Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Introduction...............................................................................2
AC Motors.................................................................................4
Force and Motion......................................................................6
AC Motor Construction............................................................ 12
Magnetism.............................................................................. 17
Electromagnetism................................................................... 19
Developing a Rotating Magnetic Field.....................................24
Rotor Rotation..........................................................................29
Motor Specifications................................................................34
NEMA Motor Characteristics...................................................37
Derating Factors......................................................................43
AC Motors and AC Drives........................................................45
Matching Motors to the Load..................................................49
Motor Enclosures....................................................................53
Mounting.................................................................................56
Siemens AC Induction Motors.................................................61
Review Answers......................................................................72
Final Exam...............................................................................73
quickSTEP Online Courses...................................................... 76
Introduction
This knowledge will help you better understand customer
applications. In addition, you will be better able to describe
products to customers and determine important differences
between products. You should complete Basics of Electricity
before attempting Basics of AC Motors. An understanding of
many of the concepts covered in Basics of Electricity is required
for Basic of AC Motors.
AC Motors
Winder
Pump
Conveyor
NEMA Motors Throughout this course, reference is made to the National
Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). NEMA
develops standards for a wide range of electrical products,
including AC motors. For example, NEMA Standard Publication
MG 1 covers NEMA frame size AC motors, commonly referred
to as NEMA motors.
Force and Motion
Net Force Net force is the vector sum of all forces that act on an object,
including friction and gravity. When forces are applied in the
same direction, they are added. For example, if two 10 pound
forces are applied in the same direction the net force would be
20 pounds.
10 LB 10 LB = 20 LB
10 LB 5 LB = 5 LB
If 10 pounds of force is applied equally in both directions, the
net force would be zero and the object would not move.
10 LB 10 LB = 0
τ = Force x Radius
Speed An object in motion takes time to travel any distance. Speed is
the ratio of the distance traveled and the time it takes to travel
the distance.
Linear Speed Linear speed is the rate at which an object travels a specified
distance. Linear speed is expressed in units of distance divided
by units of time, for example, miles per hour or meters per
second (m/s). Therefore, if it take 2 seconds to travel 40 meters,
the speed is 20 m/s.
Linear Motion
Angular (Rotational) Speed The angular speed of a rotating object determines how long
it takes for an object to rotate a specified angular distance.
Angular speed is often expressed in revolutions per minute
(RPM). For example, an object that makes ten complete
revolutions in one minute, has a speed of 10 RPM.
Direction of
Axis of Rotation
Rotation
Rotional Motion
Inertia Mechanical systems are subject to the law of inertia. The law
of inertia states that an object will tend to remain in its current
state of rest or motion unless acted upon by an external force.
This property of resistance to acceleration/deceleration is
referred to as the moment of inertia. The English system unit of
2
measurement for inertia is pound-feet squared (lb-ft ).
Any system in motion has losses that drain energy from the
system. The law of inertia is still valid, however, because the
system will remain in motion at constant speed if energy is
added to the system to compensate for the losses.
Power Another often used quantity is power. Power is the rate of
doing work or the amount of work done in a period of time.
10
Horsepower and Kilowatts AC motors manufactured in the United States are generally
rated in horsepower, but motors manufactured in many other
countries are generally rated in kilowatts (kW). Fortunately it is
easy to convert between these units.
0.746 x 25 HP = 18.65 kW
Review 1
1. If 20 pounds of force is applied in one direction and 5
pounds of force is applied in the opposite direction, the
net force is ___ pounds.
11
AC Motor Construction
Enclosure
Stator
Rotor
Stator Core The stator is the stationary part of the motor’s electromagnetic
circuit. The stator core is made up of many thin metal sheets,
called laminations. Laminations are used to reduce energy
loses that would result if a solid core were used.
Stator Lamination
12
Stator Windings Stator laminations are stacked together forming a hollow
cylinder. Coils of insulated wire are inserted into slots of the
stator core.
13
Rotor Construction The rotor is the rotating part of the motor’s electromagnetic
circuit. The most common type of rotor used in a three-phase
induction motor is a squirrel cage rotor. Other types of rotor
construction is discussed later in the course. The squirrel cage
rotor is so called because its construction is reminiscent of the
rotating exercise wheels found in some pet cages.
Rotor
Rotor Lamination
Shaft
Conductor Bar
End Ring
14
Enclosure The enclosure consists of a frame (or yoke) and two end
brackets (or bearing housings). The stator is mounted inside
the frame. The rotor fits inside the stator with a slight air
gap separating it from the stator. There is no direct physical
connection between the rotor and the stator.
Air Gap
Rotor
Frame
Stator
Bearing
Bearing
End Bracket
(Bearing Housing)
15
Review 2
1. Identify the following components from the illustration:
A. ________
B. ________
C. ________
16
Magnetism
S
N
Magnetic Lines of Flux The force that attracts an iron or steel object has continuous
magnetic field lines, called lines of flux, that run through the
magnet, exit the north pole, and return through the south
pole. Although these lines of flux are invisible, the effects of
magnetic fields can be made visible. For example, when a
sheet of paper is placed on a magnet and iron filings are loosely
scattered over the paper, the filings arrange themselves along
the invisible lines of flux.
Iron Filings on Paper
Magnet
17
Unlike Poles Attract The polarities of magnetic fields affect the interaction between
magnets. For example, when the opposite poles of two
magnets are brought within range of each other, the lines of
flux combine and pull the magnets together.
