. By default, most rights are granted either to the Local System or to the Administrator. Privileges and Logon rights are two types of user rights: Privileges define access to computer and domain resources. For example, rights to back up files and directories. Logon rights define who is authorized to sign in to a computer, and how they can sign in. For example, logon rights may define the right to sign in to a system locally. You can configure rights through Group Policy. Initially, the default domain policy does not have user rights defined. You can configure settings for User Rights by accessing the following location from the Group Policy Management Console (GPMC): ComputerConfiguration\Policies\WindowsSettings\SecuritySettings\Local Policies\User Rights Assignment
User Rights Types: Pdvdeges n Rights Examples of common user rights Add workstations to domain Allow log on locally Allow log on through Remote Desktop Services Back up files and directories Change the system time Force shutdown from a rernote compute Shut down the system

7-8 Securing Windows Servers Using Group Pohcy Objects

Some examples of commonly used user rights (and policies configured by them) are: Add workstations to domain. Determines which users or groups can add workstations to the domain. Allow log on locally. Determines which users can sign in to the computer. Allow log on through Remote Desktop Services. Determines which users or groups have permission to sign in by using Remote Desktop Services Client. Back up files and directories. Determines which users have permissions to back up files and folders on a computer. Change the system time. Determines which users or groups have the rights to change the time and date on the interna! clock of the computer. Force shutdown from a remote system. Determines which users are allowed to shut down a computer from a remote location on the network. Shut down the system. Determines which of the users who are locally signed in to a computer are allowed to shut down the computer.

Configuring Security Options

You can also use Group Policy to access and configure security options. The computer security settings that you can configure in Security Options include the following: Administrator and Guest account names Access to CD/DVD drives Digital data signatures Driver installation behavior Logon prompts UAC
Security options settings: Administrator and Guest account narres Access te CD/DVD drives Digital data signatures Driver installation behavior Logon prompts User Account Control Examples: Prompt user to change password before expiration Do not display last user name Rename administrator account Restrict CD-ROM access to locally logged-on users only

You can configure settings for Security Options by accessing the following location from the GPMC: Computer Configu ration \ Policies\Windows Settings\SecuritySettings\ Local Policies\ Secu rity Options

The following are examples of commonly used Security Options: Prompt user to change password before expiration. Determines how many days before a user's password expiring that the operating system provides a warning. Interactive logon: Do not display last user narre. Determines whether the name of the last user to sign in to the computer s displayed in the Windows logon window. Accounts: Rename administrator account. Determines whether a different account name is associated with the security identifier (SID) for the administrator account. Devices: Restrict CD-ROM access to locally logged-on user only. Determines whether a CD-ROM is accessible to both local and remote users simultaneously.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Sentert 2012 7 -9

Configuring User Account Control

Administrative accounts carry with them a higher degree of security risk. When an administrative account is signed in, its privileges allow access to the entire Windows operating system, including the registry, system files, and configuration settings. As long as an administrative account is signed in, the system is vulnerable to attack and has the potential to be compromised. User Account Control (UAC) is a security feature that helps prevent unauthorized changes to a computer. It does this by asking the user for permission or for administrator credentials before performing actions that could affect the computer's operation or that could change settings that affect multiple users. By default, both standard users and administrators run apps and access resources in the security context of a standard user. The UAC prompt provides a way for a user to elevate his or her status from a standard user account to an administrator account without signing out, switching users, or running an app by using different credentials. Because of this, UAC creates a more secure environment in which to run and install apps. When an app requires administrator level permission, UAC notifies the user as follows: If the user is an administrator, the user confirms to elevate his or her permission level and continue. This process of requesting approval is known as Admin Approval Mode.
UAC is a security feature that prompts the user for an administrative users credentials if the task requires administrative permissons UAC enables users to perform commoo daily tasks as nonadministrators
gm9,

Note: Since Windows Server 2008, the built-in Administrator account does not run in Admin Approval Mode. The result is that no UAC prompts display when using the local Administrator account.

If the user is not an administrator, then a username and password for an account that has administrative permissions needs to be entered. Providing administrative credentials temporarily gives the user administrative privileges, but only to complete the current task. After the task is complete, permissions change back to those of a standard usen.

When using this process of notification and elevation to administrator account privileges, changes cannot be made to the computer without the user knowing, because a prompt asks the user for permission or for administrator credentials. This can help prevent malicious software (malware) and spyware from being installed on or making changes to a computer. UAC allows the following system-level changes to occur without prompting, even when a user is signed in as a local user: Install u pdates from Windows Update Install drivers from Windows Update or those that are packaged with the operating system View Windows operating system settings Pair Bluetooth devices with the computer Reset the network adapter, and perform other network diagnostic and repair tasks

7-10 Securing Windows Servers Using Group Pohcy Objects

Modifying UAC Behavior

You can modify the UAC notification experience to adjust the frequency and behavior of UAC prompts. To modify UAC behavior on a single computer, access the Windows Server 2012 control panel in System and Security. You can configure settings for UAC by accessing the following location from the GPMC: Computer Configu ration \ Policies \Windows Settings\ Security Settings \ Local Policies\ Secu rity Options

The following are examples of some GPO settings that you can configure for UAC: User Account Control: Run all administrators in Admin Approval Mode. Controls the behavior of all UAC policy settings for the computer. If this setting is disabled, UAC will not run on this computer. User Account Control: Administrator Approval Mode for the built-in Administrator account. When you enable this setting, the built-in Administrator account uses Admin Approval Mode. User Account Control: Detect app installations and prompt for elevation. This setting controls the behavior of app installation detection for the computer. User Account Control: Only elevate executables that are signed and validated. When you enable this setting, a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) check is performed on the executable file to verify that it originates from a trusted source. If the file is verified, then the file is permitted to run.

11_ 1 "1 Note: By default, UAC is not configured or enabled in Server Core installations of Windows
Server 2012.

Configuring Security Auditing

Typically, one of the components of an organization's security strategy is recording user activities. The activities may include successful or unsuccessful attempts to access business-critical data that is stored in different folders, or successful or unsuccessful sign-in attempts on different servers. Recording these security-related events is called SecurityAuditing. Security auditing adds entries to the Security Event Log that administrators can then view in the Event Viewer. Information in security event logs can help your organization audit their compliance with important business-related and security-related goals by tracking precisely defined activities such as: An administrator who modified settings or data on servers that contain highly confidential information. An employee within a defined group that has accessed an important folder containing data from different departments. A user who is trying to sign in to his or her account repeatedly without success from an interna) company computer. You might find that the employee who owns that user account was on a vacation that week, which nneans some other employee was trying to sign in with a different user account.
When using security auditing to Iog security-related events, you can: Configure security auditing accordng to your company's security regulations Filter the Security Event Log n Event Viewer to find spedEc security related events

You can configure settings for Security Auditing by accessing the following location from the GPMC: Computer Configuration Policies \Windows Settings\ Security Settings \ Local Policies\Audit Policy

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servers 2012 7-11

The following are examples of some GPO settings that you can configure for auditing: Audit account logon events. Determines whether the operating system audits each time the computer validates an accounts credentials. Audit accounting management. Determines whether to audit each event of account management, such as creating, changing, renaming, or deleting a user account, changing a password, or enabling or disabling a user account. Audit object access. Determines whether operating system audits have access to nonActive Directory objects, such as folders or files. Before configuring audit settings with Group Policy, you must configure system access control lists (SACLs) on folders or files to allow auditing for a specific type of action, such as write, read, or modify. Audit system events. Determines whether the operating system audits system-related events, such as attempting to change the system time, attempting a system startup or shutdown, or the security log size exceeding a configurable threshold warning.

When working with security auditing, be aware of the following concerns. Configuring Windows Server 2012 to audit activities generates a large amount of data that is difficult to analyze. A large amount of data might cause servers or domain controllers to run out of disk space because the Security Event Log can become very large. Recording a large amount of data may also cause poor performance on legacy servers.

Additional Reading: For more information about security auditing, see the article "What's

New in Security Auditing" at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=266747.

Configuring Restricted Groups

In some cases, you may want to control the membership of certain groups in a domainsuch as the local administrators groupto prevent other user accounts being added to those groups. You can use the Restricted Groups policy to control group membership by using either of the following methods: You can specify which members are added to a group. If you choose this option, then when you define a Restricted Groups policy and refresh Group Policy, all current members remain while the defined members in the policy are added to the existing membership. You can specify which members make up the total membership of a group. If you choose this option, then when you define a Restricted Groups policy and refresh Group Policy, any current member of a group that is not on the Restricted Groups policy members list is removed, including default members such as the Domain Admins group.
Group Policy can control group mernbership:
For any group on a dornain-joined computer. by applyng a Group PoIicy Object (GRO) to the Organizational Unit (OU) containing the computer account For any group in AD DS, by applying a GPO to the Domain Controlfer's OU

7-12 Securing Windows Selvas Using Group Poficy Objects

Although you can control domain groups by assigning Restricted Groups policies to domain controllers, you should use this setting primarily to configure membership of critical groups such as Enterprise Admins and Schema Admins. You can also use this setting to control the membership of built-in local groups on workstations and member servers. For example, you can place the Helpdesk group into the local Administrators group on all workstations. You cannot specify local users in a domain GPO. Local users who currently are in the local group that the Restricted Groups policy controls will be removed, depending on the Restricted Groups policy option that you choose. The only exception to this is that the local Administrators account is always in the local Administratorsgroup. You can configure settings for Restricted Groups by accessing the following location from the GPMC: - Computer Configuration\Policies\Windows Settings\Security Settings\Restricted Groups

Configuring Account Policy Settings.

Account policies protect your organization's accounts and data by mitigating the threat of attacks that try to guess account username and password (these are sometimes referred to as brute force attacks). Secu ring your network environment requires that all users use strong passwords.You use password policysettings to control the complexity and lifetime of user passwords. You configure password policy settings through Group Policy.
le encrypholy Account Controls how many incorrect attempts can be made lockout Lockout duration: not defined Lockout threshold: O tnvalid logon attempts Reset account lockout atter: not defined ubset of the atol. u es of domain security policy Can only be applied at the domain levet
:PaSSWOr

Account policies mtigate the threat of brute force guessing of account passwords

lelity and hfe sssvrr4 42 days 111PaTY1 :1 3 Age?,1 51aY

Account Policies
Account policy componente include password policies, account lockout policies, and Kerberos policies. The policy settings under Account policies are implemented at the domain levet. A Windows Server 2012 domain can have multiple password and account lockout policies, which are called fine-grained password policies. You can apply these multiple policies to a user orto a global security group in a domain, but not to an OU.

L_''=

Note: If you need to apply a fine-grained password policy to users of an OU, you can use a shadow group, which is a global security group that is logically mapped to an OU.
You can configure settings for Account policies by accessing the following location from the GPMC: - Computer Configuration \Policies\WindowsSettings\SecuritySettings\AccountPolicies

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servele 2012 7-13

Password Policy
Password policies that you can configure are listed in the following table. Policy Password must meet complexity requirements Function Requires passwords to: Be at least as long as specified by the Minimum Password Length, with a minimum of 3 characters if the Minimum Password Length is set to O. Best practice Enable this setting. These complexity requirements can help ensure a strong password. Strong passwords are more difficult to decrypt than those containing simple letters or numbers. Instruct users to use pass phrases to create long passwords that are easy to remember.

- Contain a combination of at least three of the following types of characters: u ppercase letters, lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols (punctuation marks). Must not contain the user's user name or screen name.

Enforce password history

Prevents users from creating a new password that is the same as their current password or a recently used password. To specify how many passwords are remembered, provide a value. For example, a value of 1 means that only the last password is remembered, and a value of 5 means that the previous five are remembered.

The greater number ensures better security. The default value is 24. Enforcing password history ensures that passwords that have been compromised are not used repeatedly.

Maximum password age

Sets the maximum number of days that a password is valid. After this number of days, the user will have to change the password.

The default value is 42 days. Setting the number of days too high provides hackers with an extended window of opportunity to crack or brute force the password. Setting the number of days too low frustrates users who have to change their passwords too frequently, and could result in more frequent calls to the IT help desk. Set the minimum password age to at least 1 day. By doing so, you require that the user can only change their password once a day. This helps enforce other settings. For example, if the past five passwords are remembered, this ensures that at least five days must pass before the user can reuse the original password. If the minimum password age is set to O, the user can change their password six times on the same day and begin reusing the original password on the same day.

Minimum password age

Sets the minimum number of days that must pass before a password can be changed.

1
7-14 Securing Windows Seivers Using Group PoNcy Objects

(continued from previous page) Policy Minimum password length Function Specifies the fewest number of characters that a password can have. Best practic,e Set the length to between 8 and 12 characters (provided that they also meet complexity requirements). A longer password is more difficult to crack than a shorter password, assuming the password is not a common word. Do not use this setting unless you use an app that requires it. Enabling this setting decreases the security of stored passwords.

1
1

Store passwords by using reversible encryption

Provides support for apps that need to know a user password for authentication purposes.

1 1
1 1 1

Account Lockout Policy

Account Lockout Policies that you can configure are usted in the following table. ......_ ___. ..... Policy Function Best practice Account lockout threshold Specifies the number of failed login attempts that are allowed before the account is locked. For example, if the threshold is set to 3, the account is locked out after a user enters incorrect login information three times. .--

A setting of 5 allows for reasonable 1 user error, and limits repeated login attempts for malicious purposes. Note that the threshold can have a negative impact by allowing for a denial of service attack on user objects, especially from the Internet. Because of this, some organizations are going toward a higher threshold. After the threshold has been reached and the account is locked out, the account should remain locked long enough to block or deter any potential attacks, but short enough not to interfere with productivity for legitimate users. A duration of 30 to 90 minutes works well in most situations. Using a timeframe between 30 and 60 minutes is usually sufficient to deter automated attacks and manual attempts by an attacker to guess a password.

1
1 1 e 1

Account lockout duration

Allows you to specify a timeframe, in minutes, after which the account automatically unlocks and resumes normal operation.If you specify O, then the account is locked indefinitely until an administrator manually unlocks it. -

Reset account lockout counter after

Defines a timeframe for counting the incorrect login attempts. If the policy is set for one hour, and the account lockout threshold is set for three attempts, a user can enter the incorrect login information three times within one hour. If they enter incorrect information twice, but get it correct the third time, the counter will reset after one hour has elapsed (from the first incorrect entry) so that future failed attempts will again start counting at one.

1
1 1 1

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Senior, 2012 7-15

Kerberos Policy
This policy is for domain user accounts, and determines Kerberos-related settings such as ticket lifetimes and enforcement. Kerberos policies do not exist in Local Computer Policy.

Using Security Compliance Manager

SCM provides the following core uses. Use SCM to maintain compliance and report on compliance. Many organizations adhere to specific industry or government regulations and must submit to periodic compliance tests. SCM can be used to validate that computers are configured for compliance, especially when paired with System Center 2012 R2 Configuration Manager, which has a Desired Configuration Management (DCM) component that can be used for gathering compliance information. In this scenario, a baseline from SCM can be exported and used in System Center 2012 R2 Configuration Manager. Use SCM to configure computers for compliance or security policies. SCM can be used to minimize the administrative effort when configuring computers for compliance or security policies. SCM can export a GPO which can then be linked to the appropriate containers in AD DS. Use SCM to maintain settings across two independent environments. Multiple GPOs can be imported into SCM and then used for comparing and/or merging settings across environments. This is useful when an organization has a production environment and a development environment (or multiple iterations of each environment). Use SCM to learn about Microsoft recommended security settings. The built-in security guides are in-depth and product-specific. They contain pertinent information and recommendations that will help an organization understand risks and mitigation. They can be used to formulate or update security policies and ensure that IT teams have the security knowledge to successfully deploy and maintain the environments.

What is Security Compliance Manager?

Overview
Security Compliance Manager (SCM) is a free tool from Microsoft that helps administrators secure computers whether the computers reside locally, remotely, or in the cloud. SCM is a Microsoft Solution Accelerator, currently in version 3.0, which automates some of the administrative tasks of securing computers. SCM works as a standalone tool or can be enhanced by combining it with System Center 2012 R2 Configuration Manager.
SCM is a free tooi from Microsoft that helps administrators secure computers whether the computers reside locally, remotely, orn the cloud. It features: Baselines Security guides Support for standalone coroputers Import GPO backups

7-16 Securing Windows Servers Using Group Policy Obleas

What does SCM do?

