INTRODUCTION OF

COMPUTER AIDED
PROCESS PLANNING
Prepared by
Patel ashish v.!"#ad!$%
Sathavara &eta' (.!"#ad)*%
Production
Pr+d,#ti+' is de-i'ed as the step.by.step #+'versi+' +- +'e -+r/ +- /aterial
i't+ a'+ther thr+,0h pr+#ess t+ #reate the ,tility +- the pr+d,#t t+ the ,ser.
Pr+d,#ti+' is the basi# a#tivity +- all +r0a'i1ati+'s a'd all +ther a#tivities
rev+lve ar+,'d the pr+d,#ti+' a#tivity .the +,tp,t +- the pr+d,#ti+' is the
#reati+' +- 0++ds +r servi#es 2hi#h satis-y the #+'s,/ers 'eeds.
The pr+d,#ti+' is the val,e additi+' pr+#ess. At ea#h sta0e +- pr+#essi'03
there 2ill be a val,e additi+'.
Production system
The pr+#esses3 2hi#h are ,sed -+r3 #reate 0++ds +r servi#es3 2hi#h #reate
syste/ is #alled the pr+d,#ti+' syste/.
A pr+d,#ti+' syste/ pr+d,#es 0++ds +r servi#es. A steel pla't3 a'
a,t+/+bile i'd,stry a tra'sp+rtati+' #+/pa'y3 a' i's,ra'#e a0e'#y +r
h+spital 'et2+r& are all pr+d,#ti+' syste/.
FIG 4 ) PRODUCTION S5STEM
The pr+d,#ti+' syste/ has the -+ll+2i'0 #hara#teristi#s
The syste/ tra's-+r/ the vari+,s i'p,t /e'3 /aterial3 /a#hi'e3
i'-+r/ati+'3 e'er0y% i't+ ,se-,l +,tp,ts 0++ds3 servi#es% Pr+d,#ti+' syste/
d+es '+t +perate i' is+lati+' -r+/ the +ther +r0a'i1ati+'al syste/s s,#h as
-i'a'#e3 /ar&eti'0 et#.There e6ist a -eedba#& ab+,t the a#tivities3 2hi#h is
esse'tial t+ #+'tr+l a'd i/pr+ve syste/ per-+r/a'#e.
Production management
a set +- vari+,s a#tivities 3 2hi#h are i'v+lved i' /a',-a#t,ri'0 #ertai'
pr+d,#ts 3 is 'a/ed 7pr+d,#ti+' /a'a0e/e't 8. i- the sa/e #+'#ept is
e6te'ded t+ servi#es /a'a0e/e't 3 the' the set +- vari+,s /a'a0e/e't
a#tivities are #alled 7+perati+' /a'a0e/e't 8. i' 0e'eral the #+'#ept +-
/a',-a#t,ri'0 pr+d,#t9+--eri'0 servi#es is #alled pr+d,#ti+' 9+perati+'
/a'a0e/e't .
A##+rdi'0 t+ the 7 El2++d :,--a 8 pr+d,#ti+' /a'a0e/e't is
7Pr+d,#ti+' /a'a0e/e't deals 2ith de#isi+' /a&i'0 related t+ pr+d,#ti+'
pr+#esses s+ that the res,lti'0 0++ds +r servi#es are pr+d,#ed a##+rdi'0 t+
spe#i-i#ati+'s3 i' the a/+,'ts a'd by the s#hed,le de/a'ded a'd +,t
/i'i/,/ #+st. 8
Activities in production / operation management
Organizing work
Selecting process
Arranging layout
Locating facilities
Designing jobs
Measuring performance
Controlling quality
Scheuling work
Managing in!entory
"lanning prouction
A pr+d,#ti+' /a'a0e/e't i'#l,des all +- the a#tivities ass+#iated 2ith
pla''i'03 +r0a'i1i'0 a'd #+'tr+lli'0 the pr+#ess +- #+'versi+' that pr+d,#e
the -i'al +,tp,t.
The pr+#ess +- pla''i'0 i'#l,des the sele#ti+' +- p+li#ies a'd pr+0ra//e
thr+,0h 2hi#h the desired +b(e#tives is -,l-illed. The pla''i'0 i'#l,de
pr+d,#t desi0' a'd devel+p/e't3 -a#ilities pla''i'03 pla't l+#ati+'3 lay+,t
et#.
F+r i/ple/e'tati+' +- pla' re;,ired the ',/er+,s a#tivities t+ be
per-+r/ed. S+/e+'e 2ill be a,th+ri1ed t+ ,se the available res+,r#e -+r
per-+r/i'0 the re;,ired tas& a'd als+ 2ill be a##+,'table t+ the
/a'a0e/e't -+r his9her a#tivities. De-i'i'0 the a,th+rity3 resp+'sibility3 a'd
spa' +- #+'tr+l +- i'divid,al e/pl+yees is &'+2' as the +r0a'i1i'0 the
syste/.
It i'#l,des s de-i'i'0 the tas& t+ be per-+r/ed3 sele#ti+' +- pers+''el t+
per-+r/ th+se tas&s3 a'd dele0ati+' +- a,th+rity s+ that all pers+' #a'
per-+r/ there all+#ated d,ties.
The #+'versi+' pr+#ess is re;,ired t+ be /+'it+red t+ e's,re that the pla's
are pr+perly i/ple/e'ted. i' #ase +- deviati+'s -r+/ the pla' 3 it /ay be
'e#essary t+ i'itiate #+rre#tive /eas,re t+ i/pr+ve syste/ per-+r/a'#e .
The #+'tr+l pr+#ess i'#l,de i've't+ry #+'tr+l3 ;,ality #+'tr+l et#. are s+/e
e6a/ple 2here /a'a0erial a#tivities are re;,ired t+ #+'tr+l the pr+d,#ti+'
pr+#ess.
The syste/ +,tp,t is #+/pared 2ith the s+/e pre.de-i'ed sta'dard a'd i-
the di--ere'#e is si0'i-i#a't3 the' s+/e ad(,st/e't is /ade i' either i' i'p,t
t+ the syste/ +r t+ the pr+#ess +- #+'versi+' s+ that the syste/ +,tp,t
#+'-+r/s t+ the prede-i'ed sta'dards.
Objectives of production management
Pr+d,#ti+' is a' +r0a'i1ed a#tivity a'd ea#h +r0a'i1ed a#tivity has its
+b(e#tive. <hi#h helps t+ eval,ate its per-+r/a'#e a0ai'st the set +b(e#tives.
Ob(e#tives +- pr+d,#ti+' /a'a0e/e't is stated as t+ pr+d,#e 0++ds 3
