Present Perfect

FORM [has/have + past participle] Examples: You have seen that movie many times. ave you seen that movie many times! You have not seen that movie many times. "omplete #ist o$ %resent %er$ect Forms

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now &e use the %resent %er$ect to say that an action happene' at an unspeci$ie' time (e$ore no). *he exact time is not important. You "+,,O* use the %resent %er$ect )ith speci$ic time expressions such as: yester'ay- one year a.o- last )ee/- )hen 0 )as a chil'- )hen 0 live' in 1apan- at that moment- that 'ay- one 'ay- etc. &e "+, use the %resent %er$ect )ith unspeci$ic expressions such as: ever- never- once- many timesseveral times- (e$ore- so $ar- alrea'y- yet- etc. Examples: 0 have seen that movie t)enty times. 0 thin/ 0 have met him once (e$ore. *here have (een many earth2ua/es in "ali$ornia. %eople have travele' to the Moon. %eople have not travele' to Mars. ave you rea' the (oo/ yet! ,o(o'y has ever clim(e' that mountain. +: as there ever (een a )ar in the 3nite' 4tates!

5: Yes- there has (een a )ar in the 3nite' 4tates.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

*he concept o$ 6unspeci$ie' time6 can (e very con$usin. to En.lish learners. 0t is (est to associate %resent %er$ect )ith the $ollo)in. topics:

*O%0" 7 Experience You can use the %resent %er$ect to 'escri(e your experience. 0t is li/e sayin.- 60 have the experience o$...6 You can also use this tense to say that you have never ha' a certain experience. *he %resent %er$ect is ,O* use' to 'escri(e a speci$ic event. Examples: 0 have (een to France. *his sentence means that you have ha' the experience o$ (ein. in France. May(e you have (een there once- or several times. 0 have (een to France three times. You can a'' the num(er o$ times at the en' o$ the sentence. 0 have never (een to France. *his sentence means that you have not ha' the experience o$ .oin. to France. 0 thin/ 0 have seen that movie (e$ore. e has never travele' (y train. 1oan has stu'ie' t)o $orei.n lan.ua.es. +: ave you ever met him!

5: ,o- 0 have not met him.

*O%0" 8 "han.e Over *ime &e o$ten use the %resent %er$ect to tal/ a(out chan.e that has happene' over a perio' o$ time. Examples: You have .ro)n since the last time 0 sa) you. *he .overnment has (ecome more intereste' in arts e'ucation. 1apanese has (ecome one o$ the most popular courses at the university since the +sian stu'ies pro.ram )as esta(lishe'. My En.lish has really improve' since 0 move' to +ustralia.

*O%0" 9 +ccomplishments &e o$ten use the %resent %er$ect to list the accomplishments o$ in'ivi'uals an' humanity. You cannot mention a speci$ic time. Examples: Man has )al/e' on the Moon. Our son has learne' ho) to rea'. :octors have cure' many 'ea'ly 'iseases. 4cientists have split the atom.

*O%0" ; +n 3ncomplete' +ction You +re Expectin. &e o$ten use the %resent %er$ect to say that an action )hich )e expecte' has not happene'. 3sin. the %resent %er$ect su..ests that )e are still )aitin. $or the action to happen. Examples: 1ames has not $inishe' his home)or/ yet. 4usan hasn<t mastere' 1apanese- (ut she can communicate. 5ill has still not arrive'. *he rain hasn<t stoppe'.

*O%0" = Multiple +ctions at :i$$erent *imes &e also use the %resent %er$ect to tal/ a(out several 'i$$erent actions )hich have occurre' in the past at 'i$$erent times. %resent %er$ect su..ests the process is not complete an' more actions are possi(le. Examples: *he army has attac/e' that city $ive times. 0 have ha' $our 2ui>>es an' $ive tests so $ar this semester. &e have ha' many ma?or pro(lems )hile )or/in. on this pro?ect. 4he has tal/e' to several specialists a(out her pro(lem- (ut no(o'y /no)s )hy she is sic/. *ime Expressions )ith %resent %er$ect

&hen )e use the %resent %er$ect it means that somethin. has happene' at some point in our lives (e$ore no). Remem(er- the exact time the action happene' is not important. 4ometimes- )e )ant to limit the time )e are loo/in. in $or an experience. &e can 'o this )ith expressions such as: in the last )ee/- in the last year- this )ee/- this monthso $ar- up to no)- etc. Examples: ave you (een to Mexico in the last year! 0 have seen that movie six times in the last month. *hey have ha' three tests in the last )ee/. 4he .ra'uate' $rom university less than three years a.o. 4he has )or/e' $or three 'i$$erent companies so $ar. My car has (ro/en 'o)n three times this )ee/.

,O*0"E 6#ast year6 an' 6in the last year6 are very 'i$$erent in meanin.. 6#ast year6 means the year (e$ore no)- an' it is consi'ere' a speci$ic time )hich re2uires 4imple %ast. 60n the last year6 means $rom 9@= 'ays a.o until no). 0t is not consi'ere' a speci$ic time- so it re2uires %resent %er$ect. Examples: 0 )ent to Mexico last year. 0 )ent to Mexico in the calen'ar year (e$ore this one. 0 have (een to Mexico in the last year. 0 have (een to Mexico at least once at some point (et)een 9@= 'ays a.o an' no).

34E 8 :uration From the %ast 3ntil ,o) A,onB"ontinuous Cer(sD &ith ,onB"ontinuous Cer(s an' nonBcontinuous uses o$ Mixe' Cer(s- )e use the %resent %er$ect to sho) that somethin. starte' in the past an' has continue' up until no). 6For $ive minutes-6 6$or t)o )ee/s-6 an' 6since *ues'ay6 are all 'urations )hich can (e use' )ith the %resent %er$ect. Examples: 0 have ha' a col' $or t)o )ee/s.

4he has (een in En.lan' $or six months. Mary has love' chocolate since she )as a little .irl. +lthou.h the a(ove use o$ %resent %er$ect is normally limite' to ,onB"ontinuous Cer(s an' nonBcontinuous uses o$ Mixe' Cer(s- the )or's 6live-6 6)or/-6 6teach-6 an' 6stu'y6 are sometimes use' in this )ay even thou.h they are ,O* ,onB"ontinuous Cer(s.

+:CER5 %#+"EME,* *he examples (elo) sho) the placement $or .rammar a'ver(s such as: al)ays- onlynever- ever- still- ?ust- etc. Examples: You have only seen that movie one time. ave you only seen that movie one time!

+"*0CE / %+440CE Examples: Many tourists have visite' that castle. +ctive *hat castle has (een visite' (y many tourists. %assive

Mais :icas 0mportantes 1.Quando a pergunta contiver WH ! nunca use o Present Perfect" se#pre use o $i#ple Past% When did you start studying nglish? &.' Present Perfect ta#()# ) usado para indicar a *uantidade de ve+es *ue a pessoa fa+ algo. Por e,e#plo% -his is the first ti#e ./ve co#e here. 01 a pri#eira ve+ *ue venho a*ui.2 3 $he hasn/t (een here lately. 0 la n4o te# vindo a*ui ulti#a#ente.2