Chapter 1:What is C++?

Profanity is the one language that all programmers understand

-- Anon
Review Questions
1. Define class.
2. Where are the computers that are to be used for homework for this course?
3. What compiler are we using for this course?
Page 1
Chapter 2: The Basics of Program Writing
The first and most important thing of all, at least for writers today, is to strip language clean, to lay it bare down to the
bone
Ernest Hemingway
Review Questions
1. Define Machine Language.
2. Define Assembly Language.
3. Define source code.
4. Define object code.
5. Define library.
6. Define linker.
7. Define executable program.
8. How is assembly language different from machine language?
9. What does a compiler do?
10. How is a compiler different from an assembler?
11. What is the extension for source files on our machine?
12. What type of program is used to create source code.
13. What is the extension for object files on our machine?
14. What type of programs are used to produce object files?
15. What is the extension for the executable programs?
16. What type of files go into creating an executable program?
17. What type of program is used to create an executable program?
18. How do you access the on-line help system for your compiler?
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Chapter 3:Style
There is no programming language, no matter how structured, that will prevent programmers from
writing bad programs
- LFlon
It is the nobility of their style which will make our writers of 1840 unreadable forty years from now
- Stendhal
Review Questions
1. Why are comments required in a program?
2. Why must you write comments before or while you write the program, never after?
3. Which is better: 1) The underscore method of writing names, such as: this_is_a_var, or
2) The upper/lower case method: ThisIsATest?
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Chapter 4: Basic Declarations and Expressions
A journey of a thousand miles must begin with a single step
Lao- zi
If carpenters made buildings the way programmers make programs, the first woodpecker to come along
would destroy all of civilization
Anon
Review Questions
1. Name and define the three elements of a program.
2. Why are comments required in a program?
3. What is the purpose of the return(0); near the end of each program?
4. What punctuation character signals the end of each statement?
5. What statement to you use to print something to the screen?
6. What are the five simple C++ operators?
7. Evaluate the following C++ expressions:
a) 5 + 3 / 2 + 1
b) (5 + 3) / ( 2 + 1)
c) 8 % (3 * 4) + 8 / 3 - 9
d) 8 / (3 * 4 + 8 / 3 - 9)
e) 4 + 9 * 6 - 8
f) (11 % 7) / 3
8. What will the following statements print? (Assume i=5 and j=7.)
a) std::cout << i << '\n';
b) std::cout << "i" << '\n';
c) std::cout << i / j << '\n';
d) std::cout << "i=" << i;
e) std::cout << "i=" << i << '\n';
9. Turn the equation d=
1
2
g t
2
into a C++ statement
10. What does it mean when you see the message Warning: Null effect?
11. Define variable.
12. Define variable declaration.
13. What are the three purposes for a variable declaration?
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14. The FORTRAN language (among others) would automatically declare a variable the first time
it was usedVariables that began with A-H,O- Z where automatically declared float and
variables that begin with I-M were automatically declared intDiscuss the advantages and
disadvantages of this feature(Note: FORTRAN was invented before lowercase was widely
used in computes, so all variables were written in uppercase only)
15. Define std::cout and use it in a C++ statement.
16. Define assignment statement and give an example.
17. What is the difference between a real and an integer variable?
18. Give an example of an integer division statement and a floating point division statement?
19. The same operator / is used for both floating point and integer divides. How does the
compiler know which one to use?
20. A thermos keeps hot things hot and cold things cold. How does it know which one to do?
21. The standard character set, ASCII, handles 128 characters. Only 95 of these can be typed in
using the keyboard. What does a C++ programmer use to specify the none printing
characters?
22. Define character variable and show how a character variable can be declared and used.
23. What are the possible value of a boolean (bool) variable?
Advanced Questions
The answers to these may require resources outside the scope of this book
24. What is the value of 4.5 % 3.2?
25. Why are real numbers called floating point numbers?
26. What floats in a floating point number?
27. What is the biggest integer variable that you can have on your machine?
28. What is the biggest floating point variable that you can have on your machine?
29. Why are integer variables exact and floating point variables inexact?
Page 5
Chapter 5: Arrays, Qualifiers, and Reading Numbers
That mysterious independent variable of political calculations, Public Opinion
Thomas Henry Huxley
Review Questions
1. What is the difference between an array and a simple variable?
2. What is the number of the last element of the following array?
int test[5];
3. What's the header file that's used to bring in the data definitions for C++ strings?
#include <string>
4. How do you concatenate two C++ style string?
5. What is the difference between a C style string and an array of characters?
6. Why must we use std::strcpy to assign one C style string to another?
7. We define a character array whose job is to hold a stringWhat is the difference between the
size of the array and the length of a C style string?
