Boiling Condensation and Two

Phase Flow
Lecture 3
Prof. Sarit Kumar Das
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
BOILING
Process of changing the liquid to vapor at a constant
temperature called as saturation temperature or boiling
point
Many ways in wlicl boiling can be classified Many ways in wlicl boiling can be classified
Meclanismof plase clange
Geomeiiy of fluid coniainei
Exieinal]Inieinal Boiling
Befoie discussing ilese classificaiion lei us lool ai evaporation
also lnown as silent boiling
EVAPORATION
Naiuie's meclanism io iuin liquid inio vapoi
(Evaporation from lakes, rivers, oceans)
Does noi iequiie liquid io ieacl T
sai
(occurs at ambient conditions makes the air humid)
Applicaiions:
Cooling Toweis
Comfoii Aii Condiiioneis
Humidificaiion]Delumidificaiion Desalinaiion Sysiems
Vapoiizaiion iales place once ile T
amb
is liglei ilan T
sai
coiiesponding io ile paiiial piessuie of waiei vapoi in aii
Evapoiaiion in piaciical applicaiions
Heai flux is sucl ilai wall is jusi above Tsai ai ile given
piessuie
Wall iempeiaiuie is noi sufficieni foi vapoi bubbles io be
foimed
T
o
~ T
sat
Vapoi
Boundary layer where
Pool leaied
fiom boiiom
Liquid
y
T
wall
T
liquid
Tempeiaiuie piofile
1 mm
Boundary layer where
T
wall
drops to T
liquid
is
typically 1mmin
thickness
CLASSIFICATION OF BOILING
Mosi populai way of classificaiion based on geomeiiy
Majoi modes
Pool Boiling
Flow Boiling
Classificaiion based on meclanism of boiling
Majoi modes
Nucleaie Boiling
Conveciive Boiling
Film Boiling
Nucleate Boiling:
Vapoi bubbles aie foimed on a suiface in coniaci wiil ile liquid
Can lappen boil wiil siagnani liquid oi wiil liquid flowing on suiface
Convective Boiling:
Liquid foims a ilin film on ile wall and leai is conducied iliougl ilis
ilin film
Finally evapoiaies ile liquid ai ile vapoi inieiface Finally evapoiaies ile liquid ai ile vapoi inieiface
Film Boiling:
Due io ligl flux a vapoi film blanleis ile leaiei suiface
Resulis in veiy pooi leai iiansfei
Raises ile iempeiaiuie of ile leaiing suiface; causes meliing iesuliing
in burn out'
Mechanisms are not always unique; several mechanisms can co-eist
!o the geometry based classification is more common
Pool Boiling:
Wlen liquid is siagnani and a leaiei is immersed inio ile pool
Howevei liquid ciiculaiion due io bubbles 8 naiuial conveciion iis noi
ieally siagnani
Eleciiodes
Geometry Bae! Clai"ication
Pi wiie
Heaiei
Heaiing suiface
VARIOUS CONFIGURATIONS FOR STUDYING POOL BOILING
Some siudies considei pool boiling as external boiling' and flow boiling as internal boiling'
Analogy wiil exieinal and inieinal conveciion of single plase
Vapor
ater !urface
ioo
o
ioo.(
o
TE#PERAT$RE PROFILE IN N$CLEATE BOILING
ater
Tempeiaiuie
y
iio
o
FLO% BOILING
In indusiiial equipmeni, boiling iales place undei condiiions of foiced
flow
Vapoiizaiion can be compleie oi paiiial depending on applicaiion
Eniiie piocess undeigoes clange in iwo aspecis
Vapoi]Liquid conieni
Paiiein in wlicl vapoi]liquid co-exisi
Regimes of Flow boiling
Foiced conveciion
Subcooled boiling
Saiuiaied Boiling
Conveciive Boiling Diyoui
Spiay Cooling
Plysically vaiious fluid siiuciuies exisi
Bubbly flow
Slug flow
Cluin flow
Annulai flow
Misi flow
Tiansiiions fiom
-subcooled io nucleaie
-nucleaie io conveciive -nucleaie io conveciive
B$BBL& FLO% B$BBL&'SL$G FLO%
SL$G FLO% SL$G'SE#I(ANN$LAR FLO% SL$G FLO% SL$G'SE#I(ANN$LAR FLO%
SE#I ANN$LAR FLO% %AV& ANN$LAR FLO%
ANN$LAR FLO%
Subcooled liquid enieis iube ; h depends on mass flux
As nucleaie boiling siaiis all cuives meige
Nucleaie boiling las liglei iaie of leai iiansfei
independeni of mass flux
Nucleaie boiling depends on leai flux; qi, q:.
As ile consiani leai flux line ieacles iegion of conveciive
boiling, iley follow consiani mass flux lines
Tiansiiion fiom nucleaie io conveciive boiling
Nucleaie boiling is leai
flux dependeni
Conveciive boiling is
mass flux dependeni
In boil cases leai iiansfei coefficieni expiessed as-
c is dependeni on fluid piopeiiies
x is ile qualiiy
m is ile mass flow iaie
h=cq
n
m
p
f(x*)
m is ile mass flow iaie
Foi nucleaie boiling
o.i < p < o.
n = o.y (appiox.)
Foi conveciive boiling
o.6 < p < o.S
n=o (appiox.)
En! o" Lecture ) En! o" Lecture )