Scribd
Upload
661 views42 pages

Inlet & Exhaust Valves & Actuating Mechanism

Inlet and exhaust valves in internal combustion engines are subjected to high temperatures and stresses. Exhaust valves experience more severe conditions as they operate against higher pressures and temperatures. Factors like fuel quality, engine load, and maintenance influence exhaust valve life. Design features like material selection, cooling methods, and seat designs help prolong valve life. Valve actuation mechanisms have evolved from mechanical to hydraulic systems for improved reliability.

Uploaded by

api-3701567
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
661 views42 pages

Inlet & Exhaust Valves & Actuating Mechanism

Inlet and exhaust valves in internal combustion engines are subjected to high temperatures and stresses. Exhaust valves experience more severe conditions as they operate against higher pressures and temperatures. Factors like fuel quality, engine load, and maintenance influence exhaust valve life. Design features like material selection, cooling methods, and seat designs help prolong valve life. Valve actuation mechanisms have evolved from mechanical to hydraulic systems for improved reliability.

Uploaded by

api-3701567
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 42

Inlet & Exhaust Valves

&
Actuating Mechanism
Overview
Inlet and exhaust valves play an important role in the gas
exchange process of 2-stroke and 4-stroke internal combustion
engine.

Inlet and exhaust valves of medium speed engines are subject


to severe operating conditions.

Inlet valves do not generally present any serious problems as


they are cooled by incoming charge air.

However, exhaust valves are subjected to higher temp and their


life is limited by deposits and high temp corrosion from sodium &
vanadium compounds.

It is very important to keep valve seat temp below 450 oC.


Objectives
Function of cylinder head valves (inlet & exh)
Working condition of cylinder head valves
Design features
Construction features
Problems of exhaust valve
Factors influencing exhaust valve life
Valve actuating mechanism
Valve maintenance
Why 4-stroke Engine has Multiple Valves ?

Multiple valves are employed to give larger valve areas


than single valve
Larger valve areas allow larger gas flow and better
flow pattern
Improve performance of gas exchange process
Less back pressure on piston during exh stroke reduces
loss of useful work of the crank shaft
Heat dissipation problem with single valve (exh)
Mechanically Operated Exhaust Valve
SULZER RTA

EXHAUST

VALVE
MAN B&W

EXH VALVE
Working Condition of Exh V/V

Passing large volume of burnt gas in short time

Working under high temp condition

Due to repeated heating and cooling causing thermal


stress and possibility of hardening

Hot and cold corrosion due to burning HFO of poor quality

Valve bouncing and vibration

Valve tampering and wear


Valve Stress
Mechanical stress

- at flame face centre in radial


direction
- at blend radius circumferentially

Thermal stress

- at valve seat area

Combined stress

- at valve neck
Effect of Stresses

Valve leaking and burning

Dishing-in of valve head

Crack at centre of flame face

Cracks at the seat

Valve breakage at neck causing heavy damage


Damaged
Exh Valve
Spindle
Exhaust valves

High Temp Undesirable

Reduces volumetric efficiency

Excessive deposits take place

Causes valve burning & valve failure


Exhaust valves

Avoid large valves

Difficult to accommodate

Destroy compactness of combustion chamber

Small inlet valves can induce turbulence

Larger the valve, higher will be the temperature


Valves – design feature
Valve Diameter

Usually exh v/v diameter is smaller than inlet v/v

as it opens against higher pressure


assists in keeping cool
better performance
Exhaust Valve – design feature
Material
Inserted v/v seat
Cooling
– v/v spindle
– v/v guide
– v/v seat
– v/v housing
Material
Strength at high temp

Good corrosion & erosion resistance

High thermal conductivity

Machineable

Nimonic ( 80% nickel, 20% chrome) valves are used in


highly rated engines with …
stellite seats (50% cobalt, 30% chrome,20% tungsten)
Exhaust Valve Problems