Like Poles Repel However, when like poles of two magnets are brought within
range of each other, their lines of flux push the magnets
apart. In summary, unlike poles attract and like poles repel.
The attracting and repelling action of the magnetic fields is
essential to the operation of AC motors, but AC motors use
electromagnetism.
18
Electromagnetism
Left-Hand Rule for The left-hand rule for conductors demonstrates the
Conductors relationship between the flow of electrons and the direction
of the magnetic field created by this current. If a current-
carrying conductor is grasped with the left hand with the thumb
pointing in the direction of electron flow, the fingers point in the
direction of the magnetic lines of flux.
19
The following illustration shows that, when the electron flow
is away from the viewer (as indicated by the plus sign), the
lines of flux flow in a counterclockwise direction around the
conductor. When the electron flow reverses and current flow
is towards the viewer (as indicated by the dot), the lines of flux
flow in a clockwise direction.
Air Core
DC Voltage
Adding an Iron Core Iron conducts magnetic flux more easily than air. When an
insulated conductor is wound around an iron core, a stronger
magnetic field is produced for the same level of current.
Iron Core
DC Voltage
20
DC Voltage DC Voltage
5 Turns 10 Turns
S S
N
3
N 2 4 N 5
10
N 6 8 N
7
N
S S
Induced Voltage In the previous examples, the coil was directly connected to
a power supply. However, a voltage can be induced across a
conductor by merely moving it through a magnetic field. This
same effect is caused when a stationary conductor encounters
a changing magnetic field. This electrical principle is critical to
the operation of AC induction motors.
22
Electromagnetic Attraction Note, however, that the polarity of the magnetic field induced in
the top electromagnet is opposite the polarity of the magnetic
field in the bottom electromagnet. Because opposite poles
attract, the two electromagnets attract each other whenever
flux has built up. If it were possible to move the bottom
electromagnet, and the magnetic field was strong enough, the
top electromagnet would be pulled along with it.
Review 3
1. Magnetic lines of flux leave the _______ pole of a
magnet and enter the _______ pole.
23
Developing a Rotating Magnetic Field
Stator Coil Arrangement The following diagram shows the electrical configuration of
stator windings. In this example, six windings are used, two for
each of the three phases. The coils are wound around the soft
iron core material of the stator. When current is applied, each
winding becomes an electromagnet, with the two windings for
each phase operating as the opposite ends of one magnet.
In other words, the coils for each phase are wound in such a
way that, when current is flowing, one winding is a north pole
and the other is a south pole. For example, when A1 is a north
pole, A2 is a south pole and, when current reverses direction,
the polarities of the windings also reverse.
Motor Windings
Iron Core A1
B2 N C2
C1 S B1
A2
24
Stator Power Source The stator is connected to a three-phase AC power source. The
following illustration shows windings A1 and A2 connected
to phase A of the power supply. When the connections are
completed, B1 and B2 will be connected to phase B, and C1
and C2 will be connected to phase C.
To Phase A
A1
Phase A Phase B Phase C
+
B2 N C2
C1 S B1 -
A2 To Phase A
A1
B2 C2
C1 B1
A2
25
When AC voltage is applied to the stator, the magnetic field
developed in a set of phase coils depends on the direction
of current flow. Refer to the following chart as you read the
explanation of how a rotating magnetic field is developed. This
chart assumes that a positive current flow in the A1, B1 or C1
windings results in a north pole.
Start
Time 1 The following chart shows the progress of the magnetic field
vector as each phase has advanced 60°. Note that at time 1
phase C has no current flow and no magnetic field is developed
in C1 and C2. Phase A has current flow in the positive direction
and phase B has current flow in the negative direction.
26
As the previous chart shows, windings A1 and B2 are north
poles and windings A2 and B1 are south poles. The resultant
magnetic field vector has rotated 60° in the clockwise direction.
A1
B2
N S C2
N S
C1 B1
A1
A2 N
B2 N C2
S
C1 B1
S 60o
A2
A1 A1
N
B2 B2
S C2 N C2
N S S
C1 B1 C1 B1
S
A2 A1 A2
N
C2 60
o
B2 N
S
C1 B1
S
A2
C Current Flow in the Positive Direction
60o
Start 1 2
27
360° Rotation At the end of six such time intervals, the magnetic field will
have rotated one full revolution or 360°. This process repeats 60
times a second for a 60 Hz power source.
Synchronous Speed The speed of the rotating magnetic field is referred to as the
synchronous speed (NS) of the motor. Synchronous speed is
equal to 120 times the frequency (F), divided by the number
of motor poles (P).
28
Rotor Rotation
Permanent Magnet To see how a rotor works, a magnet mounted on a shaft can
be substituted for the squirrel cage rotor. When the stator
windings are energized, a rotating magnetic field is established.
The magnet has its own magnetic field that interacts with
the rotating magnetic field of the stator. The north pole of the
rotating magnetic field attracts the south pole of the magnet,
and the south pole of the rotating magnetic field attracts the
north pole of the magnet. As the magnetic field rotates, it pulls
the magnet along. AC motors that use a permanent magnet
for a rotor are referred to as permanent magnet synchronous
motors. The term synchronous means that the rotors rotation
is synchronized with the magnetic field, and the rotor’s speed is
the same as the motor’s synchronous speed.