SCM provides the following core features: Baselines. Baselines are based on Microsoft security guides and best practices; they are a foundation for deploying new settings. The baseline settings are specific to an operating system version, a specific product version, or a specific component and can be downloaded or imported into SCM in the form of .cab files as new ones become available. The baselines can be compared to your existing settings, or to default settings. SCM provides an interface to view all of the settings. The settings can be customized and then exported as a GPO backup. Security guides. The security guides are Microsoft guides for the major operating system versions and product versions. They contain instructions and recommendations to help secure your environment. Some of the guides that are included with SCM are the guides for Windows 7 SP1, Internet Explorer 10, Microsoft Exchange Server, and Windows Server 2012. Support for deploying policies to standalone computers. In addition to automating the deployment of settings for domain-joined computers by using Group Policy, SCM helps minimize the administrative overhead of securing non-domain-joined computers too. Import backups of existing GPOs. Existing backed-up GPOs can be imported into SCM for comparison with the baselines. You can then customize the settings before exporting the new settings to a GPO backup.

Requirements for SCM 3.0

SCM can be installed on a Windows client operating system or on a Windows server operating system. The following prerequisites are required for SCM 3.0. Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 x86. The installer comes prepackaged with SCM 3.0. If it is not already installed on the destination computer, then the SCM installer prompts to install it. Microsoft SQL Server 2008 (including Express edition) or later installed on the destination computer. If SQL is not installed then the SCM installer will install Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Express. Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel. Although not required as part of the installation of SCM, some of the supporting material and guides require Word or Excel. In the case of text documents, WordPad (installed by default in Windows) can suffice but may be a degraded experience. However, all of the documents can be saved elsewhere and opened up from another computer that already has Word and Excel.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Senier,2012 7-17

Lab A: Increasing Security for Server Resources

Scenario
Your manager has given you some security-related settings that need to be implemented on all member servers. You also need to implement file system auditing for a file share used by the Marketing department. Finally, you need to implement auditing for domain logons.

Objectives
After completing this lab, you will be able to: Use Group Policy to secure member servers. Audit who is accessing specific files. Audit domain logons.

Lab Setup
Estimated time: 60 minutes

Virtual machines

20410C-LON-DC1 20410C-LON-SVR1 20410C-LON-SVR2 20410C-LON-CL1

User name Password

Adatum \Administrator Pa$$wOrd

For this lab, you will use the available virtual machine environment. Before you begin the lab, you must complete the following steps: 1. 2. 3. On the host computer, click Start, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Hyper-V Manager. In Hyper-V Manager, click 20410C-LON-DC1, and in the Actions pane, click Start. In the Actions pane, click Connect. Wait until the virtual machine starts. 4. Sign in using the following credentials: o o 5. 6. User nanne:Adatum\Administrator Password: Pa$$wOrd

Repeat steps 2 through 4 for 20410C-LON-SVR1 and 20410C-LON-SVR2. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for 20410C-LON-CL1. Do not sign in to LON-CL1 until directed to do so.

7-18 Securing Windows Servers Using Group Policy Objects

Exercise 1: Using Group Policy to Secure Member Servers Scenario

A. Datum uses the Computer Administrators group to provide administrators with permissions to administer member servers. As part of the installation process for a new server, the Computer Administrators group from the domain is added to the local Administrators group on the new server. Recently, this important step was missed when configuring several new member servers. To ensure that the Computer Administrators group is always given permission to manage member servers, your manager has asked you to create a GPO that sets the membership of the local Administrators group on member servers to include Computer Server Administrators. This GPO also needs to enable Admin Approval Mode for UAC. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. Create a Member Servers organizational unit (OU) and move servers into it.

2. Create a Server Administrators group. 3. Create a Member Server Security Settings Group Policy Object (GPO) and link it to the Member Servers OU. Configure group membership for local administrators to include Server Administrators and Domain Admins. 5. 6. 7. Verify that Computer Administrators has been added to the local Administrators group. Modify the Member Server Security Settings GPO to remove Users from Allow Log On Locally. Modify the Member Server Security Settings GPO to enable User Account Control: Admin Approval Mode for the Built-in Administrator account. Verify that a non-administrative user cannot sign in to a member server.

4.

8.

Task 1: Create a Member Servers organizational unit (OU) and move servers into it
1. 2. 3. On LON-DC1, open Active Directory Users and Computers. Create a new OU named Member Servers OU. Move servers LON-SVR1 and LON-SVR2 to Member Servers OU.

Task 2: Create a Server Administrators group

~~ On LON-DC1, in Member Servers OU, create a new global security group called Server Administrators.

n
1. 2.

Task 3: Create a Member Server Security Settings Group Policy Object (GPO) and link it to the Member Servers OU
On LON-DC1, open the Group Policy Management Console. In the Group Policy Management Console, in the Group Policy Objects container, create a new GPO with a name Member Server Security Settings. In the Group Policy Management Console, link the Member Server Security Settings to Member Servers OU.

3.

E Task 4: Configure group membership for local administrators to include Server Administrators and Domain Admins
1. 2. On LON-DC1, open the Group Policy Management Console. For the Default Domain Policy, open the Group Policy Management Editor window.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Son/el,2012 7-19

3.

In the Group Policy Management Editor window, go to Computer Configuration\Policies \Windows Settings \Security Settings\Restricted Groups.

4. 5.

Add the Server Administrators and Domain Admins groups to the Administrators group. Close the Group Policy Management Editor window.

n
1. 2.

Task 5: Verify that Computer Administrators has been added to the local Administrators group
Switch to LON-SVR1. Open a Windows PowerShell window, and at the Windows PowerShell prompt, type following command: 1, Gpupdate /force

3.

Open Server Manager, open the Computer Management console, and then expand Local Users and Groups.

4.

Confirm that the Administrators group contains both ADATUM \Domain Admins and ADATUM \Server Administrators as members. Cose the Computer Management console.

5.

1.

Task 6: Modify the Member Server Security Settings GPO to remove Users from Allow Log On Locally
On LON-DC1, in the Group Policy Management Console, edit the Member Server Security Settings GPO.

2.

In the Group Policy Management Editor window, go to Computer Configuration \Policies \Windows Settings \Security Settings\Local Policies\User Rights Assignment.

3. Configure Allow log on locally for Domain Admins and Administrators security groups.

Task 7: Modify the Member Server Security Settings GPO to enable User Account Control: Admin Approval Modeforthe Built-in Administratoraccount
1. On LON-DC1, in the Group Policy Management Editor window, go to Computer Configuration \Policies \Windows Settings\Security Settings \Local Policies \Security Options. Enable User Account Control: Admin Approval Mode for the Built-in Administrator account. Close the Group Policy Management Editor window. -

2. 3.

u
1. 2.

Task 8: Verify that a non-administrative usercannotsign in to a memberserver

Switch to LON-SVR1. Open a Windows PowerShell window, and at the Windows PowerShell prompt, type following command: Gpupdate /force

3. 4.

Sign out from LON-SVR1. Try to sign in to LON-SVR1 as Adatum \Adam with the password Pa$$wOrd. Verify that you cannot sign in to LON-SVR1.

7-20 Securing Wndows Servers Using Group Poicy Objects

5. To prepare for the next exercise, sign out of LON-SVR1, and sign back in to LON-SVR1 as Adatum\Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd.

Exercise 2: Auditing File System Access

Scenario
The manager of the Marketing department has concerns that there is no way to track who is accessing files that are on the departmental file share. Your manager has explained that only users with permissions are allowed to access the files. However, the manager of the Marketing department would like to try recording who is accessing specific files. Your manager has asked you to enable auditing for the file system that is on the Marketing department file share, and to review the results with the manager of the Marketing department. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Modify the Member Server Security Settings GPO to enable object access auditing. Create and share a folder. Enable auditing on the Marketing folder for Domain Users. Create a new file in the file share from LON-CL1. View the results in the security log on the domain controller.

K Task 1: Modify the Member Server Security Settings GPO to enable object access auditing
1. 2. 3. Switch to LON-DC1. In the Group Policy Management Console, edit the Member Server Security Settings GPO. In the Group Policy Management Editor window, go to Computer Configu ration \Policies \Windows Settings\Security Settings \Local Policies \Audit Policy. 4. 5. Enable Audit object access with both Success and Failure settings. Sign out of LON-DC1.

K Task 2: Create and share a folder

1. 2. 3. El Switch to LON-SVR1. On LON-SVR1, on drive C, create a new folder with the name Marketing. Configure the Marketing folder with Read/Write sharing permissions for user Adam.

Task 3: Enable auditing on the Marketing folder for Domain Users

1. On LON-SVR1, in the Local Disk (C:) window, configure auditing on the Marketing folder, with following settings: o o o o Select a principal: Domain Users Type: All Permission: Read & execute, List folder content, Read, Write Leave other settings with their default values

20410C: Installing and Conlguring Windows Seivej 2012 7-21

2.

Refresh Group Policy by typing the following command at the Windows PowerShell prompt:
gpupdate /force

I 1. 2.

Task 4: Create a new file in the file share from LON-CL1

Sign in to LON-CL1 as Adatum\Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd. Open the Command Prompt window and type the following command: gpupdate /force

3. 4. 5.

Close the Command Prompt window. Sign out from LON-CL1, and then sign in again as Adatum\Adam with the password Pa$$wOrd. Open the Marketing folder on LON-SVR1, by using the following Universal Naming Convention (UNC) path: \\LON-SVR1\Marketing.

6. 7. Ll 1. 2. 3.

Create a text document with a name Employees. Sign out from LON-CL1.

Task 5: View the results in the security log on the domain controller
Switch to LON-SVR1, and start Event Viewer. In the Event Viewer window, expand Windows Logs, and then open Security. Verify that following event and information is displayed: o o o o Source: Microsoft Windows Security Auditing Event ID: 4663 Task category: File System An attempt was made to access an object

Results: After completing this exercise, you should have enabled file system access auditing.

Exercise 3: Auditing Domain Logons

Scenario
After a security review, the IT policy committee has decided to begin tracking all user logons to the domain. Your manager has asked you to enable auditing of domain logons and verify that they are working. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Modify the Default Domain Policy GPO. Run GPUpdate. Sign in to LON-CL1 with an incorrect password. Review event logs on LON-DC1. Sign in to LON-CL1 with the correct password. Review event logs on LON-DC1.

7-22 Securing Windows Servers Using Group Foley Objects

H Task 1: Modify the Default Domain Policy GPO 1. Sign in to LON-DC1 as Adatum \Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd. 2. On LON-DC1, start Server Manager, and then from Server Manager, start GPMC. 3. On LON-DC1, in the Group Policy Management Console, edit the Default Domain Policy GPO. 4. In the Group Policy Management Editor window, go to Computer Configuration\Policies
\Windows Settings\Security Settings\Local Policies \Audit Policy.

5. Enable Audit account logon events with both Success and Failure settings. 6. Update Group Policy by using the gpupdate /force command. Task2: Run GPUpdate 1. Sign in to LON-CL1 as Adatum \Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd.
LI

2. Open the Command Prompt window and type the following command: IIIIIIIIIII~IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII~ gpupdate /forc, 3. Cose the Command Prompt window, and sign out from LON-CL1. ti Task 3: Sign in to LON-CL1 with an incorrectpassword Sign in to LON-CL1 as Adatum\Adam with the password password.

Note: This password is intentionally incorrect to generate a security log entry that shows that that an unsuccessful sign in attempt has been made.

Task 4: Review event logs on LON-DC1 1. On LON-DC1, start Event Viewer. 2. In the Event Viewer window, expand Windows Logs, and then click Security. 3. Review the event logs for the following message: "Event ID 4771 Kerberos pre-authentication
failed. Account Information: Security ID: ADATUM\Adam."

Task 5: Sign in to LON-CL1 with the correct password 1. Sign in to LON-CL1 as Adatum\Adam with the password Pa$$wOrd.

Note: This

password is correct, and you should be able to sign in successfully as Adam.

2. Sign out of LON-CL1. K Task 6: Review event logs on LON-DC1

1. On LON-DC1, start Event Viewer.

2. In the Event Viewer window, expand Windows Logs, and then click Security. 3. Review the event logs for the following message: "Event ID 4624 An account was successfully
logged on. New Logon: Security ID: ADATUM\Adam."

Results: Aftercompleting this exercise, you should have enabled domain logon auchting.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Seiverl 2012 7-23

n
-

Prepare for the next lab

To prepare for the next lab, leave the virtual machines running.

Lab Review Questions

Question: What happens if you configure the Computer Administrators group, but not the Domain Ad mins group, to be a member of the Local Administrators group on all the computers in a domain? Question: Why do you need to not allow local logon on some computers? Question: What happens when an unauthorized user tries to access a folder that has auditing enabled for both successful and unsuccessful access attempts? Question: What happens when you configure auditing for domain logons for both successful and unsuccessful logon attempts?

7-24 Securing Windows Servers Using Group PoNcy Objects

Lesson 3

Restricting Software
Users need to have access to the apps that help them do their jobs. However, unnecessary or unwanted apps often get installed on client computers, whether unintentionally or for malicious or non-business purposes. Unsupported or unused software is not maintained or secured by the administrators, and could be used as an entry point for attackers to gain unauthorized access or spread computer viruses. Consequently, it is of the utmost importance for you to ensure that only necessary software is installed on all the computers in your organization. It is also vital that you prevent software from running that is not allowed or is no longer used or supported.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you Will be able to: . Explain how to use software restriction policies (SRPs) to restrict unauthorized software from running on servers and clients. Describe the purpose of AppLocker. Describe AppLocker rules and how to use them to restrict unauthorized software from running on servers and clients. Describe how to create AppLocker rules.

WhatAre Software Restriction Policies?

Introduced in the Windows XP operating system and the Windows Server 2003 operating system, software restriction policies (SRPs) give administrators tools that they can use to identify and specify which apps are permitted to run on client computers. You configure and deploy SRP settings to clients by using Group Policy. SRPs are used in Windows Server 2012 to provide Windows Vista compatibility. An SRP set is made up of rules and security levels.
Software Restriction Policies (SRPs) allow admini trators to identify whgch apps are allowed to run on client computers SRPs can be based on the following: Hash Certficate Path Zone SRPs are applied through Group Policy

Rules
Rules govern how SRP responds to an app that is being run or installed. Rules are the key constructs within an SRP, and a group of rules together determines how an SRP responds to apps that are being run. Rules can be based on one of the following criteria that apply to the primary executable file for the app in question: Hash. A cryptographic fingerprint of the file. Certificate. A software publisher certificate that is used to digitally sign a file. Path. The local or UNC path to where the file is stored. Zone. The Internet zone.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Seniert 2012 7-25

Security Levels
Each applied SRP is assigned a security level that governs the way that the operating system reacts when the app that is specified in the rule is run. The three available security levels are as follows: Disallowed. The software identified in the rule will not run, regardless of the access rights of the user. Basic User. Allows the software identified in the rule to run as a standard, non-administrative user. Unrestricted. Allows the software identified in the rule to run unrestricted by SRP.

Using these three settings, there are two primary ways to use SRPs: If an administrator has a comprehensive list of all the software that is allowed to run on clients, the Default Security Level can be set to Disallowed. All apps that are allowed to run can be identified in SRP rules that apply either the Basic User or Unrestricted security level to each individual app, depending on the security requirements. If an administrator does not have a comprehensive list of the software that is allowed to run on clients, the Default Security Level can be set to Unrestricted or Basic User, depending on security requirements. All apps that are not allowed to run can then be identified in SRP rules, which would use a security level setting of Disallowed.

You can configure settings for SRPs by accessing the following location from the GPMC: Computer Configu ration \ Policies\WindowsSettings\Security Settings\Software Restriction Policies

What Is AppLocker?
AppLocker, which was introduced in the Windows 7 operating system and Windows Server 2008 R2, is a security setting feature that controls which apps users are allowed to run. AppLocker provides administrators a variety of methods for determining quickly and concisely the identity of apps that they may want to restrict, or to which they may want to permit access. You apply AppLocker through Group Policy to computer objects within an OU. You can also apply Individual AppLocker rules to individual AD DS users or groups. AppLocker also contains options for monitoring or auditing the application of rules. AppLocker can help organizations prevent unlicensed or malicious software from running, and can selectively restrict ActiveX controls from being installed. It can also reduce the total cost of ownership by ensuring that workstations are standardized across the enterprise, and that users are running only the software and apps that are approved by the enterprise. Using AppLocker technology, companies can reduce administrative overhead and help administrators control how users can access and use files, such as .exe files, scripts, Windows Installer files (.msi and .msp files), DLLs, and packaged apps (Windows Store apps).
AppLocker applies Application Control Policies in Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8 AppLocker contains capabilities and extensions that: Reduce administrativa overhead Helps administrators control how usen can access and use files: ,exe files Windows Installer files (.msi and .msp files) scripts Packaged apps (Windows Store apps) . Das Benefits of AppLocker: Controls how users can access and ron all types of apps Afiows the definition of rules basad on a ;vide variety of variables Provides for importing and exporting entire AppLocker policies

7-26 Securing Windows Servers Using Group Policy Objects

You can use AppLocker to restrict software that: Is not allowed to be used in the company. For example, software that can disrupt employees' business productivity, such as social networking software, or software that streams video fles or pictures that can use large amounts of network bandwidth and disk space. Is no longer used or it has been replaced with a newer version. For example, software that is no longer maintained, or for which licenses have expired. Is no longer supported in the company. Software that is not updated with security updates might pose a security risk. Should be used only by specific departments.

