Partea a II-a

Probleme complexe
1.
3HQWUX  GH PXQFLWRUL DL XQHL VRFLHW
OXFUDW vQWUH R V SW PkQ

L FRPHUFLDOH V

-au nregistrat datele privind timpul

RUH                  

39, 40, 38, 43, 40, 40, 40, 38, 39, 39, 40, 40, 41, 43, 42, 40, 42, 38, 40, 39, 40, 37, 38, 38, 37, 39,
40, 39, 39, 40, 40, 41.
Se cere:
1.
2.
3.

VH JUXSH]H PXQFLWRULL GLQ HDQWLRQ GXS

VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF UHSDUWL LD PXQFLWRULORU GXS

VH FDOFXOH]H SURGXF LD

YHULILFH SURSULHW

4.

V
DIO

5.
6.

V
V

WLPSXO OXFUDW

XQ PXQFLWRU XWLOL]kQG PHGLD DULWPHWLF

L V

VH

LOH DFHVWHLD

VH VWDELOHDVF
HOH ID

PHGLH SH

WLPSXO OXFUDW

FH DOWH WLSXUL GH PHGLL VH PDL SRW FDOFXOD L vQ FH UDSRUW GH P ULPH VH

GH PHGLD DULWPHWLF 

VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFDWRULL PHGLL GH SR]L LH

VH

FDOFXOH]H

LQGLFDWRULL

VLQWHWLFL

DL

YDULD LHL

VH

SUHFL]H]H

GDF

PHGLD

HVWH

UHSUH]HQWDWLY 

7.

VH

HVWLPH]H

SDUDPHWULL

FROHFWLYLW

LL

JHQHUDOH

GDF

UH]XOWDWHOH

probabilitate P = 0,9973 (z = 3), iar ceL  GH PXQFLWRUL UHSUH]LQW

al acestora;
8.

VH GHWHUPLQH QRXO YROXP DO HDQWLRQXOXL GDF

P UHWH

GH



RUL

VH

XWLOL]HD]

VHOHF LD

HURDUHD OLPLW

QHUHSHWDW 

VH



JDUDQWHD]

GLQ QXP UXO WRWDO

FDOFXODW

FHOHODOWH

FX

FRQGL LL

DQWHULRU VH
U PkQkQG

neschimbate.
Rezolvare
1.

$PSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL ILLQG PLF

A0 = xmax xmin = 43 

 RUH L QXP UXO YDORULORU

vQUHJLVWUDWH ILLQG GH DVHPHQHD PLF VH SRDWH HIHFWXD JUXSDUHD SH YDULDQWH L RE LQHP

datele prezentate n tabelul 1.

5HSDUWL LD PXQFLWRULORU GXS

WLPSXO OXFUD

t (ore)
Tabelul 1.

1XP

Grupe de
PXQFLWRUL GXS

muncitorilor (ni)

timpul lucrat
(ore) (xi)
0
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Total

2.

UXO

1
5
6
8
13
7
5
6
50

'LVWULEX LLOH RE LQXWH SULQ JUXSDUH SH YDULDQWH VH UHSUH]LQW

JUDILF SULQ GLDJUDPD SULQ

bastoane.

14

nr. muncitori

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

timpul lucrat (ore)

)LJ 'LVWULEX LD PXQFLWRULORU GXS

3.

WLPSXO OXFUDW  RUH

&DOFXOXO PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH L YHULILFDUHD SULQFLSDOHORU SURSULHW

L DOH DFHVWHLD

Calculul mediei aritmetice ponderate:

x=

x i n i

37 5 + 38 6 + 39 8 + 40 13 + 41 7 + 42 5 + 43 6
=
50

n i
2000
=
= 40 ore / muncitor
50

9HULILFDUHD SULQFLSDOHORU SURSULHW

a) xmin < x < xmax

37 < 40 < 43

L DOH PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH

b)

(xi x ) ni = (37 40)5 + (38 40)6 + (39 40) 8 + (40 40) 13 +

+ (41 40) 7 + (42 40) 5 + (43 40) 6 = - 35 + 35 = 0

c)

xi ni = x xi

2000 = 40 50
d)

( xi a ) ni
ni

Pentru a

= x a

 RE LQHP

(xi a)ni = (37 2)5 + (38 2)6 + (39 2)8 + (40 2)13 + (41 2)7 + (42 2)5 + (43 2)6 =
50
ni
=

e)

1900
= 38 = 40 2 = x a
50

hi ni = h

Pentru h

 RE LQHP

37
38
39
40
41
42
43
5 + 6 + 8 +
13 + 7 +
5+ 6
x
200
40 x
hi ni = 10 10 10 1050 10 10 10 = 50 = 4 = 10 = h

4.

&DOFXOXO PHGLHL DUPRQLFH L DO PHGLHL S WUDWLFH

Calculul mediei armonice ( xh ):

ni
1
x ni

50
=
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5 + 6 + 8 +
13 + 7 +
5 + 6
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
i
= 39,92 ore/muncitor

xh =

&DOFXOXO PHGLHL S

WUDWLFH

( x p ):

xi2 ni
37 2 5 + 38 2 6 + 39 2 8 + 40 2 13 + 412 7 + 42 2 5 + 43 2 6
=
=
n i
50
= 40,04 ore/muncitor

xp =

xh < x < x p
39,92 < 40 < 40,04

5. Calculul indicatorilRU PHGLL GH SR]L LH

Calculul medianei (Me)

Locul M e =

ni

+1

2
5+6+8+13 = 32 > 25,5

50 + 1
= 25 , 5
2

9DORDUHD PHGLDQHL HVWH YDULDQWD D F UHL IUHFYHQ

FXPXODW

HVWH SULPD PDL PDUH

dect 25,5, deci Me = 40 ore.

Calculul modului
Valoarea modului este varianta FRUHVSXQ]
Mo = 40 ore.

6.

&DOFXOXO LQGLFDWRULORU GH YDULD LH

,QGLFDWRULL VLPSOL DL YDULD LHL

$PSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL

Aa = xmax xmin = 43 37 = 6 ore

A% =

x max x min
6
100 = 100 = 15%
40
x

$EDWHULOH ILHF

UHL YDULDQWH ID

GH PHGLH

Abaterile absolute: d i = xi x
De exemplu:
di max(+) = 43 40 = 3 ore
di max(-) = 37 40 = -3 ore

Abaterile relative: di (%) =

xi x
100
x

De exemplu:
3
100 = 7,5%
40
3
di(%) max(-) =
100 = 7,5%
40

di(%) max(+) =

WRDUH IUHFYHQ HL PD[LPH

,QGLFDWRULL VLQWHWLFL DL YDULD LHL

$EDWHUHD PHGLH OLQLDU

d =

ni

37 40 5 + 38 40 6 + ... + 43 40 6
50

70
= 1 , 4 ore / muncitor
50

Dispersia:

xi x ni

( d ):

( xi x ) 2 ni

=
ni

$EDWHUHD PHGLH S

WUDWLF

(37 40) 2 5 + (38 40) 2 6 + ... + (43 40) 2 6 158

=
= 3,16
50
50
:

= 2 = 3,16 =1,8 ore / muncitor

5DSRUWXO GLQWUH FHOH GRX

DEDWHUL PHGLL

d 1,4
=
= 0,79
1,8
6H SRDWH WUDJH FRQFOX]LD F

raport

UHSDUWL LD YDORULORU WLQGH F WUH QRUPDOLWDWH GHRDUHFH DFHVW

4
.
5

/D DFHHDL FRQFOX]LH VH SRDWH DMXQJH L GLQ DQDOL]D LQGLFDWRULORU WHQGLQ HL FHQWUDOH FDUH

sunt egali ca valoare ( x = Me = Mo).

&RHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH

1,8
100 =
100 = 4,5%
x
40
d
1,4
v= 100 =
100 = 3,5%
x
40
v=

v< v < 35%

VHULD HVWH RPRJHQ

7. Extinderea rezultatelor asupra coOHFWLYLW

&DOFXOXO HURULL OLPLW

DGPLV

x = z

6HOHF LD UHSHWDW 

L PHGLD HVWH UHSUH]HQWDWLY

SHQWUX VHULH

LL JHQHUDOH GLQ FDUH D IRVW H[WUDV HDQWLRQXO

2
3,16
= 3
= 0,754 buc.
n
50

6HOHF LD QHUHSHWDW 

2
n

x = z

/LPLWHOH SHQWUX SURGXF LD PHGLH

n
3,16
50

1 = 3
1
= 0,715 buc.
50 500
N

pe un muncitor din colectivLWDWHD JHQHUDO

x - x < x 0 < x + x

6HOHF LD UHSHWDW 

40 0,754 < x0 < 40 + 0,754

39,246 buc. / muncitor < x0 < 40,754 buc. / muncitor

Selec LD QHUHSHWDW

40 0,715 < x0 < 40 + 0,715

39,285 buc. / muncitor < x0 < 40,715 buc. / muncitor
/LPLWHOH SHQWUX SURGXF LD WRWDO

N( x - x) <

D PXQFLWRULORU GLQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO 

xi < N( x + x)
i =1

6HOHF LD UHSHWDW 

500 (40 0,754) <

500

xi

< 500 (40 + 0,754)

i =1

19623 buc. <

500

xi

< 20377 buc.

i =1

6HOHF LD QHUHSHWDW 

500 (40 0,715) <

500

xi

<500 (40 + 0,715)

i =1

19642,5 buc. <

500

xi

< 20357 buc.

i =1

8.

'HWHUPLQDUHD YROXPXOXL HDQWLRQXOXL SHQWUX

n=

x = x 1,03 = 0,715 1,03 = 0,736

z 2 2
3 2 3,16
=
= 47 muncitori
z 2 2
3 2 3,16
2
2
( x ) +
(0,736) +
N
500

2.

Dintr-un sondaj statistic de 10% din colectivitate s-au RE LQXW GDWHOH

Tabelul 2.
*UXSH GH DJHQ L
HFRQRPLFL GXS

6XEJUXSH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS

FLIUD GH

afaceri (mil.lei)
A
I
II
III
Total

SURILW PLOOHL

Total

Sub 12

12-16

16-20

20-24

24-28

 L

1
8
8

2
20
15
35

3
12
25
8
45

4
30
35
65

5
20
12
32

peste
6
10
5
15

7
40
100
60
200

Se cere:
1.

VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF GLVWULEX LD DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS

GXS

2.

SURILW SHQWUX JUXSD D ,,

-a

FLIUD GH DIDFHUL

VH VWDELOHDVF

JUDGXO GH RPRJHQLWDWH DO GLVWULEX LHL DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS

P ULP

ea

profitului pentru grupa a doua;

3.

VH FDUDFWHUL]H]H JUDGXO GH DVLPHWULH DO GLVWULEX LHL DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS

P ULPHD

profitului pentru grupa a doua;

4.

FH LQGLFDWRUL VWDWLVWLFL VH SRW FDOFXOD SH ED]D UHJXOLL GH DGXQDUH D GLVSHUVLLORU L FXP VH

interpreWHD]
5.

VWDWLVWLF DFHWL LQGLFDWRUL

VH FDOFXOH]H PHGLD L GLVSHUVLD SHQWUX FDUDFWHULVWLFD DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL FDUH VH J VHVF

peste media profitului pe total.

