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Metode Prorcuna

The document discusses two methods for estimating evaporation rates of liquid spills: a simple model and a more complex model. The simple model assumes constant temperature and uses readily available chemical properties to calculate evaporation, while the complex model accounts for temperature variation over time using energy balance equations but requires more detailed time-dependent chemical properties. Both models are compared using examples of volatile, water-like, and non-volatile liquids. While the complex model may be more accurate, the simple model is generally conservative and sufficient for planning purposes when coupled with dispersion modeling, especially for volatile chemicals where evaporation plays a significant role.

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27 views

Metode Prorcuna

The document discusses two methods for estimating evaporation rates of liquid spills: a simple model and a more complex model. The simple model assumes constant temperature and uses readily available chemical properties to calculate evaporation, while the complex model accounts for temperature variation over time using energy balance equations but requires more detailed time-dependent chemical properties. Both models are compared using examples of volatile, water-like, and non-volatile liquids. While the complex model may be more accurate, the simple model is generally conservative and sufficient for planning purposes when coupled with dispersion modeling, especially for volatile chemicals where evaporation plays a significant role.

Uploaded by

jovanivan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Methods for Estimating Evaporation of

Liquids and Their Use in EPHA Development


Kelly Parker
AlphaTRAC, Inc.
Why Do We Care?
Liquid spills are a common accident in a
variety of environments
Research laboratories
Transportation
Necessary to characterize plume accurately
Takes into account volatility of liquid
Considers surrounding environment
Allows for release over a period of time
In This Presentation
Discuss two methods for evaporating liquids
Differences, pluses, negatives
Use for planning purposes
Coupling evaporation and dispersion
General Principles
Described by mass transfer coefficient
Depends on wind profile above the puddle
K
m
can be simple or complex
m sat
k E
E Evaporation rate per unit area (kgs
-1
m
-2
)

sat
Saturated vapor concentration (kgm
-3
)
k
m
Mass transfer coefficient (ms
-1
)
Simple Model
The Evaporation of Volatile Liquids
(Kawamura and Mackay 1987)
Assumes simple mass transfer coefficient
No temperature variation
9 1 3 2 9 7
0048 . 0

d Sc u k
m
u Reference wind speed (ms
-1
)
Sc Laminar Schmidt number (unitless)
d Diameter of puddle (m)
Simple Model
Assumes ideal gas behavior
p
v c
sat
T R
P M


M
c
Molecular weight (kgkmol
-1
)
P
v
Vapor pressure at temperature, T (Pa)
R Universal gas constant = 8,314 (Jkmol
-1
K
-1
)
T
p
Temperature of the puddle (K)
Simple Model
Pros
Requires few chemical
properties available from
MSDS sheets
Vapor pressure and density
at reference temperature
Molecular weight
Not computationally
intensive
Cons
Ignores changes in
puddle temperature
Overly conservative??
Cannot take into account
all ambient conditions
Complex Model
Evaporation from a plane liquid surface into a
turbulent boundary layer (Brighton 1985)
Complex mass transfer coefficient
) , , , , (
0 *
z u d f k
ac m

ac
Diffusivity of material in air-vapor mixture (m
2
s
-1
)
u
*
Friction velocity (ms
-1
)
z
0
Effective surface roughness (m)
Kinematic viscosity of air (m
2
s
-1
)
Complex Model
Solution of E requires energy budget analysis
) +F +F +F +F +F (F
c
=
dt
(t) dT
H E G S
p p pl
p

1
t Time (s)
c
pl
Specific heat capacity (Jkg
-1
K
-1
)

p
Density of the puddle (kgm
-3
)

p
Depth of the puddle (m)
F
S
Shortwave flux (Wm
-2
)
F

Longwave flux to atmosphere (Wm


-2
)
F

Longwave flux from atmosphere (Wm


-2
)
F
G
Heat exchanged with ground (Wm
-2
)
F
E
Heat flux due to evaporation (Wm
-2
)
F
H
Sensible heat flux (Wm
-2
)
Complex Model
Non-ideal gas behavior (requires complex
equation of state)
Assumes temperature variation due to
internal and external energy exchanges
Requires chemical properties to become time
dependent
Complex Model
Pros
More accurate results
Realistic plume
development
Accounts for actual
environment
Cons
Time-dependence
requires physical
properties not readily
available
Equations for time-
dependence introduce
additional errors
Computationally intensive
Comparison with Three
Examples
Volatile liquid dichloromethane
Vapor pressure ~ 350 mmHg at STP
Liquid similar to water pyridine
Vapor pressure ~ 18 mmHg at STP
Non-volatile liquid hydrogen peroxide
Vapor pressure ~ 1 mmHg at STP
Assumptions
May 2, 2011, Charleston Marriott
Around noon
Warm, partly cloudy
Light winds
50% relative humidity
Spill of 500 kg liquid
Volatile Liquid Evaporation
Volatile Liquid Evaporation
Water-like Liquid Evaporation
Water-like Liquid Evaporation
Non-volatile Evaporation
Non-volatile Evaporation
What It Means
The complex model is sometimes more
conservative:
During conditions with significant solar
insolation
Increased heat input results in increased
evaporation rate
For non-volatile liquids
Cooling due to evaporation is not significant
How to Plan
In general, we are concerned with volatile
liquids
The simple model will conservatively estimate
the evaporation of volatile liquids
Must keep evaporation and dispersion
coupled when developing worst case
scenarios for EPHAs
Evaporation + Dispersion
Evaporation rate has u
7/9
dependence
(simple model)
Straight-line Gaussian has u
-1
dependence
9 / 2
9 / 7

u
u
u
C
C Downwind
concentration
(mgm
-3
)
Summary
The simple model will conservatively model
volatile chemicals
Lower wind speeds produce lower evaporation
rate but overall higher downwind concentration
Use of the complex model should be
considered if the chemical properties are
available
during emergency response
for developing very specific EPHA scenarios
Questions?

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