You can configure settings for AppLocker by accessing the following location from the GPMC: Computer Configuration \Policies \Windows Settings\Security Settings\Application Control Policies

LTJ

Note: AppLocker uses the Application Identity service to verify the attributes of a file. This

service should be configured to start automatically on each computer where AppLocker will be applied. If the Application Identity service is not running, then AppLocker policies will not be enforced.

Additional Reading: For more information about AppLocker, see AppLocker overview at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=266745.

AppLocker Rules
AppLocker defines rules based on file attributes that are derived from the digital signature of the file. File attributes in the digital signature include: Publisher name Product name File name File version
AppLock er defiines tules basad on fila attributes such , Publisher neme Product name ~~ File name File version Rule actions Allow or Deny conditions rce or Audit Only policies

Default Configuration
By default, no AppLocker policies are defined, which means that no apps are blocked. You can configure default rules for each rule collection. The default rules ensure that apps in the Program Files and Windows directories are allowed to run, and all apps are allowed to run for the Administrators group. The default rules should be enabled if you are going to implement AppLocker policies, as these apps are necessary for Windows operating systems to run and operate normally.

Allow and Deny Rule Actions

Allow and Deny are rule actions that allow or deny execution of apps based on a list of apps that you configure. The Allow action on rules limits execution of apps to an allowed list of apps, and blocks everything else. The Deny action on rules takes the opposite approach and allows the execution of any app except those on a list of dened apps. These actions also provide a means to identify exceptions to those actions.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Serveto 2012 7-27

Enforce or Audit Only

When AppLocker policy is set to Enforce, rules are enforced and all events are audited. When AppLocker policy is set to Audit Only, rules are evaluated and events are written in to the AppLocker Log, but no enforcement takes place. By using the Audit Only setting, administrators can gather information about apps that are being run, understand which apps will not run when enforcement is used, and can see the ramifications of AppLocker enforcement on the end users.

Demonstration: Creating AppLocker Rules

In this demonstration, you will see how to: Create a GPO to enforce the default AppLocker Executable rules.

~~ Apply the GPO to the domain. Test the AppLocker rule.

Demonstration Steps Create a GPO to enforce the default AppLocker Executable rules
1. 2. 3. On LON-DC1, open the Group Policy Management Console. Create a new GPO named WordPad Restriction Policy. Edit the WordPad Restriction Policy's Security Settings by using AppLocker to create a new Executable Rule. Set the permission of the new rule to Deny, the condition to Publisher, and then select wordpad.exe. If prompted, click OK to create default rules. In the Group Policy Management Editor window, go to Computer Configuration \Policies \Windows Settings \Security Settings \Application Control Policies\Applocker. In AppLocker, configure enforcement with Enforce rules. In the Group Policy Management Editor window, go to Computer Configuration \Policies \Windows Settings \Security Settings\System Services. Configure Application Identity Properties with Define this policy setting, and Select service startup mode with Automatic.

4.

5.

6. 7.

8.

Apply the GPO to the domain

1. In the Group Policy Management Console, apply the WordPad Restriction Policy GPO to the Adatum.com domain. 2. Open the Command Prompt window, type gpupdate /force, and then press Enter.

Test the AppLocker rule

1. 2. Sign in to LON-CL1 as Adatum\Alan with the password Pa$$wOrd. In the Command Prompt window, type gpupdate /force, and then press Enter. Wait for the policy to update. 3. Attempt to start WordPad, and verify that WordPad does not start.

7-28 Securing Windows Servers Using Group PoNcy Objects

Lesson 4

Configuring Windows Firewall with Advanced Security

Windows Firewall with Advanced Security is an important tool for enhancing the security of Windows Server 2012. This snap-in helps to prevent several different security issues such as port scanning or malware. Windows Firewall with Advanced Security has multiple firewall profiles, each of which applies unique settings to different types of networks. You can manually configure Windows Firewall rules on each server, or configure them centrally by using Group Policy.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe the features of Windows Firewall with Advanced Security. Explain why a host-based firewall is important. Describe Firewall Profiles. Describe connection security rules. Explain how to deploy Windows Firewall rules. Secure network traffic by using Windows Firewall.

What IsWindows FirewallwithAdvanced Security?

Windows Firewall is a host-based firewall that is included in Windows Server 2012. This snap-in runs on the local computer and restricts network access to and from that computer. Unlike a perimeter firewall, which provides protection only from threats on the Internet, a host-based firewall provides protection from threats wherever they originate. For example, Windows Firewall protects a host from a threat within the local area network (LAN).
Windows Firewall is a statefut, host-based firewall that allows or blocks network traffic according to its confi uration

Inbound and Outbound Rules

Inbound rules control communication that is initiated by-another device or computer on the network, with the host computer. By default, all inbound communication is blocked except the traffic that is explicitly allowed by an inbound rule. Outbound rules control communication that is initiated by the host computer, and is destined for a device or computer on the network. By default, all outbound communication is allowed except the traffic that is explicitly blocked by an outbound rule. If you choose to block all outbound communication except the traffic that is explicitly allowed, you must carefully catalog the software that is allowed to run on that computer and the network communication required by that software. You can create inbound and outbound rules based on User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and TCP ports, as well as other protocols. You can also create inbound and outbound rules that allow a specific executable network access, regardless of the port number that is being used.

20410C: Installing and Configudng Windows Server' 2012 7-29

Connection Security Rules

You use Connection Security Rules to configure IPsec for Windows Server 2012. When these rules are configured, you can authenticate communication between computers, and then use that information to create firewall rules based on specific user and computer accounts.

Additional Configuration Options

Windows Firewall with Advanced Security is a Microsoft Management Consoles (MMC) snap-in that allows you to perform advanced configuration of Windows Firewall. Windows Firewall in Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 provides the following features: Supports filtering for both incoming and outgoing traffic. Integrates firewall filtering and IPsec protection settings. Enables you to configure rules to control network traffic. Provides network location-aware profiles. Enables you to import or export policies.

You can configure settings for Windows Firewall on each computer individually, or by accessing the following location from the GPMC: Computer Configu ration \ Policies\Windows Settings \Security Settings \Windows Firewall with Advanced Security

Note: Windows Server 2012 introduces the additional option for administering Windows Firewall by using the Windows PowerShell command-line interface.

Discussion: Why Is a Host-Based Firewall Important?

Review the discussion question and participate in a discussion to identify the benefits of using a host-based firewall such as Windows Firewall with Advanced Security. Question: Why is it important to use a host-based firewall such as Windows Firewall with Advanced Security?
10 minutes

Why is it important to use a host-based firewall such as Windows Firewall with Advanced Security?

7-30 Securbig Windows Servers Using Group Polcy Objects

FirewallProfiles
Windows Firewall with Advanced Security uses firewall profiles to provide a consistent configuration for networks of a specific type, and allows you to define a network as either a domain network, a public network, or a private network. With Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, you can define a configuration set for each type of network; each configuration set is referred to as a firewall profile. Firewall rules are activated only for specific firewall profiles. Windows Firewall with Advanced security includes the profiles in the following table. Profile Public Description 1 Use when you are connected to an untrusted public network. Other than domain networks, all networks are categorized as Public. By default, the Public profile (which is the most restrictive) is used in Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Windows 8. Private Use when you are connected behind a firewall. A network is categorized as private only if an administrator or a program identifies the network as private. Networks marked as Home or Work in Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Windows 8 are added to the Private profile. Domain Use when your computer is part of a Windows operating system domain. Windows operating systems automatically identify networks on which it can authenticate access to the domain controller. The Domain profile is assigned to these networks, and this setting cannot be changed. No other networks can be placed in this category. Windows Server 2012 allows multiple firewall profiles to be active on a server simultaneously. This means that a multi-homed server that is connected to both the interna! network and the perimeter network can apply the domain firewall profile to the interna! network, and the public or private firewall profile to the perimeter network.
Firewall profiles are a set configuration settings that apply to a particular twork type The firewall profiles are: Domain Public te ows Server 2012 includes multiple active firewall profiles

ility to have

Connection Security Rules

A connection security rule forces authentication between two peer computers before they can establish a connection and transmit secure information. They also secure that traffic by encrypting the data that is transmitted between computers. Windows Firewall with Advanced Security uses IPsec to enforce these rules.
Connection security mies: * Authenticate two computers before they begin communications *Secure information being sent between two cornputers * Use key exchange, authentication, data integrity, and data encryption (optionally) How firewall miles and connection e related: Firewali tules allow traffic through, but that traffic Connection security mies can secure the ti ut iy if a firewall rule was previously configurad

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Serverl 2012 7-31

The configurable connection security rules are: Isolation. An isolation rule isolates computers by restricting connections that are based on credentials such as domain membership or health status. Isolation rules allow you to implement an isolation strategy for servers or domains. Authentication Exemption. You can use an authentication exemption to designate connections that do not require authentication. You can designate computers by a specific IP address, an IP address range, a subnet, or a predefined group such as a gateway. Server-to-Server. A server-to-server rule protects connections between specific computers. This type of rule usually protects connections between servers. When creating the rule, specify the network endpoints between which communications are protected. Then designate requirements and the authentication that you want to use. Tunnel. With a tunnel rule, you can protect connections between gateway computers. Typically, you use a tunnel rule when connecting across the Internet between two security gateways. Custom. Use a custom rule to authenticate connections between two endpoints when you cannot set up authentication rules that you need by using the other rules available in the new Connection Security Rule Wizard.

How Firewall Rules and Connection Security Rules Work Together

Firewall rules allow traffic through the firewall, but do not secure that traffic. To secure traffic with IPsec, you can create connection security rules. However, connection security rules do not allow traffic through a firewall. You must create a firewall rule to do this. Connection security rules are not applied to programs and services; instead, they are applied between the computers that make up the two endpoints.

Deploying Firewall Rules

How you deploy Windows Firewall rules is an important consideration. Choosing the appropriate method ensures that rules are deployed accurately and with minimum effort. You can deploy Windows Firewall rules in the following ways: Manually. You can individually configure firewall rules on each server. However, in an environment with more than a few servers, this is labor intensive and proile to error. This method is typically used only during testing and troubleshooting.
You can deploy Windows Firewall roles in the following ways: Manually. Used during testing, troubleshooting, or for individual computers, Using Group Polio/. The preferred way. Create and test the roles, and then deploy them to a large number of computers, > Exporting and lmporting. Uses Windows Firewall with Advanced Security When you impon rules, they replace all current rules. $ Always test firewall tules in an * isolated, non-production I environment before you deploy them in production. -- ---

Using Group Policy. The preferred way to distribute firewall rules is by using Group Policy. After creating and testing a GPO with the required firewall rules, you can deploy the firewall rules quickly and accurately to a large number of computers.

Exporting and importing firewall rules. Windows Firewall with Advanced Security also gives you the option to import and export firewall rules. You can export firewall rules to create a backup before you manually configure firewall rules during troubleshooting.

15

Note: When you import firewall rules, they are treated as a complete set, and replace all currently-configured firewall rules.

7-32 Securing Windows SeNers Using Group Policy Objects

Demonstration: Implementing secured network traffic with Windows Firewall

In this demonstration, you will see how to: Check to see if ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) v4 is blocked. Enable ICMP v4 from LON-CL2 to LON-SVR2. Create a connection security rule so that traffic is authenticated to the destination holt. Validate ICMP v4 after the connection security rule is in place.

Demonstration Steps Check to see if ICMP v4 is blocked

1. 2. Sign in to LON-CL2 as Adatum \Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd. On LON-CL2, ping 10.10.0.11 and notice that the ping times out.

Enable ICMP v4 from LON-CL2 to LON-SVR2

1. 2. 3. Sign in to LON-SVR2 as Adatum \Administrator with the password Pa$$w0rd. On LON-SVR2, create a firewall rule to allow ICMPv4 from LON-CL2. On LON-CL2, ping 10.10.0.11. Notice that the ping goes through successfully.

Create a connection security rule

On LON-SVR2, create an isolation-based connection security rule to authentication inbound traffic and request authentication for outbound traffic.

Validate ICMP v4
On LON-CL2, ping 10.10.0.11. Notice that the ping goes through successfully.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Seivero 2012 7-33

Lab B: Configuring AppLocker and Windows Firewall

Scenario
Your manager has asked you to implement AppLocker to restrict non-standard apps from running. He also has asked you to create new Windows Firewall rules for any member servers running web-based apps.

Objectives
After completing this lab, you will be able to: Configure AppLocker Policies. Configure Windows Firewall.

Lab Setup
Estimated time: 60 minutes

Virtual machines

20410C-LON-DC1 I 20410C-LON-SVR1 20410C-LON-CL1

User name Password

Adatum\Administrator Pa$$w0rd

For this lab, you will use the available virtual machine environment. Before you begin the lab, you must complete the following steps: 1. 2. On the host computer, click Start, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Hyper-V Manager. In Hyper-V Manager, click 20410C-LON- DC1, and in the Actions pane, click Connect. Wait until the virtual machine starts. 3. If needed, sign in using the following credentials: o o User name:Adatum\Administrator Password: Pa$$wOrd

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for 20410C-LON-SVR1 and 20410C-LON-CL1.

Exercise 1: Configuring AppLocker Policies

Scenario
Your manager has asked you to configure new AppLocker policies to control the use of apps on user desktops. The new configuration should allow apps to be run only from approved locations. All users must be able to run apps from C:\Windows and C:\Program Files. You also need to add an exception to run a custom-developed app that resides in a non-standard location. The first stage of the implementation records from which locations apps are being run now. The second stage of implementation prevents unauthorized apps from running.

7-34 Securing Windows Servers Using Group Poficy Object

The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Create an OU for client computers. Move LON-CL1 to the Client Computers OU. Create a Software Control GPO and link it to the Client Computers OU. Run GPUpdate. Run appl.bat in the C:\CustomApp folder. View AppLocker events in an event log. Create a rule that allows software to run from a specific location. Modify the Software Control GPO to enforce rules. Verify that an application can still be run.

10. Verify that an app cannot be run.

K Task 1: Create an OU for client computers

1. 2. 3. Switch to LON-DC1. Open Active Directory Users and Computers. Create new OU called Client Computers OU.

K Task2:MoveLON-CL1totheClientComputersOU
On LON-DC1, in Active Directory Users and Computers, move LON-CL1 to Client Computers OU.

K Task 3: Create a Software Control GPO and link itto the Client Computers OU
1. 2. On LON-DC1, open the Group Policy Management Console. In the Group Policy Management Console, in the Group Policy Objects container, create a new GPO with the name Software Control GPO. For the Software Control GPO, open the Group Policy Management Editor window. In the Group Policy Management Editor window, go to Computer Configuration/Policies /Windows Settings/Security Settings/Application Control Policies/AppLocker. Create default rules for the following: o o o o Executable Rules Windows Installer Rules Script Rules Packaged app Rules

3. 4.

5.

6. Configure rule enforcement with the Audit only option for the following: o o o o 7. 8. 9. Executable Rules Windows Installer Rules Script Rules Packaged app Rules

In the Group Policy Management Editor window, go to Computer Configuration \Windows Settings\Security Settings. Click System Services, and then double-click Application Identity. In the Application Identity Properties dialog box, click Define this policy setting and aboye Select service startup mode, click Automatic, and then click OK.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server,2012 7-35

10. Close the Group Policy Management Editor window. 11. In the Group Policy Management Console, link the Software Control GPO to Client Computers OU.

Task4: Run GPUpdate

1. 2. Switch to LON-CL1. Open the Command Prompt window, and type the following command: gpupdate /force 3. Close the Command Prompt window, and restart LON-CL1.

K Task 5: Run appl .bat in the C: \CustomAppfolder

1. 2. Sign in to LON-CL1 as Adatum \Administrator with the password Pa$$wOrd. At the command prompt, type the following command and then press Enter gpresulr, Review the result of the command and ensure that Software Control GPO is displayed under Computer Settings, Applied Group Policy Objects. 3. 4. If Software Control GPO is not displayed, restart LON-CL1 and repeat steps 1 and 2. At the command prompt, type the following command, and then press Enter: C:\CustomApp\appl.bat

K Task 6: View AppLocker events in an event log

1. 2. On LON-CL1, start Event Viewer. In the Event Viewer window, browse to Application and Services Logs/Microsoft/Windows /Applocker, and review the events. 3. Click MSI and Scripts and review event log 8005 that contains the following text: %0SDRIVEMCUSTOMAPP\APPLBAT was allowed to run.

