FAR - Notes Chapter 9

http://www.cpa-cfa.org
Governmental Accounting Part B
Operational accountability – government wide F/S has met its objectives efficiently and effectively
Fiscal accounting ability – fund F/S demonstrate that the govt’s entity’s actions have been responsible

Must reconcile fund F/S to gov’t wide F/S

Required in F/S
• MD&A (required supplemental information
• Govt wide F/S
- Statement of net assets
- Statement of activities
• Fund F/S
- Governmental funds (GRaSPP)
a. Balance Sheet
b. Statement of revenues, expenditures, and changes in fund balances
- Proprietary funds (SE)
a. Statement of net assets
b. Statement of revenues, expenses and changes in fund net assets
c. Statement of cash flows
- Fiduciary funds (PAPI)
a. Statement of fiduciary net assets
b. Statement of changes in fiduciary net assets
• Notes to F/S
• Required supplementary information
Optional information
• Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR)
- Introductory section (unaudited)
- Basic F/S and required supplementary information (audited)
- Statistical section

Primary government entities

• State governments
• General purpose local governments (city or a county)
• Special purpose local governments (hospital or school district) has to meet the 3 criteria:
SE Separately elected governing body
L Legally separate
F Fiscally independent of other state and local governments

Component unit – unit of primary govt that is a legally separate organization; elected officials of the primary
government are financially accountable

Blended presentation – used in either of the following situations

- A board of the component unit is substantively the same as that of the primary government
- Component unit almost exclusively serves the primary government

When the criteria for a blended presentation has not been met, then a discrete presentation is used

Discrete presentation – separate presentation, most common

Managements Discussion & Analysis (MD&A)

• Required supplementary information
1
 FAR - Notes Chapter 9
http://www.cpa-cfa.org
• No reconciliation of fund F/S to the Gov’t wide F/S
• Description of the F/S
- easily readable analysis
- condensed F/S information
- analysis of overall financial position including reasons for changes from the prior year
- analysis of balances and transaction of individual funds and limitations on future uses of funds
- analysis of significant variations between original and final budget
• The identity of the primary government and discrete component units
• Economic conditions and outlook
• Major initiatives

Government wide F/S

• Statement of net assets
• Statement of activities

Statement of net assets (F9-9)

Net assets = assets – liabilities
Net assets is composes of 3 components
- unrestricted net assets
- restricted net assets
- invested capital, net of related debt

Infrastructure assets – streets, bridges, gutters and other govt assets

- reported only on the govt wide F/S

2 depreciation approaches
• Required approach – depreciation expense specifically identified with a functional category should be
included in the direct expenses of that function
• Modified approach – infrastructure assets are not required to be depreciate if two 2 requirements are met:
(under this approach infrastructure expenditures are reported as expenses, unless the outlays are additions or
improvements in which case they would be capitalized
1. Gov’t assets mgmt system keeps up-to-date info on amount, condition and make yearly estimates on
maintenance to preserve the assets
2. Have documentation to prove number 1

Accounting changes (changes in estimate)

Going from required to modified (visa versa) depreciation method
Impairment determination

Gov’t should capitalize artwork and historical treasures at historical cost or fair value at donation date
Gov’t should capitalize but is not required to when the collection meets the following criteria
- collection is held for public exhibition
- collection is protected
- proceeds from sales of collection are used to acquire other items for the collection

Statement of activities
Use full accrual
Net revenue and expense for each function or program is classified into 3 categories
• Primary gov’t governmental activities – GRaSPP + S
• Primary gov’t business type activities - E
• Component units – rescue squad or board of education

2
 FAR - Notes Chapter 9
http://www.cpa-cfa.org

Category Types
S Charges for services
- charges for services to customers or applicants who directly benefit from goods or services
- charges for services to other governments
- fines and forfeitures

O Operating grants and contributions – restricted for use in a particular program

C Capital grants and contributions - restricted for use in a particular program

SOC these revenue sources away

Activity resulting from internal service funds should be reported in the governmental activities column unless
the government’s enterprise funds are the primary recipient of internal service fund services

F9-18 statement of activities, do I need to know the layout

Fund Financial Statements

To be considered a major fund that requires reporting must meet (both) 2 criteria:
1. Fund must comprise 10% of total revenues, expenditures, assets or liabilities of
- all government funds or enterprise funds (the separate columns)
2. Fund must comprise 5% of revenues, expenditures, assets or liabilities
- all government fund and all enterprise funds (the total columns)