servi#es +- ri0ht ;,ality a'd ;,a'tity at the predeter/i'ed ti/e a'd pre
established #+st.
Ob(e#tives +- pr+d,#ti+' /a'a0e/e't is
Ri0ht ;,ality
Ri0ht ;,a'tity
Predeter/i'ed ti/e
Pre.established #+st /a',-a#t,ri'0 #+st%
Right quality
The ;,ality +- the pr+d,#t is established based ,p+' the #,st+/ers 'eeds.
C,st+/er=s 'eeds are tra'slated i't+ the pr+d,#t spe#i-i#ati+' by the desi0'
+r e'0i'eeri'0 depart/e't. the /a',-a#t,ri'0 depart/e't the' tra'slate
these spe#i-i#ati+' i't+ /eas,rable +b(e#tives.
Th,s the pr+per bala'#e /,st be +btai'ed s,#h that the pr+d,#t ;,ality
+--ered t+ the #,st+/er sh+,ld be 2ithi' the pre.established /a',-a#t,ri'0
#+st.
Right quantity
The /a',-a#t,ri'0 +r0a'i1ati+' sh+,ld pr+d,#e the pr+d,#ts at the ri0ht
',/ber.
I- the pr+d,#ts are pr+d,#e i' ;,a'tity e6#ess +- de/a'd the #apital 2ill
bl+#& ,p i' the -+r/ +- i've't+ry a'd i- it is pr+d,#ed i' ;,a'tity sh+rt +-
de/a'd3 these 2ill be sh+rta0es pr+d,#t. Th,s a de#isi+' is t+ be ta&e'
re0ardi'0 h+2 /,#h t+ pr+d,#e.
Manufacturing costs
Ma',-a#t,ri'0 #+sts are established be-+re the pr+d,#t is a#t,ally
/a',-a#t,red the /a',-a#t,ri'0 depart/e't has t+ /a',-a#t,re the pr+d,#t
at the pre.established #+st i' a'y #ase3 a'y variati+' bet2ee' the a#t,al #+sts
pre established% a'd sta'dard sh+,ld be &ept at /i'i/,/.
Manufacturing scheduled
Ti/eli'ess +- delivery s#hed,le% is +'e +- the /+st i/p+rta't para/eter t+
(,d0e the e--e#tive'ess +- pr+d,#ti+' /a'a0e/e't. There are /a'y reas+'s
li&e '+ availability +- /aterial at the ri0ht ti/e3 /a#hi'e brea& d+2'3 lab+,r
are '+t available et#.2hi#h a--e#t the ti/ely #+/pleti+' +- the pr+d,#t . s+
the /a',-a#t,ri'0 depart/e't sh+,ld +r0a'i1ed its a#tivity i' s,#h a 2ay
that the pr+d,#t 2ill be /a',-a#t,red .
T+ a#hieve the ab+ve +b(e#tive3 the /a',-a#t,ri'0 pr+d,#ti+' depart/e't
has t+ /a&e the +pti/,/ ,tili1ati+'s +- vari+,s i'p,t li&e /e'3 /aterial3
/a#hi'e. S+ have t+ better ,tili1ati+' +- res+,r#es3 the pr+d,#ti+'
depart/e't has t+ a#hieve the +ther +b(e#tives3 2hi#h are l+2er i' hierar#hy.
These +b(e#tives are #alled i'ter/ediate +b(e#tives are 0+i'0 t+ +pti/i1e the
,tili1ati+' +- res+,r#es.
The i'ter/ediate +b(e#tives are
Ma#hi'ery a'd e;,ip/e't
Material
Ma'p+2er
s,pp+rti'0 servi#es
Function and scope of the production department
The a#tivities +- pr+d,#ti+' depart/e't +- a' +r0a'i1ati+' are 0r+,ped i't+
t2+ #ate0+ries.
The a#tivities that #+'vert the available #apital i't+ physi#al res+,r#e
re;,ired -+r pr+d,#ti+'.
The a#tivities that #+'vert the physi#al res+,r#es i't+ saleable 0++ds
a'd servi#es.
I' #arryi'0 +,t the -+ll+2i'0 a#tivities3 the pr+d,#ti+' depart/e't /,st
-,l-ill the -+ll+2i'0 a#tivities.
a% Pr+d,#ti+' +- the 0++ds at the ri0ht ti/e a'd i' s,--i#ie't ;,a'tity
t+ /eet the de/a'd.
b% Pr+d,#ti+' +- the 0++ds at the /i'i/,/ p+ssible #+st.
#% Pr+d,#ti+' +- 0++ds +- a##eptable ;,ality.
Function of the production personnel.
F+re#asti'0 the de/a'd -+r the pr+d,#ts a'd ,si'0 the -+re#ast t+ deter/i'e
the re;,ire/e'ts +- vari+,s -a#t+rs +- pr+d,#ti+'.
Arra'0i'0 the pr+#,re/e't +- re;,ired -a#t+rs +- pr+d,#ti+'
Arra'0i'0 -+r the servi#es s,#h as /ai'te'a'#e3 st+re &eepi'0 /aterial
ha'dli'0 i'spe#ti+' a'd ;,ality #+'tr+l et#. That 2+,ld be re;,ired t+ attai'
the tar0eted level +- pr+d,#ti+'
Utili1i'0 e--e#tively the -a#t+rs +- pr+d,#ti+' a'd servi#es -a#ilities
available t+ pr+d,#e the pr+d,#t#
cope of production! and management
$he objecti!es of prouction management are aime at satisfying the nees of
the customer through offering organization proucts %ser!ices#
$he scope of the prouction management can be consiere from the point of
!iew of both strategic ecisions influencing the prouction system an operation
le!el
$he strategic le!el ecision are mainly concerne with the esign of prouct an
prouction system these ecision in!ol!e ecision& which ha!e long terms
implications#
"he strategic level decisions are
Ne2 pr+d,#t ide'ti-i#ati+' a'd desi0'
Pr+#ess desi0' a'd pla''i'0
Fa#ilities l+#ati+' a'd lay+,t pla''i'0
Desi0' +- /aterial ha'dli'0 syste/
Capa#ity pla''i'0