Note: If no events are displayed, ensure that the Application Identity service has started, and try again.

K Task 7: Create a rule that allows software to run from a specific location
1. 2. On LON-DC1, edit the Software Control GPO. In the Group Policy Management Editor window, go to Computer Configuration/Policies /Windows Settings/Security Settings/Application Control Policies/AppLocker. 3. Create a new script rule with the following configuration: o o o o Permissions:Allow Conditions: Path Path: %OSDRIVE%\CustomApp\appl.bat

Name and Description: Custom App Rule

7-36 Securing Windows Servers Using Group Policy Objects

K Task 8: Modify the Software Control GPO to enforce rules 1. Use the Enforce rules option to configure rule enforcement for the following: o o o o Executable Rules Windows Installer Rules Script Rules Packaged app Rules

2. Close the Group Policy Management Editor window. K 1. 8. Task 9: Verify that an application can still be run Switch to LON-CL1. Open the Command Prompt window, and type the following command:
gpupdate /force

2. 3. 4.

Close the Command Prompt window and restad LON-CL1. Sign in to LON-CL1 as Adatum \Tony with the password Pa$$wOrd. Open the Command Prompt window and verify that you can run the appl.bat app, which is located in the C:\CustomApp folder. Task 10: Verify that an app cannot be run On LON-CL1, from the CustomApp folder, copy appl.bat to the Documents folder. Verify that app cannot be run from the Documents folder, and that the following message appears: "This program is blocked by Group Policy. For more information, contact your system ad ministrator."

K 1. 2.

ttsult1:-Mter.orrtpletiugthis exerciSe,,yott'shoui0 have IgOfe 0.01:ttpkei poliCisfor users:whs computer accounts are located >in the Client C99:109,1e .,!:sOU The p(-pes you confgured sho, l allow these.users to ron apps that are oeato tn t rarn Files, a' ors

pl batir,:tb.d:\CIOtOrrtjSO:fO

Exercise 2: Configuring Windows Firewall

Scenario
Your manager has asked you to configure Windows Firewall rules for a set of new app servers. These app servers have a web-based program that is listening on a non-standard port. You need to configure Windows Firewall to allow network communication through this port. You will use security filtering to ensure that the new Windows Firewall rules apply only to the app servers. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Create a group named Application Servers. Add LON-SVR1 as a group member. Create a new Application Servers GPO. Link the Application Servers GPO to the Member Servers OU. Use security filtering to limit the Application Server GPO to members of Application Server group. Run GPUpdate on LON-SVR1. View the firewall rules on LON-SVR1.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Sensero 2012 7-37

K Task 1: Create a group named Application Servers

On LON-DC1, in Active Directory Users and Computers, in the Member Servers OU, create a new global security group named Application Servers.

K Task 2: Add LON-SVR1 as a group member

In Active Directory Users and Computers, in the Member Servers 011, open Application Servers Properties, and then add LON-SVR1 as a group member.

K Task 3: Create a new Application Servers GPO

1. 2. On LON-DC1, open the Group Policy Management Console. In the Group Policy Management Console, in the Group Policy Objects container, create a new GPO with a name Application Servers GPO. 3. In the Group Policy Management Editor window, go to Computer Configuration/Policies /Windows Settings/Security Settings/Windows Firewall with Advanced Security /Windows Firewall with Advanced Security - LDAP://CN=(GUID). 4. Configure an inbound rule with the following settings: o o o o o o o Rule Type: Custom Protocol type: TCP Specific Ports: 8080 Scope: Any IP address Action: Allow the connection Profile: Domain (clear both the Private and Public check boxes) Name: Application Server Department Firewall Rule

5. Close the Group Policy Management Editor window.

K Task 4: Link the Application Servers GPO to the Member Servers OU

In the Group Policy Management Console, link the Application Servers GPO to the Member Servers OU.

u Task 5: Use security filtering to limit the Application Server GPO to members of Application Server group
1. 2. 3. On LON-DC1, open the Group Policy Management Console. Expand the Member Servers OU, and then click Application Servers GPO. In the right-hand pane, under Security Filtering, remove Authenticated Users, and configure Application Servers GPO to apply only to the Application Servers security group.

K Task 6: Run GPUpdate on LON-SVR1

1. 2. Switch to LON-SVR1. Open the Command Prompt window, and type the following command: gpupdate /force 3. 4. Cose the Command Prompt window. Restart LON-SVR1, and then sign back in as Adatum\Administrator with the password of Pa$$w0rd.

7-38 Securing Windows Servers Using Group Polcy Objects

K Task 7: View the firewall rules on LON-SVR1

1. 2. 3. Switch to LON-SVR1. Start Windows Firewall with Advanced Security. In the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security window, in Inbound rules, verify that the Application Server Department Firewall Rule that you created earlier using Group Policy is configured. because it is Verify that you cannot edit the Application Server Department Firewall Rule, configured through Group Policy.

4.

K Prepare for the next module

When you finish the lab, revert the virtual machines to their initial state by performing the following steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. On the host computer, start Hyper-V Manager. DC1, and then click Revert. In the Virtual Machines list, right-click 20410C-LON In the Revert Virtual Machine dialog box, click Revert. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for 20410C-LON-SVR1 and 20410C-LON-CL1.

Lab Review Questions

Question: You configured an AppLocker rule based on a software path. How can you prevent users from moving the folder containing the software so that they can still run it? Question: You would like to introduce a new app that requires the use of specific ports. What information do you need to configure Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, and from what source can you get it?

20410C: Installing and Configtoing Windows Servei 2012 7-39

Module Review and Takeaways

Module Review Questions
Question: Does the defense-n-depth model prescribe specific technologies that you should use to protect Windows Server operating system servers? Question: What setting must you configure to ensure that users are allowed only three invalid sign in attempts? Question: You are creating a GPO with standardized firewall rules for the servers in your organization. You tested the rules on a standalone server in your test lab. The rules appear on the servers after the GPO is applied, but they are not taking effect. What is the most likely cause of this problem? Question: Last year, your organization developed a security strategy that included all aspects of a defense-in-depth model. Based on that strategy, your organization implemented security settings and policies on the entire IT infrastructure environment. Yesterday, you read in an article that new security threats were detected on the Internet, but now you realize that your company strategy does not include a risk analysis and mitigation plan for those new threats. What should you do?

Best Practices
The following are best practices: Always make a detailed security risk assessment before planning which security features your organization should deploy. Create a separate GPO for security settings that apply to different type of users in your organization, because each department might have different security needs. Ensure that the security settings that you configure are reasonably easy to use so that employees accept them. Frequently, very strong security policies are too complex or difficult for employees to adopt. Always test security configurations that you plan to implement with a GPO in an isolated, non-production environment. Only deploy policies in your production environment after you complete this testing successfully.

Common Issues and Troubleshooting Tips

Common Issue The user cannot sign in locally to a server. Troubleshooting To

After configuring auditing, there are too many events logged in the Security Event Log in Event Viewer.

Some users complain that their business apps can no longer access resources on the server.

7-40 Secudng Windows Seivers Using Group PoNcy Objects

Tools
Tool Group Policy Management Console AppLocker Use A graphical tool that you use to create, edit, and apply GPOs VVhere to find it Server Manager/Tools

Applies security settings that control which apps are allowed to be run by users A host-based firewall that is included as a feature in Windows Server 2008 and later

Group Policy Management Editor snap-in

Windows Firewall with Advanced Security

Server Manager/Tools if configured individually, or Group Policy Management Editor snap-in for deploying with Group Policy Download from the Microsoft website at http://go.microsoft.com "link/?LinIdD=266746.

Security Compliance Manager

Deploying security policies based on Microsoft Security Guide recommendations and industry best practices

8-1

Module 8
Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V
Contents:
Module Overview Lesson 1: Overview of Virtualization Technologies Lesson 2: Implementing Hyper-V Lesson 3: Managing Virtual Machine Storage Lesson 4: Managing Virtual Networks Lab:Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Module Review and Takeaways 8-1 8-2 8-8 8-17 8-26 8-32 8-38

Module Overview
Server virtualization has only been a part of the Windows Server operating system since the release of Windows Server 2008 and the introduction of the Hyper-V role. By using Server virtualization, your organization can save money through server consolidation. However, to use Server Virtualization more efficiently, server administrators need to be able to decide which server workloads will run effectively in virtual machines, and which server workloads must remain deployed in a more traditional server environment. This module introduces you to the Hyper-V role in Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2, the components of the role, how best to deploy the role, and the new features of the Hyper-V role that are introduced with Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2.

Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to: Describe virtualization technologies. Implement Hyper-V. Manage virtual machine storage. Manage virtual networks.

8-2 Implementing Server Virtuahzation with Hyper-V

Lesson 1

OverviewofVirtualizationTechnologies
You can deploy many different types of virtualization technologies on networks where Windows operating systems are deployed. The types of virtualization technologies that you select depend on what your organization needs to accomplish. Although this module is focused primarily on server virtualization, in this lesson you will learn about other types of virtualization technologies, and the situations in which it is appropriate to deploy them.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe server virtualization using Hyper-V. Describe Windows Azu re-. Explain when you would use desktop virtualization. Determine the components required to implement presentation virtualization. Explain the advantages of using Microsoft application virtualization rather than traditional application deployment.

ServerVirtualization
With server virtualization, you can create separate virtual machines and run them concurrently on a single server that is running Hyper-V. These virtual machines are known as guests. The computer that is running Hyper-V is known as the virtualization server or the management operating system. Virtual machine guests function as normal computers. When users are signed into a guest virtual machine remotely using Remote Desktop Connection (RDC) ora Windows PowerShell remote session, you would have to examine closely the properties of the computer on which the user is working to determine whether it is a virtual machine ora traditionally deployed physical machine. Virtual machines that are hosted on the same virtualization server are independent of one another. You can run multiple virtual machines that are using different operating systems on a virtualization server simultaneously, provided the virtualization server has enough resources. Benefits of server virtualization with Hyper-V: Invisible to users Guest machines can use different operating systems More efficient use of hardware Service and application isolation Workload consolidation ~~ Smplifies server deployment by us g: Virtual machine templates Virtual machine self-service portals

Implementing Virtual Machines to Maximize Hardware Usage

By implementing virtual machines, you use hardware more efficiently. In most cases, a service or application does not consume more than a fraction of the virtualization server's resources. This means that you can install multiple services and applications on the same virtualization server and then deploy them to multiple virtual machines. This ensures that the resources of that virtualization server are used more effectively. For example, assume that you have four separate services and applications, each of which consumes from 10 to 15 percent of a virtualization server's hardware resources. You can insta!l there services and applications in virtual machines, and then place them on the same hardware where, on average, they consume a total of 40 to 60 percent of the virtualization server's hardware.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Senret, 2012 8-3

This is a simplified example. In real-world environments, you must make adequate preparations before co-locating virtual machines. You have to ensure that the hardware resource needs of all the virtual machines that are hosted on the virtualization server do not exceed the server's hardware resources.

Isolating Services and Applications

Keeping one particular service or application functioning reliably can be challenging and it becomes even more complicated when you deploy multiple services and applications on the same server. For example, you might need to deploy two separate operating systems ata branch office, but these operating systems conflict when running on the same computer. If you can afford only one server then you can solve this problem by running these applications within virtual machines on the same server.

Consolidating Servers
With server virtualization, you can consolidate servers that would otherwise need to run on separate hardware onto a single virtualization server. Because each virtual machine on a virtualization server is isolated from the other virtual machines on the same server, it is possible to deploy services and applications that are incompatible with one another on the same physical computer, provided that you host them within virtual machines. Examples of such services and applications include Microsoft Exchange Server 2013, SQL Server 2012, and Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS). This means that an organization only needs to deploy one physical server in place of the three servers that they would have needed in the past.

Best Practice: We recommend that you do not deploy a Microsoft Exchange mailbox server on the same computer that contains a domain controller role. We also recommend that you do not deploy a SQL Server 2012 database engine instance on the same computer that contains the domain controller role. Instead, deploy each of these workloads on separate virtual machines and then run those virtual machines as guests on the same virtualization server; this is a supported configuration.

Simplifying Server Deployment

You can also use virtualization to simplify the process of server deployment: Virtual machine templates for common server configurations are included with products such as Microsoft System Center 2012 - Virtual Machine Manager (VMM). In these templates, many of the parameters have been preconfigured with common settings so you do not have to configure the setting of every parameter yourself. You can also create virtual machine self-service portals that enable end users to provision approved servers and applications automatically. This lessens the workload of the systems administration team. You create these virtual machine self-service portals with VMM and Microsoft System Center 2012 Service Manager.

8-4 Implementing Selyer Viduahzation with Hyper-V

What Is Windows Azure?

Windows Azure is a cloud-based platform on which you can purchase capacity, either for virtual machines, for applications, or for services such as SQL Server databases on SQL Azure". One of the advantages of using Windows Azure is that you pay only for the capacity you use, rather than paying a fixed rate. For example, rather than paying a monthly fat rate to rent a server on a rack at a hosting provider, you pay Iess when the server is Iess busy and you pay more when the server gets busier. Cloud-based capacity is elastic, meaning it can grow or shrink quickly as required. For example, in a traditionally hosted solution, you might choose a specific server chassis, but then if your need for capacity or performance grows you have to switch to a bigger class of server hardware. All of this takes time and planning. Similarly, if your need for capacity or performance decreases, you need to decide whether migrating to a lower class of hardware is worth the cost, or if your organization shou Id continue to pay for a class of hardware that you do not need right nowand may or may not need in the future. By using a hosting provider, capacity is scaled automatically and you do not have to spend the time or money that it takes to switch from one server to another. Cloud-based virtual machines, applications, and services can be useful when you have to provide proofof-concept solutions for proposed projects. Rather than purchase test hardware and then deploy a proofof-concept solution to it, you can deploy a cloud-based virtual machine quickly, and then deploy the proof-of-concept solution to that. Then, once the proof-of-concept solution is validated, you can discard the virtual machineor keep it, depending on operational concerns. In addition to being faster, this solution is Iess expensive than buying the hardware for the proof-of-concept solution, which you may opt to discard if the project is not approved. Windows Azure is a cloud-based platform for hosting virtual machines and applications You pay only for the resources that you use You can increase and decrease capacity automatically and swiftly You can use Windows Azure to: Host websites Host production applications Host virtual machines Test proof-of-concept solutions

Hosting Websites or Production Applications

On cloud-based platforms such as Windows Azure you can deploy applications without having to deploy the underlying server infrastructure. For example, if you need a database, instead of deploying both Windows Server 2012 and SQL Server 2012 and then deploying the specific database, you can rent the cloud-based database server and host the database there. more economical to deploy on a cloud-based platform, and which services and applications are more economical to host in a more traditional server environment on your own premises. Many factors that are unique to your organization are involved in making this determination, and a strategy that is best for one organization may not be appropriate for another. For a successful cloud-based strategy, you must determine which services and applications are

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servera 2012 8-5

Desktop Virtualization
Client Hyper-V
Desktop virtualization includes the following technologies: Client (Local) Hyper-V

You can install the Hyper-V role on computers that are running the Windows 8 Pro, Windows 8 VDI Enterprise Windows 8.1 Pro and Windows 8.1 RernoteFX allow virtual machines to display rich Enterprise operating systems. This allows you to graphics and video capabilities run virtual machine guests on client computers. RemoteFX requires: Client Hyper-V, the Hyper-V feature in Windows 8 GPU that supports DirectX .0c or tater CPU that supports SIAT and Windows 8.1 operating systems, has slightly different processor requirements than Hyper-V on Windows Server 2012 or Windows Server 2012 R2. Specifically, with the Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 client operating systems, the computer must have an x64 platform that supports Second-Level Address Translation (SLAT), and have a minimum of 4 gigabytes (GB) of randorh access memory (RAM). This differs from Hyper-V on Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 which does not require SLAT.

Client Hyper-V on Windows 8and Windows 8.1

The Client Hyper-V role on Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 supports many of the features that are available with Hyper-V on Windows Server 2012, but does not support Windows Server 2012 features such as virtual machine migration. Client Hyper-V also does not support publishing applications that are installed on the virtual machine guest to the management operating system's Start menu. This was a feature of Windows XP Mode on Windows 7, which uses Windows Virtual PC. (Windows Virtual PC is the client virtualization feature available to some computers running specific editions of Windows 7.)