When determining is a fund qualifies as a major fund, remember that aggregate fund balance/ equity (net
assets) is not used in either test

The govt wide F/S must reconcile:

• The differences in the fund balances of governmental funds and net assets in the govt wide F/S
• The differences in net change in fund balances of governmental funds and the change in net assets for
governmental activities

To prepare the reconciliation use the following mnemonic

B/S – GALS BARE
G GRaSPP fund balance
+A Assets (non-current)
-L Liabilities (non-current)
+S Internal service fund net assets
Adjustments
B Basis of accounting
A Accrued
R Revenues
E Expenses

Statement of revenues, expenditures and changes in fund balance – GOES BARE

G GRaSPP net change in fund balance
-O Other financing sources
+E Expenditure – capital outlay (net of depreciation)
+S Internal service fund net income
Adjustments
B Basis of accounting
A Additional Accrued
3
 FAR - Notes Chapter 9
http://www.cpa-cfa.org
R Revenues
E Expenses

Statement of Cash Flows

• Similar to normal statement of cash flows except 6 differences:
1. Direct method is required (indirect method not allowed)
2. Reconcile operating income (not NI) to net cash provided by operations
3. Financing section is split into 2 sections (so 4 in total)
- Capital and related financing activities
- Non-capital financial activities
4. Interest income and cash receipts are reported are investing activities (not operating)
5. Interest expense/cash payments are including in one of the financing sections
6. Capital assets purchases are reporting in capital financing activities (not investing)

Notes to F/S
• Are considered integral to the F/S
• Disclosures should include
- description of gov’t wide activities noting the exclusion of fiduciary funds (PAPI)
- policies relating to elimination of internal activity
- description of the modified approach for reporting infrastructure if used
- length of time defined for “available” in revenue recognition under modified accrual (usually 60 days)
- actions taken to correct material non-compliance with finance related or legal compliance

Required Supplementary Information (other than MD&A)

Includes: budget, infrastructure and pension information
• Budgetary comparisons that show the original budget, the final amended budget and the actual amounts
• Computation of variances is optional
• Budgetary comparison may use either GAAP or budgetary formats or basis of accounting, but must include
a reconciliation to GAAP
• F/S prepared in accordance with the provisions of GASB 34

• Asses condition of infrastructure

• Estimated annual amount to maintain and preserve infrastructure for each of the past 5 years

• Presentation of 6 years of pension information

- schedule of funding progress
- schedule of employer contributions

Other Supplementary Information (optional)

• Combining statements for non-major funds

Interfund activity – represents the flow of resources between funds and between primary governmental and its
component units

• Reciprocal interfund activity

- Interfund loans – temporary extensions of credit to other funds
- Interfund services provided and used
• Non-reciprocal interfund activity
- Interfund transfers
- Interfund reimbursements

4
 FAR - Notes Chapter 9
http://www.cpa-cfa.org
Interfund activities should only reported between the primary government and its fiduciary fund
For all other relationships, eliminate interfund activities

Not-For-Profit Organizations
• Use FASB not GASB (SFAS 117), so use full accrual
• Overall emphasis is on basic information for the organization as a whole

Required F/S
• Statement of financial position (B/S)
• Statement of activities (I/S)
• Statement of cash flows
• Statement of functional expenses (required for health and welfare organizations)

Statement of financial position (B/S)

Net assets – not for profits put their net assets into these categories
• Unrestricted net assets
- internally board designated funds are considered unrestricted

• Temporarily restricted net assets – donor imposed stipulations either expire with time or by an action of
the organization

• Permanently restricted net assets

These are different then the governmental net asset categories

- Invested
- Restricted
- Unrestricted

Statement of activities (I/S)

Four elements presented in statement of activities
• Change in total net assets
• Change in unrestricted net assets
• Change in temporarily restricted net assets
• Change in permanently restricted net assets

Contributions with donor imposed restrictions are recorded as restricted revenue when received and increase
either temporarily or permanently restricted net assets
Pledge receivable xx
Allowance for doubtful accounts xx
Restricted revenue xx
When the restriction is satisfies, reclassify the asset
Unrestricted net assets xx
Restricted net assets xx
Then when used
Operating expense xx
Unrestricted net assets xx

If donor imposed restrictions are met in the same period they are received they may be recorded as unrestricted
net assets as long as the organization discloses it

