MACHINE DRAWING & INDUSTRIAL DRAFTING (MH402)

MACHINE DRAWING & INDUSTRIAL DRAFTING

Teaching Scheme (Hours/Week) Lectures --Tutorial --Practical 2+3 Theory --Examination Scheme (Marks) Sessional --Practical 50 T.W. 50 Total 100

PART A (MACHINE DRAWING) PRINCIPLES OF DRAWING: Drawing sheet (sizes and designations, title block, borders and frames, grid reference system), Scales (Designation, recommended scales, specifications), lines, lettering, sectioning, conventional representations, dimensioning, standard abbreviations DETACHABLE FASTNERS: Screw threads, approximate and conventional representations, specifications, Threaded fasteners (Types, forms, standard and specifications), Foundation bolts, locking devices (Classification, principles of operation, standard types and their proportions PERMANENT FASTNERS: Rivets (Standard forms and proportions), Riveted joints (Common types of joints, terminology, proportions and representations), Types of welds and welded joints, edge preparation, specifications and representation of welds on drawings, IS designation of weld symbols ASSEMBLY DRAWING: Review of sheet preparation, boundary lines, zones, title block, revision panel, parts list, numbering of components and associated detail drawing, bill of materials, assembly drawings of various machine sub-assemblies and assemblies from detail drawings, sketches and actual machine components PRODUCTION DRAWING: Limits, fits and tolerances of size and form, types and grade, use of tolerance tables and specification of tolerances, form and cumulative tolerances, tolerance dimensioning, general tolerances, surface quality symbols, terminology and representation on drawings, correlation 2 of tolerances and surface quality with manufacturing techniques.

MACHINE DRAWING & INDUSTRIAL DRAFTING

PART B (COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING) 1 2 3 INTRODUCTION TO AutoCAD: Starting with AutoCAD, AutoCAD dialog boxes, Co-ordinate Systems, drawing lines, circle, arcs, rectangle, ellipse, polygons, etc EDITING SKETCHED OBJECTS: Editing sketches, moving, copying, pasting, offsetting, scaling, chamfering, trimming, mirroring. Filleting, sketched objects BASIC DIMENSIONING: Geometric dimensioning and Tolerance: Dimensioning AutoCAD, Creating linear, rotated, angular aligned base line Dimensions, Modifying dimensions PLOTTING: Plotting the drawings in AutoCAD, plotting drawing using the plot dialog box, adding plotters and using plot styles, plotting sheets BASIC 3D MODELLING

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MACHINE DRAWING & INDUSTRIAL DRAFTING

Text Books: Machine Drawing K. L. Narayana, P. Kannaiah, K. Venkata Reddy, 3rd edition, New age international (P) Ltd. Machine Drawing N. Sidheswar, P. Kannaiah, V.V.S. Sastry, Tata McGraw Hill

Machine Drawing N. D. Junnarkar, Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd Reference Books: P.S. Gill, Machine Drawing by S.K. Kataria, New Delhi
Sham Tickoo, AutoCAD 2012 CENGAGE learning

Technical Drawing byGiesecke, F.E., Mitchel, A., Spencer, H.C., Hill, I.L.,, 13th Ed., Prentice-Hall
SP 46: 1988 Engineering Drawing Practice for Schools and Colleges, Bureau of Indian standards 1988 PSG Design data book
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PRINCIPLES OF DRAWING Drawing sheet

Scales Title block Borders and Frames Grid reference system (zoning) Lines Lettering Sections

Conventional representation
Dimensioning Standard Abbreviations
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DRAWING SHEET
Use of standard size sheet saves paper and facilitates convenient storage of drawing For sheet sizes the basic principles are; (a) X:Y 1 (b) XY=1 : 2 For A0 size, surface area is 1m2, X=841mm and Y=1189mm Preferred drawing sheet sizes as per ISOA series is given in Table 1.1

Table 1.1

DRAWING SHEET
The special elongated sizes are obtained by multiplying the shorter sides of the chosen basic format as shown in Table 1.2

Table 1.2

DRAWING SHEET
Different drawing shown in Figure 1.1 sheet formats are

Figure 1.1 Drawing sheet formats

DRAWING SCALE
The proportion by which we either reduce or increase the actual size of an object on a drawing is known as drawing to scale or simply Scale. Scale is the ratio of linear dimension of an element of an object as represented in the drawing to the real linear dimension of the same element of the object Where ever possible, full scale is desirable Enlarged scales are used for drawing very small objects Reduced scales are used for drawing very 10 large objects

DRAWING SCALE SIZES OF THE SCALE

Full scale : 1:1 Reduced scales The standard reducing proportions are; 1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50 and 1:100 Enlarged scales The standard enlarging proportions are;

2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1 and 50:1

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DRAWING SCALE Complete designation of scale consists of the word scale followed by the indication of its ratio as: SCALE 1:1 for full size SCALE X:1 for enlarged size SCALE 1:X for reduced size Standard scales are shown in Table 1.2

Table 1.2

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TITLE BLOCK
Important feature of the drawing It gives all the information of the prepared drawing It is drawn at the bottom right corner The recommended size of the title block

by Bureau of Indian Standards (B.I.S.)