Client Hyper-V in Enterprise Environments

In enterprise environments, Client Hyper-V is often used for development purposes, or to allow specific users to run previous versions of the Windows operating system, thereby allowing them to access applications that are incompatible with Windows 8 or Windows 8.1

Virtual Desktop Infrastructure

In Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI), client operating systems are hosted centrally as virtual machines, and clients connect to these virtual machines using client software such as RDC. You can configure a server to support VDI by selecting a Remote Desktop Services installation in the Add Roles and Features Wizard. When you configure a virtualization server to function as a VDI server, you can install the Remote Desktop Virtualization Host role feature in addition to the Hyper-V role. VDI can simplify the management of client operating systems by: Ensuring that all client computers that are hosted on a single server are backed up regularly. Hosting the client virtual machines on a highly available virtualization server. Ensuring that users can still access their virtual machine using other RDC methods when a client computer fails.

You can also use VDI to implement a Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policy. In this scenario, workers bring their own computer to the office and use RDC software to connect to the virtual machine to which they are assigned.

8-6 Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V

RemoteFX
RemoteFX is a technology that benefits VDI deployments by providing a set of enhancements to remote desktop connections. With RemoteFX, virtual machines can display rich graphics and video capabilities including media streaming. It also provides support for multi-touch. To use RemoteFX, the Hyper-V host must have at least one GPU that supports DirectX 9.0c or later, and a CPU that supports second-level address translation (SLAT). If multiple GPU are installed on the Hyper-V host, all GPUs must be identical.

Presentation Virtualization
Presentation virtualization differs from desktop virtualization in the following ways: In desktop virtualization, each user is assigned their own virtual machine that is running a client operating system. In presentation virtualization, users sign in and run separate sessions on a server or servers. For example, users Adam and Gavin might be signed in simultaneously to the same remote desktop server, yet be running different sessions using RDC.
Diferentes between desktop virtualizationand presentation virtuatizaton Desktop virtualization: Presentation virtuatzation:
Usen are assigned their osen virtual mochines that are running ctient operating system - The desktop and apps ton enhilo anual mochines Usen sign in and nos separase sessions on the server The desktop and apps ara on the haat server

Presentation virtualizationtechnologies inciude

Remote Desktop Servkes Fui! Desktop with RDC

Application using RemoteApp Remote Access through RD Gateway

With desktop virtualization, the applications run within virtual machines. With presentation virtualization, the desktop and the applications run on the virtualization server.

On networks that use Windows Server 2012, presentation virtualization is provided by the Remote Desktop Services server role. Clients can access presentation virtualization in the following ways: Full Desktop. Clients can use a remote desktop client such as RDC to access a full desktop session and run applications on the Windows Server 2012 virtualization server. RemoteApp programs. Rather than use a full desktop client such as RDC, the Windows Server feature RemoteApp makes it possible for applications that run on the Windows Server 2012 server to display on the client computer. Remote Desktop Web Access. Using Remote Desktop Web Access (RD Web Access), clients can access a website on a specially configured server, and then launch RemoteApp programs and Remote Desktop sessions from their browser.

Remote Desktop Gateway

Remote Desktop Gateway (RD Gateway) makes it possible for external clients to access Remote Desktop and RemoteApp without using virtual private network (VPN), or DirectAccess, a feature of the Windows 7 and Windows 8 operating systems. RD Gateway is a role service that you can install on a computer running Windows Server 2012. You deploy RD Gateway servers on perimeter networks. You then configure the RDC client with the address of RD Gateway servers. When you do this, the client checks to see if the target remote desktop server is on the organizational network. If the remote desktop server is on the network, the client makes a direct connection to it. If the remote desktop server is not on the network, the client routes the connection to it through the RD Gateway server.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server,2012 8-7

What s Microsoft Application Virtualization?

With application virtualization, you do not install apps permanently on client computers. Instead, apps are deployed from a server to clients when users want to use the app. Microsoft Application Virtualization (App-V) uses the Microsoft Application Virtualization Desktop Client (which is installed on the client). App-V is available as part of the Microsoft Desktop Optimization Pack, and is not a native Windows Server 2012 role or feature. Benefits of App-V
Application isolation Incompatible application can run on the same server Application streaming Application deployment s quicker Application portability - Applications can follow users across Multiple compotera

UE-V
Application and operating system settings follow users across multiple computers

App -V Features and Benefits

There are three main benefits of App-V: application isolation application, application streaming, and application portability. Application Isolation. App-V isolates the application from the operating system and runs it in a separate virtual environment. This means that you can run applications that might be incompatible when run together on the same computer. For example, you can use App-V to deploy and run different versions of Microsoft Office Word simultaneously. Application Streaming. Another useful feature of App-V is application streaming. When an application is streamed, only those parts of the application that are being used are transmitted to the client computer. This speeds up application deployment because only part of the application must be transmitted across the network to the client computer. Application Portability. When App-V is deployed with Microsoft System Center 2012 Configuration Manager, users can use the same applications on multiple client computers, without requiring a traditional installation on those client computers. For example, a user can sign in to a colleague's computer and then have App-V stream an application to them so that they can use it on that computer. The application is not installed locally, and when the user Signs out, the application is no longer available to other users on that computer.

User Experience Virtualization

Just as App-V allows users to access their applications from different client computers, Microsoft User Experience Virtualization (UE-V) allows users to have the same operating system and application settings on multiple devices that are running Windows 7 and Windows 8. For example, when a user configures a setting for an application that is delivered through App-V on one computer (such as configuring a custom tab on a ribbon in a Microsoft Office product), that setting is available automatically when that application is delivered through App-V to another computer.

8-8 Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V

Lesson 2

Implementing Hyper-V
Understanding how Hyper-V works and how virtual machines function is critical to deploying server virtualization effectively in a Windows Server 2012 network environment. This lesson discusses Hyper-V, and the hardware requirements for deploying Hyper-V on a computer running Windows Server 2012. This lesson also discusses the components of a virtual machine (with an emphasis on Dynamic Memory), and the benefits of virtual machine integration services. Finally, it discusses how to measure virtual machine resource use with Windows PowerShell cmdlets.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be a ble to: Install the Hyper-V role onto a server. Describe the appropriate hardware for Hyper-V deployment. Describe virtual machine hardware components. Configure Dynamic Memory. Configure virtual machine integration services. Configure virtual machine start and stop actions. Perform Hyper-V resource metering tasks. Describe the new features of Hyper-V in Windows Server 2012 R2.

What is Hyper-V?
Hyper-V is the hardware virtualization role that is available in Windows Server 2012. Hardware virtualization provides a hypervisor layer that has direct access to the host server's hardware. The host operating system and all virtual machines running on the host access the hardware through the hypervisor layer. This is in contrast to software virtualization products such as Microsoft Virtual Server 2005 R2, that use the virtualization server's operating system to provide indirect access to the server's hardware. You can deploy Hyper-V to a computer that is running Windows Server 2012 by using the Add Roles and Features Wizard. You can configure Windows Server 2012 as a virtualization server by using the Hyper-V role. Windows Server 2012 can then host virtual machine guests that are running supported operating systems. You can manage virtual machine administration locally through Windows PowerShell, or you can manage it remotely through the Hyper-V Managerconsole. You can install the Hyper-V role on both the Server Core installation of Windows Server 2012, and Windows Server 2012 in the non-server core configuration. There is also a Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2012 edition, which includes only the components necessary to host virtual machines. Hyper-V:
Is the hardware virtualization role in Windows Server 2012 UN/es virtual machne guests direct access to the host's hardware Compatible Windows Server operating systems: Windows Server 2012 Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2012

24410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servera 2012 8-9

Note: In some documentation, the virtualization server (for example, the Windows Server 2012 computer that is running Hyper-V) is called the parent partition, and a virtual machine that is running on the server is called the child partition.

Hardware Requirementsfor Hyper-V

The server on which you plan to install the HyperV role must meet the following hardware requirements: The server must have an x64 platform that supports hardware assisted virtualization and Data Execution Prevention. The server must have enough CPU capacity to meet the requirements of the guest virtual machines. A virtual machine hosted on Hyper-V in Windows Server 2012 can support up to 64 virtual processors. The server must have enough nnemory to support all of the virtual machines that must run concurrently, plus enough memory to run the host Windows Server 2012 operating system. o o The server must have at least 4 GB of RAM. A virtual machine hosted on Hyper-V in Windows Server 2012 can support a maximum of 1 tera byte (TB) of RAM. The storage subsystem performance must meet the input/output (I/O) needs of the guest virtual machines. Whether deployed locally or on storage area networks (SANs), you may have to place different virtual machines on separate physical disks, or you may have to deploy a high performance redundant array of independent disks (RAID), solid-state drives (SSD), hybrid-SSD, or a combination of all three. The virtualization server's network adapters must be able to support the network throughput needs of the guest virtual machines. You can improve network performance by installing multiple network adapters and using multiple Network Interface Cards (NICs).
Facto rs to consider when planning hardware for servers running Hyper-V: Processor characteristics Must have an x64 platforrn that supports hardware assisted virtualization and Data Execution Protection Processing capacity Memory Storage subsystem performance ~~ Network throughput (typically multiple NICs)

Virtual Machine Hardware

Virtual machines use virtual (orsimulated) hardware. The management operating system, Windows Server 2012 with Hyper-V, uses the virtual hardware to mediate access to actual hardware. For example, you can map a virtual network adapter to a virtual network that you map in turn to an actual network interface.
Virtual machines have the following simulated hardware by default BIOS ory Processor IDE Controller O and 1 SCSI Controller Synthetc Network Adapter COM 1 and 2 Diskette Drive can add the following hardware to a virtual machine: SCSI Controller (up to 4) Network Adapter Legacy Network Adapter Fibre Channel adapter RemoteFX 3D video adapter
YOU

8-10 Implementing Semer Virtuahation with Hyper-V

Virtual machines have the following simulated hardware by default: BIOS. Simulates the computer's BIOS. On a standalone computer you can configure various BIOSrelated parameters, and similarly, on a virtual machine you can configure some of the same para mete rs. These include: o o The boot order for the virtual machine's virtual hardware. From which device the virtual machine boots (for example, from a DVD drive, Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), legacy network adapter, or floppy disk). o Whether Num Lock is enabled at boot.

Memory. You can allocate up 1 TB of memory resources to an individual virtual machine.

~~ Processor. You can allocate up to 64 virtual processors to a single virtual machine. IDE controller O. A virtual machine can support only two IDE controllers and, by default, two are allocated to each virtual machine. Each IDE controller can support two devices. You can connect virtual hard drives or virtual DVD drives to an IDE controller. You can use IDE controllers to connect virtual hard disks and DVD drives to virtual machines that use any operating system that does not support integration services. IDE controller 1. Allows additional virtual hard drives and DVD drives to be deployed to the virtual machine. SCSI controller. You can use a small computer system interface (SCSI) controller only on virtual machines that have operating systems that support integration services. Synthetic network adapter. Synthetic network adapters represent computer network adapters. You can only use synthetic network adapters with supported virtual machine guest operating systems. COM 1. Allows you to configure a connection through a named pipe. COM 2. Allows you to configure an additional connection through a named pipe. Disk drive. Allows you to map a virtual floppy disk image to a virtual disk drive.

You can add the following hardware to a virtual machine by editing the virtual machine's properties and then clicking Add Hardware: SCSI controller. You can add up to four virtual SCSI devices. Each controller supports up to 64 disks. Network adapter. A single virtual machine can have a maximum of eight synthetic network adapters.

~~ Legacy network adapter. You can use legacy network adapters with any operating systems that do not support integration services. You can also use legacy network adapters to deploy operating system imagen throughout the network. A single virtual machine can have up to four legacy network adapters. Fibre Channel adapter. If you add a Fibre Channel adapter to a virtual machine, the virtual machine can then connect directly to a Fibre Channel SAN. You can only add a Fibre Channel adapter to a virtual machine if the virtualization server has a Fibre Channel host bus adapter (HBA) that also has a Windows Server 2012 driver that supports virtual Fibre Channel. RemoteFX 3D video adapter. If you add a RemoteFX 3D video adapter to a virtual machine, the virtual machine can then display high performance graphics by leveraging Microsoft DirectX and graphics processing power on the host Windows Server 2012 server.

Additional Reading: For more information about virtual Fibre channel adapters, see HyperV Virtual Fibre Channel Overview at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=269712.

204100: Installing and Configuring Windows Septeto 2012 8-11

What is Dynamic Memory?

In the first release of Hyper-V with Windows Server 2008, you could only assign a static amount of memory to virtual machines. Unless you took special precautions to measure the precise amount of memory that a virtual machine required, you were likely to either under-allocate or over-allocate memory. Dynamic Memory was introduced with Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (SP1). With Dynamic Memory you can: Allocate a minimum amount of memory to a virtual machine. Allow the virtual machine to request additional memory as the virtual machine needs it. Configure a maximum amount of memory to a virtual machine.
Dynamic Memory settings for a virtual machine

Thus, by using Dynamic Memory you no longer have to guess how much memory a virtual machine requires; instead, you can configure Hyper-V so that the virtual machine is allocated as much memory as it needs. With Windows Server 2012, you can modify some of the Dynamic Memory minimum and maximum memory values while the virtual machine is running. This was not possible with Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1. You can perform this task from a Virtual Machine's Settings dialog box.

Note: Virtual machines must support Hyper-V integration services to use Dynamic Memory.

Smart Paging
Virtual machines may need more memory during startup than they need during normal operation. Smart Paging, which is a new feature in Windows Server 2012, assigns additional temporary memory to a virtual machine when you restart the virtual machine. This means that you can allocate memory based on what the virtual machine needs when it is operating normally, rather than the amount that it needs during startup. Smart Paging uses disk paging to assign additional temporary memory to a virtual machine while it is restarting. However, using Smart Paging may result in lower performance because it uses disk resources that would otherwise be used by the host server and other virtual machines.

Note: You can configure virtual machine memory using the Set -VMMemory Windows PowerShell cmdlet.

Additional Reading: For more information about Hyper-V Dynamic Memory, see Hyper-V Dynamic Memory Overview at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=269713.

8-12 Implementng Server Virtuabzation with Hyper-V

ConfiguringVirtual MachineIntegrationServices
You must install Virtual Machine Integration Services if you want to use features such as operating system shutdown, time synchronization, and if you want to install virtual hardware components, such as SCSI adapters and synthetic network adapters, onto the virtual machines. Virtual machine guest operating systems that are supported by Hyper-V and that can use Integration Services include: r1,7 113 Windows Server 2012 Windows Server 2008 R2 with SP1 Windows Server 2008 with Service Pack 2 (SP2) Windows Server 2003 R2 with SP2 Windows Home Server 2011 Windows MultiPoint Server 2012 Windows Small Business Server 2011 Windows Server 2003 with SP2 CentOS 6.0-6.2 CentOS 5.5-5.7 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.0-6.2 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.5-5.7 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 with SPlor SP2 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10 with Service Pack 4 (SP4) Windows 7 with SP1 Windows Vista with SP2 Windows XP with Service Pack 3 (SP3) Possible integration services:
Operating system shutdown Time synchronization Data exchange

Heartbeat Backup (volume napshot)

Note: Support for the Windows XP operating system expires in April 2014. Support for Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2003 R2 expires in July 2015.

You can install the Hyper-V integration services components on an operating system by accessing the Virtual Machine Connection window, and then in the Action menu, clicking the Insert Integration Services Setup Disk item. You can then install the relevant operating system drivers either manually or automatically. You can also enable the following virtual machine integration components: Operating system shutdown. Allows the server running Hyper-V to initiate a graceful shutdown of the guest virtual machine. Time synchronization. Allows the virtual machine to use the virtualization server's processor for the purpose of time synchronization. Data exchange. Allows the server running Hyper-V to write data to the registry of the virtual machine.

20410C: Installing and Configuring14findows Server, 2012 8-13

Heartbeat. Allows Hyper-V to determine if the virtual machine has become unresponsive. Backup (volume checkpoint). Allows the Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS) provider to create checkpoints of the virtual machine for the purposes of backup operation, without interrupting the virtual machine's normal operations.

ConfiguringVirtualMachineStartandStopActions
You can use virtual machine start and stop actions to ensure that critica] virtual machines always start automatically whenever a server running Hyper-V is restarted, and that they are shut down gracefully if the server receives a shutdown command. When you configure the virtual machine start and stop actions, you select the steps that the server running Hyper-V will perform on specific virtual machines when the physical server is started or shut down. You configure startup and shutdown settings for each virtual machine by editing the properties of the virtual machine. Possible automatic start actions:
Nothing Automatically start if it was running when the service stopped Always start this virtual machine automatically Possible automatic stop actions: Save the virtual machine state Turn off the virtual machine Shut down the guest operating system

Automatic Start Options

You can configure the following options in the Automatic Start Actions window: Nothing. The virtual machine does not start automatically when the server running Hyper-V starts, even if the virtual machine was in a running state when the server was shut down. Automatically start if it was running when the service stopped. The virtual machine restarts if it was running when the server running Hyper-V received the command to shut down, or if the virtual machine was running when the server suffered a failure that caused it to be powered off. Always start this virtual machine automatically. The virtual machine always starts when the server running Hyper-V starts. You can configure a startup delay to ensure that multiple virtual machnes do not attempt to all start up at the same time.

