1

Mudah



42






Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
1
Which of the following about the infl ammatory response is true?
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah benar tentang gerak balas keradangan?
A It works with antibodies.
Ia berfungsi dengan antibodi.
B It acts to produce antibodies.
Ia bertindak untuk menghasilkan antibodi.
C It works with the phagocytic response.
Ia berfungsi dengan gerak balas fagositosis.
D It is the bodys second line of defence, after
the skin.
Ia merupakan barisan pertahanan badan
kedua selepas kulit.
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
2
The human body has both active immunity and passive immunity. What is the advantage of a naturally
acquired active immunity?
Tubuh manusia mempunyai kedua-dua keimunan aktif dan pasif. Apakah kelebihan keimunan aktif
semula jadi?
A It is long lasting, sometimes for life.
Ia tahan lama, kadang kala untuk sepanjang hayat.
B It can develop without exposure to antigens.
Ia dapat terbentuk tanpa pendedahan kepada antigen.
C It produces antibodies against a range of infective agents.
Ia menghasilkan antibodi melawan pelbagai jenis agen penjangkit.
D It provides antibodies immediately the first time one is exposed to a particular bacterium.
Ia menghasilkan antibodi dengan serta-merta pada kali pertama seseorang terdedah kepada sesuatu
bakteria tertentu.
2

Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
3
Diagram below shows the structure of the human heart.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur jantung manusia.


Diagram/Rajah

Which blood vessel, A, B, C or D, carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body?
Antara salur darah A, B, C, atau D, manakah yang membawa darah dari jantung ke bahagian badan
yang lain?
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
4
Which of the following makes up 90% of the plasma in the human circulatory system?
Antara berikut, manakah yang membentuk 90% daripada plasma dalam sistem peredaran manusia?
A Water
Air
B Protein
Protein
C Absorbed food molecules
Molekul makanan yang diserap
D Hormones
Hormon
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
5
Diagram below shows a phagocytosis process.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu proses fagositosis.

3


Diagram/Rajah

Which of the following white blood cells are involved in this process?
Antara sel darah putih berikut, manakah terlibat di dalam proses ini?
A Basophils
Basofil
B Eosinophils
Eosinofil
C Neutrophils
Neutrofil
D Lymphocytes
Limfosit
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
6
Diagram below shows three types of leucocytes which can be found in the human blood.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan tiga jenis leukosit yang boleh ditemui dalam darah manusia.


Diagram/Rajah

Why are the leucocytes shown above important?
Mengapakah leukosit-leukosit yang ditunjukkan di atas adalah penting?
A They can engulf bacteria by phagocytosis.
Leukosit-leukosit itu boleh menelan bakteria secara fagositosis.
B They produce antibodies to kill bacteria.
Leukosit-leukosit itu menghasilkan antibodi untuk membunuh bakteria.
C They produce antibodies which destroy toxins produced by germs.
Leukosit-leukosit itu menghasilkan antibodi yang memusnahkan toksin yang dihasilkan oleh kuman.
D They are involved in blood clotting.
4

Leukosit-leukosit itu terlibat dalam proses pembekuan darah.
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
7
Diagram below shows a xylem vessel that is thickened by lignin.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan salur xilem yang ditebalkan oleh lignin.


Diagram/Rajah

Identify the type of xylem shown.
Kenal pasti jenis xilem yang ditunjukkan.
A Pitted
Pit
B Spiral
Berpilin
C Annular
Bergelang
D Scalariform
Skalarifom
Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
8
Which of the following animals has the largest surface area to volume ratio?
Antara haiwan yang berikut, manakah yang mempunyai nisbah luas permukaan per isi padu yang
paling besar?
A A mouse
Tikus
C A cat
Kucing
B An elephant
Gajah
D A tiger
Harimau
Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
9
Diagram below shows a cross section of a young dicotyledon stem.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu keratan rentas batang dikotiledon muda.


Diagram /Rajah
5


What is P?
Apakah P?
A Phloem
Floem
C Cortex
Korteks
B Xylem
Xilem
D Cambium
Kambium
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
10
Diagram below shows the circulatory system of an amphibian.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sistem peredaran amfibia.


Diagram/Rajah

The heart of an amphibian has...
Jantung amfibia mempunyai...
A one chamber.
satu ruang.
B two chambers.
dua ruang.
C three chambers.
tiga ruang.
D four chambers.
empat ruang.
Jawapan: C
6


Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
11
Which of the following tissues is responsible for the transportation of organic substances in plants?
Antara tisu tisu berikut, manakah yang bertanggungjawab mengangkut sebatian organik di dalam
tumbuhan?
A Phloem
Floem
B Xylem
Zilum
C Cortex
Korteks
D Cambium
Kambium
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
12
Which pair of plant tissue and animal tissue transport carbohydrates?
Pasangan tisu tumbuhan dan tisu haiwan manakah yang mengangkut karbohidrat?


Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
13



Which of the following blood cells has the above functions?
7

Antara sel darah yang berikut, manakah yang mempunyai fungsi di atas?
A Basophil
Basofi
C Neutrophil
Neutrofil
B Erythrocyte
Eritrosit
D Lymphocyte
Limfosit
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
14
The following information is about fluid X found in the human body.
Berikut adalah maklumat tentang cecair X yang terdapat dalam badan manusia.


What is fluid X?
Apakah cecair X?
A Blood
Darah
B Interstitial fluid
Cecair interstis
C Lymph
Limfa
D Pancreatic juice
Jus pankreas
Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
15
Diagram below shows a cross section of a dicotyledonous stem. Which of the following is incorrectly
labelled?
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keratan rentas batang dikotiledon. Bahagian manakah yang salah
dilabelkan?


Diagram/Rajah
Jawapan: C

8

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
16
What is the normal blood pressure in humans?
Apakah tekanan darah normal pada manusia?
A 80/120 mm Hg B 120/80 mm Hg
C 120/100 mm Hg D 100/80 mm Hg
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
17
Which of the following cells does not have amoeboid movement?
Antara sel berikut, yang manakah tidak mempunyai pergerakan ameboid?



Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
18
Diagram below shows a condition related to blood clotting.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu keadaan berkaitan dengan pembekuan darah.


Diagram/Rajah

This condition is known as...
Keadaan ini dinamakan sebagai
9

A embolism.
embolisma
B thrombosis.
thrombosis
C agglutination.
pengagglutinan
D arteriosclerosis.
arterisklerosis
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
19
Which of the following statements concerning most arteries is true?
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar tentang kebanyakan arteri?
A Arteries carry blood to the heart.
Arteri membawa darah ke jantung.
B Arteries carry oxygenated blood.
Arteri membawa darah beroksigen.
C Arteries carry deoxygenated blood.
Arteri membawa darah terdeoksigen.
D Arteries have thinner walls than veins.
Dinding arteri lebih nipis daripada dinding vena.
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
20
Which of the following is the medium of transport in invertebrates?
Antara yang berikut, manakah merupakan medium pengangkutan dalam invertebrata?
A Water
Air
B Blood
Darah
C Hormone
Hormon
D Haemolymph
Hemolimfa
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
21
Diagram below shows a cross section of a dicotyledon stem which has been cut from a plant and
placed in coloured water for a few hours.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu keratan rentas batang dikotiledon yang dipotong daripada
sebatang pokok dan diletakkan di dalam air berwarna selama beberapa jam.

10


Diagram /Rajah

Which of the following tissues will be the first to be coloured?
Antara tisu yang berikut, manakah yang mula-mula sekali diwarnakan?
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
22
Diagram below shows a section through a leaf.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keratan melalui daun.


Diagram/Rajah

What are X, Y and Z?
Apakah X, Y dan Z?


Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
23
Zamri bleeds non-stop when he cuts himself unintentionally with a knife. What disease is he probably
suffering from?
11

Zamri mengalami pendarahan yang tidak berhenti-henti setelah terhiris pisau. Apakah penyakit yang
mungkin dihidapi oleh Zamri?
A Haemophilia
Hemofilia
B Cystic fibrosis
Sistik fibrosis
C Sickle-cell anaemia
Anemia sel sabit
D Huntington's disease
Penyakit Huntington
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
24
Where are antigens and antibodies found?
Di manakah antigen dan antibodi dijumpai?

Antigens
Antigen
Antibodies
Antibodi
A Red blood cells
Sel darah merah
Plasma
Plasma
B Platelets
Platlet
Plasma
Plasma
C White blood cells
Sel darah putih
Platelets
Platlet
D Red blood cells
Sel darah merah
White blood cells
Sel darah putih
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
25
Diagram below shows a plant tissue, X.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu tisu tumbuhan, X.