Stator
B2 C2
C1 B1
A2
29
When a conductor, such as a rotor bar, passes through a
magnetic field, a voltage (emf) is induced in the conductor.
The induced voltage causes current flow in the conductor. In
a squirrel cage rotor, current flows through the rotor bars and
around the end ring and produces a magnetic field around each
rotor bar.
At any given point in time, the magnetic fields for the stator
windings are exerting forces of attraction and repulsion against
the various rotor bars. This causes the rotor to rotate, but not
exactly at the motor’s synchronous speed.
A1
B2 C2
B1
C1
A2
30
Slip For a three-phase AC induction motor, the rotating magnetic
field must rotate faster than the rotor to induce current in the
rotor. When power is first applied to the motor with the rotor
stopped, this difference in speed is at its maximum and a large
amount of current is induced in the rotor.
NS - NR
% Slip = x 100
NS
Wound Rotor Motor The discussion to this point has been centered on the more
common squirrel cage rotor. Another type of three-phase
induction motor is the wound rotor motor. A major difference
between the wound rotor motor and the squirrel cage rotor is
that the conductors of the wound rotor consist of wound coils
instead of bars. These coils are connected through slip rings
and brushes to external variable resistors. The rotating magnetic
field induces a voltage in the rotor windings. Increasing the
resistance of the rotor windings causes less current to flow
in the rotor windings, decreasing rotor speed. Decreasing the
resistance causes more current to flow, increasing rotor speed.
Wound Rotor
Brush
31
Synchronous Motor Another type of three-phase AC motor is the synchronous
motor. The synchronous motor is not an induction motor. One
type of synchronous motor is constructed somewhat like a
squirrel cage rotor. In addition to rotor bars, coil windings are
also used. The coil windings are connected to an external DC
power supply by slip rings and brushes.
Rotor Bar
Brush
External DC
Coil Power Supply
Slip Ring
32
Review 4
1. The following illustration applies to a _______ pole
three-phase AC motor. When winding A1 is a south
pole, winding A2 is a _______ pole.
33
Motor Specifications
HIGH EFFICIENT
1LA02864SE41
RGZESD 286T
30.00 1.15
35.0 460
1765 60
CONT 40oC AMB.
F B G 93.0
50BC03JPP3 50VC03JPP3
R
Made in Mexico by SIEMENS US
Voltage Source (VOLTS) and AC motors are designed to operate at standard voltages. This
Full-load Current (AMPS) motor is designed to be powered by a three-phase 460 V
supply. Its rated full-load current is 35.0 amps.
Base Speed (R.P.M.) and Base speed is the speed, given in RPM, at which the motor
Frequency (HERTZ) develops rated horsepower at rated voltage and frequency.
Base speed is an indication of how fast the output shaft will
turn the connected equipment when fully loaded. This motor
has a base speed of 1765 RPM at a rated frequency of 60 Hz.
34
Service Factor Service factor is a number that is multiplied by the rated
horsepower of the motor to determine the horsepower at
which the motor can be operated. Therefore, a motor designed
to operate at or below its nameplate horsepower rating has a
service factor of 1.0.
Some motors are designed for a service factor higher than 1.0,
so that they can, at times, exceed their rated horsepower. For
example, this motor has a service factor of 1.15. A 1.15 service
factor motor can be operated 15% higher than its nameplate
horsepower. Therefore this 30 HP motor can be operated at
34.5 HP. Keep in mind that any motor operating continuously
above its rated horsepower will have a reduced service life.
35
The motor in this example has insulation class F and a service
factor of 1.15. This means that its winding temperature is
allowed to rise to 155° C with an additional 10° C hot spot
allowance.
NEMA Motor Design NEMA also uses letters (A, B, C, and D) to identify motor
designs based on torque characteristics. The motor in this
example is a design B motor, the most common type. Motor
design A is the least common type. The characteristics of motor
designs B, C and D are discussed in the next section of this
course.
Both NEMA and the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct) specify
the same process for testing motor efficiency. EPAct also
specifies the efficiency requirements for a large class of AC
motors manufactured after 1997. In 2001, NEMA established
the NEMA Premium designation for three-phase AC motors
that meet even higher efficiency standards than required by
EPAct. Siemens High Efficient motors meet or exceed EPAct
efficiency standards and our NEMA Premium Efficient motors
with our new copper rotor technology exceed NEMA Premium
efficiency standards.
36
NEMA Motor Characteristics
Speed-Torque Curve for Because motor torque varies with speed, the relationship
NEMA B Motor between speed and torque is often shown in a graph, called a
speed-torque curve. This curve shows the motor’s torque, as
a percentage of full-load torque, over the motor’s full speed
range, shown as a percentage of its synchronous speed.
37
Starting Torque Starting torque, also referred to as locked rotor torque, is
the torque that the motor develops each time it is started at
rated voltage and frequency. When voltage is initially applied to
the motor’s stator, there is an instant before the rotor turns. At
this instant, a NEMA B motor develops a torque approximately
equal to 150% of full-load torque. For the 30 HP, 1765 RPM
motor used in this example, that’s equal to 134.0 lb-ft of torque.
134.0 lb-ft
89.3 lb-ft
Pull-up Torque As the motor picks up speed, torque decreases slightly until
point B on the graph is reached. The torque available at this
point is called pull-up torque. For a NEMA B motor, this is
slightly lower than starting torque, but greater than full-load
torque.