Rezolvare
Pentru punctele 1. L 2. YRP SUH]HQWD vQ WDEHOXO XUP
profit (mil. lei) pentru grupa a II-D GXS FLIUD GH DIDFHUL

WRU GLVWULEX LD DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS

Tabelul 3.
Grupe de
DJHQ L

1U DJHQ L

economici

economici
(ni)

GXS

SURILW

(mil. lei)
A
12-16
16-20
20-24
24-28
28-32

1
15
25
30
20
10

xi a

Centul de
interval xi

xini

2
14
18
22
26
30

3
210
450
660
520
300
r

Total

100

xi ni

xi a

h=4
a = 22

4
-2
-1
0
1
2
=

i =1

=2140

ni

5
-30
-25
0
20
20
xi a
ni

=15

( xi x )

(xi - x )2ni

xi a

ni
h

6
-111
-85
+18
92
86

7
821,4
289,0
10,8
423,6
739,6

8
60
25
0
20
40

(xi - x )

(xi - x )2ni=
=2284,4

xi a

= 145

ni

3HQWUX UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF

1.

VH IRORVHVF KLVWRJUDPD L SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU YH]L ILJ

Scara:
pe Ox: 1 cm = 4 mil.

35
30

30

SH 2\  FP

25

25

20

20

15

15

 DJHQ L

10

10

5
0
8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

profit (mil. lei)

)LJ  'LVWULEX LD DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS

2.

*UDGXO

GH

RPRJHQLWDWH

VH

GHWHUPLQ

FX

P ULPHD SURILWXOXL PLO OHL

DMXWRUXO

FRHILFLHQWXOXL

GH

GHWHUPLQDUHD F UXLD VXQW QHFHVDUH R VHULH GH FDOFXOH SUHDODELOH

Media ( x ):

&DOFXOXO RELQXLW

x=

xi ni
i =1
r

ni

2140
= 21,4 mil. lei / agent economic
100

i =1

Calcul simplificat:
xi a

h
i =1
r

x=

ni

h + a =

15
4 + 22 = 21,4 mil. lei/agent economic
100

i =1

$EDWHUHD PHGLH OLQLDU

d=

xi x ni

i =1

ni
i =1

d ):

392
= 3,92 mil. lei
100

YDULD LH

SHQWUX

Dispersia (2)

&DOFXO RELQXLW

( xi x ) 2 ni

=
ni

2284
= 22,84
100

Calculul simplificat:
x a

h 2 ( x a ) 2 = 145 16 (21,4 22)2 = 22,84

100

h
2 =
ni
$EDWHUHD PHGLH S

=
2

WUDWLF

22,84 = 4,789 mil.lei

&RHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH Y VDX Y

d
3,92
100 =
100 = 18,32%
x
21,4

4,78
v = 100 =
100 = 22,33%
x
21,4
v=

5H]XOW

VHULD UHSUH]HQWkQG JUXSD D ,, D HVWH RPRJHQ

LDU PHGLD HVWH UHSUH]HQWDWLY 

3. Pentru a determina gradul de asimetrie al grupei a II-a vom calcula coeficientul de

asimetrie propus de Pearson (Cas):
C as =

x Mo

M 0 = x0 + h

C as =
5H]XOW

1
1 + 2

21 , 4 21 , 33
4 , 78

= 20 + 4

( 30 25 )
( 30 25 ) + ( 30 20 )

= 21,33 mil. lei

= 0,0146

VHULD HVWH DSURDSH VLPHWULF 

4. Pe baza regulii de adunare a dispersiilor se pot calcula doi indicatori statistici:

- JUDGXO GH GHWHUPLQD LH R 2y / x );
-

JUDGXO GH QHGHWHUPLQD LH 

K y / x ).

3HQWUX D GHWHUPLQD DFHWL LQGLFDWRUL HVWH QHFHVDU V

PHGLL GH JUXS

VH FDOFXOH]H

( yi )

y j n ij
j =1

yi =

n ij
j =1

y1 =

10 8 + 14 20 + 18 12
= 14,4 mil.lei/agent economic
8 + 20 + 12

y2 =

 PLOOHL DJHQW HFRQRPLF D IRVW FDOFXODW

2.).

18 8 + 22 35 + 26 12 + 30 5
= 22,93 mil.lei/ agent economic
8 + 35 + 12 + 5

y3 =

OD SFW

PHGLD JHQHUDO

(y)

y=

y j n. j
j =1
m

n. j

10 8 + 14 35 + 18 45 + 22 65 + 26 32 + 30 15
=
200

j =1

= 20 , 46 mil. lei/agent economic

GLVSHUVLLOH GH JUXS

i2 =

( y j yi ) 2 nij
j =1

nij

(10 14,4) 2 8 + (14 14,4) 2 20 + (18 14,4) 2 12

= 7,84
8 + 20 + 12

j =1

=  FDOFXODW
2
2

3 =
2

OD SXQFWXO

2.)

(18 22,93) 8 + (22 2,93) 35 + (26 22,93) 12 + (30 22,93) 5

= 9,79
8 + 35 + 12 + 5
2

PHGLD GLVSHUVLLORU GH JUXS

( 2 )

2 =

i2 ni .
i =1
r

ni .
i =1

7,84 10 + 22,84 100 + 9,79 60

= 15,925
200

dispersia dintre grupe (2)

r

=
2

(yi y0 )2 ni .
i=1

ni .

(14,4 20,46)2 40+ (21,4 20,46)2 100+ (22,93 20,46)2 60

=
=
200

i=1

= 9,62

GLVSHUVLD WRWDO

( 2 )

2 = 2 + 2 = 9,62 + 15,92 = 25,54

Se pot calcula doi indicatori statistici:

JUDGXO GH GHWHUPLQD LH

R y2 / x =

9,62
2
100 =
100 = 37,67%
2
25,54

gradul de nHGHWHUPLQD LH

2
y/r

100 =

15 , 92
100 = 62 , 33%
25 , 54

'LQ DQDOL]D FHORU GRL LQGLFDWRUL VH REVHUY

vQ SURSRU LH PDL PLF
IDFWRULORU QHvQUHJLVWUD

5.



YDULD LD SURILWXOXL SH WRWDO HVWH LQIOXHQ DW

 GH YDULD LD FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL L vQ SURSRU LH GH 

GH YDULD LD

i.

0HGLD L GLVSHUVLD DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL FX XQ SURILW GH SHVWH  PLOLRDQH OHL

p=

m 32 + 15 47
=
=
= 0,235
n
200
200

2p = p(1-p) = 0,235(1-0,235) = 0,1797.

3.

Dintr-XQ VRQGDM VWDWLVWLF GH 

GLQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO

V DX RE LQXW GDWH

le:
Tabelul 4.

*UXSH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS

QXP

UXO

6XEJUXSH GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS

GH VDODULD L

A
Sub 20
20-40
4 L SHVWH
Total

Sub 12
1
8
8

12-16
2
20
15
35

(mil. lei)
16-20 20-24
3
4
12
25
30
8
35
45
65

ULPHD SURILWXOXL

24-28
5
20
12
32

Total

 L SHVWH

6
10
5
15

7
40
100
60
200

Se cere:
1.

VH FDOFXOH]H PHGLD L GLVSHUVLD SHQWUX GLVWULEX LD DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS

P ULPHD

profitului;
2.

VH

HVWLPH]H

coOHFWLYLWDWHD
(z = 3);
3.
4.

OLPLWHOH

JHQHUDO

vQWUH
GDF

FDUH

YRU

UH]XOWDWHOH

FDUH YD IL YROXPXO HDQWLRQXOXL GDF

V

VH

vQFDGUD

VH

SURILWXO

JDUDQWHD]

HURDUHD OLPLW

FX

PHGLX
R

FUHWH FX 

GLQ YDULD LD SURILWXOXL VH GDWRUHD]

SURILWXO

SUREDELOLWDWH

GH

WRWDO

vQ



VH FDOFXOH]H GLVSHUVLD GLQWUH JUXSH SULQ SURFHGHHOH FXQRVFXWH L V

VXW

VH GHWHUPLQH FkW OD

GHRVHELULORU SULYLQG QXP UXO GH VDODULD L

Rezolvare
1.

&DOFXOXO PHGLHL L GLVSHUVLHL SH WRWDO

y j nij
nij

y=

10 8 + 14 35 + 18 45 + 22 65 + 26 32 + 30 15
=
8 + 35 + 45 + 65 + 32 + 15

=20,46 mil.lei/agent economic

( y j y )
=
n . j

2
y

n. j

( 10 20 , 46 ) 2 8 + ( 14 20 , 46 ) 2 35 + ( 18 20 , 46 ) 2 65

( 26 20 , 46 ) 2 32 + 30 20 , 46 ) 2 15
200

200
= 25 , 54

2. La sondajul stratificat, indicatorii de selHF LH VH FDOFXOHD]

JUXS

XWLOL]kQG PHGLD GLVSHUVLLORU GH

 SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD F UHLD VXQW QHFHVDUH XUP WRDUHOH FDOFXOH

PHGLL GH JUXS

yi =

y j nij
nij

y1 =

10 8 + 14 20 + 18 12
= 14,4 mil.lei / agent economic
40

y2 =

14 15 + 18 25 + 22 30 + 26 20 + 30 10
= 21,4 mil.lei / agent economic
100

y3 =

18 8 + 22 35 + 26 12 + 30 5
= 22,93 mil.lei / agent economic
60

GLVSHUVLL GH JUXS

i2 =

(y j yi )2 nij
nij

(10 14,4) 2 8 + (14 14,4) 2 20 + (18 14,4) 2 12

= 7,84
40
(14 21,4) 2 15 + (18 21,4) 2 15 + (22 21,4) 2 30 + (26 21,4) 2 20
22 =
+
100
(30 21,4) 2 10
+
= 22,84
100
(18 22,93) 2 8 + (22 22,93) 2 35 + (26 22,93) 2 12 + (30 22,93) 2 5
2
3 =
= 9,79
60

12 =

PHGLD GLVSHUVLLORU GH JUXS

7,84 40 + 22,84 100 + 9,79 60

= 15,925
200

Eroarea medie de reprezentativitate:

y =

2
n
15,925
200
1 =
1
= 0,07166 = 0,2676 mil. lei
n
N
200 2000

(URDUHD OLPLW

PD[LP

DGPLV

n
2
1 =30,2676 = 0,803
n
N

y = z y = z

Intervalul n care va fi cuprins profitul mediu vQ WRWDO FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO

y y < y0 < y + y
20,46 0,803 < y 0 < 20,46 + 0,803
19,657 mil. lei/agent economic < y 0 < 21,263 mil. lei/agent economic
Intervalul n care va fi cuprins profitul total:
N( y - y ) <
200019,657<

y
i =1

< N( y - y )

2000

yi < 2000 21,263

39314 mil.lei <

i =1
2000

yi
i =1

< 42526 mil.lei

3. Volumul noXOXL HDQWLRQ vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH HURDUHD OLPLW

z2

n =

( )

(URDUHD OLPLW

VH P UHWH FX 

y2

, unde: - HVWH PHGLD GLVSHUVLLORU GH JUXS

P ULW

FX 

y = 0,803 + 0,2 0,803 = 0,9636

3 2 15 , 925

n =

( 0 , 9636 ) 2 +

3 2 15 , 925

143 , 325
1 , 00016

=  DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL

2000

4.
Dintr-un sondaj organizat n cadrul unei S.C. se cunosc datele:
Tabelul 5.
*UXSH GH PXQFLWRUL GXS

QXP

U GH RUH

Nr. muncitori

3URGXF LD PHGLH

&RHILFLHQW GH YDULD LH

1
30
60
10
100

(buc./muncitor)
2
25
30
32
-

(%)
3
10
25
8
-

lucrate lunar
A
150
160
170
Total
WLLQG F
QHUHSHWDW

1.
2.