Diagram/Rajah

12

What is X?
Apakah X?
A Xylem tissue
Tisu xilem
B Phloem tissue
Tisu floem
C Parenchyma tissue
Tisu parenkima
D Root hair tissue
Tisu akar rerambut
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
26
Which of the following about a large multicellular organism are true?
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah benar tentang organisma multisel?
I Has a large TSA/V ratio
Mempunyai JLP/I yang besar
II Has a small TSA/V ratio
Mempunyai JLP/I yang kecil
III Has a transport system
Mempunyai sistem pengangkutan
IV Th e cells obtain nutrients by diff usion
Memperoleh keperluan sel melalui resapan

A I and II
I dan II
B I and III
I dan III
C II and III
II dan III
D III and IV
III dan IV
Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
27
Which of the following are factors that affect the rate of transpiration?
Antara yang berikut, manakah yang merupakan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi?
I Humidity
Kelembapan
II Temperature
Suhu
III Wind
Angin
IV Light intensity
Keamatan cahaya
A I and II
I dan II
C I, III and IV
I, III, dan IV
B II and IV
II dan IV
D I, II, III and IV
I, II, III, dan IV
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
28
A person becomes naturally immuned to chickenpox after he...
Seseorang akan memperoleh keimunan semula jadi terhadap penyakit cacar selepas dia...
A has received injection of Salk poliomielitis vaccine.
menerima suntikan vaksin Salk poliomielitis.
13

B has been infected by diphtheria.
dijangkiti penyakit difteria.
C has been infected by chickenpox.
telah dijangkiti penyakit cacar.
D has received injection of chickenpox vaccine.
menerima suntikan vaksin penyakit cacar.
Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
29
What is the function of lignin which is found on the walls of xylem vessels?
Apakah fungsi lignin yang dijumpai di dinding dinding salur zilum?
A It helps in the flow of water through the walls.
Untuk membantu pergerakan air melalui dinding dinding.
B It helps xylem vessels stick to one another.
Untuk membantu salur salur zilum melekat antara satu sama lain.
C It prevents the xylem vessels from collapsing.
Untuk mencegah salur salur zilum daripada runtuh.
D It distinguishes between the different xylem vessels.
Untuk membezakan antara salur salur zilum yang berlainan.
Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
30
Which of the following substances cause prothrombin to become thrombin?
Antara bahan-bahan berikut, manakah yang menyebabkan protrombin menjadi trombin?
A Vitamin A and iron ions
Vitamin A dan ion besi
B Vitamin K and calcium ion
Vitamin K dan ion kalsium
C Hydroxyl ions and calcium ions
Ion hidroksil dan ion kalsium
D Vitamin C and phosphorus ions
Vitamin C dan ion fosforus
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
31
Which of the following shows the structure of an erythrocyte?
Antara yang berikut, manakah yang merupakan struktur eritrosit?

14



Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
32
Diagram below shows a cross section of the root of a plant.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keratan rentas akar tumbuhan.


Diagram/Rajah

Which tissue, A, B, C or D, transports organic substances?
Antara tisu A, B, C, atau D, manakah yang mengangkut bahan organik?
15

Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
33
Which body fluid and description are correctly matched?
Antara cecair badan dan penerangannya yang berikut, manakah yang dipadankan dengan betul?


Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
34
An infected person is given an injection for immunisation. What is the type of immunisation given?
Seseorang yang terkena jangkitan diberikan suntikan untuk tujuan imunisasi. Apakah jenis imunisasi
yang diberikan kepada beliau?
A Artificial passive immunity
Imuniti pasif buatan
B Artificial active immunity
Imuniti aktif buatan
C Natural passive immunity
Imuniti pasif semulajadi
D Natural active immunity
Imuniti aktif semulajadi
Jawapan: A

16

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
35
Diagram below shows the inside of the intestine.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan bahagian dalam dinding usus.



DIAGRAM / RAJAH

What is the advantage of having the part labelled P?
Apakah kelebihan struktur P?
A Increases the blood circulation
Meningkatkan peredaran darah
B Increases the TSA/V ratio for food absorption
Meningkatkan JLP/I untuk penyerapan makanan
C Increases the TSA/V ratio for mucus secretion
Meningkatkan JLP/I untuk rembesan mukus
D Increases the TSA/V for temperature regulation
Meningkatkan JLP/I untuk pengawalaturan suhu
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
36
What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
Apakah fungsi arteri pulmonari?
A Carries deoxygenated blood to the heart
Membawa darah terdeoksigen ke jantung
B Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Membawa darah terdeoksigen ke peparu
C Carries oxygenated blood to the heart
Membawa darah beroksigen ke jantung
D Carries oxygenated blood to the body
Membawa darah beroksigen ke seluruh badan
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
37
Diagram below shows the blood circulatory system of animal P.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sejenis sistem peredaran darah haiwan P.


