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Technical and Historical Perspectives of Remote Sensing II. Non-Photographic Sensor Systems

Non-photographic sensor systems for remote sensing have been developing since the early 1800s when infrared radiation was discovered and temperature measurements were made using bolometers. Important milestones include Hertz demonstrating reflection of radio waves in 1889, the development of radar systems during World War II to detect aircraft and ships, and extensive infrared studies in the 1950s. The 1960s saw development of various detectors allowing the building of imaging and non-imaging instruments including radiometers, scanners, spectrometers and polarimeters.

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18 views

Technical and Historical Perspectives of Remote Sensing II. Non-Photographic Sensor Systems

Non-photographic sensor systems for remote sensing have been developing since the early 1800s when infrared radiation was discovered and temperature measurements were made using bolometers. Important milestones include Hertz demonstrating reflection of radio waves in 1889, the development of radar systems during World War II to detect aircraft and ships, and extensive infrared studies in the 1950s. The 1960s saw development of various detectors allowing the building of imaging and non-imaging instruments including radiometers, scanners, spectrometers and polarimeters.

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susasuresh
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Technical and Historical Perspectives of Remote Sensing

II. Non-Photographic Sensor Systems


1800 Discovery of the IR spectral region by Sir William Herschel.
1879 Use of the bolometer by Langley to make temperature measurements of electrical objects.
1889 Hertz demonstrated reflection of radio waves from solid objects.
1916 Aircraft tracked in flight by Hoffman using thermopiles to detect heat effects.
1930 British and Germans work on systems to locate airplanes from their thermal patterns at night.
1940
Development of incoherent radar systems by the British and United States to detect and track
aircraft and ships during W.W.II.
1950's Extensive studies of IR systems at University of Michigan and elsewhere.
1951 First concepts of a moving coherent radar system.
1953 Flight of an X-band coherent radar.
1954 Formulation of synthetic aperture concept (SAR) in radar.
1960's
Development of various detectors which allowed building of imaging and non-imaging
radiometers, scanners, spectrometers and polarimeters.

I. Photographic Methods
~1840 Photographic camera has served as a prime remote sensor for more than 150 years.
1860
Idea of aerial photography (photographing the Earths surface from above) by cameras on
balloons.
1879 Cameras on kites.
1897 Photos from small rockets (designed by Alfred Nobel) from a height of about 100 meters.
1908 Photos from airplanes, first by Wilbur Wright (co-developer of the first airplane)
1946 Start of space research

III. Space Imaging/Observation Systems
1960
TV cameras - TIROS (Television Infrared Observation Satellite) used to scan wide areas at a
time (devoted to looking at clouds) low resolution, black and white images.
1970s
High resolution Images using the EM spectrum beyond the visible, into the near and thermal
infrared regions.

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