VII 1

Transmission Lines

(a) Parallel-plate transmission line (b) Two-wire transmission (c) Coaxial

line transmission line

Two types of microstrip lines

VII 2

TEM-Waves along a Parallel-Plate Transmission Line

Lossless case:
(term e jwt always omitted)
r r r
E = Ey ⋅ ey = E0 ⋅e- gz ⋅ ey
r r E r
H = Hx ⋅ e x = - 0 ⋅ e- gz ⋅ ex
G
m
g = jw me G =
e

in order to find the charge density and the current density we use:
r r
Dn2 - Dn1 = s Æ D ⋅ ey = s Æ s = e ⋅Ey = eE0 ⋅ e- gz
s : free surface charge
r r r r r r E0 - g z
Ht2 - Ht1 = Js Æ ey ¥ H = Js Æ Js = - ez ⋅Hx = ez ⋅ e
G
Js : free surface current d I ds
VII 3

Fields, Charge and Current Distribution along a Coaxial Transmission Line

VII 4
Parallel-Plate Transmission Line in Terms of L and C
Lossless case (term e jwt always omitted)
r r r r
— ¥ E = - jwmH — ¥ H = jwe E
dEy dHx
= jwmHx = jwe Ey
dz dz
d w w
d d d
E dy = jwm Ú Hxdy H dx = jwe Ú Eydx
dz Ú0 y 0
dz Ú0 x 0

( ) = jwm J ( z) ⋅d
dV z d I (z)
- = - jweEy ( z) ⋅ w
+ sz dz
dz
Ê dˆ Ê wˆ
( () )
= jw Á m ˜ Jsz z ⋅ w = jw e
Ë d¯
( )
-Ey ( z) ⋅ d
Ë w¯
= jw CV( z)
()
= jw L ⋅ I z
w
d C=e [F m]
L =m⋅ [H m] d
w
VII 5

d2V( z) 2 d2I z
( ) = -w 2LCI z
2 = -w LCV( z) ( )
dz 2
dz

V (z) = V0 ⋅e - jw LC z
= V0 ⋅ e- jw me z
I( z) = I0 ⋅ e- jw LC z
= I 0 ⋅e- jw me z

w 1 1
Phase velocity: up = = =
w me me LC
V( z) L
Characteristic Z0 = =
I( z) C
impedance:
VII 6

Lossy Parallel-Plate Transmission Line

Conductance between the two conductors:

Compare with the analogy of resistance and capacitance
e
= R⋅k
c
case a case b

1 k k w w
fi G = = C = ⋅e = k⋅
R e e d d
w
G=k⋅ [S m]
d
VII 7

Ohmic power dissipated in the plates

r r r r
SLoss = ezEz ¥ ex ⋅Hx * Power flux density flowing into the plates (ey )
Et dI z
Def. Surface impedance Z s = Js = free surface current
Js dx

Z s = Rs + j ⋅ Xs

1 length 1 l 2
Rs = ⋅ = d = penetration depth =
k c cross sec tion k w ⋅ d k cm cw

1 l k m w l m cw
= ⋅ ⋅ c c =
kc w 2 w 2k c

effective series resistance per unit length

2 mc w 2 mc f ⋅ p
R= = [W / m]
w 2k c w kc
VII 8
Equivalent Circuit of a Differential Length D z
of a Two-Conductor Transmission Line
VII 9
Distributed Parameters of Transmission Lines
Parameter Parallel Plate Two-Wire Line Coaxial Line Unit
2 pfm c Rs R s Ê 1 1ˆ
Á + ˜ W/m
R w kc pa 2p Ë a b¯
d m Ê Dˆ m b
m cosh-1Á ˜ ln
w p Ë 2a ¯ 2p a H/m
L

w pk 2pk
k cosh-1(D / 2a) S/m
G d ln(b / a)

w pe 2pe
e F/m
C d cosh-1(D / 2a) ln(b / a)
w=width
pfm c pfm c
d=separation Rs = Rs =
kc kc

a=radius a=radius
D=distance center cond.
cosh -1(D / 2a) b=radius
ª ln (D / a) outer cond.

if (D / 2a)2 >> 1
VII 10
Wave Equation for Lossy Transmission Lines

dV ( z)
- = (R + jwL ) I ( z)
dz
d I (z)
- = (G + jwC) V ( z)
dz
d2V( z) 2
2 = g V( z)
dz g = a + jb = (R + jwL)(G + jwC)
d2I ( z) 2
2 = g I (z)
dz
VII 11

Waveguides

A uniform waveguide with an arbitrary cross section

Time-harmonic waves in lossless media:
r 2
r
DE + w m e E = 0
r r0 j wt -k z ⋅z )
E x, y, z, t = E ( x, y) ⋅ e (
( )

2 2
r 2
r 2
r
(— xy + —z ) E = — xy E - k z E

2
r 2 2
r
— xy ( )
E + w me - k z E = 0

2
r 2 2
r
— xy ( )
H + w me - k z H = 0
VII 12
r r r r
From — x E = - jwmH we get: From — x H = jweE we get:
∂E0z ∂H0z
+ jk zE0y = - jwmH0x + jk zH0y = jweE0x
∂y ∂y
∂E0z ∂H0z
- jk zE0x - = - jwmH0y - jk zH0x - = jweE0y
∂x ∂x
∂E0y ∂E0x ∂H0y ∂H0x
- = - jwmH0z - = jweE0z
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