17

Diagram /Rajah


Which of the following animals has the same type of circulatory system as animal P?
Antara haiwan yang berikut, manakah yang mempunyai jenis sistem peredaran yang sama seperti
haiwan P?
A Fish
Ikan
C Rabbit
Arnab
B Frog
Katak
D Dog
Anjing
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
38
Which of the following animals has the largest ratio of total surface area per volume?
Antara haiwan berikut, manakah mempunyai nisbah luas permukaan per isipadu yang terbesar?
A A cat
Seekor kucing
B A crocodile
Seekor buaya
C An elephant
Seekor gajah
D A flatworm
Seekor cacing pita
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
39
What is the main function of blood platelets?
Apakah fungsi utama platlet?
A Produce hormones
Menghasilkan hormon
B Carry carbon dioxide
Membawa karbon dioksida
C Involved in blood clotting
Terlibat dalam proses pembekuan darah
D Involved in the bodys defence mechanism
Terlibat dalam mekanisma pertahanan badan
Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
40
What is a circulatory system?
Apakah sistem peredaran darah?
A Th e bodys breathing system
Sistem pernafasan badan
18

B Th e bodys system of nerves
Sistem saraf badan
C Th e bodys food-processing system
Sistem pemprosesan makanan badan
D Th e bodys blood-transporting system
Sistem pengangkutan darah badan
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
41
What type of immunity does a baby acquire from its mother?
Apakah jenis imuniti yang diterima oleh seorang bayi daripada ibunya?
A Artificial active immunity
Imuniti aktif buatan
B Natural active immunity
Imuniti aktif semulajadi
C Artificial passive immunity
Imuniti pasif buatan
D Natural passive immunity
Imuniti pasif semulajadi
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah
42
Diagram below shows a type of blood cell.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu jenis sel darah.


DIAGRAM/RAJAH


What is the main function of this cell?
Apakah fungsi utama sel darah ini?
A Transports oxygen
Mengangkut oksigen
B Produces antibodies
Menghasilkan antibodi
C Helps in blood clotting
Membantu pembekuan darah
D Transports carbon dioxide
19

Mengangkut karbon dioksida


Jawapan: A
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Sederhana

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
1
Which of the following statements about thrombocytes is correct?
Antara penyataan berikut, yang manakah betul mengenai trombosit?
A It is a yellowish liquid.
Trombosit ialah cecair kekuningan.
B They are tiny fragments of megakaryocytes.
Trombosit ialah serpihan halus daripada megakaryosit.
C They are produced in the bone marrow.
Trombosit dihasilkan dalam tulang sumsum.
D They have granular cytoplasm.
Trombosit mempunyai sitoplasma bergranul.
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
2
Anaemia is a disease caused by a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
Anemia ialah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan kemampuan darah untuk membawa oksigen.
Which of the following are the possible causes of anaemia?
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah sebab yang mungkin bagi anemia?
I Iron deficiency
Kekurangan ferum
II The amount of haemoglobin decreases
Kuantiti hemoglobin berkurangan
III The number of red blood cells decreases
Bilangan sel darah merah berkurangan
IV The number of white blood cells decreases
Bilangan sel darah putih berkurangan

A I and II
I dan II
B I and III
I dan III
C I, II and III
I, II, dan III
21

D I, II and IV
I, II, dan IV
Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
3
What is lymph formed from?
Apakah yang membentuk limfa?
A Fat
Lemak
B Excess blood
Darah yang berlebihan
C Excess tissue fluid
Bendalir tisu yang berlebihan
D Excess blood plasma
Plasma darah yang berlebihan
Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
4
Which part of the heart receives deoxygenated blood?
Bahagian jantung yang manakah menerima darah terdeoksigen?
A Right atrium
Atrium kanan
B Left atrium
Atrium kiri
C Left ventricle
Ventrikel kiri
D Right ventricle
Ventrikel kanan
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
5
Diagram below shows a surgical method of contraception performed on a female.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan kaedah pembedahan pencegahan kehamilan yang dilakukan ke atas
seorang wanita.


Diagram/Rajah

What is the advantage of this method of contraception?
22

Apakah kebaikan kaedah pencegahan kehamilan ini?
A It is very effective.
Kaedah ini sangat berkesan.
B It prevents sexually transmitted diseases.
Kaedah ini menghalang penyakit yang dipindahkan secara seks.
C It prevents serious diseases such as cervical cancer.
Kaedah ini menghalang penyakit serius seperti kanser serviks.
D It decreases the amount of blood discharged during menstruation.
Kaedah ini mengurangkan jumlah darah yang keluar semasa haid.
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
6
Which of the following parts of a plant is not a place where transpiration occurs?
Antara bahagian tumbuhan yang berikut, yang manakah bukan merupakan tempat berlakunya
transpirasi?
A Stoma
Stoma
C Cuticle
Kutikel
B Lenticel
Lentisel
D Cortex
Korteks
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
7
Diagram below shows the formation and absorption of tissue fluid.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pembentukan dan penyerapan cecair tisu.