8. Can the size of any array change during the execution of a program?
9. Can the length of a string variable change during the execution of a program?
10. What happens if you try to read a C++ style string using std::cin and the >> operator?
(Try it!) What about the C style strings?
11. How many elements are allocated for the multiple dimension array:
int four_dimensions[25][86][48][96];
Bonus question: Why will you probably never see a declaration like this in a real program?
12. Define the following:
long int short int unsigned signed
float double register auto
volatile const reference extern
13. Why must you use the notation static_cast<int>(very_short) to write a very
short number (akaa character variable)? What would happen if you wrote it out without the
int wrapper?
14. Define side effect.
15. Why are side effects bad things?
Page 6
Chapter 6: Decision and Control Statements
Once a decision was made, I did not worry about it afterward
Harry Truman
Review Questions
1. Define the following:
a) Branching Statements
b) Looping Statements
c) if statement
d) else clause
e) relational operator
f) logical operator
g) while statement
h) Fibonacci number
i) break statement
Page 7
Chapter 7: The Programming Process
Its just a simple matter of programming
Any boss who has never written a program
Review Questions
1. Describe the various steps of the programming process:
a Requirements
b Specification
c Code Design
d Coding
e Testing
f Debugging
g Release
h Maintenance
i Revision and updating
2. Why do we put each program in its own directory?
3. What is Fast Prototyping?
4. What is the make utility and how is it used?
5. Why is a Test Plan necessary?
6. What is Electronic Archeology?
7. What tools are available to aid you in going through some one elses code?
8. What is grep and how would you use it to find all references to the variable total_count?
Page 8
Chapter 8: More Control Statements
Grammar, which knows how to control even kings
Molire
Review Questions
1. Why do C++ programs count to five by saying 0, 1, 2, 3, 4? Why should you learn to count
that way?
2. Write a for statement to zero the following array:
int data[10];
3. Why do we end each case with break or // Fall through?
4. Why do we always put a break at the end of each switch?
5. What will continue do inside of a while?
6. What will continue do inside of a for?
7. What will continue do inside of a switch? (This is a trick question)
8. What will break do inside of a while?
9. What will break do inside of a for?
10. What will break do inside of a switch? (This is not a trick question.)
11. Discuss the pros and cons of putting the default statement at the end of every switchIs there
a case where putting the default statement somewhere else might be useful?
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Chapter 9: Variable Scope and Functions
But in the gross and scope of my opinion
This bodes some strange eruption to our state
Shakespeare Hamlet , Act I, Scene I
Review Questions
1. Define Variable Scope.
2. Define Variable Storage Class.
3. Why are hidden variables a bad idea?
4. What is the scope of a functions parameters?
5. What is the class of a functions parameters?
6. The keyword static changes a local variables storage class from __________ to __________.
7. Why are all global variables permanent?
8. When is the following variable created, initialized, and destroyed?
int funct(void) {
int var = 0 // The variable in question
// ......
9. When is the following variable created, initialized, and destroyed?
int funct(void) {
static int var = 0 // The variable in question
// ......
10. When is the following variable created, initialized, and destroyed?
int var = 0 // The variable in question
int funct(void) {
// ......
11. Define namespace.
12. What is the name of the namespace we've already used in this book for cin and cout?
13. Define reference.
14. What is binding and when does it occur?
15. What is the difference, if any, between the type of values returned by the following two
functions:
int func1(void)
const int funct2(void)
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16. What is the difference, if any, between the type of values returned by the following two
functions:
int &fun1(void)
const int &fun2(void)
17. Which parameters in the following function can be modified inside the function:
void fun(int one, const int two, int &three, const int &four);

18. In the previous question, which parameters, when changed, will result in changes made to the
callers variables?