The #apa#ity pla''i'0 i'v+lve
Pr+d,#ti+' pla''i'0
Pr+d,#ti+' #+'tr+l
The +ther a#tivity i'#l,de i've't+ry #+'tr+l3
/ai'te'a'#e a'd repla#e/e't #+st red,#ti+' a'd #+st
#+'tr+l a'd 2+r& syste/ desi0' et#.%
Production management frame#or$
The divisi+' +- pr+d,#ti+' /a'a0e/e't -,'#ti+'s i't+ * 7p8pr+d,#t%
"he product
The pr+d,#t is the li'& bet2ee' pr+d,#ti+' a'd /ar&eti'0.
As per the pr+d,#t p+li#y +- the +r0a'i1ati+' a' a0ree/e't is rea#hed
bet2ee' the vari+,s -,'#ti+' +' the -+ll+2i'0 a aspe#ts +- the pr+d,#t.
Per-+r/a'#e
>,ality a'd reliability
Aestheti#s a'd er0+'+/i#s
>,a'tity a'd selli'0 pri#e
Delivery s#hed,le
The ab+ve -a#t+rs a--e#t the vari+,s aspe#ts s,#h as /ar&et 'eeds3 e6isti'0
#,lt,re3 le0al #+'strai'ts a'd the e'vir+'/e'tal de/a'd et#.
"he plant
The pla't is #+'#er'ed 2ith
Desi0' a'd lay+,t +- b,ildi'0 a'd +--i#e
Reliability3 per-e#t /ai'te'a'#e +- e;,ip/e't
The -i'a'#ial #+'strai't
The pla't lay+,t deals 2ith the physi#al arra'0e/e't +- pla'ts are
/a#hi'eries the sele#ted side.
"he process
These are al2ays ',/ber +- alterati+' /eth+d s +- #reati'0 a pr+d,#t. :,t it
is re;,ired t+ sele#t the +'e best /eth+d3 2hi#h attai's the +b(e#tive.
F+r de#idi'0 the pr+#ess -+ll+2i'0 -a#t+rs are 'eeded
Available #apa#ity
Ma'p+2er s&ills available
Types +- pr+d,#ti+'
Lay+,t +- pla't
Sa-ety
Mai'te'a'#e re;,ired
Ma',-a#t,ri'0 costs
"he programme
The pr+0ra//e re-ers t+ the ti/e table +- pr+d,#ti+' . th,s the pr+0ra//e
prepare s#hed,les -+r
P,r#hasi'0
Tra's-+r/i'0
Mai'te'a'#e
Cash
St+ra0e a'd tra'sp+rt
"he people
Pr+d,#ti+' depe'ds ,p+' pe+ple. The pe+ple vary i' their attit,des3 s&ill a'd
e6pe#ti+'s -r+/ the 2+r&. Th,s t+ /a&e best are +- available h,/a'
res+,r#e.
The pr+d,#i'0 /a'a0er sh+,ld be i'v+lved i' iss,e li&e
<a0es 9salary ad/i'istrati+'
C+'diti+' +- 2+r& a'd sa-ety
M+tivati+'
Trai'i'0 +- e/pl+yees
%APP
I' #app several pr+#ess pla''i'0 -,'#ti+'s 2hi#h #a' be i/ple/e'ted by
#+/p,ter syste/.
pr+#ess pla''i'0 is #+'#er'ed 2ith deter/i'i'0 the se;,e'#e +- i'divid,al
/a',-a#t,ri'0 +perati+' 'eeded t+ pr+d,#e t+ pr+d,#e a 0ive' part +r
pr+d,#t .the res,lti'0 +perati+' se;,e'#e is d+#,/e'ted +' a -+r/
typi#ally re-erred t+ as a r+,te sheet. The r+,te sheet is a listi'0 +- the
pr+d,#ti+' +perati+'s a'd ass+#iated /a#hi'e t++ls -+r a 2+r& part +r
asse/bly.
&eeds of %app
Pr+#ess pla''i'0 are the -,'#ti+' +- deter/i'i'0 appr+priate #,tti'0
#+'diti+' -+r the /a#hi'i'0 +perati+'s a'd setti'0 the ti/e sta'dards -+r
the +perati+'.
Pla''i'0 the pr+#ess deter/i'i'0 the #,tti'0 #+'diti+'3 a'd setti'0 the ti/e
sta'dards have traditi+'ally bee' #arried +,t as tas& 2ith a very hi0h /a',al
a'd #leri#al #+'te't. They als+ typi#ally r+,ti'e tas&s i' 2hi#h si/ilar +r
eve' ide'ti#al de#isi+' are repeated +ver a'd +ver. T+day these &i'd +-
de#isi+' are bei'0 /ade 2ith the aid +- #+/p,ter.
"raditional process planning
I' traditi+'al pr+#ess pla''i'03 there are variati+'s i' the level +- detail
-+,'d i' r+,te sheet a/+'0 di--ere't #+/pa'ies.
Pr+#ess pla''i'0 is a##+/plished by releasi'0 the part pri't t+ the
pr+d,#ti+' sh+p 2ith the i'str,#ti+' 7/a&e t+ dra2i'0 8. /+st -ir/ pr+vide
list +- step des#ribi'0 ea#h +perati+' a'd ide'ti-yi'0 ea#h 2+r& #e'ter .
It is traditi+'ally the tas& +- the /a',-a#t,ri'09i'd,strial e'0i'eers i' a'
+r0a'i1ati+' t+ 2rite these pr+#ess pla's -+r 'e2 part desi0's t+ be
pr+d,#ed by the sh+p.
This pr+#ess pla''i'0 pr+#ed,re is very /,#h depe'de't +' the e6perie'#e
a'd (,d0/e't +- the pla''er.
Automated process planning
The pr+ble/s e'#+,'tered 2ith /a',al pr+#ess pla''i'03 atte/pt have bee'
/ade i' re#e't years t+ #apt,re the l+0i#3 (,d0/e't3 a'd e6perie'#e re;,ired
-+r this i/p+rta't -,'#ti+' i'#+rp+rated the/ i't+ #+/p,ter pr+0ra//e.
:ased +' the #hara#teristi#s +- a 0ive' part3 the pr+0ra//e a,t+/ati#ally
0e'erates the /a',-a#t,ri'0 +perati+' se;,e'#e.
The Capp syste/ +--ers the p+te'tial -+r red,#i'0 the r+,ti'e #leri#al 2+r&
+- /a',-a#t,ri'0 e'0i'eers. At the sa/e ti/e it pr+vide the +pp+rt,'ity t+
0e'erate pr+d,#ti+' r+,ti'03 2hi#h are rati+'al3 #+'siste't3 perhaps eve'
+pti/al.
"#o approaches of %app
Retrieval type #app syste/ varia't syste/s%
Ge'erative #app syste/
Retrieval type %app system
These syste/ ,se part #lassi-i#ati+' a'd #+di'0 a'd 0r+,p te#h'+l+0y as a
-+,'dati+'.
I' this appr+a#hes3 the part pr+d,#ed i' the pla't are 0r+,ped i't+ part
-a/ilies3 disti'0,ish a##+rdi'0 t+ there /a',-a#t,ri'0 #hara#teristi#s. F+r
ea#h part -a/ily3 a sta'dard pr+#ess pla' is established.
The sta'dard pr+#ess pla' is st+red i' #+/p,ter -iles a'd the' retrieved -+r
'e2 2+r& part3 2hi#h bel+'0 t+ that -a/ily. S+/e -+r/ +- parts
#lassi-i#ati+' a'd #+di'0 syste/ is re;,ired t+ +r0a'i1e the #+/p,ter -iles
a'd t+ per/it e--i#ie't retrieval +- appr+priate pr+#ess pla' -+r 'e2 2+r&
part.
F+r 'e2 parts3 editi'0 +- the e6isti'0 pr+#ess pla' /ay be re;,ired. This is
d+'e 2he' the /a',-a#t,ri'0 re;,ire/e'ts +- the 'e2 parts are di--ere't
-r+/ the sta'dard. The /9# r+,ti'0 /ay be sa/e -+r the 'e2 pr+d,#t3 b,t
the spe#i-i# +perati+'s re;,ired at ea#h /a#hi'e /ay be di--ere't.
The #+/plete pr+#ess pla' /,st d+#,/e't the +perati+' as 2ell as the
se;,e'#e +- /a#hi'e thr+,0h 2hi#h the part /,st be r+,ted. :e#a,se +- the
alterati+' that are /ade i' the retrieved pr+#ess pla'.
This syste/ als+ #alled variant system.
'()* + ,-$,(-.AL S/S$-MS
Fi0 sh+2s the pr+#ess +- retrieval pr+#ess pla''i'0 .i' this syste/ the ,ser
2+,ld e'teri'0 the part #+de ',/ber at the #+/p,ter ter/i'al. the #app
pr+0ra//e sear#h the part -a/ily /atri6 -iles t+ deter/i'e i- a /at#h
e6ists.
I- the -ile #+'tai's a' ide'ti#al #+de ',/ber3 the sta'dard /a#hi'e r+,ti'0
a'd +perati+' se;,e'#e are retrieved -r+/ the respe#tive #+/p,ter -iles -+r
display t+ the ,ser.
The ,ser t+ per/it a'y 'e#essary editi'0 +- the pla' t+ /a&e it #+/patible
2ith the 'e2 part desi0' e6a/i'es he sta'dard pr+#ess pla'. A-ter editi'03
the pr+#ess pla' -+r/atter prepares the paper d+#,/e't i' the pr+per -+r/.
I- a' e6a#t /at#h #a''+t be -+,'d bet2ee' the #+de ',/ber i' the #+/p,ter
-iles a'd the #+de ',/ber -+r the 'e2 part3 the ,ser /ay sear#h the
/a#hi'i'0 r+,ti'0 -ile a'd the +perati+' se;,e'#e -iles -+r si/ilar parts that
#+,ld be ,sed t+ devel+p the pla' -+r the 'e2 part.
This syste/ 2+,ld easier t+ -i'd a /at#h i' the /a#hi'i'0 r+,ti'0 -ile tha'
i' the +perati+' se;,e'#e -ile. S+/e retrieval syste/s 2+,ld ,se +'ly +'e
s,#h -ile3 2hi#h 2+,ld be a #+/bi'ati+' +- +perati+' se;,e'#e -ile a'd
/a#hi'e r+,ti'0 -ile.
The pr+#ess pla' -+r/atter /ay ,se +ther appli#ati+' pr+0ra//e. These
#+,ld i'#l,de #+/p,ti'0 /a#hi'i'0 #+'diti+'3 2+r&i'0 sta'dard3 a'd #+sts.
Sta'dard #+st pr+0ra/s #a' be ,sed t+ deter/i'e t+tal pr+d,#t #+sts -+r
pri#i'0 p,rp+se.
The retrieval syste/ i'#l,de MIPLAN ?MICLASS /+d,les et#.
'enerative Process Planning ystems(