SP-46:1998 is 185mm x 65mm for all designations of drawing sheets
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TITLE BLOCK
The title block should contain - Title of the drawing - Drawing/sheet number

- Scale
- Symbol, denoting the method of projection - Name of the company/firm

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TITLE BLOCK
NAME : CLASS : ROLL NO : START: COMP.: YEAR: 2011-12 50 150 50
DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY, NADIAD FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

TITLE OF THE DRAWING

DRAWING NO.: CHECKED BY: 50

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BORDERS AND FRAMES

Border should be provided with all sheet sizes Borders have a minimum width of 20mm for

the sizes A0 and A1

Borders have a minimum width of 10mm for the sizes A2, A3 and A4 A filling margin may be provided on far left edge

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BORDERS AND FRAMES

The drawing sheet layout is shown in Figure 1.3

Figure 1.3

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CENTRING MARKS
Provided to facilitate positioning of the drawing when reproduced Four centring marks may be provided

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ORIENTATION MARKS
Provided to indicate the drawing sheet on the board orientation of the

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METRIC REFERENCE GRADUATION

Provide figure-less metric reference Provided with minimum length 100mm and divided into 10 intervals Drawn symmetrically about the centring mark with width 5mm

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TRIMMING MARKS
Provided at four corners of the sheet in order to facilitate trimming These marks are in the form of right angled isosceles triangles

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GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM

Recommended in order to permit easy location on the drawing of details, additions or modifications Number of divisions should be divisible by two Chosen in relation to the complexity of the drawing Length of any side of grid should not be less than 25mm and should not be more than 75mm The rectangles of the grid should be referenced by means of capital letters along one edge and numerals along the other edge The numbering may start at the sheet corner opposite to the title block as shown in Figure 1.5
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LINES

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LINES

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LINES
THICK LINE / OBJECT OUTLINES
Represented by thick line (0.7mm thickness) and is used to show the outer visible feature of the object in the drawing

LINES
HIDDEN LINES
Represented by short dashes closely and evenly spaced Used to show the invisible or hidden parts on the drawing

LINES
CHAIN THIN DOUBLE DASHED (PHANTOM LINES)
These Lines are used to represent the outline of an adjacent part, show alternate position of a moving part or replace repetitive details such as gear teeth and threads

LINES
LONG BREAK LINES
Represented by thin ruled line provided with free hand zig-zags at suitable intervals and is used to show the break for a considerable length of the object

LINES
SHORT BREAK LINES
Represented by thin free-hand and is used to show the break of an object for a short length

LINES
CUTTING PLANE LINE
Represented by thick long line at the ends with thin long and short lines at the centre Used to show the edge of the cutting plane

LINES
CONTINUOUS THIN LINE
Used for showing dimension lines, extension lines, construction lines, hatching lines or section lines

LINES
CENTRE LINE
Represented by long and short dashed in proportion ranging from 6:1 to 4:1, closely and evenly spaced in any drawing Used to show the centre line location of cylindrical, conical and spherical objects

LETTERING
Lettering on a drawing enables engineer, architect or designer to communicate a complete description of an object Standard lettering for technical drawing are called Gothic lettering

All letters in words are capitalized and squared

LETTERING
The height (h) of capital letters is taken as the base of dimensioning Two standard ratios for d/h, 1/14 and 1/10 are used The lettering may be vertical or inclined at 150 to the right The proportions of different dimensions are shown below

LETTERING
For standard ratios for d/h, 1/14 different dimensions are shown below

LETTERING
For standard ratios for d/h, 1/10 different dimensions are shown below

LETTERING
RULES FOR LETTERING
Use the single-stroke, vertical, gothic style of lettering Use upper case (capital) letters only! Always skip a space between rows of letters

Always use very light guide

Fraction bars are always drawn horizontal Use a medium (B, HB, H) lead for normal

lettering
Use a hard (4H to 9H) lead for drawing guide lines

LETTERING
STEPS FOR LETTERING
Draw 2 lines parallel and write letters in it The lines can be drawn using 2H pencil The line must be very soft enough for our own eyes to be seen

Line can be drawn horizontally using T Square

Firstly, determine the height (h) of the letter to be drawn

The length between 2 line must be h mm

LETTERING
VERTICAL LETTERING

LETTERING
VERTICAL LETTERING

LETTERING
INCLINED LETTERING

LETTERING
Don't mix capital letters with small letters (a)
Write in a form of same type of letter (b)