19. Which parameters in the following function can be modified inside the function:
void fun(int one[], const int two[]);
20. In the previous question, which parameters, when changed, will result in changes made to the
callers variables?
21. Define Dangling Reference.
22. Why are dangling references a bad thing?
23. Can we overload the square function using the following two function definitions?
int square(int value);
float square(float value);
24. Can we overload the square function using the following two function definitions?
int square(int value);
float square(int value);
25. Define default parameters.
26. Why must default parameters occur at the end of a parameter list?
27. What does the keyword inline do?
28. What programming technique was used to solve the calculator problem of Chapter 7, The
Programming Process?
29. Define Structured Programming.
30. Describe Top down programming.
31. Describe Bottom up programming.
32. Define recursion.
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33. What are the two rules you must follow to make a recursive function?
1) There must be an ending point. 2) Each stage of the function must make the problem
simpler.
Page 12
Chapter 10: The C++ Preprocessor
The speech of man is like embroidered tapestries, since like them this has to be extended in order to display its patterns, but
when it is rolled up it conceals and distorts them
Themistocles
Review Questions
1. Define #define.
2. What is the difference between a simple #define macro and a const declaration?
3. When would you use conditional compilation?
4. Would you ever use conditional compilation for something other than debugging?
5. What is the difference between a parameterized macro and a simple macro?
6. What is the difference between a macro and a normal function?
7. What is the difference between a macro and an inline function?
8. Can the C++ preprocessor be run on things other than C++ code? If so what?
9. Why do we not want to use macros to define things like:
#define BEGIN {
#define END }
Page 13
Chapter 11: Bit Operations
To be or not to be, that is the question
Shakespeare on boolean algebra
Review Questions
1. Describe the difference between bitwise and (&) and logical and (&&). Give an example of
each.
2. Describe the difference between bitwise or (|) and logical or (||).
3. If you didnt have an exclusive or operator (^) how would you create one out of the other
operators?
4. How would you test to see if any one of a set of bits is on? (This can be done without using
the logical and (&&) operation.)
5. How would we rewrite the set_bit function if we used an array of short int instead of an
array of char.
Page 14
Chapter 12: Advanced Types
Total grandeur of a total edifice,
Chosen by an inquisitor of structures
Wallace Stevens
Review Questions
1. Define Structure.
2. Define Union.
3. How can we tell what type of data is currently stored in a union?
4. Define typedef.
5. Which is better typedef or #define? Why?
6. Define enum type.
7. List two reasons that enum types are better than defining a series of constants.
8. Define bit field.
9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using bit fields.
Page 15
Chapter 13: Simple Classes
She thinks that even up in heaven
Her class lies late and snores,
Cyril Connolly
Review Questions
1. Define class
2. Define the big four member functions.
3. What are the hidden functions called in the following code:
void use_stack(stack &local_stack)
{
local_stack.push(9);
local_stack.push(10);
}
4. Why can you overload the constructor and not overload the destructor?
5. Which of the big four are generated automatically?
6. How do you prevent each of them from being generated automatically if you dont explicitly
define one.?
Page 16
Chapter 14: More on Classes
This method is, to define as the number of a class the class of all classes similar to the given class
Bertand Russell
Principles of Mathematics part II, chapter 11, section iii, 1903
Review Questions
1. Define friend.
2. Describe an example when you would use a friend function.
3. Define constant member functions.
4. Define constant member variable.
5. How do you initialize the constant member variables of a class?
6. Define static member variables.
7. Why are you able to access static member variables using the class::var syntax you cannot
use the same syntax for ordinary member variables?
8. Define static member function.
9. Why are static member functions prohibited from accessing ordinary member variables?
10. Why can they access static member variables?
Page 17
Chapter 15: Simple Pointers
The choice of a point of view is the initial act of culture.