HDQWLRQXO UHSUH]LQW



GLQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO

L D IRVW H[WUDV SULQ VHOHF LH

VH FHUH
V

VH YHULILFH JUDGXO GH RPRJHQLWDWH DO HDQWLRQXOXL

VH FDOFXOH]H vQWUH FH OLPLWH VH YD vQFDGUD SURGXF LD WRWDO

vQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO 

probabilitatea fiind de 0,9545 (z = 2);

3.

VH GHWHUPLQH P ULPHD HDQWLRQXOXL SHQWUX R QRX

FRQGL LL GH OD SXQFWXO  LDU HURDUHD OLPLW

4.

VHOHF LH GDF

VH PLFRUHD]

VH UHSDUWL]H]H YROXPXO QRXOXL HDQWLRQ SH JUXSH GXS

SURFHGHXOXL VHOHF LHL WLSLFH SURSRU LRQDOH L RSWLPH

Rezolvare
1.

6H FDOFXOHD]

v=

FRHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH SH WRWDO HDQWLRQ

100 ,
y

unde: y - HVWH PHGLD HDQWLRQXOXL

- HVWH DEDWHUHD PHGLH S WUDWLF

FX 

VH YRU IRORVL DFHOHDL

QXP UXO GH RUH OXFUDWH FRQIRUP

3HQWUX D U VSXQGH FHULQ HL HVWH QHFHVDU

FDOFXODUHD vQ SUHDODELO D XUP WRULORU LQGLFDWRUL

media pe total
r

y i ni
i =1
r

y=

ni

25 30 + 30 60 + 32 10
= 28,7 buc./muncitor
30 + 60 + 10

i =1

dispersia dintre grupe ( )

r

( y i

y0

)2

i =1

ni
=

( 25 28 , 7 ) 2 30 + ( 30 28 , 7 ) 2 60 + ( 32 28 , 7 ) 2 10
30 + 60 + 10

n i
i =1

621
= 6 , 21
100

GLVSHUVLLOH GH JUXS

vi =

( i2 )

i
v y
100 i2 = i i
yi
100

12 = 6,25
22 = 56,25
32 = 6,5536

PHGLD GLVSHUVLLORU GH JUXS

( 2 )

2 =

i2 ni
i =1
r

ni
i =1

2 =

6,25 30 + 56,25 60 + 6,5536 10 3628,04

=
= 36,28
30 + 60 + 10
100

GLVSHUVLD WRWDO

VH FDOFXOHD]

XWLOL]kQG UHJXOD GH DGXQDUH D GLVSHUVLLORU

2 = 2 + 2 = 6,21 + 36,28 = 42,49

DEDWHUHD PHGLH S

WUDWLF

= 2 = 42,49 = 6,518 buc.

&RHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH

v=

2.

6,518
100 = 22,71% < 35%
28,7

HDQWLRQXO HVWH RPRJHQ

6H FDOFXOHD] 

eroarea medie de reprezentativitate ( y )

n
36,28
100
2
y =
1 =
1
= 0,3265 = 0,57 buc.
n
N
100 1000

(y)

HURDUHD OLPLW

y = z y = 2 0,57 = 1,14 buc.

,QWHUYDOXO GH vQFUHGHUH SHQWUX SURGXF LD WRWDO

N ( y0 y ) < yi < N ( y0 + y )
i =1

1000 (28,7 1,14) <

1000

yi < 1000) 28,7 1,14)

i =1

28560 buc. <

1000

yi < 29840 buc.

i =1

3.

9ROXPXO QRXOXL HDQWLRQ 

n =

( )

2
2

n):

, unde :

y = y 0,25 y = 1,14 0,285 = 0,855 buc.

n=

2 2 36,28
129,12
129,12
=
=
150 muncitori
2
0,86
2 36,28 0,731 + 0,12913
2
(0,855) +
1000

Q FRQGL LLOH XQHL HURUL PD[LPH GH

format din 150 de muncitori.

 EXF YROXPXO HDQWLRQXOXL WUHEXLH V

ILH

4.

3HQWUX

UHSDUWL]DUHD

SH

JUXSH

YROXPXOXL

QRXOXL

HDQWLRQ

FRQIRUP

VHOHF LHL

WLSLFH

SURSRU LRQDOH L RSWLPH VH vQWRFPHWH XUP WRUXO WDEHO

Tabelul 6.
Grupe de muncitori
GXS

QXP

UXO GH

Nr. muncitori n
colectivitatea

Ni
N i

JHQHUDO

ore lucrate lunar

A
150
160
170

1
300
600
100

2
0,3
0,6
0,1

Total

Ni= 1000

N*i= 1,00

VHOHF LD WLSLF

SURSRU LRQDO

iNi

= N i*

i Ni
i N i

3
750
4500
256
r

i N i

4
0,1362
0,8173
0,0465

= 5506

1,00

i =1

n1 = 45
Ni

ni = n
= n2 = 90
N i n3 = 15

VHOHF LD WLSLF

n i = n

RSWLP

i Ni
r

i N i
i =1

n 1 = 20 , 43 20

= n 2 = 122 , 59 123

n 3 = 6 , 975 7

5.
6H FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH SULYLQG HYROX LD H[SRUWXOXL WRWDO GH P UIXUL GLQ 5RPkQLD vQ

perioada 1991 2000.

Tabelul 7.
Anii
0RGLILFDUH UHODWLY

ID

de anul precedent (%)

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2,27

12,13

25,74

28,6

2,21

4,28

-1,53

2,42

21,92

Se cere:
1.

VH UHFRQVWLWXLH VHULD GH YDORUL DEVROXWH WLLQG F

H[SRUWXO D FUHVFXW vQ DQXO  ID

GH

anul 1995 cu 2457 mil.$;

2. V VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFDWRULL PHGLL
3. V VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF VHULD
4. s VH DMXVWH]H HYROX LD H[SRUWXOXL vQWUH DQLL  2000 printr-XQ SURFHGHX PHFDQLF L
unul analitic;
5. V VH VWDELOHDVF FDUH GLQ FHOH GRX SURFHGHH H[SULP FHO PDL ELQH WHQGLQ D vQ SHULRDGD
UHVSHFWLY 

6.

VH DMXVWH]H HYROX LD H[SRUWXOXL vQWUH DQLL 

unul analitic.

-1995 printr-XQ

SURFHGHX PHFDQLF L

Rezolvare
1.

3HQWUX D UHFRQVWLWXL VHULD GH YDORUL DEVROXWH VH FDOFXOHD]

PDL vQWkL LQGLFLL FX ED]D vQ ODQ

SRUQLQG GH OD XQD GLQ IRUPXOHOH GH FDOFXO DOH ULWPXULORU GH FUHWHUH FX ED]D vQ ODQ 

Rt / t 1 = I t / t 1(%) 100 ,
de unde:
It/t-1(%) = Rt/t-1 + 100
I1992/1991 = 2,27 + 100 = 102,27%
I1993/1992 = 12,13 + 100 = 112,13%

I2000/1999 = 21,92 + 100 = 121,92%
,QGLFLL GH GLQDPLF

VXQW WUHFX L vQ WDEHOXO 

Tabelul 8.
Anii
,QGLFLL GH GLQDPLF
vQ ODQ

FX ED]D


1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

102,27

112,13

125,74

128,6

102,21

104,28

98,47

102,42

121,92

3OHFkQG GH OD UHOD LD vQWUH LQGLFL

It/t-1 = It/1
I1996/1995 I1997/1996 I1998/1997 I1999/1998 I2000/1999 = I2000/1995

VH RE LQH

I2000/1995 = 1,0221 1,0428 0,9847 1,0242 1,2192 = 1,3106

Deci:

y 2000
= 1 , 3106

y 1995
y
2000 y 1995 = 2457

y 1995 7910 mil. $

y 2000 10367 mil. $

6H UHFRQVWLWXLH vQWUHDJD VHULH GH YDORUL DEVROXWH SH ED]D LQGLFLORU FX ED]D vQ ODQ

FXQRVFXW

(vezi tabelul 9).

Tabelul 9.
Anii
([SRUW WRWDO GH P UIXUL

(mil. $)

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

4266

4363

4892

6151

7910

8085

8431

8302

8503

10367

2. Indicatorii medii:

nivelul mediu
y=

yt
n

71270
= 7127 mil. $
10

PRGLILFDUHD PHGLH DEVROXW

y n y1
n 1

10367 4266
677 , 89 mil. $
9

indicele PHGLX GH GLQDPLF

yn

I = n 1

y1

10367
= 1 , 10369 sau 110,369%
4266

=9

ritmul mediu

R = ( I 1 ) 100 = (1,10369 1) 100 = 10,369%.

3.

5HSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF

VH IDFH SULQ FURQRJUDP

KLVWRULRJUDP 

10400
9600
8800
Export (mil.$)

8000
7200
6400
5600
4800
4000
3200

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Anii

)LJXUD 

(YROX LD H[SRUWXOXL GH P

UIXUL vQ SHULRDGD 

-2000

4. Ajustarea termenilor seriei pe perioada 1991 2000:

0HWRGD PHFDQLF

6H RSWHD]

SHQWUX PHWRGD PRGLILF ULL PHGLL DEVROXWH

5HOD LD GXS

FDUH VH DMXVWHD]

WHUPHQLL VHULHL

Yti = y1 + (t 1)
5H]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH

sunt trecute n tabelul 10., coloana 2.

Tabelul 10.