DIAGRAM/RAJAH


What fluids are found in X and Y?
Apakah cecair yang boleh didapati di X dan Y?
23


Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
8
Which of the following enables a person to get permanent immunity?
Antara yang berikut, manakah yang membolehkan seseorang itu mendapat keimunan yang kekal?
A Naturally acquired active immunity
Keimunan aktif semula jadi
B Artificially acquired active immunity
Keimunan aktif buatan
C Naturally acquired passive immunity
Keimunan pasif semula jadi
D Artificially acquired passive immunity
Keimunan pasif buatan
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
9
Which of the following is not a characteristic of blood capillaries?
Antara yang berikut, manakah yang bukan merupakan ciri kapilari darah?
A Large lumen
Lumen yang besar
B One-celled wall
Dinding satu sel
C Blood fl ows slowly
Darah mengalir perlahan
D Non-muscled wall
Dinding tidak berotot
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
10
What are the colours of the blood in veins and arteries?
Apakah warna darah di dalam vena dan arteri?
24


Veins
Vena
Arteries
Arteri
A Bright red
Merah cerah
Dark red
Merah gelap
B Dark red
Merah gelap
Bright red
Merah cerah
C Bright red
Merah cerah
Blue
Biru
D Blue
Biru
Dark red
Merah gelap
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
11
Which of the following blood cells is involved in transporting oxygen?
Antara sel darah berikut, manakah yang terlibat dalam mengangkut oksigen?


Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
12
The human lymphatic system provides immunological defences against diseases by...
Sistem limfa manusia mempertahankan badan daripada penyakit dengan cara...
A filtering out pathogens.
menapiskan patogen.
B dissolving pathogens.
melarutkan patogen.
C digesting pathogens.
mencernakan patogen.
D sending pathogens to the liver.
menghantar patogen ke hati.
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
13
Which of the following statements about lymph and interstitial fluid is correct?
Antara penyataan berikut, manakah yang benar mengenai limfa dan bendalir interstitial?
A Both have the same composition.
Kedua-duanya mempunyai komposisi yang sama.
25

B Both are found between cells.
Kedua-duanya terdapat di antara sel-sel.
C Both are found inside the lymph vessels.
Kedua-duanya terdapat di dalam salur limfa.
D Both circulate around the body and flow back to the heart.
Kedua-duanya beredar ke seluruh badan dan mengalir kembali ke jantung.
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
14
Diagram below shows a section through the human heart.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keratan melalui jantung manusia.



Diagram / Rajah

What are the blood vessels labelled X and Y?
Apakah salur darah yang berlabel X dan Y?


Jawapan: B
26


Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
15
Diagram below shows two processes involved in the human defence mechanism.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan dua proses yang terlibat dalam mekanisme pertahanan manusia.


Diagram/Rajah

What are these two processes?
Apakah kedua-dua proses ini?
A Lysis and opsonisation
Lisis dan opsonisasi
B Phagocytosis and agglutination
Fagositosis dan pengaglutinasi
C Opsonisation and phagocytosis
Opsonisasi dan fagositosis
D Lysis and agglutination
Lisis dan pengaglutinasi
Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
16
Diagram below which shows the human heart and the main blood vessels which carry blood to and
away from it.
Rajah di bawah yang menunjukkan jantung manusia dan salur darah utama yang membawa darah
dari jantung dan darah ke jantung.



DIAGRAM / RAJAH
27


Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?
Salur darah yang manakah membawa darah beroksigen keluar dari jantung?

A P B Q
C R D S
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
17
Diagram below shows some fat cells in the adipose tissue of animals. Which of the following, A, B, C
or D, represents the tissue fluid?
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sel lemak pada tisu adipos haiwan. Antara bahagian berlabel A, B, C
dan D, yang manakah mewakili bendalir tisu?



DIAGRAM / RAJAH
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
18
Diagram below shows the plant tissue which transports dissolved sugar from the leaves to other parts
of the plants
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan tisu tumbuhan yang mengangkut gula terlarut dari daun ke bahagian-
bahagian lain tumbuhan.


Diagram/ Rajah

What are the arts labelled X Y and Z?
Apakah bahagian-bahagian berlabel X, Y dan Z?

28


Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
19
Diagram below shows a blood vessel, X.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu salur darah, X.