Ortega y Gasset
Review Questions
1. Define pointer.
2. How is a pointer different from a thing?
3. How many pointers can point to a single thing?
4. What happens if you assign a pointer NULL and then try and dereference it?
5. Are pointers more efficient than arrays?
6. Are pointers more risky to use than arrays?
7. Which of the preceding two questions is the more important?
Page 18
Chapter 16: File Input/Output
I the heir of all the ages, in the foremost files of time
Tennyson
Review Questions
1. There are three different I/O packages described in this chapter: C++ streams, raw I/O, and C
standard I/ODescribe the advantages and disadvantages of each
2. Define std::cin, std::cout, and std::cerr.
3. Define std::ifstream.
4. Define std::ofstream.
5. How can we tell if a write worked?
6. How can we tell if a file exists?
7. Whats the difference between std::getline and the >> string operation?
8. What does sizeof do?
9. Write a C++ program fragment to write out a variable containing the value 3 as 0003.
10. Why are graphic images almost always stored as binary files?
11. One type of image thats stored as an ASCII file is an X icon. Why is it ASCII?
12. Whats the difference between 0 and 0?
13. What type of end of line is used on your machine?
14. Someone took a text file from DOS and moved it to UNIX. When they tried to edit it a lot of
control-Ms (^M) appeared at the end of each line. Why?
15. Why is buffering a good idea?
16. When is it not a good idea?
17. Why is the C style std::printf more risky to use than the C++ style std::cout?
Page 19
Chapter 17: Debugging and Optimization
Bloody instructions which, being learned, return to plague the inventor
Shakespeare on debugging
Review Questions
1. Describe useful debugging aides that might be built into a program
2. Describe your hardest bug and what you did to fix it.
3. What happens when you try to divide by 0?
4. What happens when you attempt to dereference the NULL pointer?
5. What happens when you modify the data pointed to by the NULL pointer?
6. What happens when you write a program that does infinite recursion?
7. Define std::flush..
8. Define Confessional Method of Debugging.
9. Define Loop ordering.
10. Define Reduction in Strength.
11. Write a program that divides an integer variable by 10 a thousand times and time how long it
takes. How long does it take to divide the variable by 16?
Page 20
Chapter 18: Operator Overloading
Overloaded, undermanned, ment to flounder, we
Euchred God Almightys storm, bluffed the Eternal Sea!
Kipling
Review Questions
1. Define overloading.
2. Define operator overloading.
3. Whats the difference between x++ and ++x?
4. How do you tell them apart when defining the operator functions?
5. What is casting?
6. Why should you not overload the casting operators? What should you use instead? Why?
Page 21
Chapter 19: Floating Point
1 is equal to 2 for sufficiently large values of 1
Anonymous

Review Questions
1. Define Overflow.
2. Can you have overflow with integer calculations?
3. Define Underflow.
4. Can you have underflow in integer calculations?
5. Whats the biggest floating point number that can be represented on your machine.
6. On your pocket calculator what does 1-(1/3)-(1/3)-(1/3) equal?
7. Why do you never want to use floating point for money?
Page 22
Chapter 20: Advanced Pointers
A race that binds
Its body in chains and calls them Liberty,
And calls each fresh link progress
Robert Buchanan
Review Questions
1. Define Linked List.
2. What would you use a linked list for?
3. Define Double-linked List.
4. What can a double-linked list be used for that a linked list cannot.
5. Define binary tree.
6. What are trees good for?
7. How would you delete an element from a tree?
Page 23
Chapter 21: Advanced Classes
The ruling ideas of each age have ever been the ideas of its ruling class
Karl Marx
Manifesto of the Communist Party
Review Questions
1. Define derived class.
2. Define base class.
3. Can a class be both derived and base?
4. Define virtual function.
5. Define pure virtual function.
6. Describe how to implement virtual functions using function pointers. (This is what C++ does
internally.)
7. Define abstract class.
8. Why cant you use an abstract class to define a variable?
Page 24
Chapter 22: Exceptions
How glorious it is and also how painful to be an exception
Alfred De Musset
Review Questions
1. Define exception.
2. Define try.
3. Define catch.
4. Define throw.
Page 25
Chapter 23: Modular Programming
Many hands make light work
John Heywood
Review Questions
1. Define header file.
2. What should go in a header file? Why?
3. What should not go in a header file? Why?
4. Define extern.
5. Define static. (Warning: Its used for a lot of things.)
6. Define infinite array.
Page 26
Chapter 24: Templates
Thou cunningst pattern of excelling nature,
Shakesphere, Othello Act V
Review Questions
1. Define template.
2. When does a template cause code to be generated?
3. What is a function specialization?
4. What is a class specialization?
5. Define "export"?
6. Name a compiler which implements the "export" directive correctly.
Page 27
Chapter 25: Standard Template Library
Goodness and evil never share the same road, just as ice and charcoal never share the same container.