Automatic Stop Options

You can configure the following options in the Automatic Stop Actions window: Save the virtual machine state. This option saves the active state of the virtual machine to disk, including memory, when the server receives a shutdown command. This makes it possible for the virtual machine to restad when the server that is running Hyper-V restarts. Turn off the virtual machine. The virtual machine is turned off when the server receives a shutdown command. Data may be lost when this happens. Shut down the guest operating system. The virtual machine is shut down in a graceful manner when the server receives a shutdown command. This option is available only if integration services componente are installed on the virtual machine.

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Note: You can also configure virtual machine automatic start and stop actions by using the Windows PowerShell cmdlet Set-VM with the AutomaticStartAction and AutomaticStopAction parameters.

8-14 Implementing ServesVidualzation with Hyper-V

Hyper-V Resource Metering

Resource metering allows you to track the resource use of virtual machines that are hosted on Windows Server 2012 servers with the Hyper-V role installed. With resource metering, you can measure the following parameters on individual Hyper-V virtual machines: Average CPU use. Average physicai memory use, including: o o Minimum memory use. Maximum memory use. Parameters that you can measure with resource metering: Average CPU use
+Average physical memory use, including: Minmurn memory use Maximum memory use Maximum, disk space alfocation Incoming network traffic for a network adapter Outgoing network traffic for a network adapter

Maximum disk space allocation. Incoming network traffic for a network adapter. Outgoing network traffic for a network adapter.

By measuring how much of these resources each virtual machine uses, an organization can bill departments or customers based on how much resources their virtual machines use, rather than charging a fat fee per virtual machine. An organization with only internal customers can also use these measurements to see patterns of use and plan future expansions. You perform resource metering tasks from a Windows PowerShell command-line interface using the following cmdlets: Enable-VMResourceMetering. Starts collecting data on a per virtual machine basis. Disable -VMResourceMetering. Disables resource metering on a per virtual machine basis. Reset-VMResourceMetering. Resets virtual machine resource metering counters. Measure -VM. Displays resource metering statistics for a specific virtual machine.

Note: There is no GUI tool that you can use to perform resource metering.

Additional Reading: For more information about resource metering for Hyper-V, see Hyper-V Resource Metering Overview at http://go.nnicrosoft.conn/fwlink/?LinkId=269714.

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20410C: Installing and Configuringl4Andows Serveio 2012 8-15

What's New with Hyper-V in Windows Server 2012 R2

The Hyper-V role in Windows Server 2012 R2 includes a large number of improvements and new features that were not available in Windows Server 2012.

New or Improved
. ,

Feature

New features in Windows Server 2012 R2 Hyper-V

The Hyper-V role in Windows Server 2012 R2 includes a large number of improvements and new features that were not available in Windows Server 2012. The following table lists new features in Windows Server 2012 R2 Hyper-V. Feature Shared virtual hard disk Description

Shared virtual hard disk Automatic virtual machine activation Enhanced session mode Storage guality of service Virtual machine generation Improved in Resize virtual hard disk Windows Server 2012 R2 live migration Failover Clustering Mtegration services Export Replica linux support Management

New tu Windows Server 2012 R2

You can use this feature to cluster virtual machines by using shared virtual hard disk (VHDX format) files. You can configure this feature to automatically activate virtual machines on computers running the Datacenter edition of Windows Server 2012 R2. You can use this feature to provide support for redirection of an increased number of local resources including audio, printers, clipboard, display configu ration, smart cards, USB devices and supported Plug and Play devices You can use this feature to specify maximum and minimum I/O loads in terms of I/O operations per second on a per virtual hard disk basis. You can use this feature to provide support for Generation 1 and Generation 2 virtual machines.

Automatic virtual machine activation Enhanced session mode

Storage quality of service Virtual machine generation

Improved features in Windows Server 2012 R2 Hyper-V The following table lists improved features in Windows Server 2012 R2 Hyper-V. -

Feature Resize virtual hard disk

j Improvement This feature allows you to resize virtual hard disks while the virtual machine is running. This feature provides improved performance, including compression of virtual machine RAM and cross-version live migration between Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 Hyper-V. I This feature provides virtual network adapter protection and virtual machine storage protection. I Thi s feature provides the ability to copy files to a virtual machine without using a network connection or having to shut down the virtual machine. This feature allows you to export a virtual machine with all checkpoints or a single virtual machine checkpoint while the virtual machine is running.

o
1 1

' Live migration

Failover Clustering

Integration Services

Export

8-16 Implementieg Server Vidualzahon with Hyper-V

(continued from previous page)

Feature Replica

improvement This feature su pports extended replication and configurable replication frequency. This feature provides support for Linux virtual machine backup and for VMs running Linux to support dynamic memory. This feature provides support for managing Hyper-V on Windows Server 2012 R2 from computers running Windowse 8 or Windows Server 2012.

Linux support

Management

Additional Reading: For more information, see "What's New in Hyper-V in Windows Server 2012 R2" at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=331078.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Wndows Server, 2012 8-17

Lesson 3

Managing Virtual Machine Storage

Hyper-V provides many different virtual machine storage options. By knowing which option is appropriate for a given situation, you can help ensure that a virtual machine performs well. However, if you do not understand the different virtual machine storage options, you may end up deploying virtual hard disks that consume unnecessary space, or that place an unnecessary performance burden on the virtualization server. In this lesson, you will learn about different virtual hard disk types, different virtual hard disk formats, and the benefits and limitations of using virtual machine checkpoints.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe the purpose of virtual hard disk. Describe SMB 3.0. Explain how to create a virtual hard disk type. Explain how to manage virtual hard disks. Explain how to deploy differencing virtual hard disks to reduce storage needs. Explain how to use virtual machine checkpoints.

What Is a Virtual Hard Disk?

A virtual hard disk is a file that represents a traditional hard disk drive that you can configure as a virtual hard disk with partitions and an operating system. You can use virtual hard disks on virtual machines, and you can mount virtual hard disks as local volumes using the Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012, and Windows 8, and Windows 7 operating systems. Windows Server 2012 supports boot from virtual hard disk. This makes it possible for you to configure a computer to boot into a Windows Server 2012 operating system that is deployed on a virtual hard disk, or into certain editions of the Windows 8 operating system that are deployed on a virtual hard disk. You can create a virtual hard disk using: The Hyper-V Manager console. The Disk Management console. The DiskPart (diskpart.exe) command-line tool. The Windows PowerShell cmdlet New -VHD.
VHDX format has the following benefits over the VHD format The disks can be larger (64 T8 versus 2 TI.. The disk is fess likely to become corrupted The format supports better afignment when deployed to a large sector disk The format supports larger block size for dyna ic and differencing disks

by multiple virtual machines 'Storage QoS allows you to limit virtual hard disk lOPS

Shared Virtual Hard Disks can be used

Note: Some editions of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 also support boot from virtual hard disk.

8-18 Implementing Server Virtualzalion Wth Hyper-V

Virtual hard disks in .vhd format vs. virtual hard disks in .vhdx format
Virtual hard disks traditionally use the .vhd extension. Windows Server 2012 introduces a new type of virtual hard disk which uses the .vhdx extension. Virtual hard disks with the .vhdx format have the following benefits over virtual hard disks that were used in Hyper-V on Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2: Virtual hard disks with the .vhdx format can be as large as 64 TB, whereas virtual hard disks with the .vhd format are limited to 2 TB. Virtual hard disks with the .vhdx format are less likely to be corrupted if the virtualization server suffers an unexpected power outage. The .vhdx format supports better alignment when deployed to a large sector disk. Virtual hard disks with the .vhdx format can hold larger dynamic and differencing virtual hard disks, which means that the dynamic and differencing virtual hard disks perform better. You can convert a virtual hard disk with the .vhd format to the .vhdx format by using the Edit Virtual Hard Disk Wizard; you may want to do this if you have upgraded a Windows Server 2008 or Windows Server 2008 R2 virtualization server to Windows Server 2012 or Windows Server 2012 R2. You can also convert a virtual hard disk with the .vhdx format to the .vhd format.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

SMB Share Support

Windows Server 2012 supports storing alI virtual machine files, including virtual hard disks on SMB 3.0 file shares. This is an alternative to storing these files on Internet SCSI (iSCSI) or Fibre Channel SAN devices. When creating a virtual machine in Hyper-V on Windows Server 2012, you can specify a network share when you choose the virtual hard disk location or when you attach an existing virtual hard disk. The file share must support SMB 3.0. This means that you must place virtual hard disks on file shares that are hosted on file servers with Windows Server 2012. Older versions of Windows Server do not support SMB 3.0.

Additional Reading: For more information about virtual hard disk formats, see Hyper-V Virtual Hard Disk Format Overview at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=269715._

IDE vs. SCSI adapters Virtual hard disks can be connected to virtual machines using two different virtual storage controller types: IDE or SCSI. When connected to an IDE controller, the virtual disk is accessed as an ATA device. When connected to a SCSI controller, the virtual disk is accessed as a SCSI device. The difference betweea the two is described in the following table. IDE Controllers .. Available only in Generation 1 virtual machines. - A virtual machine can have two IDE controllers. - Each IDE controller supports a maximum of two connected IDE devices (disks or virtual DVD drives). You cannot add or remove devices from an IDE controller when a virtual machine is running. - Generation 1 virtual machines can only be booted locally off a device that is connected to an IDE controller. SCSI Controllers Available in both Generation 1 and Generation 2 virtual machines. A virtual machine can have up to 4 SCSI controllers. Each SCSI controller supports up to 64 attached devices. - Can add or remove SCSI devices while a virtual machine is running. - Generation 2 virtual machines can only boot of a device that is attached to a SCSI controller.

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20410C: Installing and Canfiguring Windows Semi@ 2012 8-19

Although there are differences in performance when you use an IDE or SCSI controller in a host virtual machine, these differences are not apparent when you use virtualized IDE or SCSI controllers.

Shared Virtual Hard Disks with Windows Server 2012 R2

Windows Server 2012 R2 allows you to configure shared virtual hard disks. A shared virtual hard disk is a virtual hard disk that is connected to multiple virtual machines. You can only use shared virtual hard disks for hard disks that are in .vhdx format and that are connected to virtual SCSI controllers. Shared virtual hard disk files are stored on failover clusters, either on a Cluster Shared Volume (CSV) on block storage, or on an SMB 3.0 scale-out file server.

QoS Management
Virtual hard disks in Windows Server 2012 R2 support the configuration of quality of service (QoS) parameters. When you configure the QoS parameters, you can specify the maximum number of input/output operations (IOPS) for the virtual disk, which minimizes the chance that a single virtual hard disk will consume the majority of the IOPS capacity of the underlying storage. You also can configure a virtual hard disk to trigger an alert if the number of IOPS falls below a'threshold value. IOPS are measured in 8 KB increments. You cannot configure storage QoS when you are using shared virtual hard disks.

Additional Reading: For more information about virtual hard disk sharing, see http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=331079.

Additional Reading: For more information about the storage quality of service for HyperV, see http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=331080.

WhatisSMB3.0
SMB 3.0 is a high-performance network file sharing protocol that became available with the release of Windows Server 2012. Previous versions of the Windows Server operating system used earlier versions of the SMB protocol for network file sharing. When you use Hyper-V in Windows Server 2012, you can store virtual machine configuration files and virtual hard disk files on SMB 3.0 shares. The following table lists several features of SMB 3.0 that make it useful to support virtual machine storage.

SMB 3.0 can be sed as shared storage to host highly available virtual machines The following features of SMB 3.0 are useful when supporting highly-available virtual machines: SMB Transparent Failover SMB Scale Out SMB Multichannel SMB Direct (SMB over RDMA) SMB Encryption VSS for SMB File Shares

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Feature SMBTransparent Failover

Function Enables clients that are accessing an SMB 3.0 share that is hosted on a failover cluster to continue to do so without interruption when the node hosting the file share fails. Provides simultaneous access to files by using direct I/O through all nodes that make up the file server cluster. Enables the share to use multiple network interfaces to aggregate bandwidth and provide fault tolerante.

SMB Scale Out

SMB Multichannel

8-20 implemeding Server Viitualzation with liyperV

(continued from previous page0

SMB Direct

Enables shares to use network adapters that su pport Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA). Enables files that are transferred across the network to remain in an encrypted state without requiring a certificate services deployment. Enables files that are hosted on SMB shares to be backed up in a consistent manner while they are open.

SMB Encryption

VSS for SMB File Shares

Additional Reading: For more information about updated links on Windows Server 2012 file server and SMB 3.0, see http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=331081.

CreatingVirtualDiskTypes
When you configure a virtual hard disk, you can choose between several different disk types, including fixed, dynamic, and direct-attached storage.

Fixed-size virtual hard disks vs. dynamic virtual hard disks

Creating fixed virtual hard disks

When you create fixed virtual hard disks, all of the hard disk space that you have specified is allocated during the creation process. This minimizes fragmentation, which improves virtual hard disk performance if the disk is on a traditional (i.e., non-solid state) storage device. Allocating all of the specified hard disk space during the creation process has a disadvantage thoughin many situations, you do not know precisely how much disk space a virtual machine needs and you might allocate space that is not actually required.
100 GB used 600 GB allocated 600 GB fixed-size disk 100 GB used 100 GB allocated 600 GB dynamic disk

[1 . Note: Disk fragmentation is less of an issue when virtual hard disks are hosted on RAID
volumes, or on SSDs. Improvements in Hyper-V since it was first introduced with Windows Server 2008 also minimize the performance differences between dynamic and fixed virtual hard disks.

To create a fixed virtual hard disk, perform the following procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. Open the Hyper-V Manager console. On the Actions pane, click New, and then click Hard Disk. On the Before You Begin page of the New Virtual Hard Disk Wizard, click Next. In the New Virtual Hard Disk Wizard, on the Choose Disk Format page, click either VHD or VHDX, and then click Next. On the Choose Disk Type page, click Fixed size, and then click Next. On the Specify Name and Location page, enter a name for the virtual hard disk, and then specify a folder in which to host the virtual hard disk file.

5. 6.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servero 2012 8-21

7.

On the Configure Disk page, choose one of the following options: o o Create a new blank virtual hard disk of the specified size. Copy the contents of a specified physical disk. With this option you can replicate an existing physical disk on the server as a virtual hard disk. The fixed virtual hard disk will be the same size as the physical disk. Replicating an existing physical hard disk does not change the data on that disk. Copy the contents of a specified virtual hard disk. With this option, you can create a new fixed hard disk based on the contents of an existing virtual hard disk.

Note: You can create a new fixed hard disk using the Windows PowerShell cmdlet New-VHD with the - Fixed parameter.

Dynamically expanding virtual hard disks

When you create a dynamically expanding VHD, you specify a maximum size, but the disk uses only the space that it needs and grows as necessary. A dynamically expanding virtual hard disk can be created with the .vhd format or the .vhdx format. A new dynamically expanding virtual hard disk with the .vhd format is allocated approximately 260 kilobytes (KB). A new dynamically expanding virtual hard disk with the .vhdx format is allocated approximately 4,096 KB. As you save files to a dynamically expanding virtual hard disk, it grows. However, if you delete files from a dynamically expanding virtual hard disk, it does not shrink. You can only shrink a dynamically expanding virtual hard disk file by performing a compact operation. To create a dynamically expanding virtual hard disk you follow the steps for creating a fixed virtual hard disk shown aboye, with the exception that, on the Choose Disk Type page (in step 5), you click Dynamically Expanding instead of Fixed Size. S ,.] . E

Note: You can create a new dynamic hard disk using the Windows PowerShell cmdlet New-VHD with the -Dynamic parameter.

Direct-attached Storage
Direct-attached storage makes it possible for a virtual machine to access a physical disk drive. You can use direct-attached storage to connect a virtual machine directly to an iSCSI logical unit number (LUN). When you use direct-attached storage, the virtual machine must have exclusive access to the target disk. To ensure this, you must take the disk offline. You can attach direct-attached storage by performing the following procedure: 1. Ensure that the target hard disk is offline. If it is not, then use the Disk Management console on the virtualization server to take it offline. Use the Hyper-V Manager console to edit the existing virtual machine's properties. Click an IDE or SCSI controller, click Add, and then click Hard Drive. In the Hard Drive dialog box, click Physical Hard Disk. From the drop-down menu, select the disk that you want to use as direct-attached storage.

2. 3. 4.

Note: If you connect direct-attached storage to a virtual machine's SCSI controller, then you do not have to shut down the virtual machine. If you want to connect to a virtual machine's IDE controller, then you must first shut down the virtual machine.

