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Lecture03 SignalSpaces

1) The document discusses representing signals as a linear combination of mutually orthogonal real functions over an interval. 2) It shows how to determine the coefficients of this representation by minimizing the error between the original signal and its approximation using the orthogonal functions. 3) The document then extends this idea to representing signals using mutually orthogonal complex functions, where the coefficients are determined by projecting the original signal along the complex conjugate of each basis function.

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Asritha Nutalapati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
29 views

Lecture03 SignalSpaces

1) The document discusses representing signals as a linear combination of mutually orthogonal real functions over an interval. 2) It shows how to determine the coefficients of this representation by minimizing the error between the original signal and its approximation using the orthogonal functions. 3) The document then extends this idea to representing signals using mutually orthogonal complex functions, where the coefficients are determined by projecting the original signal along the complex conjugate of each basis function.

Uploaded by

Asritha Nutalapati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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'

&
$
%
Representation of Signals by a set of Mutually
Orthogonal Real Functions
Let g
1
(t), g
2
(t), ..., g
n
(t) be n real functions that are orthogonal to
each other over an interval t
1
, t
2
:
1
t
2
t
1

t
2
t
1
g
i
(t)g
j
(t)dt = 0, i = j (1)
Let
1
t
2
t
1

t
2
t
1
g
j
(t)g
j
(t)dt = K
j
(2)
f(t) = C
1
g
1
(t) + C
2
g
2
(t) + ... + C
n
g
n
(t) (3)
'
&
$
%
f(t) =
n

r=1
C
r
g
r
(t) (4)
f
e
(t) = f
(
t)
n

r=1
C
r
g
r
(t) (5)
=
1
t
2
t
1

t
2
t
1
[f(t)
n

r=1
C
r
g
r
(t)]
2
dt (6)
To nd C
r
,

C
1
=

C
2
= ... =

C
r
= 0 (7)
When is expanded we have
'
&
$
%
=
1
t
2
t
1

t
2
t
1
f
(
t) 2f(t)
n

i=1
C
r
g
r
(t) +
n

r=1
C
r
g
r
(t)
n

k=1
C
k
g
k
(t) dt
(8)
Now all cross terms disappear
1
t
2
t
1

t
2
t
1
C
i
g
i
(t)C
j
g
j
(t)dt = 0, i = j (9)
since g
i
(t) and g
j
(t) are orthogonal to each other.
Solving the above equation we get
'
&
$
%
C
j
=
1
t
2
t
1

t
2
t
1
f(t).g
j
(t) dt
1
t
2
t
1

t
2
t
1
g
2
j
(t) dt
(10)
Analogy to Vector Spaces: Projection of f(t) along the signal
g
j
(t) = C
j
'
&
$
%
Representation of Signals by a set of Mutually
Orthogonal Complex Functions
When the basis functions are complex.
a
E
x
=

t
2
t
1
|x(t)|
2
dt (11)
represents the energy of a signal.
Suppose g(t) is represented by the complex signal x(t)
a
|u + v|
2
= (u + v)(u

+ v

) = |u|
2
+ |v|
2
+ u

v + uv

'
&
$
%
E
e
=

t
2
t
1
|g(t) cx(t)|
2
dt (12)
=

t
2
t
1
|g(t)|
2
dt

E
x

t
2
t
1
g(t)x

(t)dt

2
+ (13)

E
x

1

E
x

t
2
t
1
g(t)x

(t)dt

2
(14)
Minimising the second term yields
c =
1
E
x

t
2
t
1
g(t)x

(t)dt (15)
Thus the coecients can be determined by projection g(t) along
x

(t).

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