Diagram /Rajah

What is X?
Apakah X?
A Vein
Vena
C Capillary
Kapilari
B Artery
Arteri
D Arteriole
Arteriol
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
20
Which of the following processes occurs in the third line of the bodys defence mechanism?
Antara yang berikut, manakah merupakan proses yang berlaku di sistem pertahanan badan yang
ketiga?
29

A Phagocytosis
Fagositosis
B Antibodies are produced
Penghasilan antibodi
C Mucus is secreted
Mukus dirembeskan
D Sebum is secreted
Sebum dirembeskan
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
21
Diagram below shows the circulatory system of a fish.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sistem peredaran darah dalam seekor ikan.


Diagram/Rajah

What is X?
Apakah X?
A Fin
Sirip
B Gills
Insang
C Heart
Jantung
D Lungs
Paru-paru
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
22
Diagram below shows a longitudinal section of the human heart. Which of the blood vessels, A, B, C
or D, carries oxygenated blood from the lungs?
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keratan longitud jantung manusia. Antara salur darah berikut, manakah
A, B, C atau D yang ditugaskan untuk membawa darah beroksigen daripada peparu?

30


Diagram/Rajah
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
23
Study the following information.
Kaji maklumat berikut.



The above information best describes...
Maklumat di atas menghuraikan tentang...
A a leucocyte.
leukosit.
C the plasma.
plasma.
B an erythrocyte.
eritrosit.
D a granulocyte.
granulosit.
Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
24
Diagram below represents the human systemic circulation.
Rajah di bawah mewakili peredaran sistemik pada manusia.


DIAGRAM / RAJAH

What does P represent?
31

Apakah yang diwakili oleh P?
A Lungs
Peparu
B Body tissues
Tisu badan
C Lower trunk
Bahagian bawah
D Haemocoelom
badan Hemoselom
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
25
What is the role of macrophages in human body's defence?
Apakah peranan makrofaj dalam pertahanan badan manusia?
A Produce antibodies
Menghasilkan antibodi
B Give rise to monocytes
Menghasilkan monosit
C Engulf bacteria and destroy them
Menelan dan memusnahkan bakteria
D Secrete bacteria-destroying enzymes
Merembeskan enzim pemusnah bakteria
Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
26
Antibodies acquired by a person after he has recovered from measles is known as...
Antibodi yang didapati oleh seseorang selepas dia sembuh dari demam campak adalah...
A natural active immunity.
keimunan aktif semula jadi.
B artificial active immunity.
keimunan aktif buatan.
C natural passive immunity.
keimunan pasif semula jadi.
D artificial passive immunity.
keimunan pasif buatan.
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
27
Which of the following is a component of the interstitial fl uid?
Antara yang berikut, manakah yang merupakan komponen cecair interstis?
A Plasma protein
Protein plasma
C Erythrocyte
Eritrosit
B Platelet
Platlet
D Nutrients
Nutrien
Jawapan: D
32


Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
28
In some green plants, drops of water can be excreted from special pores found on the edges of the
leaves. The process is known as...
Dalam sesetengah tumbuhan hijau, titisan air boleh disingkirkan daripada liang khas yang terdapat di
pinggir daun. Proses tersebut dikenal sebagai...
A transpiration.
transpirasi.
B respiration.
respirasi.
C transport.
pengangkutan.
D guttation.
gutasi.
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
29
Diagram below shows a cross section of a dicotyledonous stem.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keratan rentas batang dikotiledon.


Diagram/Rajah

Which part transports water?
Bahagian manakah yang mengangkut air?
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
30
Which of the following plays an important role in transporting nutrients to all parts of the plant?
Antara yang berikut, manakah yang memainkan peranan yang penting dalam pengangkutan makanan
ke seluruh bahagian tumbuhan?

33


Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
31
Diagram below shows the blood circulation in a fish.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan peredaran darah di dalam seekor ikan.



DIAGRAM / RAJAH

Which of the following about this type of blood circulation is not true?
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah tidak benar tentang jenis peredaran darah ini?
A Blood leaks out and fi lls the body cavity.
Darah keluar dan memenuhi rongga badan.
B Blood is pumped by a heart through vessels.
Darah dipam oleh jantung menerusi salur
darah.
C Blood is circulated closed within vessels at
all times.
Darah diedarkan secara tertutup di dalam
salur darah sepanjang masa.
D Blood passes through the heart once in each
complete circulation.
Darah mengalir melalui jantung sekali
dalam setiap peredaran lengkap.
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
32
Diagram below shows the circulatory system of a fish.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sistem peredaran seekor ikan.
34


DIAGRAM/RAJAH


What are organs J and K?
Apakah organ J dan K?



Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
33
The diagram below shows the structure of a stoma.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur bagi satu stoma.