8-22 I mplementing Server Zrtuahzation with Hyper-V

Question: Why might you consider using fixed virtual hard disks instead of dynamically expanding virtual hard disks? Question: In what situations might you encounter difficulties if you use dynamically expanding disks?

ManagingVirtualHardDisks
From time to time, you need to perform maintenance operations on virtual hard disks. For example, you might want to convert a virtual hard disk to another format as your needs change, or you might want to compact a virtual hard disk to free up space. You can perform the following maintenance operations on virtual hard disks: Convert the disk from fixed to dynamic Convert the disk from dynamic to fixed Convert a virtual hard disk in .vhd format to .vhdx format The following are maintenance operations you can perform on virtual hard disks: Convert from fixed to dynamic Convert from dynamic to fixed Convert from VHD to VHDX format Convert from VHDX to VHD format Shrink a dynamic virtual hard disk Expand a dynamic or fixed virtual hard disk

~~ Convert a virtual hard disk in .vhdx format to .vhd format Compact a dynamically expanding virtual hard disk Expand a dynamically expanding virtual hard disk Expand a fixed virtual hard disk

Converting a Disk
When you convert a virtual hard disk, the contents of the existing virtual hard disk are copied to a newly-created virtual hard disk. For example, when you convert a fixed virtual hard disk to a dynamically expanding virtual hard disk, a new dynamic disk is created, the contents of the fixed disk are copied to the new dynamic disk, and then the fixed disk is deleted. To convert a virtual hard disk from fixed to dynamic or from dynamic to fixed, perform the following steps: 1. In the Hyper-V Manager console, from the Actions pane, click Edit Disk. 2. 3. In the Edit Virtual Hard Disk Wizard, on the Before You Begin page, click Next. On the Local Virtual Hard Disk page, click Browse, and then select the virtual hard disk that you want to convert. 4. 5. 6. On the Choose Action page, click Convert, and then click Next. On the Convert Virtual Hard Disk page, choose between the VHD and the VHDX formats. On the Convert Virtual Hard Disk page, choose between Fixed Size and Dynamically Expanding. If you also want to convert the hard disk type, choose the appropriate type, and then click Next. 7. On the Configure Disk page, choose the destination location for the disk.

20410C: Installing and Configuling Windows Seniel,2012 8-23

Changing the Size of a Disk

You can compact a dynamically expanding virtual hard disk that is not using all of the space that it is allocated. However, you cannot compact a fixed virtual hard disk without first converting it to a dynamically expanding virtual hard disk. You can expand both dynamically expanding virtual hard disks and fixed virtual hard disks. You can use one of two methods to change the size of a virtual hard disk. They are: Use the Windows PowerShell cmdlets resize-partition and resize -vhd. In the Edit Virtual Hard Disk Wizard, select either the Compact or the Expand option. Windows Server 2012 R2 is the first version in which you can resize a virtual hard disk while the virtual machine is still active.

Reducing Storage Needswith Differencing Virtual Hard Disks

Differencing virtual hard disks are separate virtual hard disks that record the changes made to a parent disk. You can use differencing virtual hard disks to reduce the amount of hard disk space consumed by virtual hard disks; this increases disk performance by reducing the space used. Differencing virtual hard disks work well with SSDs. They also work well where the available space on the parent volume is limited and the disk performance compensates for the performance drawbacks of using a differencing virtual hard disk. You can link multiple differencing virtual hard disks to a single parent disk. However, if you modify the parent disk, the links to all of the differencing virtual hard disks fail. You can reconnect a differencing virtual hard disk to the parent using the Inspect Disk tool, which is available in the Actions pane of the Hyper-V Manager console. You can also use the Inspect Disk tool to locate the parent disk of a differencing virtual hard disk. You can create a differencing virtual hard disk using the Hyper-V Manager console or using the Windows PowerShell cmdlet New -VHD. To create a differencing virtual hard disk using the Hyper-V Manager console, perform the following steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Open the Hyper-V Manager console. In the Actions pane, click New, and then click Hard Disk. In the New Virtual Hard Disk Wizard, on the Before You Begin page, click Next. On the Choose Disk Format page, click VHD, and then click Next. On the Choose Disk Type page, click Differencing, and then click Next. On the Specify Name and Location page, provide the location of the parent hard disk. When using differencing disks, you:
Can reduce space that is used by storage, but at the cost of performance Can link multiple differencing disks to a single parent disk Cannot modify the parent disk Can use the Inspect Disk top( to reconnect a differencing disk to a missing parent

8-24 lmplemenling Server Virtualzalion with liyper-V

To create a differencing virtual hard disk using the New -VHD Windows PowerShell cmdlet, follow the pattern of the following example. To create a new differencing virtual hard disk named c:\diff-disk.vhd that uses the virtual hard disk c:\parent.vhd, use the following Windows PowerShell command: iff-disk.vhd -ParentPath C:\paren

Using Checkpoints
A checkpoint is a static image of the data on a virtual machine ata given moment. Checkpoints are stored in either .avhd or .avhdx format depending on the virtual hard disk format. You can create a checkpoint of a virtual machine from the Action menu of the Virtual Machine Connection window, or from the Hyper-V Manager console. Each virtual machine can have a maximum of 50 checkpoints. Prior to Windows Server 2012 R2, checkpoints were known as "snapshots." You can create checkpoints at any time, even when a virtual machine is shut down. When you create a checkpoint of a running virtual machine, the checkpoint includes the contents of the virtual machine's memory. When taking checkpoints of multiple virtual machines that are part of the same group, for example a virtual domain controller and virtual member server, you should create these checkpoints simultaneously. This ensures that items such as computer account passwords are the same on all of the checkpoints. Remember that when you revert to a checkpoint, you are reverting to a computer's state at that point in time. If you revert a virtual machine back to a point before it had performed a computer password change with a domain controller, you need to rejoin that computer to the domain or run the netdom resetpwd command.
A checkpoinf is a stattc rmag e of the data on a virtual machine al a given moment Checkponts are not replacements for backups You can perforen a virtual machine export of a checkpoint When you <reate a checkpoint Hyper-V writes differencing virtual hard disk When you apply a checkpoint the virtual medible reverts to the configuration as it existed at the time the checkpoint was created

Checkpoints vs. Backups

Checkpoints are not a replacement for backups. Checkpoints are stored on the same volume as the virtual hard disks. If that volume fails, both the checkpoints and the virtual hard disk file are lost.

Exporting Checkpoints
You can perforen a virtual machine export of a checkpoint. When you do this, Hyper-V creates full virtual hard disks that represent the state of the virtual machine at the time the checkpoint was created. If you choose to exportan entire virtual machine, all checkpoints associated with the virtual machine are also exported.

Differencing virtual hard disk Files

When you create a checkpoint, Hyper-V writes differencing virtual hard disk (.avhd, or .avhdx) files, which store the data that differentiates the checkpoint from the previous checkpoint, or from the parent virtual hard disk. When you delete checkpoints, this data is either discarded or merged back into the previous checkpoint or parent virtual hard disk. For example: If you delete the most recent checkpoint, the data is discarded. With Hyper-V in Windows Server 2012, this space is reclaimed immediately rather than when the virtual machine is shut down. If you delete the second-most recent checkpoint, the data is merged so that the earlier and latter checkpoint states of the virtual machine retain their integrity.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servera 2012 8-25

Managing Checkpoints
When you apply a checkpoint, the virtual machine reverts to the configuration as it existed at the time the checkpoint was created. Reverting to a checkpoint does not delete existing checkpoints. If you apply a checkpoint after making a configuration change in a different checkpoint, you are prompted to create another checkpoint. It is only necessary to create a new checkpoint if you want to return to that current configuration. It is possible to create checkpoint trees that have different branches. For example, consider the following scenario: You create a checkpoint of a virtual machine on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. On Thursday you apply the Tuesday checkpoint. Immediately after applying the Tuesday checkpoint, you make changes to the virtual machine's configuration. In this scenario, the original branch is the series of checkpoints created on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. You create a new branch by applying the Tuesday checkpoint and making changes to the virtual machine. You can have multiple branches as long as you do not exceed the 50 checkpoints per virtual machine limit.

8-26 Implementing Server Vutualization with Hyper-V

Lesson 4

Managing Virtual Networks

Hyper-V provides several different options for network communication between virtual machines. You can configure virtual machines that communicate with an external network in a manner similar to traditionally-deployed physical hosts. You can configure virtual machines to communicate only with a limited number of other virtual machines that are hosted on the same server. Knowing the options available for Hyper-V virtual networks ensures that you can use those options to best meet your organization's needs.

Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe virtual switches.

- Describe Virtual Local Area NetWorks. Describe Virtual Switch Extensions. Explain how to manage a virtual machine MAC address pool. Explain how to configure virtual network adapters. Describe advanced features of virtual network adapters. Describe NIC teaming.

What Is a Virtual Switch?

A virtual switch is a virtual version of a network switch. (The term "virtual network," which was used in Windows Server 2008, has been replaced by the term "virtual switch" in Windows Server 2012.) Virtual switches control how network traffic flows between multiple virtual machines that are hosted on the virtualization server, and between virtual machines and the rest of the organizational network. You can manage virtual switches through the Virtual Switch Manager, which is accessible through the Actions pane of the Hyper-V Manager console. Hyper-V on Windows Server 2012 supports the following three different types of virtual switches: External. This type of switch maps a network to a specific network adapter or network adapter team. Windows Server 2012 supports mapping an external network to a wireless network adapter if you have installed the wireless local area network (LAN) service on the virtualization server, and if the virtualization server has a compatible adapter. Internal. Internal virtual switches communicate between multiple virtual machines on the virtualization server, and between the virtual machines and the virtualization server. Private. Private switches communicate only between multiple virtual machines on the virtualization server. You cannot use private switches to communicate between the virtual machines and the virtualization server.
Hyper-V on Windows Se e 012 supports the following three types of virtual switches: External Used to map a network to a specific network adapter or network adapter team Internal Used to communicate between the virtual machines on the host and between the virtual machines and the host itself Private Used to communicate between virtual machines, but not between the virtual machine and the host itself VLAN IDs are used to extend VLANs within the host's network switch to VLANS on the externa' network

20410C: Installing and ConfigudnglMndows Seeei 2012 8-27

Configuring VLAN IDs

When configuring a virtual network, you can also configure a virtual LAN (VLAN) ID that is associated with the network. By doing this, you can extend existing VLANs on the external network to VLANs within the virtualization server's network switch. VLANs enable you to partition network traffic, and they function as separate logical networks. Note that traffic can only pass from one VLAN to another if it passes through a router. You can configure the following extensions for each virtual switch type: Microsoft NDIS Capture. This extension allows data that is traversing across the virtual switch to be captured. Microsoft Windows Filtering Platform. This extension allows data that is traversing across the virtual switch to be filtered.

Additional Reading: For more information about virtual switches, see Hyper-V Virtual Switch Overview at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId =269716.

What areVirtual Local Area Networks

Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) allow you to logically segment network traffic that is running on the same physical network. VLANs function as separate broadcast domains. This means that broadcast traffic on one VLAN is not intercepted and processed by hosts on another VLAN, even when those hosts are connected to the same hardware switch. Each VLAN has an ID that is encapsulated within an Ethernet frame. You can assign VLAN IDs to Hyper-V virtual switches and network adapters. To use VLANs with Hyper-V virtual switches and network adapters, the host's physical network adapters must support VLAN tagging. This feature must be enabled on the network adapter. When configuring VLAN IDs for Hyper-V, configure the VLAN ID on the virtual switch or on each individual virtual machine's network adapter. You do not need to configure the VLAN ID on the host's physical network adapter. Hyper-V supports the 802.1q specification for VLAN trunking. VLAN IDs that are used with virtual switches and virtual network adapters can also be used with networking equipment that supports these standards. This means that you can have the same VLAN span multiple Hyper-V hosts when connected to compatible network equipment. You might implement VLANs with Hyper-V switches and virtual network adapters to support the following scenarios: Isolate network storage traffic. You can isolate network storage traffic such as iSCSI traffic from other traffic. Using VLANs means that a separate storage network might not be required. Isolate cluster traffic. You can isolate intra-node cluster traffic from other traffic. Security isolation. You can isolate hosts from each other for security reasons. For example, to make some virtual hosts available to Network Access Protection Clients that have been placed on an isolated VLAN so that they are able to remediate their configuration to a healthy state. When you use Virtual Local Area Networks, you can: Logicaily segment network traffic running on the same physical and virtual networks Configure tagging on each virtual switch Configure tagging on each virtual network adapter Note that host NICs must support VLAN tagging

8-28 Implemerding Server Viitualization with Hyper-V

Virtual Switch Extensions

Virtual Switch (vSwitch) Extensions enable thirdparty vendors to create virtual switches that you can add to Hyper-V that add monitoring, filtering, and forwarding functionality. Some vendors have created virtual editions of their hardware switches. These virtual switches can be managed using the same management suite that is used to manage the physical switches. This enables an organization's networking team to extend switch management across both the virtual and the physical infrastructure. The virtual switch extensions are listed in the following table. E>dension Network packet inspection Network packet filter Network forwarding Intrusion detection or firewall Purpose Examine network packets while they traverse the virtual switch. Create, filter, and modify packets that traverse the virtual switch. Create a forwarding extension for each virtual switch. Filter and modify TCP/IP packets, monitor or authorize connections, filter IPsec traffic, and filter remote procedure calls. ', Virtual Switch Extensions enable thircl-party vendors to create virtual switches You can manage virtual switches by using the same toolset that you use to manage physical switches

Consult third-party vendor catalogs to determine which virtual switches are available to run on the Hyper-V platform.

Additional Reading: For more information about virtual switch extensions, see "Hyper-V Virtual Switch Overview" at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=331084.

Managing Virtual Machine MAC Addresses

Unless you specify a static media access control (MAC) address, Hyper-V dynamically allocates an address to each virtual machine network adapter from a pool of MAC addresses. You can configure the address range of this pool from the MAC Address Range setting of the Virtual Switch Manager console. By default, a server running Hyper-V has a pool of 255 MAC addresses. When virtual machines use private or interna! networks, the MAC address that is allocated to network adapters is not likely to be of concern, because the server running Hyper-V ensures that duplicate MAC addresses are not assigned to different virtual machines. However, when you have multiple servers that are running Hyper-V and are hosting virtual machines that use adapters connected to
Virtual Switch nage Window

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Sent erl 2012 129

external networks, you should ensure that each server uses a different pool of MAC addresses. This ensures that separate servers that connect to the same network do not assign the same MAC addresses to the virtual machines that they host. When virtual machines are allocated IP addresses through a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) reservation, you should consider using static MAC addresses. A DHCP reservation ensures that a particular IP address is always allocated to a specific MAC address. You can configure the MAC address range by performing the following steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Open the Hyper-V Manager console. Select the Hyper-V host that you wish to configure. On the Actions pane, click Virtual Switch Manager. Under Global Network Settings, click MAC Address Range. Specify a .minimum and a maximum range for the MAC address.

MAC addresses are in hexadecimal format. When configuring ranges for multiple Hyper-V hosts, you should consider changing the values of the second from the last pair of digits. The following table displays examples of ranges for multiple Hyper-V hosts. Hyper-V host Host 1 MAC address range Minimum:00-15-5D-OF-AB-00 Maximum: 00-15-5D-OF-AB-FF Host 2 Minimum:00-15-5D-OF-AC-00 Maximum: 00-15-5D-OF-AC-FF Minimum:00-15-5D-OF-AD-00 Maximum:00-15-5D-OF-AD-FF

Configuring Virtual NetworkAdapters

Virtual network adapters allow the virtual machine to communicate using the virtual switches that you configure in the Virtual Switch Manager console. You can edit the properties of a virtual machine to modify the properties of a network adapter. From the Network Adapter pane on the virtual machine's Settings dialog box, you can configure the following: Virtual Switch. You configure to which virtual switch the network adapter connects. VLAN ID. You specify a VLAN ID that the virtual machine uses for communication that passes through this adapter. Bandwidth Management. You allocate a minimum and a maximum bandwidth for the adapter. The minimum bandwidth allocation is reserved by Hyper-V for the network adapter, even when virtual network adapters on other virtual machines are working at capacity. Properties of a network adapter:
Virtual Switch VLAN ID Bandwidth Management

Features of a virtual network adapter:

MAC address allocation DHCP Guard Router Guard Port Mirroring NIC Teaming

8-30 I mplementing Server Virtudzation wlh Hyper-V

Both synthetic network adapters and legacy network adapters support the following advanced features: MAC address allocation. You can configure a MAC address to be assigned from the MAC address pool, or you can configure the network adapter to use a fixed MAC address. You can also configure MAC address spoofing. This is useful when the virtual machine needs to provide specific network access, such as when the virtual machine is running a mobile device emulator that requires network access. DHCP Guard. This feature drops DHCP messages from virtual machines that are functioning as unauthorized DHCP servers. This may be necessary in scenarios where you are managing a server running Hyper-V that hosts virtual machines for others, but does not have direct control over the configuration of those virtual machines. Router Guard. This feature drops router advertisement and redirection messages from virtual machines that are configured as unauthorized routers. This may be necessary in scenarios where you do not have direct control over the configuration of virtual machines. Port Mirroring. This feature allows you to copy incoming and outgoing packets from a network adapter to another virtual machine that you have configured for monitoring. NIC Teaming. This feature allows you to add the virtual network adapter to an existing team on the server running Hyper-V.

