Chapter 1 - Introduction

Introductory Circuit Analysis Robert L. Boylestad

1.1 The Electrical/Electronics Industry

Technology and its effects on our lives

Healthcare and the arts Computer simulations First developed in the late 1950s Once understood, will not be replaced

The Integrated Circuit (IC)

Understanding of fundamental concepts

1.2 A Brief History The Beginning

Physicists, chemists, mathematicians and even philosophers William Gilbert (static electricity) Otto von Guericke (first machine to generate large amounts of charge) Stephen Gray (transmitted electrical charge over long distances on silk thread)

A Brief History The Beginning

Charles DuFay (charges attract or repel) Pieter van Musschenbroek 1745 (Leyden jar) Benjamin Franklin 1752 (used the Leyden jar to prove lightning is an electrical discharge) Charles Coulomb 1784 (force between charges) Luigi Galvani 1791 (effects of electricity on animals) Alessandro Volt 1799 (voltaic cell)

A Brief History The Beginning

Hans Christian Oersted 1820 (foundation of electromagnetism) Georg Ohm 1831 (Ohms Law) Michael Faraday 1831 (electromagnetic induction and condenser) James Clerk Maxwell 1862 (electromagnetic theory of light) Heinrich Rudolph Hertz 1888 (microwaves) Wilhelm Rntgen 1895 (X ray)

A Brief History - The Age of Electronics

Radio the true beginning of electronics Thomas Edison and the Edison effect Guglielmo Marconi the father of the radio Aleksandr Popov first radio message

Heinrich Hertz

John Ambrose Fleming 1904 (the first diode, Flemings valve) Lee De Forest 1906 (first amplifier)

A Brief History - The Age of Electronics

Edwin Armstrong 1912 (first regenerative circuit) Radio signals being transmitted across the U.S. 1915 Television Paul Nipkow 1884 (electrical telescope) John Baird 1927 (transmission of TV over telephone lines) 1928 (transmission of TV over radio waves) NBC 1932 (first commercial TV antenna installed) Color television 1960s

A Brief History - The Age of Electronics

Computers Blaise Pascal 1642 (earliest computer system) Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz 1673 (Leibniz wheel) Charles Babbage 1823 (difference engine) IBM was formed 1924 ENIAC 1946 University of Pennsylvania

A Brief History - The Solid-State Era

Bell Telephone Laboratories 1947

Point-contact transistor

First integrated circuit (IC) 1958 - Texas Instruments First commercial grade IC 1961 - Fairchild Corp.

1.3 Units of Measurement

The numerical

value substituted into an equation must have the unit of measurement specified by the equation
v=4000ft
1 min = 4000mi/h

Should be:

v= 0.7576 mi
0.0167 h

= 45.37mi/h

If a

unit of measurement is applicable to a result or piece of data, then it must be applied to the numerical value

Units of Measurement
Each quantity has

the proper unit of measurement as defined by the equation The proper magnitude of each quantity as determined by the defining equation is substituted Each quantity is in the same system of units (or as defined by the equation) The magnitude of the results is of a reasonable nature when compared to the level of the substituted quantities The proper unit of measurement is applied to the result

1.4 Systems of Units

Standard set of

units for all nations Le Systme International dUnits 1960 Adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) in 1965 Adopted by USA Standards Institute in 1967 The standards of some units are quite interesting
Meter Kilogram

1.5 Significant Figures, Accuracy, and Rounding Off

When writing numbers, consider:

format used number of digits being included unit of measurement to be applied

Two type of

numbers: exact and approximate Significant figures Adding approximate numbers Rounding off numbers

1.6 Powers of Ten

Powers of 10
1=100

=101 100 =102 1000 =103

10

1/10 = 0.1 =10-1 1/100 = 0.01 =10-2 1/1000 = 0.001 =10-3 1/10,000 = 0.0001 =10-4

Powers of Ten

Addition and Subtraction

When adding or subtracting numbers in a powers-of-ten format, be sure that the power of ten is the same for each number. Then separate the multipliers, perform the required operation, and apply the same power of ten to the result

Powers of Ten

Multiplication

When multiplying numbers in the powers-of-ten format, first find the product of the multipliers and then determine the power of ten for the result by adding the power-of-ten exponents

Powers of Ten

Division

When dividing numbers in the powers-of-ten format, first find the result of dividing the multipliers. Then determine the associated power for the result by subtracting the power of ten of the denominator from the power of ten of the numerator

Powers of Ten

Powers

When finding the power of a number in the powers-of-ten format, first separate the multiplier from the power of ten and determine each separately. Determine the power-of-ten component by multiplying the power of ten by the power to be determined

Powers of Ten

Fixed-Point, Floating-Point, Scientific, and Engineering Notation

There are generally four ways in which numbers appear

Fixed-point Floating-point

notation Scientific (standard) notation Engineering notation

Powers of Ten

Prefixes

Specific powers of ten in engineering notation have been assigned prefixes and symbols

1.7 Conversion Between Levels of Powers of Ten

Convert kilohertz (kHz) to megahertz (MHz) Convert milliseconds (ms) to microseconds ( s) Convert kilometers (km) to millimeters (mm)

1.8 Conversion Within and Between Systems of Units

Set up

the conversion factor to form a numerical value of (1) with the unit of measurement to be removed from the original quantity in the denominator mathematics to obtain the proper magnitude for the remaining unit of measurement

Perform the required

1.9 Symbols

1.10 Conversion Tables

Conversion tables are useful but frequent errors occur because the operations are not applied properly Establish mentally the magnitude for a quantity in the original set of units Anticipatory thinking will eliminate the possibility of mistakes

1.11 Calculators
Must have a thorough and correct understanding of the process by which a calculator works Choose a calculator that has the ability to perform the functions you need (such as complex numbers) Initial settings

Format

and accuracy

Order of operation

1.12 Computer Analysis

Computer usage has Language
C++,

grown exponentially

Basic, Pascal, and Fortran

Software packages
Cadences

OrCAD PSpice 9.2, Electronic Workbenchs Multisim, and MathSofts Mathcad 2000