Expenses are reported as decreased in unrestricted net assets. 3 categories

1. Program services
5
 FAR - Notes Chapter 9
http://www.cpa-cfa.org
2. Support services
3. Combined costs

Statement of cash flows

• Can use either direct or indirect method

Operating activity – gross receipts (contributions, program income, interest and dividend income), board
designated unrestricted revenue for construction or purchase of LT asset are operating
Financing activity – cash transactions related to borrowing, increases to an endowment, purchases of assets or
annuity agreements

Investing activities – sale or purchase of art, investment in equipment

Exclude donor restricted securities that may otherwise meet the cash equivalent definition in commercial acctg

Statement of functional expenses (required for health and welfare organizations)

3 main functional classifications
1. Program support expenses
2. Fund raising expenses – unsolicited merchandise given out)
3. Management and general

Resource inflows in not-for-profit organizations are generally classified in the F/S as revenue or other support

Revenues typically represent exchange transactions in which the not-for-profit organization earnes resources in
exchange for a service performed

Other support typically represents operating income that is donated (contributed) as part of the central ongoing
activities of the organization

Cash contributions received are recognized as revenue

Unconditional promises/pledges are recognized as revenue

Conditional promises/pledges are recognized as revenue when its earned (conditions are substantially met)

Multiyear pledges – current amount collected is contribution revenue, the PV of future collections are
temporarily restricted revenues

Allowance for uncollectible pledges – net realizable value

Split interest agreements are shares with other beneficiaries

- measured at fair value
- displayed as temporarily restricted

Donated services should be recorded at fair value and must meet the following criteria
S Specialized skills required and possessed by the donor
O Otherwise needed by the organization
M Measurable
E Easy to determine fair value)

Expense or asset xx
Contribution – non operating revenue xx

6
 FAR - Notes Chapter 9
http://www.cpa-cfa.org
Volunteers who solicit are classified as fund raising expenses regardless if they meet the SOME criteria

Donated collection items are artwork and historical treasures. They are not required to be recorded is they meet
all the following criteria
- collection is held for public exhibition
- collection is protected
- proceeds from sales of collection are used to acquire other items for the collection

Record donated materials at fair value

Gifts in kind – non cash contributions, measured at fair market value

Agency transaction – the organization has little or not discretion (variance power) over the funds (organization
basically acts like an agent.
- displayed in liabilities (not restricted revenues)

Reciprocal transfers – each party receives and sacrifices something of approximately same value is termed an
exchange transaction

Cost of premiums (calendars, coffee mugs) given to potential donors as part of fundraising is classified as fund
raising expense

When donors purchase goods for a premium (cause they know it goes to a good cause) they difference between
the premium and the product fair value is classified as a contribution

Non-for profit has no variance power – acts like an agent

Asset xx
Refundable advance xx (liability)

Granted variance power – acts like an agent but has some power, assets recognized as contribution revenue
Asset xx
Contribution revenue xx

Beneficiaries of the assets

When financially interrelated – equity
Interest in net assets xx
Equity transaction xx (statement of activities)
Recognized beneficial interest – pools of assets – revenue
Beneficial interest xx
Contribution revenue xx
Recognized receivable – revenue
Receivable xx
Contribution revenue xx

Gains/losses on investments are reported in the statement of activities and increases or decrease in unrestricted
net assets unless the use of the investment is restricted

Derivatives (same as GAAP rule) recognize change in fair value in the period of change

Interest, dividend income is reported in the period earned as increases in unrestricted net assets unless the use
of the investment is restricted

Endowment fund – permanently restricted net assets, principal must be retained

Permanent endowment – Corpus (principal) is not permitted to be spent
7
 FAR - Notes Chapter 9
http://www.cpa-cfa.org
Term endowment – held for a specified term then you can spend it
Quasi-endowment – internal governing board (not the donor) has determined that the funds are to be
retained and invested for a specific purpose (not restricted)

College and Universities

Revenues – tuition and fees, shown gross so scholarships, tuition wavers, cancelled classes are reductions to
gross revenue

Healthcare Organizations
3 main revenue sources
1. Patient service revenue – established using standard rates, even if the full amount is not expected to
be collected, shown gross, so subtract deductions to get gross revenue
- Deductions
- contractual adjustments for third party payments
- policy discounts
- administrative adjustments
- Charity care – not recorded as a receivable or revenue
2. Other operating revenue
- donated supplies and equipment
- medical transcription fees
- cafeteria revenue
3. Non-operating revenue
- donated services

Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations

• Main income source is derived from contributions and pledges from the general public
• Fundraising expenses must be shown separately on the face of the F/S as wither an expense or deduction
from revenues (not as a simple net amount)