Diagram/Rajah

35


Which of the following factors control the size of Y?
Faktor manakah yang mengawal saiz Y?
I The types of dissolved minerals in the water absorbed by the root hairs
Jenis mineral terlarut di dalam air yang diserap oleh akar rerambut
II Light intensity
Keamatan cahaya
III Air movement
Pergerakan udara
IV The shape of the leaves
Bentuk daun
A I and II
I dan II
B I and IV
I dan IV
C II and III
II dan III
D III and IV
III dan IV
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana
34
What is the most likely cause of a heart attack?
Apakah penyebab utama serangan jantung?
A Insufficient exercise
Kurang bersenam
B Blocked coronary arteries
Arteri koronari tersumbat
C Infection by microorganisms
Jangkitan oleh mikroorganisma
D Diet lacking vitamins A and C
Gizi yang kekurangan vitamin A dan C

sukar

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
1
The diagram below shows a plant cell.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu sel tumbuhan.

36


Diagram/Rajah


Which of the following plants depends entirely on the cell shown above for water transport?
Antara tumbuhan berikut, yang manakah bergantung sepenuhnya pada sel yang ditunjukkan di atas
bagi pengangkutan air?
A Fern
Paku pakis
C Hibiscus
Bunga raya
B Balsam
Keembung
D Maize
Jagung

Jawapan: A
Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
2
When a girl is bitten by a dog, what is the type of immunity she should have?
Apabila seorang budak perempuan digigit oleh seekor anjing, apakah jenis keimunan yang
diperolehinya?
A Natural active immunity
Keimunan aktif semula jadi
B Natural passive immunity
Keimunan pasif semula jadi
C Artifi cial active immunity
Keimunan aktif buatan
D Artifi cial passive immunity
Keimunan pasif buatan
Jawapan: D
Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
3
Diagram below shows the structure of the human heart.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur jantung manusia.



DIAGRAM / RAJAH

Which of the parts labelled 1 to 6 carry oxygenated blood?
Antara bahagian berlabel 1 hingga 6, yang manakah membawa darah beroksigen?
A 1 and 2
1 dan 2
B 5 and 6
5 dan 6
37

C 1, 2 and 4
1, 2 dan 4
D 3, 5 and 6
3, 5 dan 6
Jawapan: D
Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
4
The rate of transpiration of a plant can be increased by...
Kadar transpirasi tumbuhan boleh ditingkatkan dengan cara...
A placing the plant in an air conditioned room.
meletakkan tumbuhan itu di dalam bilik berhawa dingin.
B placing the plant in front of a table fan.
meletakkan tumbuhan itu di hadapan kipas meja.
C covering the plant with a plastic bag.
menutup tumbuhan itu dengan beg plastik.
D placing the plant under a table.
meletakkan tumbuhan itu di bawah meja.
Jawapan: A
Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
5
Which of the following valves prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right
atrium?
Antara injap yang berikut, manakah yang menghalang aliran semula darah dari ventrikel kanan ke
aurikel kanan?
A Bicuspid valve
Injap biskuspid
B Tricuspid valve
Injap trikuspid
C Semilunar valve
Injap sabit
D Tendinous valve
Injap tendon
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
6
A woody plant died a few months aft er a complete ring of bark was removed from its main stem.
Which important tissue was removed from the stem which caused the plant to die?
Sebatang pokok berkayu mati beberapa bulan selepas kulit pokok tersebut dibuangkan dari batangnya.
Apakah tisu penting yang dibuang dari batang yang menyebabkan pokok itu mati?
A Xylem
Xilem
B Phloem
Floem
C Cambium
Kambium
D Epidermis
Epidermis
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
7
What happens when the blood pressure in the arteries is low?
Apakah yang berlaku apabila tekanan darah dalam arteri adalah rendah?
A The heart rate decreases.
Degupan jantung berkurang.
B The smooth muscles in the arterioles are stimulated to relax.
38

Otot licin dalam arteriol dirangsang untuk mengendur.
C More blood flows through the arterioles.
Lebih banyak darah mengalir melalui arteriol.
D The kidney is stimulated to absorb more water.
Ginjal dirangsang untuk menyerap lebih banyak air.
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
8
Which of the following statements about an artery is correct?
Antara penyataan yang berikut, yang manakah benar tentang arteri?
A It receives blood from small blood vessels.
Arteri menerima darah daripada salur darah yang kecil.
B It has semi-lunar valves.
Arteri mempunyai injap sabit.
C It has a thick wall which can withstand the high pressure of the blood.
Arteri mempunyai dinding tebal yang boleh menahan tekanan darah yang tinggi.
D It forms a network in most of the organs.
Arteri membentuk jaringan di dalam kebanyakan organ.
Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
9
Diagram below shows the mechanism of blood clotting.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan mekanisma pembekuan darah.