Ge'erative pr+#ess pla''i'0 i'v+lves the ,se +- the #+/p,ter t+ #reate a'
i'divid,al pr+#ess pla' -r+/ s#rat#h3 a,t+/ati#ally a'd 2ith+,t h,/a'
assista'#e. The #+/p,ter 2+,ld e/pl+y a set +- al0+rith/s t+ pr+0ress
thr+,0h the vari+,s te#h'i#al a'd l+0i#al de#isi+'s t+2ard a -i'al pla' -+r
/a',-a#t,ri'0. I'p,t t+ the syste/ 2+,ld i'#l,de a #+/prehe'sive
des#ripti+' +- the 2+r&part. This /ay i'v+lve the ,se +- the s+/e -+r/ +-
part data3 b,t it d+es '+t i'v+lve the retrieval +- e6iti'0 sta'dard pla's.
I'stead the 0e'erative CAPP syste/ sy'thesi1es the desi0' +- the +pti/,/
pr+#ess se;,e'#e3 based +' a' a'alysis +- part 0e+/etry3 /aterial a'd +ther
-a#t+rs 2hi#h 2+,ld i'-l,e'#e /a',-a#t,ri'0 de#isi+'s.
I' the ideal 0e'erative pr+#ess.pla''i'0 pa#&a0e3 a'y part desi0' #+,ld be
prese'ted t+ the syste/ -+r #reati+' +- the +pti/al pla'. I' pra#ti#e3 #,rre't
0e'erative type syste/s are -ar -r+/ ,'iversal i' their appli#ability. The
te'ds t+ -all sh+rt +- a tr,ly 0e'erative #apability3 a'd they are devel+ped -+r
a s+/e2hat li/ited ra'0e +- /a',-a#t,ri'0 pr+#ess.
This syste/ appr+a#h by /ea's +- a syste/ #alled GENPLAN devel+ped at
L+#&heed. Ge+r0ia C+/pa'y.
)enefits Of %app