Breakdown Torque
178.6 lb-ft
Starting Torque
134.0 lb-ft
Pull-up Torque
89.3 lb-ft
Full-load Torque
38
Full-Load Torque Torque decreases rapidly as speed increases beyond
breakdown torque until it reaches full-load torque at a
speed slightly less than 100% of synchronous speed. Full-
load torque is developed with the motor operating at rated
voltage, frequency, and load. The motor in this example has
a synchronous speed of 1800 RPM and a full-load speed of
1765 RPM. Therefore, its slip is 1.9%.
Breakdown Torque
178.6 lb-ft
Starting Torque
134.0 lb-ft
Pull-up Torque
89.3 lb-ft
Full-load Torque
Slip 1.9%
2
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Lo
ue ad 1
o rq que Lo
T Tor
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r iab V aria
Va
39
Starting Current and Starting current, also referred to as locked rotor current, is
Full-Load Current the current supplied to the motor when the rated voltage is
initially applied with the rotor at rest. Full-load current is the
current supplied to the motor with the rated voltage, frequency,
and load applied and the rotor up to speed. For a NEMA B
motor, starting current is typically 600-650% of full-load current.
Knowledge of the current requirements for a motor is critical for
the proper application of overcurrent protection devices.
NEMA A Motor NEMA A motors are the least common design. NEMA A
motors have a speed-torque curve similar to that of a NEMA
B motor, but typically have higher starting current. As a result,
overcurrent protection devices must be sized to handle the
increased current. NEMA A motors are typically used in the
same types of applications as NEMA B motors.
NEMA C Motor NEMA C motors are designed for applications that require
a high starting torque for hard to start loads, such as heavily-
loaded conveyors, crushers and mixers. Despite the high
starting torque, these motors have relatively low starting
current. Slip and full-load torque are about the same as for a
NEMA B motor. NEMA C motors are typically single speed
motors which range in size from approximately 5 to 200 HP.
40
Breakdown Torque 214.3 lb-ft
174 lb-ft
89.3 lb-ft
266.3 lb-ft
95.1 lb-ft
Slip 8%
41
Review 5
1. A 30 HP motor with a 1.15 service factor can be
operated at _______ HP.
42
Derating Factors
43
Frequency A variation in the frequency at which the motor operates causes
changes primarily in speed and torque characteristics. A 5%
increase in frequency, for example, causes a 5% increase in full-
load speed and a 10% decrease in torque.
Altitude Standard motors are designed to operate below 3300 feet. Air
is thinner, and heat is not dissipated as quickly above 3300 feet.
Most motors must be derated for altitudes above 3300 feet.
The following chart shows typical horsepower derating factors,
but the derating factor should be checked for each motor. A 50
HP motor operated at 6000 feet, for example, would be derated
to 47 HP, providing the 40°C ambient rating is still required.
44
AC Motors and AC Drives
Volts per Hertz (V/Hz) The volts per hertz (V/Hz) ratio is the ratio of applied voltage
to applied frequency for a motor. 460 VAC is the most common
voltage rating for an industrial AC motor manufactured for use
in the United States. These motors have a frequency rating of
60Hz. This provides a V/Hz ratio of 7.67. Not every motor has
a 7.67 V/Hz ratio. A 230 Volt, 60 Hz motor, for example, has a
3.8 V/Hz ratio.
460 V 230 V
= 7.67 V/HZ = 3.8 V/Hz
60 Hz 60 Hz
Constant Torque Operation AC motors running on an AC line operate with a constant flux
because voltage and frequency are constant. Motors operated
with constant flux are said to have constant torque. Actual
torque produced, however, is dependent upon the load.
45
The following graphs illustrate the constant volts per hertz ratio
of a 460 volt, 60 Hz motor and a 230 volt, 60 Hz motor operated
over the constant torque range. Keep in mind that if the applied
frequency increases, stator reactance increases. In order to
compensate for this, the drive must simultaneously increase
voltage proportionally. Otherwise, stator current, flux, and
torque would decrease.
Constant Horsepower Some applications require the motor to be operated above base
speed. Because applied voltage must not exceed the rated
nameplate voltage, torque decreases as speed increases. This
is referred to as the constant horsepower range because any
change in torque is compensated by the opposite change in
speed.
46
Reduced Voltage and Recall that when a NEMA B motor is started at full voltage, it
Frequency Starting develops approximately 150% starting torque and 600%
starting current. When the motor is controlled by an AC drive,
the motor is started at reduced voltage and frequency. For
example, the motor may start with approximately 150% torque,
but only 150% of full load current.
Selecting a Motor AC drives often have more capability than the motor. Drives
can run at higher frequencies than may be suitable for an
application. In addition, drives can run at speeds too low for self-
cooled motors to develop sufficient air flow. Each motor must
be evaluated according to its own capability before selecting it
for use on an AC drive.
47
Distance Between the Distance from the drive to the motor must also be taken into
Drive and the Motor consideration. All motor cables have line-to-line and line-to-
ground capacitance. The longer the cable, the greater the
capacitance. Some types of cables, such as shielded cable or
cables in metal conduit, have greater capacitance. Spikes occur
on the output of AC drives because of the charging current
in the cable capacitance. Higher voltage (460 VAC) and higher
capacitance (long cables) result in higher current spikes. Voltage
spikes caused by long cable lengths can potentially shorten the
life of the AC drive and motor.
