Tissues Glands &

Membranes
Neriza G. Mamasabulod, RN, MAN

Tissue
A tissue is a group of cells with
similar structure and function, as
well as the extracellular
substances located between the
cells.
HISTOLOGY is the study of
tissues
Functions of the Epithelia
Protection- ex. Epithelium of the oral
cavity, which protect the underlying
structures from abrasion
Acting as barriers- prevents entry of
toxic molecules or microorganisms
into the body
Passage of substances- ex. O2 &
CO2 exchanged through the lungs
Secretion- ex. Sweat glands &
mucous glands
Absorption of substances- ex.
Epithelial cells of the intestine which
absorbs digested food molecules,
vitamins & ions
Types of Tissue
Epithelial tissue- covers surfaces,
lines cavities & forms glands.
Connective tissue- supports &
forms the framework of all parts
of the body.
Muscle tissue- contracts &
produces movement.
Nervous tissue- conducts nerve
impulses.
Epithelial Tissue
- covers surfaces, usually
has a basement
membrane, has little
extracellular material, and
has no blood

Classification of
Epithelia
Simple epithelium has one layer
of cells, whereas stratefied
epithelium has more than one
Pseudostratified columnar
epithelium is simple epithelium
that appears to have two or more
cell layers
Transitional epithelium is
stratified epithelium that can be
greatly stretched.
Characteristic of Epithelium

Types
of
Epithelium

(a)
Simple
Squamous
Epithelium-
single layer
of thin, flat
cells

(b) Simple Cuboidal Epithelium- single layer of cubelike cells

(c) Simple Columnar Epithelium- single
layer of tall, thin cells

(d) Pseudostratified
Columnar Epithelium-
prefix pseudo means
false, appears to be
stratified but not.
Consist of one layer of
cells attached to a
basement membrane.

(e) Stratified
Squamous
Epithelium-
thick,
consists
of many
layer

(f)
Transitional
Epithelium-
greatly
stretch

Structural and Functional
Relationships
Simple epithelium is involved with
diffusion, secretion, or absorption.
Stratified epithelium serves a
protective role.
Squamous cells function in diffusion
or filtration. Cuboidal or columnar
cells, which contain more organelles,
secrete or absorb.
A smooth free surface reduces
friction. Microvilli increase surface
area, and cilia move materials over
the cell surface.
Cont
Desmosomes mechanically bind
cells together, tight junction form
a permeability barrier, and gap
junctions allow intercellular
communication.
Hemidesmosomes mechanically
bind cells to the basement
membranes.
Glands
A gland is a single cell or a
multicellular structure that
secretes
Exocrine glands have ducts, and
endocrine glands do not

Structure of Exocrine Glands

Cont glands

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connective tissue holds cell and
tissues together.
It has an extracellular matrix
consisting of protein fibers, ground
substance, and fluid
Collagen fibers are flexible but resist
stretching, reticular fibers form a fiber
network, and elastic fibers recoil
Blast cells form the matrix, cyte cells
maintain it and clast cells break it
down

Functions of Connective Tissue
Connective tissues enclose and separate- ex.
Separate muscles, arteries, veins & nerves from
one another.
Connect tissues to one another- ex. Tendons are
strong cables or bands that attach muscle to
bones & ligaments.
Support and movement- ex. Skeleton provides
rigid support for the body, semirigid cartilage
supports structures such as the nose, ears &
surfaces of joints.
Storing- adipose tissue (fat) stores high-energy
molecules.
Cushion and insulation- adipose tissue (fats)
protects the tissues it surrounds & insulate to
conserve heat
Transport of blood- such as gases, nutrients,
hormones, enzymes & cells of immune system.
Protection from microorganisms- such as toxins
Classification of
Connective Tissue
1. Embryonic connective tissue gives
rise to six major categories of
connective tissue
2. Loose, or areolar, connective
tissue is the loose packing
material of the body, which fills the
spaces between the organs and
holds them in place.
3. Adipose, or fat, tissue functions
to store energy. Adipose tissue
also pads and protects parts of the
body and acts as as thermal
insulator.
4. Dense connective tissue consists of
matrix containing densely packed
collage fibers (tendons, ligaments, and
dermis of the skin)or of matrix containing
densely packed elastic fibers (elastic
ligaments and in the walls of arteries).
5. Cartilage provides support and is found
in structures such the costal cartilages,
disks between vertebrae, and external
ear.
6. Bone has a mineralized matrix and forms
most of the skeletons of the body.
7. Blood has a liquid matrix and is found in
blood vessels.



(d) Dense Elastic Connective Tissue

-Is the most abundant type of cartilage
& has many functions.




- Hard Connective Tissue

Muscle Tissue
1. Muscle tissue is specialized to
contract or shorten, making
movement possible.
2. The three types of muscle
tissue are skeletal, cardiac and
smooth muscles.

Nervous Tissue
1. Forms the brain, spinal cord
and nerves.
2. Nervous Tissue is specialized to
conduct action potentials
(electrical signals)
3. Neurons conduct action
potentials, and neuroglia
support the neurons

Membranes: Mucous
Membranes
Mucous Membranes line cavities
that open to the outside of the
body ( digestive, respiratory,
excretory, and reproductive
tracts). They contain glands and
secrete mucus.

Membranes: Serous
Membranes
Serous membranes line trunk
cavities that do not open to the
outside of the body (pleural,
pericardial, and peritoneal
cavities). They do not contain
glands but do secrete serous
fluid.
Other Membranes
Other membranes include the
cutaneous membrane (skin)
synovial membranes (line joint
cavities) and periosteum ( around
the bone)

Inflammation
1. The function of the inflammatory
response is to isolate and
destroy harmful agents.
2. The inflammatory response
produces five symptoms:
redness, heat, swelling
(edema), pain, and disturbance
of function.
Chronic Inflammation
Chronic inflammation results
when the agent causing injury is
not removed or something else
interferes with the healing
process.
1. A splinter in the skin
cause damage &
introduces bacteria.
Mediators of
inflammation are
released.
2. Mediators of
inflammation cause
capillaries to dilate
causing, the skin to
become red.
3. WBC (ex. neutrophils &
macrophages) leave
the dilated blood
vessels & move to the
site of bacterial infx.
Where they begin to
phagocyte bacteria &
other debris.
Tissue Repair
1. Tissue repair is the substitution of
viable cells for dead cells. Labile cells
divide throughout life and can undergo
regeneration. Stable cells do not
ordinarily divide but can regenerate if
necessary. Permanent cells have little
or no ability to divide if killed repair is
by replacement.
2. Tissue repair involves clot formation,
inflammation, formation of granulation
tissue, and regeneration or
replacement of tissues in severe
wounds, wound contracture can occur.
1. Fresh wound
cuts the
epithelium
(epidermis &
dermis) & a cloy
is formed.
2. Approx. 1 wk.
after the injury,
a scab is
present &
epithelium is
growing into the
wound.
3. Approx. 2 wks.
the epithelium
has grown
completely into
the wound.
4. Approx. 1 month
the has
completely
closed w/c is
replaced by a
new connective
tissue.
Tissues & Aging
Cells divide more slowly as
people age. Injuries heal more
slowly.
Extracellular matrix containing
collagen and elastic fibers
become les flexible and less
elastic. Consequently, skin
wrinkles elasticity in arteries is
reduced, and bones break more
easily.


Thats all folks !!!