* Process rationali+ation.

C+/p,ter a,t+/ated preparati+' +- +perati+' r+,ti'0 is /+re li&ely t+ be
#+'siste't 3l+0i#al 3a'd +pti/al the' its /a',al #+,'terpart3 The pr+#ess
pla' 2ill be #+'siste't be#a,se the sa/e #+/p,ter s+-t2are is bei'0 ,sed by
all pla''ers. The pr+#ess pla's te'd t+ be /+re l+0i#al a'd +pti/al be#a,se
the #+/pa'y has pres,/ably i'#+rp+rated the e6perie'#e a'd (,d0/e't +-
its best /a',-a#t,ri'0 pe+ple i' t+ the pr+#ess pla''i'0 #+/p,ter s+-t2are#
,. -ncreased productivity of process planners

<ith #+/p,ter aided pr+#ess pla''i'03 there red,#ed #leri#al 2+r& e--+rt3
-e2er err+rs are /ade3 a'd the pla''ers have i//ediate a##ess t+ the
pr+#ess.pla''i'0 database. These be'e-its tra'slate i' t+ hi0her pr+d,#tivity
+- the pr+#ess pla''ers.
.. Reduced turnaround time.

<+r&i'0 2ith the CAPP syste/3 the pr+#ess pla''er is able t+ prepare a
r+,te sheet -+r a 'e2 part i' less ti/e #+/pared t+ /a',al preparati+'. This
leads t+ a' +verall red,#ti+' i' /a',-a#t,ri'0 lead.ti/e.

/ -mproved legibility

The #+/p,ter prepared d+#,/e't is easier t+ read the' /a',ally 2ritte'
r+,te sheets. CAPP syste/s e/pl+y sta'dards te6t3 2hi#h -a#ilitates
i'terpretati+' +- the pr+#ess pla' i' the -a#t+ry
0. -ncorporation of other application programs

The pr+#ess pla''i'0 syste/ #a' be desi0'ed t+ +perated i' the #+'(,'#ti+'
2ith +ther s+-t2are pa#&a0e t+ a,t+/ate /a'y +- the ti/e @#+'s,/i'0
/a',-a#t,ri'0 s,pp+rt -,'#ti+'s.
Machinability 1ata ystem

I' the /a#hi'e sh+p3 pr+#ess pla''i'0 sh+,ld i'#l,de sele#ti+' +- the
#,tti'0 #+'diti+' that are t+ be ,sed i' the vari+,s /a#hi'i'0 +perati+'s.
The #,tti'0 #+'diti+'s #+'sist +- the speed3 -eed3 a'd depth +- #,t. Depth +-
#,t is ,s,ally predeter/i'ed by the 2+r&pie#e 0e+/etry a'd +perati+'
se;,e'#e. There-+re3 the pr+ble/ red,#es t+ +'e +- deter/i'i'0 the pr+per
speed a'd -eed #+/bi'ati+'. Ma#hi'ability data syste/s are basi#ally
i'te'ded t+ s+lve this pr+ble/.
1efinition Of "he Problem
The +b(e#tive +- a /a#h i'ability Data syste/ is t+ sele#t #,tti'0 speed a'd
-eed rate 0ive' that the -+ll+2i'0 #hara#teristi#s +- the +perati+' have bee'
de-i'ed
) Type +- /a#hi'i'0 +perati+'
A Ma#hi'e T++l
$ C,tti'0 T++l
B <+r& part
* Operati'0 Para/eters Other Tha' Feed a'd Speed
The /a0'it,de +- the pr+ble/ #a' best be appre#iated by #+'te/plati'0 the
/,ltit,de +- di--ere't para/eters that are i'#l,ded 2ithi' this -ive.+perati+'
#hara#teristi#.
The /eth+ds +- s+lvi'0 the speed9-eed sele#ti+' pr+ble/ are
0# E6perie'#e a'd (,d0/e't +- pr+#ess pla''er3 -+re/a'3 +r /a#hi'e
+perat+r
+# Ca'db++& re#+//e'dati+'s
1# C+/p,teri1ed /a#hi'ability data syste/s
1 23perience and judgment of process planner! foreman! or machine
operator
Relyi'0 +' the e6perie'#e a'd (,d0/e't +- a'y i'divid,al is the least
syste/ati# appr+a#h a'd #arries the 0reatest ris&. The ris& lies i' the
p+te'tial l+ss +- the i'divid,al 2h+ has a#;,ired the e6perie'#e a'd
(,d0/e't +ver /a'y year i' the sh+p. Pers+'al (,d0/e't is als+ ,'desirable
be#a,se it ,s,ally has '+ s#ie'ti-i# -+,'dati+'. C,tti'0 #+'diti+' derived
-r+/ pers+'al e6perie'#e are '+t base +' e#+'+/i# #riteria.
2 4andboo$ recommendations
Ca'db++& re#+//e'dati+'s are #+/piled -r+/ the e6perie'#es +- the
/+re tha' +'e pers+'. Ca'db++& +- /a#hi'ability data is 0e'erally
devel+ped -r+/ a syste/ati# a'alysis +- lar0e ;,a'tities +- /a#hi'i'0 data.
The #,tti'0 re#+//e'dati+'s are +-te' based +' lab+rat+ry e6perie'#e
2h+se +b(e#tive is t+ deter/i'e speeds a'd -eeds. The best &'+2' +- these
ha'db++&s is the /a#hi'i'0 data Ca'db++&.

Alth+,0h the ha'db++& appr+a#h represe'ts a de-i'e i/pr+ve/e't +ver
pers+'al (,d0/e't3 it +-te' s,--ers -r+/ several dra2ba#& 2he' applied t+ a
parti#,lar #+/pa'y=s /a#hi'i'0 e'vir+'/e't.

First3 Ca'db++& re#+//e'dati+'s te'd t+ be #+'servative3 /ea'i'0 that the
s,00ested -eeds a'd speeds are based +' 2+rst #ase #+'diti+'s.

Se#+'d3 Ca'db++& /,st be #+'sidered as 0e'eral 0,ides a'd /ay '+t
#+i'#ide 2ith the parti#,lar pr+d,#t li'e a'd /a#hi'e t++ls +- the 0ive'
sh+p.

Third3 the ,se +- the ha'db++&s is '+t #+/patible 2ith the a,t+/ati+' +- the
pr+#ess pla''i'0 -,'#ti+' ,si'0 a #+/p,teri1ed database.