Anii

yt

0
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000

1
4266
4363
4892
6151
7910
8085
8431
8302
8503
10367

Total

yt = 71270

0HWRGD PRGLILF ULL PHGLHL DEVROXWH

Y t i = 4266 + 677 , 89 ( t 1 )

2
Y1 = 4266 + 677,89(1-1) = 4266
Y2 = 4266 + 677,89(2-1) = 4943,89
Y3 = 5621,78
Y4 = 6299,67
Y5 = 6977,56
Y6 = 7655,45
Y7 = 8333,34
Y8 = 9011,23
Y9 = 9689,12
Y10 = 10367
Y t i = 73165

( yt Yti )

3
0,0
337433,19
532578,85
22102,77
869444,35
184513,20
9537,47
503007,19
1406880,65
0,0
2
( y t Y t i ) = 3865497,67

Metoda anaOLWLF

3HQWUX DMXVWDUH YRP DSOLFD R UHOD LH GH WLS OLQLDU

Y t i = a + bti
Pentru calculul parametrilor a L b IRORVLP PHWRGD FHORU PDL PLFL S

[yi (a + b ti )]

WUDWH

= min

6LVWHPXO GH HFXD LL HVWH

n
n

na + b t i = y i

i =1
i =1
n
n
n
a t +b t 2 =
y i t i

i
i

i =1
i =1
i =1

Cu conGL LD ti = 0 sistemul devine:

n

na = y i

i =1
n
n
b t 2 =
yi t i

i =1
i =1
n

a=

yi
i =1

; b=

yiti
i =1

t i2
i =1

&DOFXOHOH QHFHVDUH UH]ROY ULL VLVWHPXOXL VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO 

Tabelul 11.
Anii
0
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Total

yt
1
4266
4363
4892
6151
7910
8085
8431
8302
8503
10367

0HWRGD DQDOLWLF

ti

2
i

yiti

Y t i = a + bti

( yt Yti ) 2

2
-9
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
7
9

3
81
49
25
9
1
1
9
25
49
81

4
-38394
-30541
-24460
-18453
-7910
8085
25293
41510
59521
93303

5
Y1 = 7127+1327,13(-9)=4182,83
Y2 = 7127+327,13(-7)=4837,09
Y3 = 5491,35
Y4 = 6145,61
Y5 = 6799,87
Y6 = 7454,13
Y7 = 8108,39
Y8 = 8762,65
Y9 = 9416,91
Y10 = 10071,17

yi = 71270 ti =0 t i2 =330 yiti =107954 Y t i =71270

6912,25
224761,32
359220,42
29,05
1232388,62
397996,96
104077,21
212198,42
835231,49
87515,39

( y t Yt )
i

=3460336,13

 10 a = 71270

330 b = 107954

a=

71270
= 7127
10

b=

107954
= 327,13
330

5. Pentru alegerea FHOHL PDL DGHFYDWH PHWRGH VH FRPSDU 

n

volumul total empiric y i cu cel teoretic Y t i ;

i =1

i =1

2
(yi - Y t i ) VH UH LQH PHWRGD FDUH vQGHSOLQHWH FRQGL LD GH PLQLP

FRHILFLHQ LL GH YDULD LH FDOFXOD L GXS

vy =

yt

100 , unde: yt =

ormula:

( y i Yti ) 2
n

6H DOHJH PHWRGD FX FHO PDL PLF FRHILFLHQW GH YDULD LH

&DOFXOHOH LQWHUPHGLDUH QHFHVDUH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOHOH  FRORDQD  L WDEHOXO 

coloana 6, iar rezultatele n tabelul 12.

Tabelul 12.
Nr.
crt.
0
1
2

Y t

Metoda de ajustare
1

(yi - Y t )2

yt

Vyt(%)

3
3865497,67
3460336,13

4
621,73
588,25

5
8,72
8,25

2
73165
71270

0RGLILFDUHD PHGLH DEVROXW

Trend liniar
QWUH FHOH GRX

PHWRGH H[LVW

R GLIHUHQ

IRDUWH PLF

vQ IDYRDUHD WUHQGXOXL OLQLDU

6. ajustarea termenilor seriei pe perioada 1991 1995

0HWRGD PHFDQLF

6H RSWHD]

SHQWUX PHWRGD LQGLFHOXL PHGLX

7HUPHQLL VHULHL VH DMXVWHD]

Y t i = y1 I

GXS

UHOD LD

( t 1 )

Indicele mediu este:

I = n 1

y 1995
y 1991

=4

7910
= 1 , 1669 sau 116,69%
4266

6HULD GH GDWH L WHUPHQLL DMXVWD L SULQ DFHDVW

PHWRG

VXQW WUHFXWH vQ WDEHOXO 

Tabelul 13.
Valori ajustate prin metoda indicelui mediu
Anii

yi

0
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995

1
4266
4363
4892
6151
7910

Y t i = y1 I

2
Y1 = 4266 1,1669(1-1) = 4266
Y2 = 4266 1,1669(2-1) = 4978,04
Y3 = 5808,92
Y4 = 6778,40
Y5 = 7910

3
0
378274,2
840742,3
393743,7
0

Y t i = 29741,45

yi = 27582

Total

(yi -Y t i )2

( t 1 )

1.612.760,0

Metoda analitLF
*UDILFXO

GLQ

ILJXUD



DUDW

SHQWUX

DFHDVW

SHULRDG

WHQGLQ

GH

HYROX LH

GH

WLS

parabolic.
$MXVWDUHD VH IDFH GXS

UHOD LD

Y ti = a + bti + cti2
6H DSOLF

PHWRGD FHORU PDL PLFL S WUDWH SHQWUX FDOFXOXO SDUDPHWULORU

a, b, c.

SLVWHPXO GH HFXD LL HVWH

na + bt i + ct i2 = y i

2
3
at i + bt i + ct i = y i t i
at 2 + bt 3 + ct 4 = y t 2
i
i
i i
i
'DF

ti = 0 sistemul devine:

na + ct i2 = y i
2
bt i = y i t i
at 2 + ct 4 = y t 2
i
i i
i
&DOFXOHOH QHFHVDUH UH]ROY ULL VLVWHPXOXL GH HFXD LL VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO 

Tabelul 14.
9DORUL DMXVWDWH SULQ PHWRGD DQDOLWLF

Anii

yi

0
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995

1
4266
4363
4892
6151
7910

-2
-1
0
1
2

4
1
0
1
4

yi=27582

ti=0

t i =10

Total

ti

2
i

4
i

4
16
1
0
1
16

t i =34

yiti

yit i2

5
-8532
-4363
0
6151
15820

6
17064
4363
0
6151
31640

yiti=9076

yit i =59218

Y t i =a+bti+ cti2
7
4280,34
4319,23
7939,26
6134,43
7910,74

Y t i =27582

(yi-Y t i )2
8
196
1915,81
2048,47
274,56
0,55

(yi-Y t i )2=
=4435,39

 5 a + 10 c = 27582

10 b = 9076

10 a + 34 c = 59218

a = 4937,26
b = 907,6
c = 289,57
3HQWUX DOHJHUHD FHOHL PDL DGHFYDWH PHWRGH VH FRPSDU 

n
n

volumul total empiric y i cu cel teoretic Yt i ;

i =1
i =1

VXPD

S WUDWHORU

GLIHUHQ HORU

GLQWUH

YDORULOH

HPSLULFH

FHOH

WHRUHWLFH

VH

UH LQH

PHWRGD FDUH vQGHSOLQHWH FRQGL LD GH PLQLP

FRHILFLHQ LL GH YDULD LH FDOFXOD L GXS

v yt =

yt

100 , unde:

CaOFXOHOH LQWHUPHGLDUH QHFHVDUH

coloana 7, iar rezultatele n tabelul 15..

y t

IRUPXOD

( y i Yt i ) 2
n

VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOHOH  FRORDQD  L WDEHOXO 

Tabelul 15.
Nr.
crt.
0
1.
2.

Y t

Metoda de ajustare
1
Metoda indicelui mediu
Trend parabolic

2
29741,45
27582

3
1.612.760,2
4435,39

&RHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH FX YDORDUHD FHD PDL PLF

SRWULYLW  Q FD]XO QRVWUX IXQF LD SDUDEROLF

(yi-Y t )2

yt

v y t (%)

4
567,94
29,78
LQGLF

GH JUDGXO ,, DMXVWHD]

5
10,29
0,54

PHWRGD GH DMXVWDUH FHD PDL

FHO PDL ELQH VHULD GH GDWH

6.
3HQWUX WUHL VRFLHW

L FRPHUFLDOH VH FXQRVF GDWHOH

Tabelul 16.
Societate
FRPHUFLDO

9DORDUHD SURGXF LHL

vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWH

Modificarea
SUH XULORU 

1
500
1200
300

Dinamica
volumului fizic
DO SURGXF LHL

(mil. lei)
0
A
B
C

2
+50
+80
+100

(%)
3
80
100
90

1U GH VDODULD L

Perioada de
ED]

(PB)
4
50
150
60

3HULRDGD FXUHQW

(PC)
5
45
150
58

Se cere:
1. LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL DL SUH XULORU L DL YDORULL
2. indicii de grup ai YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF L DO SUH XULORU
3. PRGLILFDUHD UHODWLY L DEVROXW D YDORULL SURGXF LHL FX HYLGHQ LHUHD LQIOXHQ HL IDFWRULORU
4. LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL L GH JUXS DL QXP UXOXL GH VDODULD L
5. SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL SH ILHFDUH VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO L SH WRWDO vQ FHOH GRX SHULRDGH
6. LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL L GH JUXS DL SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL
7. PRGLILFDUHD UHODWLY L DEVROXW D SURGXFWLYLW LL PHGLL D PXQFLL FX HYLGHQ LHUHD
IDFWRULORU GH LQIOXHQ

8.

PRGLILFDUHD

SURGXF LHL

SH

VHDPD

SURGXFWLYLW

LL

GHVFRPSXQHUHD SH GRL IDFWRUL L SH WUHL IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ

9.

VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF SURGXF LD SH WRWDO

FD]XO D GRL IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ

QXP UXOXL

GH

VDODULD L

FX

LQkQG VHDPD GH IDFWRULL GH LQIOXHQ

SHQWUX

Rezolvare
1.

)RUPXOHOH GH FDOFXO L UH]XOWDWHOH FDOFXOHORU SH ED]D GDWHORU GLQ HQXQ  VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ
WDEHOXO  FRORDQHOH  L 

Tabelul 17.
Societatea
FRPHUFLDO

9DORDUHD SURGXF LHL vQ



SHULRDGD FXUHQW

p1q1)

(mil.lei)
1
500
1200
300
2000

0
A
B
C
Total

i 1p/ 0 =r 1p/ 0 +100 q

i%
(%)

r 1/ 0
2
+50
+80
+100

2. Pentru calculul indiciORU

GH

SURGXF LHL vQ SHULRDGD GH ED]

3
150
180
200
JUXS


WUHEXLH

p q
pq
v
iv=ipiq i (%) p0q0= 1 v 1 p0q1= 1p 1

4
80
100
90
RE LQXWH

5
1,2
1,8
1,8

6
120
180
180

XUP WRDUHOH

7
416,667
666,667
166,667
1250
LQIRUPD LL

v ( p ,q )

v(q)
I 1/ 0

v( p)

I 1/ 0

p1 q1
p0q0

i q p0 q0

=
p0 q0
p 1 q 1

3.

PRGLILF

p1 q1

2000
= 1 , 6 sau 160%
1250

8
333,333
666,667
150
1150
YDORDUHD

p0q0 YDORDUHD SURGXF LHL vQ SUH XUL FRQVWDQWH p0q1).

5H]XOWDWHOH FDOFXOHORU VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO  FRORDQHOH  L 

I 1/ 0

1150
= 0 , 92 sau 92%
1250

2000
2000
=
= 1 , 7391 sau 173,91%
500 1200 300 1150
+
+
1, 5 1, 8
2

ULOH UHODWLYH

:
v(q)
pentru factorul cantitativ: Rv(q) = I (%) - 100 = - 8%

pentru factorul calitativ: Rv(p) = I (%) - 100 = + 73,91%

v ( p, q )
pe total: Rv(p,q) = I (%)
- 100 = + 60%

v(p)

PRGLILF

ULOH DEVROXWH

:
pe seama factorului cantitativ: v ( q ) = i q p 0 q 0 p 0 q 0 = - 100 mil. lei
1
pe seama factorului calitativ: v ( p ) = p1q1 p p1q1 = 850 mil. lei
i
v( p,q )
= p1q1 p 0q 0 = 750 mil. lei
pe total:

,QGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL L GH JUXS DL QXP UXOXL GH VDODULD L VH FDOFXOHD]

4.

i 1T/ 0

DVWIHO

45
50 = 0 , 9 sau 90% pentru SC " A"

T1
150
=

= 1 sau 100% pentru SC " B"

T0
150
58
60 = 0 , 9667 sau 96,67% pentru SC " C"

I 1T/ 0 =

T 1
T 0

253
= 0 , 9731 sau 97,31%
260

)RUPXOHOH GH FDOFXO L UH]XOWDWHOH FDOFXOHORU SHQWUX SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL SH ILHFDUH

5.

VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO

VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO  FRORDQHOH  L 

Tabelul 18.

w0 =

SC

p0q0

p0q1

T0

T1

A
A
B
C
Total

1
416,667
666,667
166,667
1250

2
333,333
666,667
150
1150

3
50
150
60
260

4
45
150
58
253

6.
SURGXFWLYLW

,QGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL DL SURGXFWLYLW

p0 q0
T0

w1 =

p 0 q1
T1

5
8,333
4,444
2,777
4,808
p 0 q 0

6
7,407
4,444
2,586
4,545

p 0 q 1

T 0

T1
LL PHGLL

LOH PHGLL SH WRWDO DVWIHO

w1 =
w* =

w 0 T 0
T 0
w 1 T 1
T 1
w 0 T 1
T 1

p 0 q 0
T 0

p 0 q 1
T 1

w1
w0

7
0,8889
1
0,9312
0,9453

w0T1

iT

8
373,985
666,600
161,067
1202,652

9
0,9
1
0,9667
0,9731

LL PXQFLL VXQW SUH]HQWD L vQ WDEHOXO  FRORDQD 

3HQWUX FDOFXOXO LQGLFLORU GH JUXS DL SURGXFWLYLW

w0 =

iw=

= 4 , 808 mil.lei/salariat

= 4 , 545 mil.lei/salariat

1202 , 652
= 4 , 753 mil.lei/salariat
253

D PXQFLL WUHEXLH FDOFXODWH

3H ED]D DFHVWRUD VH FDOFXOHD]

w ( w ,g T )

I SV

w( g

I VS

w1
w0

w*
w0

w1

w(w)

I SF

w*

XUP WRULL LQGLFDWRUL

4 , 545

4 , 808

4 , 753
4 , 808

= 0 , 9453

= 0 , 9896

4 , 545
= 0 , 9562
4 , 753

VDX 

VDX 

VDX 

LQGLFHOH FX VWUXFWXU

YDULDELO 

LQGLFHOH YDULD LHL VWUXFWXULL

LQGLFHOH FX VWUXFWXU

IL[ 

7. Pe baza indicilor de grup se pot calcula:

PRGLILF

ULOH DEVROXWH

= w * w 0 = 4 , 753 4 , 808 = 0 , 055 mil. lei

w ( w ,g
w ( g

= w 1 w 0 = 4 , 545 4 , 808 = 0 , 263 mil. lei

w ( w ) = w 1 w * = 4 , 545 4 , 753 = 0 , 208 mil. lei

PRGLILF

R w ( w ,g
Rw(g

ULOH UHODWLYH

= 1 , 14%

= 5 , 47%

R w ( w ) = 4 , 38%

8.

D 'HVFRPSXQHUHD SURGXF LHL SH GRL IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ

VH SRDWH UHDOL]D

n mai multe

moduri:
* Varianta I
I Q ( w ,T ) =
L

w 0 T1
w0 T0

1202 , 652
1250

= 0 , 9621 sau 96 , 21% R Q ( T ) = 3 , 79%

Q ( T ) = 47 , 348 mil. lei

I Q(w) =
L

= 0 , 92 sau 92% R Q ( w ,T ) = 8%

Q ( w ,T ) = 100 mil. lei

I Q(T ) =
L

w1 T1 = p 0 q 1
w0 T0 p 0 q 0

w1 T 1
w0T 1

1150
= 0 , 9562 sau 95 , 62% R Q ( w ) = 4 , 38%
1202 , 652

Q ( w ) = 52 , 652 mil. lei

Varianta II
I Q ( w ,T ) =
L

T 1
w 0 T 0
w1

= 0 , 92 sau 92% , R Q ( w ,T ) = 8%

Q ( w ,T ) = 100 mil.lei

I Q ( T ) =

T 1
w 0 T 0

w0

= 0 , 9731 sau 97 , 31%, R Q ( T ) = 2 , 69%

Q ( T ) = ( T 1 T 0 ) w 0 = ( 253 260 ) 4 , 808 = 33 , 656 mil. lei

T1
w 0 T 1
w1

I Q(w) =

= 0 , 94531 sau 94 , 53%, R Q ( w ) = 5 , 47%

Q ( w ) = ( w 1 w 0 ) T 1 = ( 4 , 545 4 , 808 ) 253 = 66 , 539 mil. lei

Verificare:
I

Q ( w ,T )

=I

= 0,9453 0,9731=0,9199 0,92

E 'HVFRPSXQHUHD SURGXF LHL WRWDOH SH WUHL IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ

Q ( w , g T ,T )

w 1 g 1T T 1

=
w 0 g 0T T 1

w 0 g 0T T 1

=
w 0 g 0T T 0

Q ( T )

= 0 , 92 sau 92%, Q ( w , g

T1
w 0 T 0
w0

, T )

= 0 , 9731 sau 97 , 31%,

Q ( T ) = ( T 1 T 0 ) w 0 = 33 , 656 mil. lei

Q( gT )

Q ( g

I Q(w) =

w 0 g 1T T 1

=
w 0 g 0T T1

T1
w 0 T1
w*

= 0 , 9886 sau 98 , 86%,

= ( w * w 0 ) T 1 = 0 , 055 253 = 13 , 915 mil.lei

w 1 g 1T T1
w 0 g 1T T1

T1
w * T1
w1

= 0 , 9562 sau 95 , 62%

Q ( w ) = ( w 1 w * ) T 1 = 0 , 208 253 = 52 , 624 mil. lei

100 mil. lei

9DORDUHD

9.

SURGXF LHL

vQ FHOH GRX

SHULRDGH vQ IXQF LH FH SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PHGLH L

GH

QXP UXO GH VDODULD L

p0q0 = w 0 T 0 = 4,808 260 1250 mil. lei

p0q1 = w1 T1 = 4,545 253 1150 mil. lei

PentrX UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF

D SURGXF LHL SH WRWDO vQ IXQF LH GH FHL GRL IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ

VH IRORVHWH GUHSWXQJKLXO

L: (1 cm = 1 milion lei)

1250 mil. lei

 VDODULD L

 VDODULD

O

 FP

 VDODULD L

1150 mil. lei

4,808 mil. lei

4,545 mil. lei

3HULRDGD GH ED]

3HULRDGD FXUHQW

7.
Se cunosc datele:
Tabelul 19.
Firma

Fond de salarii (mil. lei)

)60)
Perioada cuUHQW
1
2
750
567
900
828
310
335
1960
1730

3HULRDGD GH ED]

0
A
B
C
Total

1XP
)61

3HULRDGD GH ED]

70

U VDODULD L

3HULRDGD FXUHQW

71

4
210
230
100
540

300
250
100
650

Se cere:
1.
2.

VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL DL IRQGXOXL GH VDODULL L DL QXP UXOXL GH VDODULD L

VH FDOFXOH]H VDODULLOH PHGLL SH ILHFDUH ILUP

vQ FHOH GRX

SHULRDGH L LQGLFLL LQGLYLGXDOL

ai salariului mediu;
3.

VH FDOFXOH]H GLQDPLFD IRQGXOXL GH VDODULL SH WRWDO PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW

D DFHVWXLD L

FRQWULEX LD IDFWRULORU GHWHUPLQDQ L

4.

VH FDOFXOH]H VDOD

GRX
IL[

5.

V
V

YDULDELO  FX VWUXFWXU

L DL YDULD LHL VWUXFWXULL

VH FDOFXOH]H PRGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH DOH VDODULXOXL PHGLX SH WRWDO L FRQWULEX LD IDFWRULORU

GH LQIOXHQ

6.

riul mediu pe total (la nivel de ansamblu al celor 3 firme), pe cele

SHULRDGH L LQGLFLL GH JUXS DL VDODULXOXL PHGLX FX VWUXFWXU

VH FDOFXOH]H VDODULXO PHGLX SH WRWDO vQ FHOH GRX

SHULRDGH L LQGLFLL VDODULXOXL PHGLX

IRORVLQG SHQWUX FDOFXOH VWUXFWXUD VDODULD LORU SH FHOH WUHL ILUPH

Rezolvare
1. Indicii individuali ai fondului de salDULL L DL QXP UXOXL GH VDODULD L VH SRW FDOFXOD SH ED]D
datelor din tabel:
indicii fondului de salarii:
567
750 = 0,756 sau 75,6% (pentru firma " A" )
FS1 828
i1FS
=
= 0,92 sau 92% (pentru firma " B" )
/0 =
FS 0 900
335 = 1,0806 sau 108,06% (pentru firma " C" )
310
LQGLFLL QXP UXOXL GH VDODULD L

i1T/ 0

2.

210
300 = 0,70 sau 70% (pentru firma " A" )
230
T
= 1 =
= 0,92 sau 92% (pentru firma " B" )
T0 250
100 = 1,00 sau 100% (pentru firma " C" )
100

VDODULXO PHGLX SH ILHFDUH ILUP 

750
300 = 2500
FS 0 900
S0 =
=
= 3600
T0
250
310 = 3100
100
567
210 = 2700
828
FS
S1 = 1 =
= 3600
T1
230
335 = 3350
100

mii lei /salariat (pentru firma "A")

mii lei /salariat (pentru firma "B")
mii lei /salariat (pentru firma "C")

mii lei /salariat (pentru firma "A")

mii lei /salariat (pentru firma "B")
mii lei /salariat (pentru firma "C")

indicii individuali ai salariului mediu:

i1S/ 0

2700
2500 = 1,08 = 108% (pentru firma " A" )
3600
S
= 1 =
= 1,00 = 100% (pentru firma " B" )
S 0 3600
3350 = 1,0806 = 108,06% (pentru firma " C" )
3100

Tabelul 20.
Firma

Salariu mediu (mii lei/salariat)

60)
3HULRDGD FXUHQW
1
2
2500
2700
3600
3600
3100
3350

3HULRDGD GH ED]

0
A
B
C
Total

S 0 = 3015,38

S0T1 (mii lei)

61

S 1 = 3203,7

3
525
828
310
1663

3.

dinamica fondului de salarii pe total LQIOXHQ D IDFWRULORU GHWHUPLQDQ L

FS 1 = S 1 T 1 = 1730 = 0 , 8826 sau 88 , 26%

FS 0 S 0 T 0 1960
S 0 T 1 = 1663 = 0 , 8485 sau 84 , 85%
=
S 0 T 0 1960
S 1 T 1 = 1730 = 1 , 0403 sau 104 , 03%
=
S 0 T 1 1663

FS ( S ,T )

I 1/ 0

FS ( T )

I 1/ 0

FS ( S )

I 1/ 0

5HOD LD GH VLVWHP GLQWUH FHL WUHL LQGLFL

FS ( S ,T )

I 1/ 0

= I 1/ 0

FS ( T )

I 1/ 0

FS ( S )

0 , 8826 = 0 , 8485 1 , 0403

PRGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH L FRQWULEX LD IDFWRULORU

