Fundamentals of Computer Networks

ECE 478/578
Lecture #3
Instructor: Loukas Lazos
Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Arizona
Network Performance Metrics
Bandwidth
Amount of data transmitted per unit of time; per link, or end-to-end
Units 1KB = 2
10
bytes, 1Mbps = 10
6
bits per sec
How many KB/sec is a 1Mbps line? How many MB/sec?

Throughput
Data rate delivered by the a link, connection or network
Per link or end-to-end, same units as Bandwidth
2
Latency or Delay
Time for sending data from host A to B (in sec, msec, or sec)

Per link or end-to-end
Usually consists of
T
t
: Transmission delay
T
p
: Propagation delay
T
q
: Queuing delay

Round Trip Time (RTT) : time to send a message from A to B and
back
Important for flow control mechanisms
3
Delay Calculation
T
t
: Transmission Delay: file size/bandwidth
T
p
: Propagation Delay: time needed for signal to travel the medium,
Distance / speed of medium
T
q
: Queuing Delay: time waiting in routers buffer
A
B
C
R
d
1
d
2
4
Example: Problem 1.6 from Book
Transfer 1,5 MB file, assuming RTT of 80 ms, a packet size of 1-KB
and an initial handshake of 2xRTT
Bandwidth is 10 Mbps and data packets can be sent continuously
5
RTT
. . .
T
t
T
p
RTT = 80 ms
T
t
= 1024x8 bits/10
7
bits/s = 0.8192 ms
T
p
= 40 ms
# of packets = 1536 (1.5 x 1024)

D = 2xRTT + 1536xT
t
+ T
p
= 160 + 1258.29 + 40 ms
= 1.458 s
request
reply
confirm
Ack
A B
t
Example: Problem 1.6 from Book
Transfer 1,5 MB file, assuming RTT of 80 ms, a packet size of 1-KB
and an initial handshake of 2xRTT
After sending each packet must wait one RTT
6
RTT
. . .
T
t
RTT = 80 ms
T
t
= 1024x8 bits/10
7
bits/s = 0.8192 ms
T
p
= 40 ms
# of packets = 1536 (1.5 x 1024)

D = 2xRTT + 1535x(T
t
+RTT)+ T
t
+T
p
= 160 + 124,057 + 0.8192 + 40 ms
= 124.258 s
request
reply
confirm
Ack
A B
t
RTT
Example: Problem 1.6 from Book
Transfer 1,5 MB file, assuming RTT of 80 ms, a packet size of 1-KB
and an initial handshake of 2xRTT

Only 20 packets can be send per RTT, but infinitely fast
7
RTT
. . .
RTT = 80 ms
T
t
= 0 ms
T
p
= 40 ms
# of packets = 1536 (1.5 x 1024)

D = 2xRTT + 76xRTT + T
p
= 160 + 6080 + 40 ms
= 6.28 s
request
reply
confirm
Ack
A B
t
RTT
Example: Problem 1.6 from Book
Transfer 1,5 MB file, assuming RTT of 80 ms, a packet size of 1-KB
and an initial handshake of 2xRTT
1
st
RTT one packet, 2 RTT two packets Infinite transmission rate
8
RTT
. . .
RTT = 80 ms
T
t
= 0 ms
T
p
= 40 ms
# of packets = 1536 (1.5 x 1024)
# of waits (1+2+2
n
= 2
n+1
-1)
2
11
-1 =2047 packets, n = 10

D = 2xRTT + 10xRTT + T
p
= 160 + 800 + 40 ms
= 1 s
request
reply
confirm
Ack
A B
t
RTT
Latency vs. Bandwidth
Importance depends on application
1 byte file, 1ms/1Mbps vs. 100ms/100Mbps
1 ms + 8s = 1.008ms,
100ms + 0.08s =100 ms.

1GB file, 1ms/1Mbps vs. 100ms/100Mbps
1ms + 1024
3
x 8 /106 = 2.38h + 1ms,
100ms + 85 s



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Bandwidth x Delay Product
The amount of data (bits or bytes) in the pipe
Example: 100Mbps x 10ms = 1 Mbit




The amount of data sent before first bit arrives

Usually use RTT as delay: amount of data before a reply from a
receiver arrives to the sender

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High-Speed Networks
Link Type Bandwidth Distance RTT Delay x BW
Dial-up 56 kbps 10 km 87 s 5 bits
Wireless LAN 54 Mbps 50 m 0.33 s 18 bits
Satellite link 45 Mbps 35,000 km 230 ms 10 Mb
Cross-country
fiber
10 Gbps 4,000 km 40 ms 400 Mb
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Infinite bandwidth
Propagation delay dominates
Throughput = Transfer size/Transfer time
Transfer time = RTT + Transfer size/Bandwidth
1MB file across 1Gbps line with 100ms RTT, Throughput is 74.1 Mbps

Computing Application Bandwidth
12
FTP can utilize entire BW available

Video-on-demand may specify upper limit (only whats needed)

Example: res: 352x240 pixels, 24-bit color, 30 fps
Each frame is (352 x 240 x 24)/8 =247.5 KB
Total required BW = 352 x 240 x 24 x 30 = 60.8 Mbps
Network Jitter
Variability in the delay between packets

Video-on-demand application: If jitter is known, application can decide
how much buffering is needed

Example: jitter is 50ms per frame and 10s video at 30fps must be
transmitted.

If Y frames buffered, video can play uninterrupted for Y x 1/30s.

The last frame will arrive 50 x (10 x 30 Y) ms after video start, worst
case
Y/30 = 50 x (300 Y) Y = 180 frames
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Example: Problem 1.19 from Book
1 Gbps Ethernet with a s-a-f switch in the path and a packet size of
5,000 bits. T
p
= 10 s, switch transmits immediately after reception
14
1
st
bit: time 0
A S
t
B
Last bit: 5s
T
p

Last bit rec: 15s
Last bit sent: 20s
Last bit rec: 30s
Example: Problem 1.19 from Book
1 Gbps Ethernet with a s-a-f switch in the path and a packet size of
5,000 bits. T
p
= 10 s, 3 switches in between A and B

4 links equal to 4 T
p
delay

4 transmissions equal to 4 T
t
delay

Total: 4T
p
+ 4T
t
= 60 s

Three switches, each transmits after 128 bits are received

Total: 4T
p
+ T
t
+ 3x128/10
9
= 40s + 5s + 0.384s = 45.384s

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