. %omputeri+ed Machinability 1ata ystem
T+ +ver#+/e these di--i#,lties3 e--+rts have bee' dire#ted t+ the
devel+p/e't +- #+/p,teri1ed /a#hi'ability data syste/s. These e--+rts date
ba#& t+ the early )DE!s a'd are #+'ti',i'0 t+day. S+/e +- the syste/s have
bee' devel+ped by i'divid,al -ir/s t+ /eet their +2' spe#i-i# re;,ire/e'ts.
The +- these syste/s has 0r+2' 2ith the i'#rease i' the ,se +- NC /a#hi'es
a'd the e#+'+/i# 'eed t+ +perate these /a#hi'es as e--i#ie'tly as p+ssible.
The i/p+rta't +- #+/p,teri1es /a#hi'ability data syste/s 2ill #+'ti',e t+
0r+2 2ith the devel+p/e't +- i'te0rated /a',-a#t,ri'0 databases.
Press/a' a'd <illia/s have #lassi-ied #+/p,teri1ed /a#hi'ability data
syste/s i't+ 0e'eral types
) Data base syste/s
A Mathe/ati#al /+dal syste/s
1ata )ase ystems

These syste/s re;,ire the #+lle#ti+' a'd st+ra0e +- lar0e ;,a'tities +- data
-r+/ lab+rat+ry e6peri/e'ts a'd sh+p e6perie'#e. The data base is
/ai'tai'ed +' a #+/p,teri1ed st+ra0e -ile that #a' be a##essed either by a
re/+te ter/i'al +r i' a bat#h /+de -+r a /+re per/a'e't pri't+,t +- #,tti'0
re#+//e'dati+'s.
T+ #+lle#t the /a#h i'ability data -r+/ the data base syste/3 #,tti'0
e6peri/e't are per-+r/ed +ver a ra'0e +- -easible #+'diti+'. These
e6peri/e't are #+//+'ly #+'d,#ted i' the lab+rat+ry. C+2ever /a'y data
base /a#h i'ability /a#h i'ability syste/ all+2s -+r sh+p data t+ be e'tered
i't+ the -iles als+. F+r ea#h set +- #+'diti+'3 #+/p,tati+'al are /ade t+
deter/i'e the #+st +- +perati+'. N+t +'ly is t+tal #+st per pie#e are
#al#,lated3 b,t the #+st #+/p+'e'ts that /a&e ,p the t+tal #+st are als+
#al#,lated.
The #+/p,tati+'s are based +' the traditi+'al #+'#ept i' /a#hi'i'0
e#+'+/i#s that the t+tal #+st per pie#e is #+/p+sed +- ele/e't are 0ive' i'
the -+ll+2i'0 e;,ati+'.
%
m
PC o m O h t TC
T
C C T C T C T
T
= + + +
PC
C
FC+st per 29p
o
C
FC+st t+ +perate the /a#hi'e t++l
m
T
FMa#hi'i'0 ti/e
h
T
FMa#hi'e ha'dli'0 ti/e
T FT++l li-e
t
C
FC+st +- t++li'0
TC
T
FT++l #ha'0e ti/e
Mathematical Modal ystems
These syste/s 0+ +'e step bey+'d the data base syste/s. I'stead +- si/ply
retrievi'0 #+st i'-+r/ati+' +' +perati+'s that have already bee' per-+r/3
the Mathe/ati#al /+dal syste/s atte/pt t+ predi#t the +pti/,/ #,tti'0
#+'diti+'s -+r a' +perati+'. The predi#ti+' is 0e'erally li/ited t+ +pti/,/
#,tti'0 speed3 0ive' a #ertai' -eed rate .The de-i'iti+' +- +pti/al is based +'
either the +b(e#tive +- /i'i/i1i'0 #+st +r /a6i/i1i'0 pr+d,#ti+' rate.

A #+//+' /athe/ati#al /+dal t+ predi#t +pti/,/ #,tti'0 speed relies +'
the -a/iliar Tayl+r e;,ati+' -+r t++l li-e3
n
VT C =
GFs,r-a#e speed
TFt++l li-e
:y #+/bi'i'0 e;,ati+' ) a'd A a'd a##+,'ti'0 -+r the -a#t that /a#hi'i'0
ti/e is i'versely pr+p+rti+'al t+ #,tti'0 speed the e;,ati+' -+r /i'i/,/
#+st #,tti'0 speed #a' be derived .
!
/i'
!
)
9 %
tc T
C T C n
V C
n C
+
=
I' si/ilar 2ay 3 the #,tti'0 speed that yields /a6i/,/ pr+d,#ti+' rate #a'
als+ be derived.
/a6
)
n
tc
C
V
n
T
n
=



The 2ea&'ess +- the /athe/ati#al /+del syste/ is a' e/piri#al e;,ati+'
derived -r+/ e6peri/e'tal data that #+'tai' ra'd+/ err+r . this ra'd+/
err+r te'ds t+ dist+rt the a##,ra#y +- the /i'i/,/ #+st a'd /a6i/,/
pr+d,#ti+' e;,ati+' .
Problems 5ith "raditional Production Planning And %ontrol
There are /a'y pr+ble/s that +##,rs d,ri'0 the #y#le +- the a#tivities i' the
traditi+'al appr+a#h t+ pr+d,#ti+' pla''i'0 a'd #+'tr+l. Ma'y +- these
pr+ble/s res,lts dire#tly -r+/ the i'ability +- the traditi+'al appr+a#h t+
deal 2ith the #+/ple6 a'd ever.#ha'0i'0 'at,re +- /a',-a#t,ri'0. The
types +- #+/ely e'#+,'tered i' the pla''i'0 a'd #+'tr+l +- pr+d,#ti+' are
the -+ll+2i'0.
*. * Plant %apacity Problems

Pr+d,#ti+' -alls behi'd s#hed,le d,e t+ a la#& +- lab+r a'd e;,ip/e't. This
res,lts i' e6#essive +verti/e3 delays i' /eeti'0 delivery s#hed,les3
#,st+/er #+/plai'ts3 ba#&+rderi'0 a'd +ther si/ilar pr+ble/s
#
,. ub Optimal Production cheduling

