MATLAB FOR IMAGE PROCESSING

Francesca Pizzorni Ferrarese

Outline
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Introduction to MATLAB
!! Basics

& Examples

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Image Processing with MATLAB

!! Basics

& Examples

What is MATLAB?
!!

MATLAB = Matrix Laboratory MATLAB is a high-level language and interactive environment that enables you to perform computationally intensive tasks faster than with traditional programming languages such as C, C++ and Fortran. (www.mathworks.com) MATLAB is an interactive, interpreted language that is designed for fast numerical matrix calculations

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The MATLAB Environment

MATLAB window components:
!! Workspace
"!

!! Command
"!

> Displays all the defined variables > To execute commands in the MATLAB environment > Displays record of the commands used

Window History

!! Command
"!

!! File

Editor Window

"! > Define your functions

MATLAB Help
MATLAB Help features:
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MATLAB Help is an extremely powerful assistance to learning MATLAB Help not only contains the theoretical background, but also shows demos for implementation MATLAB Help can be opened by using the HELP pull-down menu

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MATLAB Help
MATLAB Help features
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Any command description can be found by typing the command in the search field As shown above, the command to take square root (sqrt) is searched We can also utilize MATLAB Help from the command window as shown

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More about the Workspace

who, whos current variables in the workspace !! save save workspace variables to *.mat file !! load load variables from *.mat file !! clear clear workspace variables
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Matrices in MATLAB
Matrix is the main MATLAB data type !! How to build a matrix?
!!

!! A=[1

2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]; !! Creates matrix A of size 3 x 3

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Special matrices:
!! zeros(n,m),

ones(n,m), eye(n,m), rand(), randn()

Basic operations on matrices

All operators in MATLAB are defined on matrices: +, -, *, /, ^, sqrt, sin, cos, etc. !! Element-wise operators defined with a preceding dot: .*, ./, .^
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!! size(A)

size vector !! sum(A) columns sums vector !! sum(sum(A)) sum of all the elements

Variable name in MATLAB

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Variable naming rules

!! must

be unique in the first 63 characters !! must begin with a letter !! may not contain blank spaces or other types of punctuation !! may contain any combination of letters, digits, and underscores !! are case-sensitive !! should not use Matlab keyword
!!

Pre-defined variable names

!! pi...

Logical operators
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==, <, >, (not equal) ~=, (not) ~ find(condition) Returns indexes of As elements that satisfy the condition

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Logical operators
Example: !! >>A=[7 3 5; 6 2 1], Idx=find (A<4)
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!! A=

7 3 5 6 2 1
!! Idx=

3 4 6

Flow control
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MATLAB has five flow control constructs:

statement !! switch statement !! for loop !! while loop !! break statement
!! if

If
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IF statement condition
!! The

general form of the IF statement is

expression
statements
"!

"! IF

"! ELSEIF
"!

expression

statements statements

"! ELSE
"!

"! END

if
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Example

clear clc temperatura = 300 * rand(1) - 100; if (temperatura < 0) disp(["Temperatura ", num2str(temperatura), ": Solido"]); elseif (temperatura < 100) disp(["Temperatura ", num2str(temperatura), ": Liquido"]); else disp(["Temperatura ", num2str(temperatura), ": Vapore"]); end

switch
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SWITCH Switch among several cases based on expression The general form of SWITCH statement is:
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SWITCH switch_expr
"! "!

CASE case_expr,
"!

statement, , statement statement, , statement statement, , statement

CASE {case_expr1, case_expr2, case_expr3, }

"! "!

"!

OTHERWISE
"!

!!

END

switch
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Note:
!! Only

the statements between the matching CASE and the next CASE, OTHERWISE, or END are executed !! Unlike C, the SWITCH statement does not fall through (so BREAKs are unnecessary)

switch
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Example

clear clc cap = input("Inserire il cap:"); switch cap case 37100 disp(["cap " , num2str(cap) , ": Verona"]); case 35100 disp(["cap " , num2str(cap) , ": Padova"]); case 25100 disp(["cap " , num2str(cap) , ": Brescia"]); otherwise disp("cap sconosciuto! "); end

for
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FOR repeats statements a specific number of times The general form of a FOR statement is:
!! FOR !! END

!!

variable=expr

"! statements

for
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Example

clear clc for i = 1 : 10 disp(["Iterazione: " num2str(i)]); temperatura = 300 * rand(1) - 100; if (temperatura < 0) disp(["Temperatura ", num2str(temperatura), ": Solido"]); elseif (temperatura < 100) disp(["Temperatura ", num2str(temperatura), ": Liquido"]); else disp(["Temperatura ", num2str(temperatura), ": Vapore"]); end end

while
WHILE repeats statements an indefinite number of times !! The general form of a WHILE statement is:
!!