Service Factor on AC Drives A high efficiency motor with a 1.15 service factor is
recommended when used with an AC drive. Due to heat
associated with harmonics of an AC drive, the 1.15 service
factor is reduced to 1.0.
48
Matching Motors to the Load
Load Characteristics Tables A table, like one shown below, can be used to find the load
torque characteristics. NEMA publication MG 1 is one source of
typical torque characteristics.
49
Calculating Load Torque The most accurate way to obtain torque characteristics of
a given load is from the equipment manufacturer. However,
the following procedure illustrates how load torque can be
determined. The following illustration shows a pulley fastened
to the shaft of a load. A cord is wrapped around the pulley with
one end connected to a spring scale. Pull on the scale until
the shaft turns and note the force reading on the scale. Then,
multiply the force required to turn the shaft by the radius of
the pulley to calculate the torque value. Keep in mind that the
radius is measured from the center of the shaft.
Force
Scale
Torque = Force x Radius
Ra
di
us
For example, if the radius of the pulley is 1 foot and the force
required to turn the shaft is 10 pounds, the torque requirement
is 10 lb-ft. Remember that this is just the required starting
torque. The amount of torque required to turn the load can vary
with speed.
Motor
600 lb-ft
Centrifugal Pump
120 lb-ft
50
The motor selected in this example is a NEMA B motor that is
matched to the load. In other words, motor has sufficient torque
to accelerate the load to rated speed.
Screw Down Actuator In the following example, the load is a screw down actuator
with a starting torque equal to 200% of full-load torque. Note
that the NEMA B motor chosen for this example does not
provide sufficient torque to start the load.
51
Review 6
1. According to the derating table provided earlier, a 200
HP motor operated at 5500 feet would be derated to
_______ HP.
Motor
Load 4
Load 3
2
ad
Lo
d1
Loa
52
Motor Enclosures
Open Drip Proof (ODP) Open enclosures permit cooling air to flow through the motor.
Enclosure One type of open enclosure is the open drip proof (ODP)
enclosure. This enclosure has vents that allow for air flow. Fan
blades attached to the rotor move air through the motor when
the rotor is turning. The vents are positioned so that liquids and
solids falling from above at angles up to 15° from vertical cannot
enter the interior of the motor when the motor is mounted on
a horizontal surface. When the motor is mounted on a vertical
surface, such as a wall or panel, a special cover may be needed.
ODP enclosures should be used in environments free from
contaminates.
Vent
53
Totally Enclosed In some applications, the air surrounding the motor contains
Non-Ventilated (TENV) corrosive or harmful elements which can damage the internal
Enclosure parts of a motor. A totally enclosed non-ventilated (TENV)
motor enclosure limits the flow of air into the motor, but is not
airtight. However, a seal at the point where the shaft passes
through the housing prevents water, dust, and other foreign
matter from entering the motor along the shaft.
Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled A totally enclosed fan-cooled (TEFC) motor is similar to a
(TEFC) Enclosure TENV motor, but has an external fan mounted opposite the
drive end of the motor. The fan blows air over the motor’s
exterior for additional cooling. The fan is covered by a shroud to
prevent anyone from touching it. TEFC motors can be used in
dirty, moist, or mildly corrosive environments.
Cooling Fan
54
Explosion Proof (XP) Hazardous duty applications are commonly found in
chemical processing, mining, foundry, pulp and paper,
waste management, and petrochemical industries. In these
applications, motors have to comply with the strictest
safety standards for the protection of life, machines and the
environment. This often requires use of explosion proof (XP)
motors.
Hazardous (Classified) You should never specify or suggest the type of hazardous
Locations location classification, it is the user’s responsibility to
comply with all applicable codes and to contact local regulatory
agencies to define hazardous locations. Refer to the National
Electrical Code®Article 500 for additional information.
Division I and II Locations Division I locations normally have hazardous materials present
in the atmosphere. Division II locations may have hazardous
material present in the atmosphere under abnormal conditions.
Classes and Groups Locations defined as hazardous, are further defined by the class
and group of hazard. For example, Class I, Groups A through
D have gases or vapors present. Class II, Groups E, F, and G
have flammable dust, such as coke or grain dust. Class III is not
divided into groups. This class involves ignitable fibers and lints.
55
Mounting
The third digit in the integral T frame size number is the NEMA
code for the distance between the center lines of the motor
feet mounting bolt holes. The distance is determined by
matching this digit with a table in NEMA publication MG‑1.
For example, the distance between the center lines of the
mounting bolt holes in the feet of a 143T frame is 4.00 inches.
57
IEC Dimensions IEC also has standardized dimensions, but these dimensions
differ from NEMA standards. An example of the IEC dimensions
are shown in the following drawing.
Mounting Positions The typical floor mounting positions are illustrated in the
following drawing, and are referred to as F-1 and F-2 mountings.
The conduit box can be located on either side of the frame to
match the mounting arrangement and position. The standard
location of the conduit box is on the left-hand side of the motor
when viewed from the shaft end. This is referred to as the F-1
mounting. The conduit opening can be placed on any of the four
sides of the box by rotating the box in 90° steps.
Conduit Box
Shaft
58
With modification, a foot-mounted motor can be mounted on
a wall and ceiling. Typical wall and ceiling mounts are shown
in the following illustration. Wall mounting positions have the
prefix W and ceiling mounted positions have the prefix C.