1FS/ 0( S ,T ) = S1T1 - S0T0 = 1730 1960 = - 230 mil.lei

1 / 0 = S0T1 - S0T0 = 1663 1960 = - 297 mil.lei
FS( T )

1 / 0 = S1T1 - S0T1 = 1730 1663 = 67 mil.lei

FS( S)

5HOD LD GH VLVWHP GLQWUH PRGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH

1FS/ 0( S ,T ) = 1 / 0

FS( T )

+ 1FS/ 0(S)

- 230 = - 297 + 67

4.

salariul mediu pe total:

S0 =

FS 0
T0

S1 =

FS1 = 1730 10 3 = 3203,7

650
T1

1960 10 3
= 3015,3 mii lei/salariat
650

mii lei/salariat

indicii de grup ai salariului mediu:

LQGLFHOH FX VWUXFWXU

I1S/ (0S , g

FS1 : FS 0 = S1T1 : S 0T0

T1 T0 T1 T0

LQGLFHOH FX VWUXFWXU

IL[

S1T1 : S0T1 = 3203,7 : 1663 103 = S1 = 3203,7 = 1,0403 sau 104,03%

540
S* 3079,6
T1 T1

I1S/(0S ) =

S1
=
S0

3203,7
= 1,0624 sau 106,24%
3015,3

I1S/ 0 =

YDULDELO

LQGLFHOH YDULD LHL VWUXFWXULL

I1S/ (0g

S 0T1 : S 0T0
T1 T0

S * 3079,6
=
= 1,021 sau 102,1%.
S 0 3015,3

5HOD LD GH VLVWHP

I1S/ (0S , g

= I1S/ (0S ) I1S/(0g

1,0624 = 1,0213 1,0403

5.

0RGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH DOH VDODULXOXL PHGLX

S1 /(0S , g

= S 1 S 0 = 3203,7 3015,3 = 188,4 mii lei

S1 /( S0 ) = S1 S * = 3203,7 3079,6 = 124,1 mii lei

S1 /( 0g

= S * S 0 = 3079,6 3015,3 = 64,3 mii lei

6H YHULILF

S1 /(0S , g

UHOD LD

= S1 /(0S ) + S1 /(0g

188,4 = 124,1 + 64,3

6.

6WUXFWXUD VDODULD LORU vQ FHOH GRX

SHULRDGH HVWH SUH]HQWDW

vQ WDEHOXO  FRORDQHOH  L

4.

Tabelul 21.

Firma

0
A
B
C
Total

Salariu mediu (mii

lei/salariat)
Perioada
Perioada de
FXUHQW
ED]
60)
(S1)
1
2
2500
2700
3600
3600
3100
3350

s 0 =3015,38

3HULRDGD GH ED]

(g 0 )

s 1 =3203,7

%)

Perioada
FXUHQW

S1 =

S*

S 0 g 0T(%)
100

S1 g1T(%)
100

s 0 g1T(%)

=
100

4
38,89
42,59
18,52

5
115400
138456
47678

6
105003
153324
62042

7
97225
153324
57412

g T0 =100,0

g 1T =100,0

301534

320369

307961

320369
= 3203,69 mii lei/salariat
100

307961
= 3079,61 mii lei/salariat
100

LQGLFHOH FX VWUXFWXU

I 1s/(0s ) =

YDULDELO 

s1 3203,69
=
= 1,0624 sau 106,24%
s0 3015,34

I1s/ 0 =

IL[ 

s1 3203,69
=
= 1,0403 sau 104,03%
s* 3079,61

LQGLFHOH YDULD LHL VWUXFWXULL

I 1s/(0g

S0g 1T (%)

301534
= 3015,34 mii lei/salariat
100

LQGLFHOH FX VWUXFWXU

S1g 1T (%)

3
46,16
38,46
15,38

indicii salariului mediu:

S0g T0 (%)

g1 )

salariul mediu pe total (pe ansamblul celor 3 firme):

S0 =

6WUXFWXUD VDODULD LORU 

s* 3079,61
=
= 1,0213 sau 102,13%
s 0 3015,34

8.

6H FXQRVF GDWHOH PLOLDUGH OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH

Tabelul 22.
VAB (miliarde lei

3RSXOD LD RFXSDW

SUH XUL FXUHQWH

Ramura

VABi
1994

Modificarea
SUH XULORU vQ

(mii persoane)
POi

1996

1994

1996/1994
p
RVAB
(%)
i

1996

1
2
3
21269,6
43248,9
3520
$JULFXOWXU  VLOYLFXOWXU
9897,6
20949,2
3630
Alte ramuri
14787,5
37656,1
2880
Total
45954,7
101854,2
10030
Sursa: Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, anul 1998, pag. 118, 340-342

4
3200
3290
2940
9430

,QGXVWULH  FRQVWUXF LL

5
+81,48
+110,82
+118,5

Se cere:
1.
2.

SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL SH UDPXUL L SH vQWUHDJD HFRQ

V

omie;

VH GHWHUPLQH LQIOXHQ D IDFWRULORU DVXSUD PRGLILF ULL SURGXFWLYLW

LL PXQFLL SH vQWUHDJD

economie;
3.

VH GHWHUPLQH FRQWULEX LD ILHF UXL IDFWRU OD PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW

D SURGXFWLYLW

LL PHGLL

a muncii pe ntreaga economie.

Rezolvare:
1. Productivitatea muncii (W)
3HQWUX FDOFXOXO SURGXFWLYLW

LL PXQFLL OD QLYHOXO UDPXULL 

VAB vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWH

SHQWUX  VH IRORVHWH

Wi),

VABi 0
, unde i = 1,3
POi 0
SHQWUX  VH IRORVHWH VAB vQ SUH XUL FRQVWDQWH

Wi 0 =

Wi1 =

VAB i*1
PO i 1

, unde VAB i*1 =

VAB i 1
p
I VAB
i

n care I VAB

= R VAB + 100
p

(%)

5H]XOWDWHOH FDOFXOHORU VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO  FRORDQHOH  L 

Tabelul 22.

Ramura
0
,QGXVWULH  FRQVWUXF LL
$JULFXOWXU

Alte ramuri
Total

 VLOYLFXOWXU

I VAB
1
1,8148
2,1082
2,185

VAB i 1

VAB i*1

(mld. lei)

(mld.lei)

2
43248,9
20949,2
37656,1
101854,2

3
23831,22
9937,01
17233,91
51002,13

Productivitatea
muncii
(mii lei/pers.)
Wi0
Wi1
4
5
6042,5
7447,2
2726,6
3020,3
5134,5
5861,8
4581,7
5408,4

Wi0POi1
6
19336
8970,514
15095,43
43401,944

Productivitatea muncii la nivelul economiei ( W

 VH FDOFXOHD]

DVWIHO

W0 =

VAB i 0
i =1

45954 , 7.10 9

10030.10 3

PO i 0

= 4581 , 7 mii lei/pers.

i =1

W1 =

VAB i 1
i =1

51002 , 13.10 9
9430.10 3

PO i 1

= 5408 , 4 mii lei/pers.

i =1

2.

'LQDPLFD SURGXFWLYLW

I W (W , g

PO

pe ntreaga economie:

W1 5408,4
=
= 1,1804
W0 4581,7

LL PXQFLL

VDX 

 FHHD FH UHSUH]LQW

R FUHWHUH

cu 18,04%
0RGLILFDUHD SURGXFWLYLW

LL PXQFLL SH HFRQRPLH 

productivitatea muncii la nivelul ramurilor (Wi

ramuri g iPO .

( )

 SRDWH IL DQDOL]DW

Modificarea W pe seama Wi:

IW

(g

PO

W*
W0

unde:
3

W* =

W i 0 PO i 1
i =1

43401 , 944.10 9

PO i 1

9430.10 3

= 4602 , 5 mii lei

i =1

IW

(g

PO

W*
W0

4602 , 53
4581 , 7

= 1 , 0045 sau 100,45%

Modificarea W pe seama (g iPO ):

IW

(W )

W1
W*

5408 , 4
4602 , 5

vQ IXQF LH GH

VL GH VWUXFWXUD SRSXOD LHL RFXSDWH SH

= 1 , 1751 sau 117,51%

5H]XOW

F  SH WRWDO HFRQRPLH FUHWHUHD SURGXFWLYLW

WRWDOLWDWH

FUHWHULL

SURGXFWLYLW

LL

PXQFLL

OD

LL PXQFLL VH GDWRUHD]

QLYHOXO

UDPXULORU

LQIOXHQ D

DSURDSH vQ
PRGLILF ULL

VWUXFWXULL SRSXOD LHL SH UDPXUL ILLQG QHJOLMDELO 

3.

&RQWULEX LD ILHF UXL IDFWRU OD PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW

HFRQRPLHL VH GHWHUPLQ

PO

(g

(W )

(g

DVWIHO

= W 1 W * = 5408 , 4 4602 , 5 = 805 , 9 mii lei

PO

,W )

SH WRWDO

= W 1 W 0 = 5408 , 4 4581 , 7 = 826 , 7 mii lei

0RGLILF ULOH DEVROXWH YHULILF

(g

PO

,W )

= W

(g

UHOD LD GH VLVWHP

PO

+ W

(W )

= 20 , 8 + 805 , 9 = 826 , 7 mii lei

3H ED]D UHOD LHL GH PDL VXV VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQD FRQWULEX LD UHODWLY

PRGLILFDUHD SURGXFWLYLW

LL PXQFLL OD QLYHOXO

= W * W 0 = 4602 , 5 4581 , 7 = 20 , 8 mii lei

0RGLILFDUHD DEVROXW

D SURGXFWLYLW

( g PO )

(W )

(g

PO

PO

(g

(W )

W (g

D ILHF UXL IDFWRU OD

LL PHGLL D PXQFLL

PO

,W )

,W )

20 , 8
826.7

805 , 9
826.7

= 2 , 58%

= 97 , 42%

9.