V/V bouncing
Seat tampering & wear
Hot Corrosion
Cold corrosion
Valve Burning
Exhaust Valve Problems
Due to …
Fuel quality (ignition)
Impurities in fuel oil
- catalytic fines
- S, V, Na compound
Combustion
Leaky valve due to seat distortion
Cylinder power in excess of design rating
Factors Accelerate Valve Failure

Mechanical dents

Spallation of salt layer

Sealing face corrosion


High Temperature
Corrosion Damage
of Exhaust Valve
Low Temp Corrosion

Due to the presence of Sulphur in Fuel oil

Counter Measures
Correct CW outlet temp
Coating in gas duct
Thicker gas duct wall
Cooling water by-pass
High Temp Corrosion

Due to presence of ….

Sodium
Vanadium

Which produces corrosive flux at high temp.


Exhaust Valve

High Temp Corrosion


High Temp Corrosion
Countermeasures

limit fuel oil vanadium concentration


minimise fuel oil and charge air sodium concentration
avoid excessive exhaust gas temp.
use of Nimonic v/v spindle
v/v stem coated with Cermet using HVOF process
v/v lid facing combustion chamber is coated with Inconel 625
Counter Measures

Design

Maintenance

Operation
Design
Heat shield
Cooling
Use of seat ring
Surface treatment of seat and spindle
Limiting v/v temp by efficient bore cooling arrangement
Valve rotating device
Minimising v/v bouncing by hydraulic operation
Heat and corrosion resistance material
Efficient scavenging
Optimising v/v timing
Exhaust Valve With W-seat
W-seat enables
to achieve
lower temp
in the v/v seat
and increase
v/v life & TBO

W-seat
Maintenance
Areas requires special attention:

Valve stem
Valve seat
Guide bush
Valve cage
Coil spring / air spring
Rotocap / vanes
Actuating mechanism
Maintenance
Tappet Clearance
Necessary to allow for thermal expansion of valve spindle at working
temperature and ensures positive closing of valve.
Clearance should be set at cold condition of engine.

Excessive clearance will cause the valve to open late and close early with
reduction of max lift, causing hammering and damage.

Insufficient clearance will cause the valve to open early and close late with
increased max lift.
It may prevent valve from closing, causing loss of power and v/v burning.
Shrouding of valve
• Shrouding occurs due to excessive manual grinding
• If v/v is harder than seat, shroud builds up in the seat
• If seat is harder than the v/v, shrouding occurs in v/v
• Normally shroud builds up in both valve & seat
• Even small amount of shrouding can seriously affect the air
and gas flow across a valve
Different angle of

Valve seat and

Valve head

Improves

Valve Life
Operation
Fuel Quality
Engine Load
Scavenging
Turbocharging
Engine Power Balancing
Engine Cooling
Valve Actuating Mechanism
Mechanical

– rocker arms & push rod

– double valves may be actuated from a single push


rod in several ways…

forked rockers (master & slave)


twin rockers and a yoke actuating two valves

– disadvantage of increased wear on spindle & guide


Valve Actuating Mechanism
Hydraulic

– Common in X-head engines but used in 4-stroke engines also


– Replaces push rod and mechanical coiled spring
– No transverse thrust results in less guide wear
– Controlled closing of valve reduces tampering and valve-seat wear
– Valve rotation by vanes ensures well balanced thermal & mechanical
stress and uniform valve seating
– Reliable operation
– Reduces maintenance cost with increased TBO
SULZER RTA

EXHAUST

VALVE
Valve Rotation
Prolongs valve life
Minimises risk of local overheating and valve distortion
Prevents deposits and built up of vanadium on the valve seat
Prevents hammering on the same spot

Valve rotation is achieved by:

Rotocap Unit
Valve Stem Spinner
Rotocap Valve Rotator
Indication of Leaky Valve

High Exhaust temperature


High CW temperature
Hissing Noise
Low Pcom and Pmax
Smoky exhaust
T/C surging in extreme case

You might also like