UNIT 4

Spread Spectrum and Multiple

Access Technique
February 2005 Copyright 2005 All Rights Reserved 2
Spread Spectrum
l Spread spectrumis a communication technique that spreads a
narrowband communication signal over a wide range of frequencies
for transmission then de-spreads it into the original data bandwidth
at the receive.
l Spread spectrumis characterized by:
4 wide bandwidth and
4 low power
l Jamming and interference have less effect on Spread spectrum
because it is:
4 Resembles noise
4 Hard to detect
4Hard to intercept
These techniques are used for a variety of
reasons, including the
establishment of secure communications,
increasing resistance to natural interference,
noise and jamming
Definition of Spread Spectrum
Modulation in two parts
means of transmission in which the data sequence
occupies a bandwidth in excess of minimum
bandwidth necessary to send it.
Spread spectrum is accomplished before
transmission through the use of a code that is
independent of the data sequence. The same code is
used in the receiver that is synchronized with the
transmitter to de-spread the received signal so that
the original data sequence may be recovered.
General Model of Spread Spectrum
System
Pseudorandom Numbers
A pseudo-noise (PN) sequence is a periodic binary
sequence with a noiselike waveform that is usually
generated by means of a feedback shift register
Classification
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping
Direct Sequence (DS) Spread
Spectrum Technique
two stages of modulation
The incoming data sequence is used to modulate a
wideband code. This code transforms the narrow
band data sequence into a noise like wide band
signal.
The resulting wide band signal undergoes a
second stage of modulation using a phase shift
keying (PSK) technique.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Transmitter
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Example
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
(FHSS)
Signal broadcast over seemingly random
series of frequencies
Receiver hops between frequencies in sync
with transmitter
Eavesdroppers hear unintelligible blips
Jamming on one frequency affects only a few
bits
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
System (Transmitter)
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
System (Receiver)
Multiple Access Techniques
multiple-access method,in which the available
bandwidth is shared in time, frequency, or
through code, between different stations.
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Spread spectrum multiple access (SSMA) : an
example is Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Space division multiple access (SDMA)
FDMA
In FDMA, the available bandwidth
of the common channel is divided into
bands that are separated by guard bands.
TDMA
In TDMA, the bandwidth is just one
channel that is timeshared between
different stations.
Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot N
Repeating Frame Structure
Preamble Information Message Trail Bits
One TDMA Frame
Trail Bits Sync. Bits Information Data Guard Bits
The frame is cyclically repeated over time.
CDMA
In CDMA, one channel carries all
transmissions simultaneously.
All the users in a CDMA system , use the same
frequency and may transmit simultaneously.
Unique orthogonal code is assigned to each
channel
For recover the signal ,the receiver needs to
know the code used by the transmitter.
SDMA
Use spot beam antennas
The different beam area can use TDMA, FDMA, CDMA
Sectorized antenna can be thought of as a SDMA
Adaptive antennas can be used in the future
(simultaneously steer energy
in the direction of many users)
spot beam
antenna
Features:
A large number of independently steered
high-gain beams can be formed without any
resulting degradation in SNR ratio.
Beams can be assigned to individual users,
thereby assuring that all links operate with
maximum gain.
Adaptive beam forming can be easily
implemented to improve the system capacity
by suppressing co channel interference.
26
Comparison SDMA/TDMA/FDMA/CDMA
Approach SDMA TDMA FDMA CDMA
Idea
segment space into
cells/sectors
segment sending
time into disjoint
time-slots, demand
driven or fixed
patterns
segment the
frequency band into
disjoint sub-bands
spread the spectrum
using orthogonal codes
Terminals
only one terminal can
be active in one
cell/one sector
all terminals are
active for short
periods of time on
the same frequency
every terminal has its
own frequency,
uninterrupted
all terminals can be active
at the same place at the
same moment,
uninterrupted
Signal
separation
cell structure, directed
antennas
synchronization in
the time domain
filtering in the
frequency domain
code plus special
receivers
Advantages
very simple, increases
capacity per km
established, fully
digital, flexible
simple, established,
robust
flexible, less frequency
planning needed, soft
handover
Dis-
advantages
inflexible, antennas
typically fixed
guard space
needed (multipath
propagation),
synchronization
difficult
inflexible,
frequencies are a
scarce resource
complex receivers, needs
more complicated power
control for senders
Comment
only in combination
with TDMA, FDMA or
CDMA useful
standard in fixed
networks, together
with FDMA/SDMA
used in many
mobile networks
typically combined
with TDMA
(frequency hopping
patterns) and SDMA
(frequency reuse)
still faces some problems,
higher complexity,
lowered expectations; will
be integrated with
TDMA/FDMA