!! WHILE !! END

expression

"! statements

while
Example clear
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clc while(1) cap = input("Inserire il cap:"); if cap == 0 break; end switch cap case 37100 disp(["cap " , num2str(cap) , ": Verona"]); case 35100 disp(["cap " , num2str(cap) , ": Padova"]); case 25100 disp(["cap " , num2str(cap) , ": Brescia"]); otherwise disp("cap sconosciuto! "); end end

Scripts and functions

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There are two kinds of M-files:

!! Scripts,

which do not accept input arguments or return output arguments. They operate on data in the workspace !! Functions, which can accept input arguments and return output arguments. Internal variables are local to the function

Functions in MATLAB
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Example:
!! A

file called STAT.M:

"! function

[mean, stdev]=stat(x) "! %STAT Interesting statistics. "! n=length(x); "! mean=sum(x)/n; "! stdev=sqrt(sum((x-mean).^2)/n);
!! Defines

a new function called STAT that calculates the mean and standard deviation of a vector. Function name and file name should be the SAME!

Visualization and graphics

!! !! !! !!

!! !! !! !!

plot(x,y),plot(x,sin(x)) plot 1D function figure, figure(k) open a new figure hold on, hold off refreshing axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]) change axes Title("figure title") add title to figure mesh(x_ax,y_ax,z_mat) view surface contour(z_mat) view z as topo map subplot(3,1,2) locate several plots in figure

Saving your work

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save mysession
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% creates mysession.mat with all variables

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save mysession a b !! % save only variables a and b clear all !! % clear all variables clear a b !! % clear variables a and b load mysession !! % load session

Outline
!!

Introduction to MATLAB
!! Basics

& Examples

!!

Image Processing with MATLAB

!! Basics

& Examples

What is the Image Processing Toolbox?

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The Image Processing Toolbox is a collection of functions that extend the capabilities of the MATLABs numeric computing environment. The toolbox supports a wide range of image processing operations, including:
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Geometric operations Neighborhood and block operations Linear filtering and filter design Transforms Image analysis and enhancement Binary image operations Region of interest operations

Images in MATLAB
MATLAB can import/export several image formats:
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Data types in MATLAB

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BMP (Microsoft Windows Bitmap) GIF (Graphics Interchange Files) HDF (Hierarchical Data Format) JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) PCX (Paintbrush) PNG (Portable Network Graphics) TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) XWD (X Window Dump) raw-data and other types of image data

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Double (64-bit double-precision floating point) Single (32-bit single-precision floating point) Int32 (32-bit signed integer) Int16 (16-bit signed integer) Int8 (8-bit signed integer) Uint32 (32-bit unsigned integer) Uint16 (16-bit unsigned integer) Uint8 (8-bit unsigned integer)

Images in MATLAB
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Binary images : {0,1} Intensity images : [0,1] or uint8, double etc. RGB images : m ! n ! 3 Multidimensional images: m ! n ! p (p is the number of layers)

Image Import and Export

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Read and write images in Matlab

!! img

= imread('apple.jpg'); !! dim = size(img); !! figure; !! imshow(img); !! imwrite(img, 'output.bmp', 'bmp');

!!

Alternatives to imshow
!! imagesc(I) !! imtool(I) !! image(I)

Images and Matrices

How to build a matrix (or image)? Intensity Image:
[0, 0]  o Row 1 to 256

row = 256; col = 256; img = zeros(row, col); img(100:105, :) = 0.5; img(:, 100:105) = 1; figure; imshow(img);

o "#$%&'!(!)#!*+,! [256, 256] 

Images and Matrices

Binary Image:

row = 256; col = 256; img = rand(row, col); img = round(img); figure; imshow(img);

Image Display
image - create and display image object !! imagesc - scale and display as image !! imshow - display image !! colorbar - display colorbar !! getimage - get image data from axes !! truesize - adjust display size of image !! zoom - zoom in and zoom out of 2D plot
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Image Conversion
gray2ind - intensity image to index image !! im2bw - image to binary !! im2double - image to double precision !! im2uint8 - image to 8-bit unsigned integers !! im2uint16 - image to 16-bit unsigned integers !! ind2gray - indexed image to intensity image !! mat2gray - matrix to intensity image !! rgb2gray - RGB image to grayscale !! rgb2ind - RGB image to indexed image
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Image Operations
RGB image to gray image !! Image resize !! Image crop !! Image rotate !! Image histogram !! Image histogram equalization !! Image DCT/IDCT !! Convolution
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Outline
!!

Introduction to MATLAB
!! Basics

& Examples

!!

Image Processing with MATLAB

!! Basics

& Examples

Examples working with Images

Blending two images

Performance Issues
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The idea: MATLAB is

!! !!

very fast on vector and matrix operations Correspondingly slow with loops

Try to avoid loops! !! Try to vectorize your code!

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Vectorize Loops
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Example !! Given image matrices, A and B, of the same size (540*380), blend these two images apple = imread("apple.jpg"); orange = imread("orange.jpg"); Poor Style
% measure performance using stopwatch timer tic for i = 1 : size(apple, 1) for j = 1 : size(apple, 2) for k = 1 : size(apple, 3) output(i, j, k) = (apple(i, j, k) + ... orange(i, j, k))/2; end end end toc

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Elapsed time is 0.138116 seconds

Vectorize Loops
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Example
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Given image matrices, A and B, of the same size (600*400), blend these two images apple = imread("apple.jpg"); orange = imread("orange.jpg");

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Better Style
tic % measure performance using stopwatch timer Output = (apple + orange)/2; toc

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Elapsed time is 0.099802 seconds

Computation is faster!