LETTERING
Dont mix letters which written straight with
leaning letters

LETTERING
Letter must have uniform thickness and
blackness

INCORRECT

CORRECT

SECTIONS
A section drawing shows the inside details of an object by cutting away part of the object

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SECTIONS

Normal multiview drawing Normal section view

Section view drawing with convention

SECTIONS CUTTING PLANE LINES

Cutting plane lines mark the point at which the object is to be cut apart (with dashed line) Sight lines point to the part of the object that is to be kept
CUTTING PLANE LINE

SIGHT LINE

SECTIONS HATCHING
Used to show where the object has been cut If the part was cut with a saw, the hatching would represent where the saw actually touched the object as it was being cut Hatch lines should match the color of the cutting plane line The pattern of the hatching used represents different types of materials

Hatch lines

SECTIONS FULL SECTION

The cutting plane line cuts through the entire length, height, or width

SECTIONS HALF SECTION

The cutting plane line cuts through only Half the length, height, or width of the object

This line divides the object so the sectioned portion and the non-sectioned portion can be defined.

SECTIONS OFFSET SECTION

Offset sections allow one cutting plane line to transect multiple areas of a part This reduces the amount of work needed to complete a drawing

SECTIONS PARTIAL OR LOCAL SECTION

Local section is drawn if half or full section is not convenient Local break may be shown by continuous thin free hand line

SECTIONS REVOLVED SECTION

Cross sections may be revolved in relevant view The outline of the section should be shown with thin continuous line inside the object as shown

SECTIONS REVOLVED AND REMOVED SECTION

The removed section may be placed near to and connected with the view by a chain thin line (a) or in a different position and identified in the conventional manner (b)

SECTIONS SECTIONS NOT TO BE HATCHED

INVISIBLE LINE TECHNIQUE

INVISIBLE LINE TECHNIQUE

AXIS REPRESENTATION

CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF MATERIALS

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CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF M/C COMPONENTS

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CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF M/C COMPONENTS

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CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF M/C COMPONENTS

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CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF M/C COMPONENTS

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CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF M/C COMPONENTS

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CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF M/C COMPONENTS

Title

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CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF M/C COMPONENTS

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DIMENSIONING
Dimension is a numerical value expressed in appropriate units of measurement and indicated on drawing using lines, symbols, notes etc As far as possible, dimensions should be placed outside the view Dimensions should be taken from visible outlines rather than from hidden lines Each feature should be dimensioned once on a drawing Dimensions should be placed on the view or section that relates most clearly to the corresponding features Each drawing should use the same unit for all dimensions but without unit symbol

DIMENSIONING METHODS
Dimensions should be indicated on a drawing according to any one of the following methods; (a) Aligned system (b) Uni-directional system

(a)

(b)

DIMENSIONING BASIC TYPES

Angular dimensions are placed so that they show the angle of an inclined feature on a drawing

DIMENSIONING BASIC TYPES

Arrowless dimensions are used in confined areas where other dimensioning methods would confuse the reader Also arrowless dimensioning is very accurate since all features are dimensioned from an origin point or datum point

DIMENSIONING BASIC TYPES

Chain dimensions are placed end to end This practice is not as accurate as datum dimensioning because the location of the each feature is dependent upon neighboring features

DIMENSIONING BASIC TYPES

Datum dimensions are placed so that all dimensions originate at the same coordinate This practice is accurate than chain dimensioning because the location of each feature is independent of the other feature

DIMENSIONING BASIC TYPES

Chart dimensioning is used when part sizes change to fit an application. In the above example part #ADD120 may be needed: therefore a note is placed on the drawing to indicate that the part is to be fabricated according to these specifications. This type of method eliminates the need to create a separate drawing for each suitable change in design. If new part is needed with a larger hole, that instance is added to the table with its own part number

DIMENSIONING BASIC TYPES

Tabular dimensioning is used to locate features on a (X,Y) coordinate system. In the above example a hole is identifying by a letter, and its location is identified by a coordinate This method saves space and avoids confusing and error If a new hole is needed or the location is changed another hole number may be added or the coordinate may be quickly changed

DIMENSIONING BASIC TYPES

Radius/Diameter dimensioning is used to dimension fillets, rounds and circles Fillets are small inside arcs and rounds are small outside arcs

DIMENSIONING BASIC TYPES

To avoid repetitious dimensions on a drawing the abbreviation TYP (meaning typical) is used. When TYP appears after a size dimension, such as a diameter, un-dimensioned circles are intended to be the same dimension.

MEANING OF NOTES

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DRAFTING ABBREVIATIONS

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MATERIAL ABBREVIATIONS

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