Gear Box
Motor
C-face The face, or the end, of a C-face motor has threaded bolt
holes. Bolts to mount the motor pass through mating holes in
the equipment and into the face of the motor.
59
D-flange The bolts go through the holes in the flange of a D-flange
motor and into threaded mating holes of the equipment.
Review 7
1. A type of open enclosure that prevents liquids and
solids falling from above at angles up to 15° from
vertical from entering the interior of the motor is an
_______ enclosure.
60
Siemens AC Induction Motors
General Purpose NEMA Siemens General Purpose NEMA motors are suitable for a
Motors wide range of applications, such as HVAC, material handling,
pump, fan, compressor, and other light duty uses in non-
hazardous environments.
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Cost Savings with NEMA The following example shows the energy savings over the life
Premium Efficiency Motors of a NEMA Premium efficiency motor. In this example, a 20HP,
1800 RPM, TEFC motor (Motor 1) with an efficiency of 91% and
a purchase price of $675 is compared with a Siemens GP100
NEMA Premium motor with and efficiency of 93.6% and a
purchase price of $1072.
Motor 1 Calculation
0.746 x 20 HP x 60,000 Hrs. x $0.08
C = $675 + = $79,373.90
0.91
GP100 Calculation
0.746 x 20 HP x 60,000 Hrs. x $0.08
C = $1072 + = $77,584.82
0.936
Severe Duty Motors Siemens Severe Duty motors are industry workhorses for use
in the toughest chemical processing, mining, foundry, pulp and
paper, waste management, and petrochemical applications.
These motors are available with a wide range of application-
matched modifications and two efficiency levels, High Efficient
and NEMA Premium efficient. Siemens types SD100 IEEE841
and RGZEESDX severe duty motors have been designed to
exceed the IEEE 841-2001 standards for the petroleum and
chemical industries.
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Inverter Duty Motors Siemens totally enclosed inverter duty motors are rated
for continuous operation in a 40ºC ambient at altitudes up to
3300 feet above sea level. These rugged, high efficient motors
exceed EPAct Efficiency standards and are manufactured
for Severe Duty and Hazardous Duty adjustable speed drive
applications such as centrifugal fans, pumps, blowers, mixers,
machine tools, chemical processing, mining, foundry, pulp and
paper, waste management, and petrochemical.
TEFC Vertical P-Base Motors Siemens TEFC Vertical P-Base motors are the right choice for
applications such as centrifugal pumps, turbine pumps, cooling
towers, fans, mixers, pulp and paper, petrochemical, irrigation,
agriculture, and waste water treatment. These severe duty,
cast iron motors exceed EPAct Efficiency standards and are
offered with a solid shaft for Normal and In-Line Pump thrust
applications. These motors are also designed for hazardous duty
(explosion-proof) locations. Equipped with an insulation system
that exceeds the requirements of NEMA MG1 Part 31, Siemens
Vertical P-Base motors are suitable for use with variable speed
drives.
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Definite Purpose Motors Siemens Definite Purpose NEMA motors are designed to
handle specific applications for many industrial sectors such as
mining, automotive, conveying, and cooling. For applications
that require more than one base speed, Multi-speed motors
are offered with 1 or 2 windings for variable or constant
torque. Automotive Duty TEFC motors, that meet or exceed
the specific requirements, are approved for use by major US
automobile manufacturers. For applications requiring braking,
Brake motors are designed for standard conditions or custom
built to meet your stopping and holding needs. If high starting
torque is a requirement, Design C motors are specially
designed with normal slip and low starting current.
IEC Low Voltage Motors Siemens offers a complete range of IEC low voltage motors
in sizes from 0.06 to 1250 kW. The following paragraphs
summarize the IEC low voltage motor types available.
IEC Standard Motors (Up to Siemens IEC Standard motors are characterized by their
Frame Size 315L) flexibility, ruggedness and energy efficiency. In general, all
motors are suitable for converter-fed operation with line
voltages of up to 500 V +10%. These motors are designed
to fulfill the requirements of the European and international
markets with an output range from 0.06 to 250 kW.
IEC Non-Standard Motors Siemens IEC motor series N compact includes outputs
(Frame Size 315 and Above) up to 1250 kW (at 50 Hz) in the non-standard range. A
number of technical features provide this motor series with its
ruggedness, reliability, and long service life. These motors also
are characterized by their high output for a small frame size and
have an extremely compact, space-saving design. N compact
motors have optimized efficiencies to reduce energy cost.
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IEC Explosion Protected Siemens explosion-protected motors exceed basic safety
Motors requirements, operating reliably even under the most extreme
conditions. In hazardous environments such as chemical plants,
the oil industry or gas works, our rugged EEx motors comply
with the strictest safety standards for the protection of life,
machines and the environment.
IEC Extraction Motors, Siemens smoke extraction motors can cope with high
Marine Motors, Roller Table ambient temperatures safely. In the event of an accident, they
Motors reduce the heat loading on the building and keep access and
escape routes smoke-free. Our certified smoke extraction
motors have been specially developed for buildings and
construction sites with smoke control systems.
Specially designed for use on ships below deck and for the
offshore industry, our marine motors meet the requirements
of the leading classification authorities (VV, DNV, GL, LRS) and
have type-test certificates up to 200kW output.