Chinese proverb
Review Questions
1. Define STL Container.
2. What are the differences between a STL vector and a C++ array?
3. How do you check to see if an iterator has reached the end of a container?
4. What's stored in a map?
Page 28
Chapter 26: Program Design
If carpenters made houses the way programmers design programs, the first woodpecker to come along would destroy all of
civilization
Traditional computer proverb
Review Questions
1. Name and define three design goals that should be a part of any program's design.
2. What are other design factors that might be considered.
3. MS/DOS was designed for a 640K PC with 360K floppies as it's primary storage device. Did
the design of the operating system make it easy to expand the system for today's modern
computers?
4. What makes a good module?
5. What is information hiding?
6. Why are global variables considered bad?
7. Are all global variables bad?
8. One of the problems with C++ is that a class must expose implementation information to
modules using that class. Where is this implementation information located?
Page 29
Chapter 27: Putting It All Together
For there isnt a job on the top of the earth the beggar dont know, nor do
Kipling
Review Questions
1. Describe the programming process used to create the program created in this chapter. Explain
what worked and what didnt. If something didnt work, what can be done to fix the problem?
Page 30
Chapter 28: From C to C++
No distinction so little excites envy as that which is
derived from ancestors by a long descent
Franois De Saliganc De La Mothe Fnelon
Review Questions
1. Define K&R Style Functions.
2. Define malloc.
3. Define free.
4. Why should you never use malloc on a class?
5. Why should you never use free on a class?
6. How do you initialize a structure to be all zeros? How do you initialize a class to be all zeros?
7. Define setjmp and longjmp.
8. What are the dangers associated with using these functions?
Page 31
Chapter 29: Programming Adages
Second thoughts are ever wiser
Euripides
No review questions
Page 32
Supplement: From C to C++
New nobility is but the act of power, but ancient nobility is the act of time
Francis Bacon
Review Questions
1. Why are comments required in a program?
2. Why must you write comments before or while you write the program, never after?
3. Which is better: 1) The underscore method of writing names example: this_is_a_var, or
the upper/lower case method: ThisIsATest? (Note this is a religious issue and has no right
answer.)
4. Define std::cout and use it in a C++ statement.
5. Define the following:
long int short int unsigned signed
float double register auto
volatile const reference extern
6. Why must you use the notation int(very_short) to write a very short number (aka. a
character variable)? What would happen if you wrote it out without the int wrapper?
7. Define side effect.
8. Why are side effects bad things.
9. When is the following variable created, initialized and destroyed?
int funct(void) {
int var = 0 // The variable in question
// ......
10. When is the following variable created, initialized and destroyed?
int funct(void) {
static int var = 0 // The variable in question
// ......
11. When is the following variable created, initialized and destroyed?
int var = 0 // The variable in question
int funct(void) {
// ......
12. Define reference?
13. What is binding and when does it occur?
Page 33
14. What is the difference, if any, between the type of values returned by the following two
functions:
int func1(void)
const int funct2(void)

15. What is the difference, if any, between the type of values returned by the following two
functions:
int &fun1(void)
const int &fun2(void)
16. Which parameters in the following function can be modified inside the function:
void fun(int one, const int two, int &three, const int &four);

17. In the previous question, which parameters when changed will result in changes made to the
callers variables?
18. Which parameters in the following function can be modified inside the function:
void fun(int one[], const int two[]);
19. In the previous question, which parameters when changed will result in changes made to the
callers variables?
20. Define Dangling Reference.
21. Why are dangling references a bad thing?
22. Can we overload the square function using the following two function definitions?
int square(int value);
float square(float value);
23. Can we overload the square function using the following two function definitions?
int square(int value);
float square(int value);
24. Define default parameters.
25. What does the keyword inline do?
26. What programming technique was used to solve the calculator problem of Chapter 7, The
Programming Process.
Page 34