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Biotelemetry

This document discusses different types of biotelemetry systems. It describes how biotelemetry is used to monitor patients and athletes by transmitting biological data wirelessly. The key components of biotelemetry systems include transducers that convert biological variables to electrical signals, signal conditioners that prepare signals for transmission, and transmission links that send signals to readout devices. Both single-channel and multi-channel radio telemetry systems are presented, along with different circuit designs for transmitting biopotentials and physiological variables by radio frequency. Problems specific to implantable biotelemetry are also reviewed.

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6K views

Biotelemetry

This document discusses different types of biotelemetry systems. It describes how biotelemetry is used to monitor patients and athletes by transmitting biological data wirelessly. The key components of biotelemetry systems include transducers that convert biological variables to electrical signals, signal conditioners that prepare signals for transmission, and transmission links that send signals to readout devices. Both single-channel and multi-channel radio telemetry systems are presented, along with different circuit designs for transmitting biopotentials and physiological variables by radio frequency. Problems specific to implantable biotelemetry are also reviewed.

Uploaded by

api-3757838
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIO TELEMETRY

SYSTEM
What is biotelemetry?
Biotelemetry is an electrical measurement of
biological activities in living organism.

It is used to monitor the patient who are in job


or work place and also monitor the athlete
during practice to improve the performance.
ELEMENTS OF BIOTELEMETRY
SYSTEM
The transducer converts the biolog9ical
variable in to electrical

Signal conditioner amplifies and modifies this


signal for effective transmission

Transmission link connects the signal input


blocks to the read out devices by
wire(or)wireless mean
Block diagram of a bio-
telemetry system
Design of bio-telemetry
system
The telemetry system should be selected to
transmit the bio-electric signals with
maximum fidelity and simplicity.

The size and weight of the telemetry system


should be small.

It should have more stability and reliability

The power consumption should be very small.


Radio telemetry systems
 There are two types
1.single channel telemetry system
2.multichannel telemetry system
• Single channel telemetry system:

• A miniature battery operated radio transmitter is connected to the electrodes of the patients

• Radio receiver which detects the radio signals and recovers the signals for further processing.

• Receiving system can even be located in a room separate from the patient

• few hundred kHz to about 300mHz


Block diagram
Transmission of bio electric
variables
Active measurement:
 bioelectric variables like ECG,EMG and EEG
are measured directly with out using any
excitation voltage
Passive measurement:
 Here the physiological variables like blood
pressure,temperature,blood flow etc are
measured indirectly using transducer and
excitation voltage
Tunnel diode fm
transmitter
This circuit has higher fidelity an sensitivity
Total weight is about 1.44gm with battery
Radio frequency used - 100 to 250mhz
Frequency response - 0.01hz to 20khz
Input impedance - 300kilo ohms to mega ohms
Temperature stability for carrier freq -0.05%/c
Varactor diodes d which are voltage sensitive semi
conductor capacitors are used for freq modulation
The signal is transmitted through the inductor L
Hartley type
F.Mtransmitter
In this circuit ,the capacitor c1 and inductor l1
form the tank circuit.
Capacitor c2 are coupling capacitors
T1 is the driver amplifier capacitor and T2 is
the oscillating transistor.
Amplitude of i/p signal varies from 10uv to
several millivolts.
Bandwidth of the signal is from 100hz to
1000hz.
Pulsed Hartley oscillator
Pulsed Hartley oscillator for transmission of
temperature signals.
To measure temperature , a thermistor is
placed in the place of R1.
To measure the pressure , the pressure
changes should be given to move the core ‘m’
The transmitter is modulated by varying the
rate of pulses of radio frequency oscillations.
Continuous wave operation can be obtained
by reducing the value of the resistor R1
Radio telemetry with a sub-
carrier
When the relative position of transmitter to the body or
other conduction object changes,the carrier frequency
and amplitude will change.
To avoid this loading effect,the subcarrier system is
needed.
The signal is modulated on a subcarrier to convert the
signal frequency to the neighbourhood of the subcarrier
frequency.
At the receiver end,the receiver detects the R.F. and
recovers the subcarrier carrying the signal.
All noise interference and loading effect can be
separated by filters
Multiple channel telemetry
system
 There are two types :
• 1.Frequency division multiplex
2.Time division multiplex

• Frequency division multiplex system:

• Each signal is frequency modulated on a subcarrier frequency

• Then these modulated subcarrier frequencies are combined to modulated


the
main R.F. carrier.

 The frequency of the subcarriers has to be carefully selected to avoid


interference

 The low pass filters are used to extract the signals without any noise.
Time division multiplex telemetry
system
The transmission channel is connected to each
signal-channel input for a short time to sample and
transmit that signal
When all the channels have been scanned once a
cycle is completed and the next cycle will start
At the reciever end,the process is reversed
If the number of scanning cycles per second is large
and if the transmitter and the reciever are
synchronized, the signal in each channel at the
reciever side can be recovered without noticeable
distortion.
Conditions
The scanning frequency fn should be at least
greater than twice the maximum signal
frequency fs. (i.e.)fn>2fssmax
 Tn=1/fn=scanning period, and tn is the
sampling time of each channel.
Then the maximum channels that can be
obtained is n=Tn/tn.
Problems in implant
telemetry
For long –term telemetry, implant telemetry is more
useful one. The whole electronic circuit is fully packed
as a capsule.
It is kept deep in the body to be closer to the signal
source .
For implement telemetry, the size and weight
limitations are much serious and the reliability
requirements is more critical.
Body reaction: size, weight , surface condition and
shave of the implant system will have effects on the
body reaction. Meanwhile medical grade silastic
,teflon,glass and some metals which are used as
enclosure causes like foreign body reaction on tissues.
Power supply two special types of power
supplies are used for long-term implant
telemetry units along with mercury and
lithium cells
Environment power supply :Radio induction
has been applied to transmit milliwatt of
power to the telemetry unit for months.
Microwatt power supply circuits using
piezoelectric crystals placed on any blood
vessels or aorta.

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