6H FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH UHIHULWRDUH OD HFRQRPLD 5RPkQLHL

Tabelul 23.
Indicatori
0
3URGXF LH EUXW
DJULFXOWXU

POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH GF

L VLOYLFXOWXU

industrie
FRQVWUXF LL

alte ramuri
&RQVXP LQWHUPHGLDU POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH GF
DJULFXOWXU

L VLOYLFXOWXU

industrie
FRQVWUXF LL

alte ramuri
9DORDUH DG XJDW
DJULFXOWXU

industrie
FRQVWUXF LL

alte ramuri

EUXW

POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH GF

L VLOYLFXOWXU

1995
1
150115
25160
72093
11042
41820
83516
10894
48381
6287
17954

1996
2

1997
3

100487
20662
37054
7469
35302

229770
46953
88911
13487
80419

Indicatori
0
,PSR]LWH SH SURGXV LQFOXVLY 79$ POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH
6XEYHQ LL POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH
7D[H YDPDOH POGOHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH
&RQVXP ILQDO POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH GF
SRSXOD LH
DGPLQLVWUD LH
)RUPDUHD EUXW

GH FDSLWDO IL[ POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH

9DULD LD VWRFXULORU PDWHULDOH POGOHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH

([SRUW QHW POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH
5HPXQHUDUHD PXQFLL POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH
([FHGHQWXO EUXW GH H[SORDWDUH POG OHL SUH XUL FXUH
0RGLILFDUHD SUH XULORU ID

GH DQXO  

nte)

1995
1
5579
1231
1189
58662
48545
10117
15425
2085
-4036
28035
38564

1996
2
7900
1849
1853
90711
77733
12978
25076
1695
- 9091

1997
3
18981
2498
3497
213536
187562
25974
47952
5744
- 17482

0
0
0
0
0

44,4
38,7
56,5
94,0
74,2

268,9
211,9
255,8
503,1
359,4

 OD

FRQVXPXO ILQDO DO SRSXOD LHL

FRQVXPXO ILQDO DO DGPLQLVWUD LHL
IRUPDUHD EUXW

GH FDSLWDO IL[

YDULD LD VWRFXULORU

export net
,QGLFLL GH SUH XUL DL 9$% 
DJULFXOWXU

 ID

GH  vQ

L VLOYLFXOWXU

100
149,6
335,2
100
146,2
369,2
100
151,3
349,5
FRQVWUXF LL
alte ramuri
100
141,5
362,4
,QGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP 

100
138,8
353,6
Deflatorul PIB (%)
100
144,78
357,83
)RQGXUL IL[H PLOG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH PHGLH DQXDO 
159390,3

Dinamica fondurilor fixe (%)

100
109,06
104
3RSXOD LD RFXSDW PLL SHUVRDQH PHGLH DQXDO 
9752
9436

Sursa: calcule pe baza Anuarului Statistic al Romniei, anul 1997, p. 125, 355-356, 359-362, 367-369,
391-392; date CNS pentru anul 1997.
industrie

Se cere:
1. VAB SH UDPXUL L SH WRWDO HFRQRPLH vQ DQXO  VWUXFWXUD VAB pe ramuri n anii 1995,
1996, 1997;
2. PIB GXS PHWRGD SURGXF LHL VWUXFWXUD PIB;
3. PIB GXS PHWRda veniturilor; structura PIB;
4. PIB GXS PHWRGD FKHOWXLHOLORU VWUXFWXUD PIB;
5. GHIOD LRQDUHD PIB utiliznd mai multe metode;
6. dinamica PIB UHDO L QRPLQDO
7. FRQVXPXO ILQDO UHDO DO SRSXOD LHL GLQDPLFD DFHVWXLD
8. UDWD LQIOD LHL
9. GHWHUPLQD L L LQWHUSUHWD L SULQFLSDOHOH FRUHOD LL PDFURHFRQRPLFH
10. LQGLFDWRULL PDFURHFRQRPLFL GHULYD L
Rezolvare
 9DORDUHD DG
SHULRDGD

GH

FDOFXO

VH

XJDW

EUXW

RE LQH

FD

VAB)

GLIHUHQ

H[SULP
vQWUH

YDORDUHD FUHDW

SURGXF LD

WRWDO

GH IDFWRULL GH SURGXF LH vQ

EUXW

GLQWU R

UDPXU

(PB

consumul intermediar (CI):

VABi = PBi - Cii
&RQVXPXO

LQWHUPHGLDU

UHSUH]LQW

YDORDUHD

EXQXULORU

PDWHULDOH

VHUYLFLLORU

SURGXVH

SHULRDGD GH FDOFXO L XWLOL]DWH SHQWUX IDEULFDUHD GH QRL EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL 9DORDUHD DG XJDW

total econoPLH H[SULPDW vQ SUH XULOH IDFWRULORU

indicatorului pe ramuri (vezi tabelul 24.).

GH

SURGXF LH

VH

RE LQH

FD

VXP

EUXW

vQ
SH

QLYHOXULORU

Tabelul 24.

SUH XUL FXUHQWH 

0
$JULFXOWXU

1
14266
23712
4755
23866
66599

L VLOYLFXOWXU

Industrie
&RQVWUXF LL

Alte ramuri
Total
'DWHOH
vQW UHDVF

GLQ

Structura VAB (%) n anul

VAB 1995 (mld. lei

Ramura

WDEHOXO

DQWHULRU

SR]L LD GRPLQDQW

DUDW

F 

vQ

SHULRDGD

1995

1996

1997

2
21,42
35,60
7,14
35,84
100

3
20,56
36,87
7,44
35,13
100

4
20,43
38,70
5,87
35,00
100

 

LQGXVWULD

FRQWLQXDW

-L

vQ HFRQRPLH vQ WLPS FH DJULFXOWXUD D vQUHJLVWUDW XQ XRU GHFOLQ

2. Produsul intern brut (PIB

H[SULP

YDORDUHD

EUXW

EXQXULORU

SURGXVH vQ SHULRDGD GH FDOFXO GH WR L DJHQ LL HFRQRPLFL FDUH L GHVI RDU

VHUYLFLLORU

ILQDOH

DFWLYLWDWHD vQ LQWHULRUXO

ULL

Determinarea PIB

GXS

PHWRGD YDORULL DG

XJDWH PHWRGD SURGXF LHL SUHVXSXQH DJUHJDUHD

YDORULL DG XJDWH EUXWH FUHDWH vQ UDPXULOH HFRQRPLHL

PIB pf = ( PB i CI i ) = VAB i
i

PIB pp = VAB i + I nind

i

I nind = IP S + TV ,
unde:
PIBpf
PIBpp
I nind
IP
S
TV

- SURGXVXO LQWHUQ EUXW OD SUH XULOH IDFWRULORU

- SURGXVXO LQWHUQ EUXW OD SUH XULOH SLH HL
- impozite indirecte nete;
- impozite pe produs (inclusiv TVA);
- VXEYHQ LL
- taxe vamale.

Q FHOH FH XUPHD]  Y

om nota cei trei ani ai perioadei analizate astfel:

0 1995
1 1996
2 1997
PIB

OD SUH XULOH IDFWRULORU POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH FRUHVSXQGH YDORULL DG XJDWH EUXWH SH

DQVDPEOXO HFRQRPLHL YH]L WDEHOHOH  L 

PIB0 = 66599
PIB1 = 100487
PIB2 = 229770

PIB OD SUH XULOH SLH HL POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH VH RE LQH DG

XJkQG LPSR]LWHOH LQGLUHFWH QHWH

PIB0 = 66599 + 5537 = 72136

I nind = 5579 1231 + 1189 = 5537
0

PIB1 = 100487 + 7904 = 108391

I nind = 7900 1849 + 1853 = 7904
1

PIB2 = 229770 + 19980 = 249750

I nind = 18981 2498 + 3497 = 19980
2

9DORULOH RE LQXWH SHQWUX FHL WUHL DQL QX VXQW FRPSDUDELOH GHRDUHFH VXQW H[SULPDWH vQ SUH XUL
GLIHULWH SUH XULOH FXUHQWH DOH ILHF UXL DQ

Tabelul 25.

Componente

1995
92,32
7,68
100,0

VAB
Impozite indirecte nete
Total

Structura pe componente a PIB

GXS

Ponderea n PIBpp (%)

1996
92,71
7,29
100,0

1997
92,00
8,00
100,0

PHWRGD YDORULL DG XJDWH WDEHOXO  QX D vQUHJLVWUDW

VFKLPE UL VHPQLILFDWLYH vQ SHULRDGD DQDOL]DW 

3. PIB

GXS

metoda veniturilor

PHWRGD UHSDUWL LHL VH RE LQH vQVXPkQG YHQLWXULOH RE LQXWH

GH IDFWRULL GH SURGXF LH

PIB pp = RS + ENE + A + I nind = R + EBE + I nind ,

unde:
- UHPXQHUDUHD VDODULD LORU VDODULL LPSR]LWH SH VDODULL &$6
- excedentul net de exploatare (dividende, impozit pe profit, profit nedistribuit,
rente, dobnzi nete);
amortizarea;
A
EBE - excedentul brut de exploatare;
EBE = ENE + A
RS
ENE

PIB0 = 28035 + 38564 + 5537 = 72136 mild lei.

Structura PIB n anul 1995:
remunerarea muncii: 38,86%
excedentul brut de exploatare: 53,46%
impozite indirecte nete: 7,68%
4. PIB

GXS

metoda cheltuielilor

PHWRGD XWLOL] ULL ILQDOH VH RE LQH vQVXPkQG FKHOWXLHOLOH

SHQWUX EXQXULOH L VHUYLFLLOH ILQDOH vQ IXQF LH GH GHVWLQD LD DFHVWRUD

PIBpp = CP + CA + FBC + EXN

FBC = FBCF + VS ,

unde:
CP
CA
FBC
FBCF
VS
EXN

- consumul final aO SRSXOD LHL

- FRQVXPXO ILQDO DO DGPLQLVWUD LHL
- IRUPDUHD EUXW GH FDSLWDO
- IRUPDUHD EUXW GH FDSLWDO IL[
YDULD LD VWRFXULORU PDWHULDOH

export net.
PIB0 = 48545 + 10117 + (15425 + 2085) 4036 = 72136 mld lei
PIB1 = 77733 + 12978 + (25076 + 1695) 9091 = 108391 mld lei
PIB2 = 187562 + 25974 + (47952 + 5744) 17482 = 249750 mld lei
Tabelul 26.
Ponderea n PIBpp
1995
1996
67,30
71,72
14,02
11,97
21,38
23,13
2,89
1,56
-5,59
-8,39
100,0
100,0

Componente
Consum privat
Consumul admLQLVWUD LHL
)RUPDUHD EUXW

GH FDSLWDO IL[

9DULD LD VWRFXULORU

Export net
Total

Structura PIB
FUHWHUH

(%)
1997
75,10
10,40
19,2
2,30
-6,70
100,0

FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH XWLOL] ULL ILQDOH D EXQXULORU L VHUYLFLLORU WDEHOXO  DUDW

VHPQLILFDWLY

SRQGHULL

FRQVXPXOXL

SULYDW

vQ

SHULRDGD

FRQVXPXOXL DGPLQLVWUD LHL L DO LQYHVWL LLORU %DODQ D FRPHUFLDO

H[SRUWXO D LQIOXHQ DW QHJDWLY P ULPHD



-1997 n detrimentul

GH]HFKLOLEUDW

LPSRUWXO D GHS LW

PIB n cei treL DQL FRQVLGHUD L

 'HIOD LRQDUHD
$WXQFL

PIB se poate realiza global sau pe componente.

deflatorul PIB LQGLFHOH VLQWHWLF GH SUH XUL DO FRPSRQHQWHORU
EUXW P ULPHD PIB real se poate calcula raportnd PIB nominal la deflatorul

FkQG

SURGXVXOXL LQWHUQ

VH

FXQRDWH

FRUHVSXQ] WRU DQXOXL UHVSHFWLY FRQIRUP UHOD LHL

PIB t* =

PIB t
Dt

unde:

PIB t*
PIBt
Dt
DateOH

- P ULPHD PIB UHDO vQ SUH XUL FRQVWDQWH vQ DQXO t;

- PIB QRPLQDO vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWH vQ DQXO t;
- deflatorul PIB pentru anul t.
DSOLFD LHL QH SHUPLW V

H[SULP P

PIB

GLQ DQLL  L  vQ SUH XULOH DQXOXL 

SUH XUL FRQVWDQWH

*
PIB 96
=

*
PIB 97
=

PIB 96
D 96 / 95
PIB 97
D 97 / 95

108391
= 74866 mld. lei
1 , 4478

249750
= 69795 , 7 mld. lei
3 , 5783

0 ULPHD

PIB

UHDO

VH

PDL

SRDWH

GHWHUPLQD

SULQ

nsumarea componentelor sale

onate FRQIRUP UHOD LHL

GHIOD L

PIB * = C i* =

Ci
I CP

unde:

C i*
Ci
I CP

- componenta i H[SULPDW
- componenta i H[SULPDW
-

vQ SUH XUL FRPSDUDELOH FRQVWDQWH

vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWH

LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU EXQXULORU L VHUYLFLLORU FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH FRPSRQHQWHL

'H H[HPSOX SRUQLQG GH OD HOHPHQWHOH GH XWLOL]DUH ILQDO 

GHWHUPLQ

PIB

i.

