Scribd
Upload
22 views

Introduction To The R Language Introduction To The R Language

This document introduces the apply function in R. It explains that apply evaluates a function over the margins of an array, most commonly applying a function to the rows or columns of a matrix. It takes an array X, indicates which margin to retain with MARGIN, and applies the function FUN. Some examples are provided, like using apply to calculate row and column means and sums. Other uses like quantiles are demonstrated. Finally, it shows applying the mean function to an array of matrices.

Uploaded by

Augusto Ferrari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
22 views

Introduction To The R Language Introduction To The R Language

This document introduces the apply function in R. It explains that apply evaluates a function over the margins of an array, most commonly applying a function to the rows or columns of a matrix. It takes an array X, indicates which margin to retain with MARGIN, and applies the function FUN. Some examples are provided, like using apply to calculate row and column means and sums. Other uses like quantiles are demonstrated. Finally, it shows applying the mean function to an array of matrices.

Uploaded by

Augusto Ferrari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Introduction to the R Language

Loop Functions - apply

Roger Peng, Associate Professor


Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

apply
apply is used to a evaluate a function (often an anonymous one) over the margins of an array.

It is most often used to apply a function to the rows or columns of a matrix


It can be used with general arrays, e.g. taking the average of an array of matrices
It is not really faster than writing a loop, but it works in one line!

2/7

apply
> str(apply)
function (X, MARGIN, FUN, ...)

X is an array
MARGIN is an integer vector indicating which margins should be retained.
FUN is a function to be applied
... is for other arguments to be passed to FUN

3/7

apply
> x <- matrix(rnorm(200), 20, 10)
> apply(x, 2, mean)
[1] 0.04868268 0.35743615 -0.09104379
[4] -0.05381370 -0.16552070 -0.18192493
[7] 0.10285727 0.36519270 0.14898850
[10] 0.26767260
> apply(x, 1, sum)
[1] -1.94843314 2.60601195 1.51772391
[4] -2.80386816 3.73728682 -1.69371360
[7] 0.02359932 3.91874808 -2.39902859
[10] 0.48685925 -1.77576824 -3.34016277
[13] 4.04101009 0.46515429 1.83687755
[16] 4.36744690 2.21993789 2.60983764
[19] -1.48607630 3.58709251

4/7

col/row sums and means


For sums and means of matrix dimensions, we have some shortcuts.
rowSums = apply(x, 1, sum)
rowMeans = apply(x, 1, mean)
colSums = apply(x, 2, sum)
colMeans = apply(x, 2, mean)
The shortcut functions are much faster, but you wont notice unless youre using a large matrix.

5/7

Other Ways to Apply


Quantiles of the rows of a matrix.
> x <- matrix(rnorm(200), 20, 10)
> apply(x, 1, quantile, probs = c(0.25, 0.75))
[,1]
[,2]
[,3]
[,4]
25% -0.3304284 -0.99812467 -0.9186279 -0.49711686
75% 0.9258157 0.07065724 0.3050407 -0.06585436
[,5]
[,6]
[,7]
[,8]
25% -0.05999553 -0.6588380 -0.653250 0.01749997
75% 0.52928743 0.3727449 1.255089 0.72318419
[,9]
[,10]
[,11]
[,12]
25% -1.2467955 -0.8378429 -1.0488430 -0.7054902
75% 0.3352377 0.7297176 0.3113434 0.4581150
[,13]
[,14]
[,15]
[,16]
25% -0.1895108 -0.5729407 -0.5968578 -0.9517069
75% 0.5326299 0.5064267 0.4933852 0.8868922
[,17]
[,18]
[,19]
[,20]

6/7

apply
Average matrix in an array
> a <- array(rnorm(2 * 2 * 10), c(2, 2, 10))
> apply(a, c(1, 2), mean)
[,1]
[,2]
[1,] -0.2353245 -0.03980211
[2,] -0.3339748 0.04364908
> rowMeans(a, dims = 2)
[,1]
[,2]
[1,] -0.2353245 -0.03980211
[2,] -0.3339748 0.04364908

7/7

You might also like