The 2r+'0 (+bs are s#hed,led be#a,se +- la#& +- #lear +rder +rder pri+rities3
i'e--i#ie't s#hed,li'0 r,les3 a'd the ever #ha'0i'0 stat,s +- (+bs i' the sh+p.
As a #+'se;,e'#e3 pr+d,#ti+' r,'s are i'terr,pted by the (+bs 2h+se
pri+rities have s,dde'ly i'#rease3 /a#hi'e set ,p are i'#rease3 a'd (+bs that
are +' s#hed,le -all behi'd
.. 6ong Manufacturing 6ead "imes

I' a' atte/pt t+ #+/pe'sate -+r pr+ble/s ) a'd A3pr+d,#ti+' pla''ers all+2
e6tra ti/e t+ pr+d,#e a' +rder pri+rities be#+/e #+'-,sed3 a'd the res,lt is
the e6#essively l+'0 /a',-a#t,re lead ti/es#
/. -nefficient -nventory %ontrol

At the sa/e ti/e that t+tal i've't+ries are t++ hi0h -+r ra2 /aterials3 2+r&.
i' pr+#ess3 a'd -i'ished pr+d,#ts3 there are sta&e+,ts that +##,r +'
i'divid,al ite/s 'eeded -+r pr+d,#ti+'. Ci0h t+tal i've't+ries /ea' hi0h
#arryi'0 #+st3 2hile ra2 /aterial sta&e+,ts /ea' delays i' /eeti'0
pr+d,#ti+' s#hed,les.
0. 6o# 5or$ %enter 7tili+ation
This pr+ble/ res,lt i' part -r+/ p++r s#hed,li'03 a'd -r+/ +ther -a#t+r +ver
2hi#h pla't /a'a0e/e't has li/ited #+'tr+l e.0. e;,ip/e't brea&.d+2's3
stri&es3 red,#ed de/a'd -+r pr+d,#t%
8. Process Planning &ot Follo#ed

This is the sit,ati+' i' 2hi#h the re0,lar pla''ed r+,ti'0 is s,perseded by a'
ad h+# pr+#ess se;,e'#e. It +##,rs3 -+r i'sta'#e3 be#a,se +- b+ttle'e#&s at
2+r& #e'ters i' the pla''ed se;,e'#e. The #+'se;,e'#es are l+'0er set,ps3
i/pr+per t++li'0 a'd less e--i#ie't pr+#esses.
". 2rrors -n 2ngineering And Manufacturing Records

:ills +- /aterials are '+t #,rre't3 r+,te sheet are '+t ,p t+ date 2ith respe#t
t+ the latest e'0i'eeri'0 #ha'0es3 i've't+ry re#+rds are i'a##,rate3 a'd
pr+d,#ti+' pie#e #+,'ts are i'#+rre#t.
9. :uality Problems

>,ality de-e#ts are e'#+,'tered i' /a',-a#t,red #+/p+'e'ts a'd asse/bled
pr+d,#ts3 res,lti'0 i' re2+r& +r s#rapped parts3 th,s #a,si'0 delays i' the
shippi'0 s#hed,le#
%omputer ; -ntegrated Production Management ystem

There have bee' several -a#t+rs 2+r&i'0 +ver the last several de#ades t+
#a,se the ev+l,ti+' +- a /+re /+der' a'd e--e#tive appr+a#h t+ the
pr+ble/s +- pr+d,#ti+' pla''i'0 a'd #+'tr+l #ited ab+ve. The /+st +bvi+,s
+- these -a#t+rs 2as the devel+p/e't +- the #+/p,terH a p+2er-,l t++l t+
help a##+/plish the vast data pr+#essi'0 a'd r+,ti'e de#isi+'./a&i'0
#h+res i' pr+d,#ti+' pla''i'0 that had previ+,sly bee' d+'e by h,/a'
bei'0s

I' additi+' t+ the #+/p,ter3 there 2ere +ther -a#t+rs3 2hi#h 2ere perhaps
less3 dra/ati# b,t e;,ally i/p+rta't. O'e +- these 2as the i'#rease i' the
level +- pr+-essi+'alis/ br+,0ht t+ the -ield +- pr+d,#ti+' pla''i'0 a'd
#+'tr+l. Pr+d,#ti+' pla''i'0 has bee' 0rad,ally tra's-+r/ed -r+/ 2hat 2as
lar0ely a #leri#al -,'#ti+' i' t+ a re#+0'i1ed pr+-essi+' re;,iri'0 spe#iali1ed
&'+2led0e a'd a#ade/i# trai'i'0. Syste/s3 /eth+d+l+0ies3a'd eve' a
ter/i'+l+0y have devel+p/e't t+ deal 2ith the pr+ble/s +- this pr+-essi+'al
-ield.
I/p+rta't a/+'0 the /eth+d+l+0ies +- pr+d,#ti+' pla''i'0 a'd #+'tr+l3 a'd
a'+ther si0'i-i#a't -a#t+r i' the devel+p/e't +- the -ield3 is +perati+'s
resear#h. The #+/p,ter be#a,se the i/p+rta't t++l i' pr+d,#ti+' pla''i'03
b,t /a'y +- the de#isi+'./a&i'0 pr+#ed,res a'd s+-t2are pr+0ra/ 2as
based +' the a'alyti#al /+dels pr+vided by +perati+'s resear#h. Li'ear
pr+0ra//i'03 i've't+ry /+dels3 ;,e,i'0 the+ry3 a'd a h+st +- +ther
te#h'i;,es have bee' e--e#tively applied t+ pr+ble/s i' pr+d,#ti+' pla''i'0
a'd #+'tr+l.

A'+ther -a#t+r that has a#ted as a drivi'0 -+r#e i' the devel+p/e't +- better
pr+d,#ti+' pla''i'0 is i'#reased #+/petiti+' -r+/ abr+ad. Ma'y A/eri#a'
-ir/s have l+st their #+/petitive ed0e i' i'ter'ati+'al a'd eve' d+/esti#
/ar&ets.I'#reasei'0 U.S. pr+d,#tivity is see' as +'e i/p+rta't 2ay t+
i/pr+ve +,r #+/petitive p+siti+'. :etter /a'a0e/e't +- the pr+d,#ti+'
-,'#ti+' is #ertai'ly a &ey ele/e't i' pr+d,#tivity i/pr+ve/e't.

Fi'ally3 a -i-th -a#t+r is the i'#rease i' the #+/ple6ity +- b+th the pr+d,#ts
/a',-a#t,red a'd the /ar&ets that b,y these pr+d,#ts. The ',/ber +-
di--ere't pr+d,#ts has pr+li-erated3 t+lera'#es a'd spe#i-i#ati+'s are /+re
stri'0e't3 a'd #,st+/ers are /+re parti#,lar i' their re;,ire/e'ts a'd
e6pe#tati+'. These #ha'0es have pla#ed 0reater de/a'ds +' the
/a',-a#t,ri'0 -ir/s t+ /a'a0e their +perati+' /+re e--i#ie'tly a'd
resp+'sively.