IEC Inverter Duty Motors Siemens Low Voltage IEC motors feature the future-oriented
insulation system Durgnit IR 2000 (IR= Inverter Resistance).
The Durgnit IR 2000 insulation system uses high-quality
enamel wires and insulating materials in conjunction with a
resin impregnation that does not contain any solvents. These
motors can withstand operation with converters that have
IGBT transistors. This allows all our standard IEC LV motors
to be operated with variable speed drives at voltages up to
500V +5%. Our specially developed motors, with special
insulation for operation up to 690V +5%, reduce the cost and
space when utilized with sinusoidal and dv/dt filters.
Above NEMA Motors Motors that are larger than NEMA frame sizes are referred to as
above NEMA motors. These motors range in power up to
18,000 HP and are constructed to meet specific customer
requirements.
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For each frame size, Siemens has standard frame dimensions,
similar to NEMA dimensions. The following illustrations shows
the typical types of dimensions provided for an above NEMA
motor.
Yoke Width
AB
C
AC
N
XD
W N-W
Keyway Length
XW HT
XL
AF
X D
AA E
Pipetap
2F 2E
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Horizontal, Foot-Mounted Siemens manufactures large, horizontal, foot-mounted motors
Above NEMA Motors with a variety of enclosures such as: open drip proof (ODP),
weather protected I (WPI), weather protected II (WPII),
totally enclosed water-to-air cooled (TEWAC), totally
enclosed air-to-air cooled (TEAAC), and totally enclosed
fan cooled (TEFC). The following charts summarize Siemens
product offerings for large, horizontal, foot-mounted motors.
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E nclosure T ype T otally E nclosed W ater-to-A ir C ooled
S iem ens T ype CGG
D esigned for indoor and outdoor applications w here internal parts m ust be
D escription protected from adverse am bient conditions. H as the added benefits of low
noise and efficient w ater cooling.
IP 54 - lim its in-flow of dust and protected against w ater splashing from any
D egree of P rotection
direction.
T ype of C ooling IC W 81 - w ater-to-air cooled
P ow er R ange 200 to 10,000 H P
P oles 2 to 16
F ram e S izes 580, 680, 800, and 1120
V oltage 2,300 to 13,200 V
S ervice F actor 1.0 (1.15 optional)
E nclosure T ype T otally E nclosed W ater-to-A ir C ooled
S iem ens T ype H -C om pact P LU S S H 710 F ram e
D esigned for indoor and outdoor applications w here internal parts m ust be
D escription protected from adverse am bient conditions. H as the added benefits of low
noise and efficient w ater cooling.
IP 54 - lim its in-flow of dust and protected against w ater splashing from any
D egree of P rotection
direction.
T ype of C ooling IC W 81 - w ater-to-air cooled
P ow er R ange U p to 18,000 H P for 2-pole or 4-pole
U p to 12,000 H P for 6 pole
U p to 10,000 H P for 8 pole
U p to 7,000 H P for 10 pole
P oles 2 to 10
F ram e S izes 710, 712, 714, and 716
V oltage 6,000 to 13,200 V
S ervice F actor 1.0 (1.15 optional)
E nclosure T ype T otally E nclosed A ir-to-A ir C ooled
S iem ens T ype CAZ
D esigned for indoor and outdoor applications w here internal parts m ust be
D escription protected from adverse am bient conditions. U ses air-to-air tube-type heat
exchangers.
IP 54 - lim its in-flow of dust and protected against w ater splashing from any
D egree of P rotection
direction.
T ype of C ooling IC 611 - totally enclosed air-to-air cooled w ith shaft m ounted external fan
P ow er R ange 900 to 7,000 H P
P oles 2 to 16
F ram e S izes 580, 680, 800, and 1120
V oltage 2,300 to 13,200 V
S ervice F actor 1.0 (1.15 optional)
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E nclosure T ype T otally E nclosed A ir-to-A ir C ooled
S iem ens T ype H -C om pact P LU S S H 710 F ram e
D esigned for indoor and outdoor applications w here internal parts m ust be
D escription protected from adverse am bient conditions. U ses air-to-air tube-type heat
exchangers.
IP 54 - lim its in-flow of dust and protected against w ater splashing from any
D egree of P rotection
direction.
T ype of C ooling IC 611 - totally enclosed air-to-air cooled w ith shaft m ounted external fan
U p to 18,000 H P for 2-pole or 4-pole
U p to 12,000 H P for 6 pole
P ow er R ange
U p to 10,000 H P for 8 pole
U p to 7,000 H P for 10 pole
P oles 2 to 10
F ram e S izes 710, 712, 714, and 716
V oltage 6,000 to 13,200 V
S ervice F actor 1.0 (1.15 optional)
E nclosure T ype T otally E nclosed F an C ooled
S iem ens T ype C Z and C G Z
D esigned for indoor and outdoor applications w here internal parts m ust be
D escription protected from adverse am bient conditions. U ses cooling fins on all four
quadrants of its yok e and housings.
IP 54 - lim its in-flow of dust and protected against w ater splashing from any
D egree of P rotection
direction.
T ype of C ooling IC 411 - totally enclosed fan cooled
P ow er R ange 200 to 2,250 H P
P oles 2 to 16
F ram e S izes 500, 580, 708, 788, and 880
V oltage 460 to 11,000 V (460 to 690 V up to 800 H P )
S ervice F actor 1.0 (1.15 optional)
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E nclosure T ype W eather P rotected II
S iem ens T ype C G IIV and C G IIH S
D esigned for outdoor applications w here the m otor is not lik ely to be
D escription
protected by other structures.