UHDO OD SUH XULOH SLH HL VH

DVWIHO

PIB * =

&HOH

CP
P
I CP

CA
P
I CA

FBCF
P
I FBCF

VS
P
I VS

EXN
P
I EXN

*
PIB 96
=

77733 12978 25076 1695

9091
+
+
+

= 74866 , 6 mld. lei

1 , 444 1 , 387 1 , 565 1 , 940 1 , 742

*
PIB 97
=

187562 25974 47952 5744 17482

+
+
+

= 69795 , 5 mld. lei.

3 , 689 3 , 119 3 , 558 6 , 031 4 , 594

GRX

PHWRGH

GH

GHIOD LRQDUH

DSOLFDWH

DQWHULRU

FRQGXF

OD

DFHODL

UH]XOWDW

FX

PLFL

GLIHUHQ H GDWRUDWH URWXQMLULORU GH FDOFXO LQWHUPHGLDUH

'DF

VH XWLOL]HD]

IDFWRULORU VH GHWHUPLQ

LQGLFLL GH SUH XUL DL

VAB pe ramuri ale economiei, PIB

FX UHOD LD

PIB = VAB i =

VAB i
I iP

unde:

VAB i
VABi
I iP

- VAB FUHDW vQ UDPXUD i H[SULPDW vQ SUH XUL FRPSDUDELOH

- VAB FUHDW vQ UDPXUD i H[SULPDW vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWH
- LQGLFHOH GH SUH XUL FRUHVSXQ] WRU UDPXULL i.

PIB 96
=

20662 37054 7469 35302

+
+
+
= 69048 , 2 mld. lei.
1 , 496 1 , 462 1 , 513 1 , 415

PIB 97
=

46953 88911 13487 80419

+
+
+
= 64139 , 4 mld. lei.
3 , 352 3 , 692 3 , 495 3 , 624

UHDO OD SUH XULOH

7. Dinamica PIB nominal VH FDOFXOHD]

SH ED]D YDORULORU H[SULPDWH vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWH

PIBt
100,
PIB0

I tPIB
/0 =

unde:
- valoarea PIB QRPLQDO H[SULPDW vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWH GLQ DQXO t;
- valoarea PIB nominal n DQXO GH ED] 

PIBt
PIB0

Dinamica PIB QRPLQDO OD SUH XULOH SLH HL

$FHDVW

PIB

I1PIB
/0 =

PIB96
108391
100 =
100 = 150,26%
PIB95
72136

I 2PIB
/0 =

249750
PIB97
100 =
100 = 346,22%
PIB95
72136

GLQDPLF

LQFOXGH DWkW YDULD LD FDQWLW

LL IL]LFH D EXQXULORU L VHUYLFLLORU FXSULQVH vQ

FkW L HIHFWXO PRGLILF ULL SUH XULORU OD DFHVWH EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL

. Dinamica PIB real surprinde

PIB LQGHSHQGHQW GH VFKLPEDUHD SUH XULORU SH SDUFXUVXO SHULRDGHL FRQVLGHUDWH
6H FDOFXOHD] SH ED]D YDORULORU GHIOD LRQDWH DOH PIB:

YDULD LD HIHFWLY

I tPIB
/0 =

PIBt*
PIB0*

100,

unde: PIB t* valoarea PIB real n anul t.

UH]XOW

ntruct pentru exprimarea PIB

F
PIB 0* = PIB 0 .

UHDO DP XWLOL]DW SUH XULOH DQXOXL  SUH XUL FRQVWDQWH

Dinamica PIB UHDO OD SUH XULOH SLH HL

I 1PIB
/0

I 2PIB
/0

PIB *
2 /1

*
PIB 96

PIB 95
*
PIB 97

PIB 95
*
PIB 97
*
PIB 96

100 =

74866
100 = 103 , 78%
72136

100 =

69795 , 7
100 = 96 , 76%
72136

100 =

69795 , 7
74866

100 = 93 , 23%

Comparativ cu dinamica PIB QRPLQDO FDUH LQGLF R FUHWHUH IRDUWH PDUH GH OD XQ DQ OD DOWXO
dinamica PIB UHDO DUDW R FUHWHUH PRGHVW GH   vQ  ID GH  XUPDW GH R UHGXFHUH
FX 

 vQ  ID

FRQVLGHUDELO

GH  'LIHUHQ D GLQWUH FHOH GRX

D SUH XULORU vQGHRVHEL vQ DQXO 

GLQDPLFL HVWH H[SOLFDW

SULQ FUHWHUHD

Dinamica PIB UHDO OD SUH XULOH IDFWRULORU

I 1PIB
/0

I 2PIB
/0

69041 , 2

64139 , 1

66599
66599

100 = 103 , 67%

100 = 96 , 31%

Dinamica PIB UHDO OD SUH XULOH IDFWRULORU FRQILUP

 &RQVXPXO ILQDO UHDO DO SRSXOD LHL
LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP 

IPC

CPt
IPC t

VH GHWHUPLQ

SULQ vPS U LUHD FRQVXPXOXL QRPLQDO OD

,QGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP HYLGHQ LD]

P UIXULORU L WDULIHORU VHUYLFLLORU FDUH LQWU

CPt* =

FRQFOX]LLOH DQWHULRDUH

YDULD LD SUH XULORU

vQ FRQVXPXO SRSXOD LHL

unde:

CPt*
CPt
IPCt
'DF

FRQVXPXO ILQDO UHDO DO SRSXOD LHL vQ SUH XUL FRQVWDQWH vQ DQXO

t;

FRQVXPXO ILQDO QRPLQDO DO SRSXOD LHL vQ SUH XUL FXUHQWH vQ DQXO

LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP vQ DQXO

t;

t.

DOHJHP FD SUH XUL FRQVWDQWH SUH XULOH DQXOXL  UH]XOW

F 

CP95* = CP95 = 48545 mld. lei

CP96* =

CP96
IPC 96 / 95

CP97* =

CP97
IPC 97 / 95

77733
= 49543 mld. lei
1 , 569

187562
= 53043 , 6 mld. lei
3 , 536

Dinamica indicatorului a fost:

*

CP
I 96
=
/ 95

CP
I 97
=
/ 96

49543
100 = 102 , 06%
48545
53043 , 6
100 = 107 , 07%
49543

&RQVXPXO ILQDO UHDO DO SRSXOD LHL D FUHVFXW FX 

vQ  ID

GH  L FX 

vQ

1997 comparativ cu 1996.

8. 5DWD LQIOD

R) se poate calcula vQ IXQF LH GH VFRSXO DQDOL]HL SH ED]D GHIODWRUXOXL PIB:

LHL 

R=D%-100

VDX SH ED]D LQGLFHOXL SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP

R=IPC%-100
Deflatorul PIB
UHIOHFW

HVWH XQ LQGLFH GH SUH XUL PDL FXSULQ] WRU GDU LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP

PDL ELQH LPSDFWXO SUH XULORU DVXSUD SRSXOD LHL 'LQ DFHVW PRWLY

IPC este folosit pentru

FDOFXODUHD VDODULXOXL UHDO D YHQLWXULORU L FRQVXPXULORU UHDOH DOH SRSXOD LHL L SHQWUX QHJRFLHUHD
LQGH[ ULORU VDODULLORU SHQVLLORU HWF
5DWD LQIOD LHL FDOFXODW

vQ FHOH GRX

YDULDQWH HVWH SUH]HQWDW

vQ WDEHOXO QU 

Rezultatele sunt relativ apropiate.

Tabelul 27.
5DWD LQIOD LHL ID
FDOFXODW

GH 

Anul

SH ED]D

1996
44,78
38,8

deflatorul PIB
IPC

1997
257,83
253,6

9. &RPSDUD LD GLQWUH dinamica PIB* L GLQDPLFD IRQGXULORU fixe:

1996/1995: I PIB = 103 , 78% I F = 109 , 06%
1997/1995: I PIB = 96 , 76% I F = 104%
Dinamica fondurilor fixe a devansat dinamica PIB GHWHUPLQkQG UHGXFHUHD HILFLHQ HL PHGLL D
XWLOL] ULL FDSLWDOXOXL IL[
&RUHOD LD GLQWUH

dinamica PIB L GLQDPLFD SRSXOD

LHL RFXSDW

e:

1996/1995: I PIB = 103 , 78% I T = 96 , 76%

D IRVW UHVSHFWDW  GHWHUPLQkQG FUHWHUHD SURGXFWLYLW

10. ,QGLFDWRULL PDFURHFRQRPLFL GHULYD

rata consumului final =

L FDUH SRW IL FDOFXOD L FX GDWHOH SUREOHPHL VXQW

CP + CA
100
PIB

- n 1995 58662: 72136 = 71,32%;

- n 1996 90711: 108391 = 83,69%;
- n 1997 213536: 249750 = 85,50%.

UDWD LQYHVWL LLORU EUXWH

LL PXQFLL

FBCF
100
PIB

- n 1995 15425: 72136 = 21,38%;

- n 1996 25076: 108391 = 23,13%;
- n 1997 47952: 249750 = 19,20%.

PIB / perVRDQ

RFXSDW

SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL

- n 1995  

- n 1996  

 PLO OHL SUH XUL  SHUVRDQ 

 PLO OHL SUH XUL  SHUVRDQ 

3,%  IRQGXUL IL[H HILFLHQ D FDSLWDOXOXL IL[

- n 1995 72136: 159390,3 = 0,453 lei/ 1 leu sau 453 lei/ 1000 lei;
- n 1996 74866: (159390,3  OHL  OHX SUH XUL 
- n 1997 69795,7: (159390,3  OHL  OHX SUH XUL 

coeficientul capitalului (necesarul de capital fix la 1 leu PIB):

- n 1995 1: 0,453 = 2,21 lei/ 1 leu ;
- n 1996    OHL  OHX SUH XUL 
- n 1997    OHL  OHX SUH XUL 

SURGXFWLYLWDWHD HILFLHQ D FDSLWDOXOXL FLUFXODQW

3,%&,

- n 1995 72136: 83516 = 0,864 sau 864 lei/ 1000 lei.

intensitatea capitalului vQ]HVWUDUHD WHKQLF

D PXQFLL

IRQGXUL IL[H SRSXOD LH RFXSDW

- n 1995    PLO OHL SUH XUL  SHUVRDQ 
- n 1996 (159390,3   PLO OHL SUH XUL  SHUVRDQ

rata excedentului brut = excedentul brut de exploatare/ VAB

- n 1995 38564: 66599 = 57,9%.

VH SRDWH FDOFXOD GLUHFW FD P ULPH LQYHUV

D HILFLHQ HL FDSLWDOXOXL IL[