As a #+'se;,e'#e +- these -a#t+rs3 #+/pa'ies are 0rad,ally aba'd+'i'0 the
traditi+'al appr+a#h i' -av+r +- 2hat 2e are #alli'0 #+/p,ter.i'te0rated
pr+d,#ti+' /a'a0e/e't syste/.
'ig 2 COM"3$-, 4 (5$-)-,A$-D ",OD3C$(O5 MA5A)-M-5$ S/S$-M
Fi0 sh+2s a bl+#& dia0ra/ ill,strati'0 the -,'#ti+'s a'd their relati+'ships
i' a #+/p,ter.i'te0rated pr+d,#ti+' /a'a0e/e't syste/. Ma'y +- these
-,'#ti+'s are 'early ide'ti#al t+ their #+,'terparts i' traditi+'al pr+d,#ti+'
pla''i'0 a'd #+'tr+l. F+r e6a/ple3 -+re#asti'03 pr+d,#ti+' pla''i'03 the
devel+p/e't +- the /aster s#hed,le3 p,r#hasi'03 a'd +ther -,'#ti+'s
appears the sa/e i' -i0 B a'd *. T+ be s,re3 /+der' #+/p,teri1ed syste/s
have bee' devel+ped t+ per-+r/ these -,'#ti+'s3 b,t the -,'#ti+'s
the/selves re/ai' relatively ,'#ha'0ed. M+re si0'i-i#a't #ha'0es have
+##,rred i' the +r0a'i1ati+' a'd e6e#,ti+' +- pr+d,#ti+' pla''i'0 a'd
#+'tr+l thr+,0h the i/ple/e'tati+' +- s,#h s#he/es as MRP3 #apa#ity
pla''i'0 a'd sh+p -l++r #+'tr+l.
2ngineering And Manufacturing 1ata )ase

This database #+/prises all the i'-+r/ati+' 'eeded t+ -abri#ate the
#+/p+'e'ts a'd asse/ble the pr+d,#ts. It i'#l,des the bill +- /aterial3 part
desi0' data3 pr+#ess r+,te sheets3 a'd s+ +'. Ideally3 these data sh+,ld be
#+'tai'ed i' s+/e /aster -ile t+ av+id d,pli#ati+' +- re#+rds a'd t+ -a#ilitate
,pdate +- the -iles 2he' desi0'.e'0i'eeri'0 #ha'0es are /ade +r r+,te
sheets are ,pdated. As sh+2' i' -i03 the desi0' e'0i'eeri'0 a'd pr+#ess
pla''i'0 -,'#ti+'s pr+vide the i'p,ts -+r the e'0i'eeri'0 a'd /a',-a#t,ri'0
database.
Material Requirements Planning <MRP=

MRP i'v+lves deter/i'i'0 2he' t+ +rder ra2 /aterials a'd #+/p+'e'ts -+r
asse/bled pr+d,#ts. It #a' als+ be ,sed t+ res#hed,le +rders i' resp+'se t+
#ha'0i'0 pr+d,#ti+' pri+rities a'd de/a'd #+'diti+'s. The ter/ pri+rity
pla''i'0 is '+2 2idely ,sed i' des#ribi'0 #+/p,ter base syste/s -+r ti/e @
phased pla''i'0 +- ra2 /aterials3 2+r&.i'. pr+#ess3 a'd -i'ished 0++ds.
%apacity Planning

MRP is #+'#er'ed 2ith the pla''i'0 +- the /aterials a'd #+/p+'e'ts.
Capa#ity pla''i'03 +' the +ther ha'd3 is #+'#er'ed 2ith deter/i'i'0 the
lab+r a'd e;,ip/e't res+,r#es 'eeded t+ /eet the pr+d,#ti+' s#hed,le. The
ter/ 7pla't #apa#ity8 is ,sed t+ de-i'e the /a6i/,/ rate +- +,tp,t that the
pla't #a' pr+d,#e ,'der a 0ive' set +- ass,/ed +perati'0 #+'diti+'s. The
ass,/ed +perati'0 #+'diti+'s re-er t+ the ',/ber +- shi-ts3 ',/ber +- day +-
pla't +perati+' per 2ee&3 e/pl+y/e't levels3 a'd 2hether +r '+t +ver ti/e
i'#l,de i' the de-i'iti+' +- the pla't #apa#ity. Capa#ity pla''i'0 is
#+'#er'ed 2ith deter/i'i'0 2hat lab+r a'd e;,ip/e't #apa#ity is re;,ired
t+ /eet the #,rre't /aster pr+d,#ti+' s#hed,le as 2ell as the l+'0 ter/
-,t,re pr+d,#ti+' 'eeds +- the -ir/. Capa#ity pla''i'0 is typi#ally
per-+r/ed i' ter/s +- lab+r a'd9+r /a#hi'e h+,rs available.
-nventory Management

I' the /a',-a#t,ri'0 e'vir+'/e't3 i've't+ry /a'a0e/e't is #l+sely tied t+
/aterial re;,ire/e'ts pla''i'0. The +b(e#tives are si/ple. t+ &eep the
i'vest/e't i' i've't+ry l+2 2hile /ai'tai'i'0 0++d #,st+/er servi#es. The
,se +- #+/p,ter syste/s has pr+vided +pp+rt,'ities t+ a##+/plish these
+b(e#tives /+re e--e#tives /+re e--e#tively.
hop Floor %ontrol

The ter/ 7sh+p -l++r #+'tr+l8 re-ers t+ a syste/ -+r /+'it+ri'0 the stat,s +-
pr+d,#ti+' a#tivities i' the pla't a'd rep+rti'0 the stat,s t+ /a'a0e/e't s+
that e--e#tive #+'tr+l #a' be e6er#ised.
Reference boo$
)% Stepha' I Childe A' i'tr+d,#ti+' t+ #+/p,ter aided pr+d,#ti+'
/a',-a#t,ri'0
A% I M Me0e+,0h C+/p,ter aided pr+d,#ti+' e'0i'eeri'0
$% P : Mahaptra C+/p,ter aided pr+d,#ti+' /a'a0e/e't