1Ê ∂H0z ∂E0z ˆ
H0x = - 2 Á jk z - jwe ˜
h Ë ∂x ∂y ¯
1 ÊÁ ∂H0z ∂E0z ˆ˜ h2 = w 2me - k z2
H0y = - 2 jk z + jwe
h Ë ∂y ∂x ¯
1 ÊÁ ∂E0z ∂H0z ˆ˜
E0x = - 2 jk z + jwm
h Ë ∂x ∂y ¯
1Ê ∂E0z ∂H0z ˆ
E0y = - 2 Á jk z - jwm ˜
h Ë ∂y ∂x ¯
VII 13

Three Types of Propagating Waves

Transverse electromagnetic waves TEM : EZ = 0 & HZ = 0

Transverse magnetic waves TM : EZ ≠ 0 & HZ = 0

Transverse electric waves TE : EZ = 0 & HZ ≠ 0

VII 14

TEM - Waves
Hz = 0 &Ez = 0 Æ - k z 2TEM + w 2me = 0 Æ k z TEM = w me

w 1
Phase velocity upTEM = =
kz me
E0x wm m
Wave impedance Z TEM = 0 = =
Hy k z TEM e

for hollow single-conductor Hz = 0 Æ there is only Hx and Hy

r
div H = 0 Æ H - fields must form closed loops
∂Dz
Ez = 0 Æ =0
r r ∂t
rot H = J Æ TEM waves cannot exist in
single - conductor hollow waveguides
waveguides:
VII 15

TM-Waves

- jk z ∂Ez
Ex =
w 2me - k z2 ∂x Wave equation

- jk z ∂Ez
Ey = ∂2Ez ∂ 2Ez
w 2me - k z 2 ∂y + + (
w 2
me - k )2
z Ez = 0
∂x2 ∂y2

jwe ∂Ez
Hx =
w 2me - k z 2 ∂y

- jwe ∂Ez
Hy =
w 2me - k z2 ∂x
VII 16

TM-Modes in Rectangular Waveguides

boundary conditions
Ez (0, y ) = 0 and Ez (a, y ) = 0 in the x direction

Ez (x,0) = 0 and Ez ( x,b) = 0 in the y direction

separation of variables

( )
Ez (x, y ) = E0 sin(k x x) sin k y y

mp np
kx = and ky = ( m,n are int egers)
a b
VII 17

Solution

- jk z mp Ê mp ˆ Ê np ˆ
E x ( x, y) = E0 cos xsin y
w 2me - k z 2 a Ë a ¯ Ëb¯ TM13 mode means m=1, n=3
(if m=0 or n=0 then E=H=0)
- jk z np Ê mp ˆ Ê np ˆ
Ey (x, y ) = E sin x cos y
w 2me - k z2 0 b Ë a ¯ Ëb¯
Ê mp ˆ
2
Ê np ˆ
2
2 2
kz = w me - -
Ë a ¯ Ë b¯
jwe np Ê mp ˆ Ê np ˆ
Hx (x, y ) = E sin x cos y 2 ÈÊ mp ˆ 2 Ê np ˆ 2 ˘
w 2me - k z2 0 b Ë a ¯ Ëb¯ w c me -
ÍÎË a ¯
+
Ë b ¯ ˙˚
=0

2 2
- jwe mp 1
Ê mp ˆ Ê np ˆ
Ê mp ˆ Ê np ˆ fc = + cut off frequency
Hz ( x, y) = 2 E
2 0 cos xsin y 2p me Ë a ¯ Ëb¯
w me - k z a Ë a ¯ Ë b ¯

if f < fc then jkz is real no wave propagation

VII 18

Field Lines for TM11 Mode in Rectangular Waveguide

VII 19

TE-Waves

- jwm ∂Hz
Ex =
w 2me - k z2 ∂y

jwm ∂Hz
Ey =
w 2me - k z 2 ∂x wave equation
∂2Hz ∂2Hz 2 2
- jk z ∂Hz ∂x2
+
∂y 2
+ (
w me - k )
z Hz = 0
Hx = 2
w me - k z 2 ∂x

- jk z ∂Hz
Hy =
w 2me - k z2 ∂y
VII 20

TE-Modes in Rectangular Waveguides

boundary condition
∂Hz ∂Hz
∂x
( )
0,y = 0 and
∂x
( )
a,y = 0 in the x direction (Ey ) = 0
∂Hz ∂Hz
∂y
( )
x,0 = 0 and
∂y
( )
x,b = 0 in the y direction (Ex ) = 0

separation of variables
Ê mp ˆ Ê np ˆ
Hz ( x, y) = H0 cos x cos y
Ë a ¯ Ë b¯
VII 21

Solution:
jwm np Ê mp ˆ Ê np ˆ TE01 mode means m = 0, n = 1
E x ( x, y) = 2
H
2 0
cos x sin y
w me - k z b Ë a ¯ Ë b ¯
2 2
- jwm mp Ê mp ˆ Ê np ˆ 2 2 Ê mp ˆ Ê np ˆ
Ey (x, y ) = H sin x cos y kz = w me - -
2 2 0 Ë a ¯ Ë b¯
w me - k z a Ë a ¯ Ë b ¯
jk mp Ê mp ˆ Ê np ˆ
Hx (x, y ) = 2 z 2 H0 sin x cos y
w me - k z a Ë a ¯ Ëb¯
jk z np Ê mp ˆ Ê np ˆ
Hy ( x, y) = H0 cos x sin y
w 2me - k z 2 b Ë a ¯ Ëb¯

2 2
1 Ê mp ˆ Ê np ˆ
fc = + cut off frequency
2p me Ë a ¯ Ëb¯
if f < fc then jkz is real no wave propagation
VII 22

Field Lines for TE10 Mode in Rectangular Waveguide