IP 24 - protected against solid objects greater than 12.5 m m and w ater
D egree of P rotection
splashing from any direction.
T ype of C ooling IC 01 - open air ventilation
P ow er R ange 200 to 4,000 H P
P oles 4 to 16
F ram e S izes 500, 580, 680, 800, and 1120
V oltage 2,300 to 13,200 V
S ervice F actor 1.0 (1.15 optional)
E nclosure T ype T otally E nclosed A ir-to-A ir C ooled
S iem ens T ype CAZV
D esigned for indoor and outdoor applications w here internal parts m ust be
D escription protected from adverse am bient conditions. U ses air-to-air tube-type heat
exchangers.
IP 54 - lim its in-flow of dust and protected against w ater splashing from any
D egree of P rotection
direction.
T ype of C ooling IC 611 - totally enclosed air-to-air cooled w ith shaft m ounted external fan
P ow er R ange 800 to 3,000 H P
P oles 4 to 16
F ram e S izes 680, 800, and 1120
V oltage 2,300 to 13,200 V
S ervice F actor 1.0 (1.15 optional)
E nclosure T ype T otally E nclosed F an C ooled
S iem ens T ype C G Z V and C G Z H S
D esigned for indoor and outdoor applications w here internal parts m ust be
D escription protected from adverse am bient conditions. U ses cooling fins on all four
quadrants of its yok e and housings.
IP 54 - lim its in-flow of dust and protected against w ater splashing from any
D egree of P rotection
direction.
T ype of C ooling IC 411 - totally enclosed fan cooled
P ow er R ange 200 to 900 H P
P oles 2 (4 or 6 optional)
F ram e S izes 500 and 580
V oltage 2,300 to 6,900 V
S ervice F actor 1.0 (1.15 optional)
Large Specialty Motors The highly demanding process industries, from oil production
and refining to chemical processing and power generation,
have adopted two rigorous standards set forth by the American
Petroleum Institute for motor reliability and performance. API
541-4th edition is for the most critical special purpose motors
and API 547 is for severe-duty general purpose motors. In
addition to the above NEMA motors previously listed, Siemens
also manufactures large, AC specialty motors to API 541-4th
edition and API 547 specifications.
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Review 8
1. Siemens General Purpose NEMA motors are available
with _______ and _______ enclosures.
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Review Answers
Review 8 1) open drip proof, totally enclosed fan cooled; 2) High Efficient,
NEMA Premium efficient; 3) 3300; 4) 0.06, 250; 5) Norwood,
Ohio; 6) 18,000
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Final Exam
a. Torque c. Inertia
b. Friction d. Acceleration
a. 16.7 c. 47
b. 53 d. 150
a. inertia c. power
b. speed d. energy
a. 44.8 c. 65.2
b. 80.4 d. 120
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6. The following speed-torque curve is for a NEMA design
____ motor.
a. B c. D
b. C d. None of the above
7. A motor with a synchronous speed of 900 RPM and a
rotor speed of 850 RPM has _____% slip.
a. 3 c. 5.6
b. 9.4 d. 10
8. Motor _______ is the percentage of electrical energy
supplied to the motor that is converted into mechanical
energy.
a. service factor c. temperature rise
b. efficiency d. RPM
9. Starting torque is also referred to as _______ torque.
a. pull-up c. breakdown
b. full-load d. locked rotor
10. A NEMA B motor that is started by connecting it to the
power supply at rated voltage and frequency has a typical
starting current of _______ % of full load current.
a. 100 to 250 c. 300 to 350
b. 400 to 450 d. 600 to 650
11. The allowed temperature rise of a NEMA motor with
Class F insulation is ____°C, not counting the 10° C hot
spot allowance.
a. 60 c. 80
b. 105 d. 125
12. The volts per hertz ratio of a 460 VAC, 60 Hz motor is
_____ V/Hz.
a. 3.8 c. 5.1
b. 7.67 d. 9.2
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13. A motor operated within a speed range that allows a
constant volts per hertz ratio is said to have _______.
a. constant HP c. constant torque
b. variable torque d. constant acceleration
14. Siemens General Purpose High Efficient NEMA motors
meet or exceed _______ efficiency standards.
a. NEC c. EPAct
b. NEMA Premium d. All the above
15. A four-pole motor operating at 50 Hz has a synchronous
speed of _______ RPM.
a. 1200 c. 1800
b. 1500 d. 3000
16. A/An _______ motor enclosure has vents positioned to
prevent liquids and solids falling from above at angles up
to 15° from vertical from entering the interior of the motor.
a. TENV c. TEFC
b. XP d. ODP
17. An environment that normally has gasoline vapor in the
atmosphere would be classified as a Division I, Class ___
hazardous location.
a. I c. III
b. II d. IV
18. The letter __ in the motor frame size designation of an
integral horsepower motor indicates the motor is built to
current NEMA standards.
a. C c. T
b. U d. N
19. Siemens IEC Standard motors are available in sizes from
0.06 to ____ kW.
a. 50 c. 200
b. 125 d. 250
20. Siemens above NEMA motors are available in power
ranges to ______ HP.
a. 18,000 c. 25,000
b. 20,000 d. 30,000
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