Legacy network adapters emulate common network adapter hardware. You use legacy network adapters in the following situations: You want to support network boot installation scenarios for virtual machines. For example, you want to deploy an operating system image from a Windows Deployment Services (Windows DS) server or through Configuration Manager. You need to support operating systems that do not support integration services and do not have a driver for the synthetic network adapter.

Legacy network adapters do not support the hardware acceleration features that synthetic network adapters support. You cannot configure a virtual machine queue, IPsec task offloading, or single root I/O virtualization (SR-IOV) for legacy network adapters. These advanced features are covered in the next topic.

Network Adapter Advanced Features

In addition to the features described earlier, synthetic network adapters support the following advanced features: Virtual Machine Queue. This feature uses hardware packet filtering to deliver network traffic directly to the guest. This improves performance because the packet does not need to be copied from the management operating system to the virtual machine. Virtual Machine Queue requires that the host computer has a network adapter that supportsthisfeature. IPsec task offloading. This featu re enables the host's network adapter to perform calculation-intensive security association tasks. In the event that sufficient hardware resources are not available, the guest operating system performs there tasks. You can configure a maximum number of offloaded security Virtual Machine Clueue.delivers network traffic directly to the guest IPsec task offloading enables the host's network adapter to perform calculation-intensive security association tasks SR-IOV enables multiple virtual machines to share the same Peripheral Component lnterconnect (PCI) Express physical hardware resources vRSS balances the network processing across multiple virtual processor cores in a virtual machine

1 1 1

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Servato 2012 8-31

associations between 1 and 4,096. IP security (IPsec) task offloading requires guest operating system support and network adapter support. SR-IOV. Single-root I/O virtualization (SR-IOV) enables multiple virtual machines to share the same Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Express physical hardware resources. If sufficient resources are not available, then network connectivity falls back and is provided through the virtual switch. SR-IOV requires specific hardware and special drivers to be installed on the guest operating system, and might also need to be enabled in the computer BIOS. Virtual Receive Side Scaling (vRSS). vRSS enables network adapters to balance network processing load across the processor cores assigned to a virtual machine. vRSS enables a virtual machine to process higher amounts of network traffic than it could process if only a single CPU core was responsible for processing traffic. You can implement vRSS by allocating a virtual machine multiple cores through the advanced network. To use vRSS, the host's processor must support Receive Side Scaling (RSS) and the host's network adapters must support Virtual Machine Queue (VMQ).

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

What is NIC teaming?

NIC teaming allows you to combine up to 32 network adapters and then use them as a single network interface. NIC teaming provides redundancy, allowing network communication to occur over the combined network interface even when one or more of the network adapters fail. The combination of network adapters also increases the bandwidth available to the combined network interface. NIC teaming is a feature available in the Windows Server 2012 operating system that can be used by both the Hyper-V host and Hyper-V virtual machines. NIC Teaming:
Provides redundancy and aggregates bandwidth Is supported at the host and virtual machine leve! NIC Teaming in virtual machines: - Requires multiple virtual network adapters Must be enabled on virtual network adapters Can then be implemented in virtual machine 05 (if supported)

When used with virtual machines, NIC Teaming allows virtual machines to team virtual network adapters that connect to separate virtual switches. To get the benefit of NIC Teaming, the host must have at least two external virtual switches. When you have multiple virtual network adapters attached to the same switch, if the physical network adapter that the virtual switch is connected to fails, those virtual network adapters will lose connectivity. When configuring NIC teaming for virtual machines, network adapters connected to virtual switches can use SR-IOV. Enable virtual machine NIC Teaming for virtual machines on the Advanced Features page of the virtual network adapter in Hyper-V manager. You can also enable NIC Teaming for virtual machines by using the Set -VMNetworkAdapter Windows PowerShell cmdlet. To enable NIC Teaming within the virtual machine operating system, NIC Teaming must be enabled on the virtual network adapter, or, the virtual network adapter must be configured to allow MAC address spoofing. Once you have enabled virtual NIC Teaming on the virtual network adapter (or enabled MAC address spoofing), you can configure NIC teaming within the virtual machine. A new feature of Windows Server 2012 R2 is dynamic NIC Teaming. In Windows Server 2012, new traffic is assigned to a particular NIC and the traffic flow remains with that NIC throughout the session. In dynamic NIC Teaming, traffic flow is balanced across all available NICs in a team.

8-32 Implementing Server Virtuafization with Hyper-V

Lab: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V

Scenario
Your assignment is to configure the infrastructure service for a new branch office. To use the server hardware that is currently available at branch offices more effectively, your manager has decided that all branch office servers will run as virtual machines. You must now configure a virtual network and a new virtual machine for these branch offices.

Objectives
After performing this lab, you will be able to: Install the Hyper-V role onto a server. Configure virtual networking. Create and configure a virtual machine. Use virtual machine checkpoints.

La b Setup
Estimated Time: 75 minutes

Virtual machine User narre Password

20410C-LON-HOST1 Adatum\Administrator Pa$$wOrd

Before beginning the lab, you must complete the following steps: 1. 2. Reboot the classroom computer and from the Windows Boot Manager, select 20410C-LON-HOST1. Sign in to LON-HOST1 with the Administrator account and the password Pa$$w0rd.

Exercise 1: Installing the Hyper-V Role onto a Server

Scenario
The first step in migrating to a virtualized environment for the branch office is installing the Hyper-V role on a new Windows Server 2012 server. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. Install the Hyper-V role onto a server. 2. Complete the Hyper-V role installation and verify the settings.

K Task 1: Install the Hyper-V role onto a server 1. In Server Manager, click Local Server, and then configure the following network settings:
o o o o IP Address: 172.16.0.31 Subnet mask: 255.255.0.0 Default gateway: 172.16.0.1 Preferred DNS server: 172.16.0.10

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server,2012 8-33

2. Use the Add Roles and Features Wizard to add the Hyper-V role to LON-HOST1 with the following options: o o o Do not create a virtual switch. Use the Default stores locations. Allow the server to restart automatically if required.

3. After a few minutes, the server restarts automatically. Ensure that you restart the machine from the boot menu as 20410C- LON - HOST1. The computer will restart several times.

K Task 2: Complete the Hyper-V role installation and verify the settings
1. 2. 3. 4. Sign in to LON -HOST1 using the account Administrator with the password Pa$$word. When the installation of the Hyper-V tools completes, click Close. Open the Hyper-V Manager console, and then click LON -HOST1. Edit the Hyper-V settings of LON-HOST1, and configure the following setting. s: o o Keyboard: Use on the virtual machine Virtual Hard Disks: C:\Users\Public\Documents\Hyper-V\Virtual Hard Disks

esults:After completing this exercise, you should have installed the Hyper-V role unto a physical server.

Exercise 2: Configuring Virtual Networking

Scenario
After installing the Hyper-V role on the new server, you need to configure the virtual network. You need to create both a network that is connected to the physical network, and a private network that can be used only for communication between virtual machines. The private network will be used when the virtual machines are configured for high availability. You also need to configure a specific range of MAC addresses for the virtual machines. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. Configure the external network. Create a private network. Create an internal network. Configure the Media Access Control (MAC) address range.

K Task 1: Configure the external network

1. 2. Open the Hyper-V Manager console, and then click LON -HOST1. Use the Virtual Switch Manager to create a new External virtual network switch with the following properties: o o Name: Switch for External Adapter External Network: Mapped to the host computer's physical network adapter. (This vares depending on the host computer.)

8-34 Irnpremenling Saver Virtuzation with Hyper-V

K Task 2: Create a private network

1. 2. On LON-HOST1, open the Hyper-V Manager console. Use the Virtual Switch Manager to create a new virtual switch with the following properties. o o Name: Private Network Connection type: Private network

n Task 3: Create an internal network

1. 2. On LON-HOST1, open the Hyper-V Manager console. Use the Virtual Switch Manager to create a new virtual switch with the following properties. o o Name: Interna! Network Connection type: Interna! network

K Task 4: Configure the Media Access Control (MAC) address range

1. 2. On LON-HOST1, open the Hyper-V Manager console. Use the Virtual Switch Manager to configure the following MAC Address Range settings: o o Minimum:00-15-5D-OF-AB-A0 Maximum: 00-15-5D-OF-AB-EF

corriplet0g oo thts ;ex a deplOyed Windows Server 2012 ser'ver rurining the El}ijoet>-

Exercise 3: Creating and Configuring a Virtual Machine

Scenario
You have been asked to deploy two virtual machines to LON-HOST1. You have copied a sysprepped virtual hard disk file that hosts a Windows Server 2012 installation. To minimize disk space use at the cost of performance, you are going to create two differencing virtual hard disk files based on the sysprepped virtual hard disk. You will then use there differencing virtual hard disk files as the virtual hard disk files for the new virtual machines. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. Create differencing virtual hard disks. Create virtual machines. Enable resource metering.

K Task 1: Create differencing virtual hard disks

1. Use File Explorer to create the following two folders: o o E:\Program Files\Microsoft Learning \Base \LON-GUEST1 E:\Program Files\Microsoft Learning \Base \LON-GUEST2

- Note: The drive letter may depend upon the number of drives on the physical host machine.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Sewero 2012 8-35

2. In the Hyper-V Manager console, create a virtual hard disk with the following properties: o o o o o 3. Disk Format: VHD Disk Type: Differencing Name: LON-GUEST1.vhd Location:E:\Program Files \Microsoft Learning\Base\LON-GUEST1\ Parent Location: E:\Program Files\Microsoft Learning \Base\ Basel4A-WS12R2.vhd

Open Windows PowerShell and execute the following command: New-VHD "E: \Program Fi 7es\Mi crosoft Learni ng\Base\LON-GUEST2\LON-GIJEST2 vhd" -ParentPath "E:\Program Fi7es\Microsoft Learning\Base\ Base14A-WS12R2.vhd"

4. Inspect the disk at E:\Program Files \Microsoft Learning \Base\LON-GUEST2\LON-GUEST2.vhd. 5. Verify that LON-GUEST2.vhd is configured as a differencing virtual hard disk with E:\Program Files \Microsoft Learning \Base\ Basel4A-WS12R2.vhd as a parent.

K Task 2: Create virtual machines

1. On LON-HOST1, in the Hyper-V Manager console, in the Actions pane, click New, and then click Virtual Machine. Create a virtual machine with the following properties: o o o o o o o Name: LON-GUEST1 Location: E:\Program Files\Microsoft Learning\Base\LON-GUEST1\ Generation: Generation 1 Memory: 1024 MB Use Dynamic Memory: Yes Networking: Private Network Connect Virtual Hard Disk: E:\Program Files\Microsoft Learning\Base\LON-GUEST1 \lon-guestl.vhd

2.

3.

Open Windows PowerShell and execute the following command: New-VM -Name LON-GUEST2 -MemoryStartupBytes 1024MB -VHDPath "E:\Program Files\Microsoft Learning\Base\LON-GUEST2\LON-GUEST2.vhd" -SwitchName "Private Network"

4.

Use the Hyper-V Manager console to edit the settings of LON-GUEST2 by configuring the following: o o Automatic Start Action: Nothing Automatic Stop Action: Shut down the guest operating system

K Task 3: Enable resource metering

~~ At the Windows PowerShell prompt, enter the following commands: Enab7e-VMResourceMetering LON-GUEST1 Enable-VMResourceMetering LON-GUEST2

Resu lts: After completing this exercise, you should have deployed two separate virtual machines using a sysprepped virtual hard disk file as a parent disk for two differencing virtual hard disks.

8-36 Implementing Server Virtuahation with Hyper-V

Exercise4: UsingVirtualMachineCheckpoints Scenario

You are in the process of developing a strategy to mitigate the impact of incorrectly applied change requests. As a part of this strategy development, you are testing the speed and functionality of virtual machine checkpoints to roll back to a previously existing stable configuration. In this exercise, you will deploy Windows Server 2012 in a virtual machine. You will then create a stable configuration for that virtual machine, and create a virtual machine checkpoint. Finally, you will modify the configuration, and roll back to the checkpoint. The main tasks for this exercise are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Deploy Windows Server 2012 in a virtual machine. Create a virtual machine checkpoint. Modify the virtual machine. Reved to the existing virtual machine checkpoint. View resource metering data.

n Task 1: Deploy Windows Server 2012 in a virtual machine

1. 2. Use the Hyper-V Manager console to start LON-GUEST1. Open the Virtual Machine Connection Window, and perform the following steps to deploy Windows Server 2012 on the virtual machine: o o o 3. 4. On the Settings page, click Next to accept the Region and Language settings. On the Settings page, click 1Accept. On the Settings page, enter the password Pa$$wOrd twice, and then click Finish.

Sign in to the virtual machine using the account Administrator and the password Pa$$wOrd. Reset the name of the virtual machine to LON - GUEST1, and then restad the virtual machine.

K Task 2: Create a virtual machine checkpoint

1. Sign in to the LON-GUEST1 virtual machine, and verify that the name of the computer is set to LON- GUEST1. 2. Create a checkpoint of LON-GUEST1, and name the checkpoint Before Change.

Task 3: Modify the virtual machine

1. Sign in to the LON-GUEST1 virtual machine, and use the Server Manager console to change the computer's name to LON-Computerl. Reboot the virtual machine. Sign in to the LON-GUEST1 virtual machine, and verify that the server name is set to LON-Computerl.

2. 3.

K Task4: Reverttothe existing virtual machine checkpoint

1. 2. Use the Virtual Machine Connection window to reved the virtual machine. Verify that the Computer Name of the virtual machine is now set to LON - GUEST1.

20410C: Installing and Configuring Windows Server,2012 8-37

K Task 5: View resource metering data

1. On LON-HOST1, issue the following command: Measure-VM LON--GUEST1 2. Note the average CPU, average RAM, and total disk use figures, and then close Windows PowerShell.

Results: After completing this exercise, you should have used virtual machine checkpoints to recover from a virtual machine misconfiguration.

K Revert the virtual machines

After you finish the lab, restad the computer in Windows Server 2012. 1. 2. On the taskbar, click the Windows PowerShell icon. In the Windows PowerShell window, enter the following command, and then press Enter. Shutdown /r /t 5 3. From the Windows Boot Manager, select Windows Server 2012.

Lab Review Questions

Question: What type of virtual network switch would you create if you wanted to allow the virtual machine to communicate with the LAN that is connected to the Hyper-V virtualization server? Question: How can you ensure that no one single virtual machine uses all available bandwidth provided by the Hyper-V virtualization server? Question: What Dynamic Memory configuration task was not possible on previous versions of Hyper-V, but which you can now perforen on a virtual machine that is hosted on the Hyper-V role on a Windows Server 2012 server?

8-38 Implemenling Server Vinualization with Hyper-V

Module Review and Takeaways

Module Review Questions
Question: In which situations should you use a fixed memory allocation instead of Dynamic Memory? Question: In which situations must you use virtual hard disks with the new .vhdx format instead of virtual hard disks with the old .vhd format? Question: You want to deploy a Windows Server 2012 Hyper-V virtual machine's virtual hard disk on a file share. What operating system must the file server be running to support this configuration?

Best Practices
When implementing server virtualization with Hyper-V, use the following best practices: Ensure that the processor on the computer that will run Hyper-V supports hardware assisted virtualization. Ensure that a virtualization server is provisioned with adequate RAM. Having multiple virtual machines paging the hard disk drive because they have inadequate memory decreases performance for all virtual machines on the server. Monitor virtual machine performance carefully. A virtual machine that uses a disproportionate amount of server resources can reduce the performance of all other virtual machines that are hosted on the same virtualization server.

Common Issues and Troubleshooting Tips

Common Issue Cannot deploy Hyper-V on an x64 platform. Troubleshooting Tip

Virtual machine does not use Dynamic Memory.

Tools
You can use the following tools with Hyper-V to deploy and manage virtual machines. Tool I Sysinternals disk2vhd I tool Use Use to convert physical hard disks to VHD format. 1. 1 VVhere to find it Microsoft TechNet website

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