Diagram/Rajah

What are P and Q?
Apakah P dan Q?

P Q
A Vitamin
K
Sodium
ions
Ion
kalium
39

B Vitamin
K
Calcium
ions
Ion
kalsium
C Vitamin
D
Sodium
ions
Ion
kalium
D Vitamin
D
Calcium
ions
Ion
kalsium
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
10
Diagram below shows the human heart and the blood vessels attached to it.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan jantung manusia dan salur-salur darah yang menghubunginya.


Diagram/Rajah

Which of the following statements about the vessels labelled X is correct?
Antara penyataan yang berikut, manakah yang benar mengenai salur yang berlabel X?
A They have tricuspid valves.
Salur darah itu mempunyai injap trikuspid.
B They contain oxygenated blood.
Salur darah itu mengandungi darah beroksigen.
C They contain deoxygenated blood.
Salur darah itu mengandungi darah terdeoksigen.
D They are made up of cardiac muscles.
Salur darah itu terdiri daripada otot jantung.
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
11
Which cells are involved in the transport of sugar solution in vascular plants?
Sel yang manakah terlibat dalam pengangkutan larutan gula dalam tumbuhan vaskular?
A Tracheids
Trakeid
B Companion cells
Sel rakan
40

C Endodermis
Endodermis
D Sieve tubes
Tiub tapis
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
12
Diagram below shows the flow of water from one cell to another in the root of a plant.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pengaliran air dari satu sel ke sel lain dalam akar tumbuhan.


Diagram/Rajah

What is Q?
Apakah Q?
A Phloem vessels in the root
Salur floem dalam akar
B Xylem vessels in the root
Salur xilem dalam akar
C Pith tissue in the stem
Tisu pit dalam batang
D Cambium cells in the vascular bundles
Sel kambium dalam berkas vaskular
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
13
Diagram below shows a stomatal opening.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan bukaan stoma.

Diagram /Rajah


Which of the following occurs during the process?
Antara yang berikut, manakah yang berlaku semasa proses ini?
41

I The rate of transpiration decreases.
Kadar transpirasi berkurang.
II The starch content increases.
Kandungan kanji meningkat.
III Water diffuses into the guard cells.
Air meresap masuk ke dalam sel pengawal.
IV The osmotic pressure of the guard cells increases.
Tekanan osmosis sel pengawal meningkat.
A I and II
I dan II
C I, II and IV
I, II, dan IV
B II and IV
II dan IV
D II, III and IV
II, III, dan IV
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
14
Diagram below shows a cross section of a type of blood vessel.
Rajah di bawah me nunjukkan keratan rentas sejenis salur darah.


Diagram/Rajah

Blood vessels of this type have valves.
Salur darah jenis ini mempunyai injap.
Which of the following statements about all the blood vessels of this type is incorrect?
Antara penyataan yang berikut, manakah yang tidak benar mengenai salur darah jenis ini?
A The blood flows slowly.
Darah mengalir dengan perlahan.
B The blood is under low pressure.
Darah bertekanan rendah.
C All the blood vessels carry blood to the heart.
Semua salur darah membawa darah ke jantung.
D All the blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood.
Semua salur darah membawa darah terdeoksigen.
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
42

15
Diagram below shows the formation of interstitial fluid.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pembentukan bendalir intrasel.


Diagram/Rajah

Which of the following substances cannot be found in P?
Antara bahan bahan berikut, manakah yang tidak dijumpai di P?
A Platelets
Platlet
B Glucose
Glukosa
C Hormones
Hormon
D Amino acids
Asid amino
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
16
When does a baby receive its third dose of hepatitis B vaccine?
Bilakah seseorang bayi menerima suntikan vaksin hepatitis B yang ketiga?
A 1
st
month
Bulan pertama
B 5 - 6 months
5 - 6 bulan
C 1 year
1 tahun
D 5 years
5 tahun
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
17
Which of the following cardiovascular disorders results from the accumulation of plague in the blood
vessel?
Antara penyakit kardiovaskular berikut, yang manakah berpunca daripada pengumpulan plak di
dalam salur darah?
A Stroke
Strok
B Heart attack
Serangan penyakit jantung
43

C Hypertension
Tekanan darah tinggi
D Atherosclerosis
Aterosklerosis
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
18
The diagram below shows the human heart.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan jantung manusia.



Diagram/Rajah


What is X?
Apakah X?
A Purkinje fibres
Gentian Purkinje
B Sinoatrial node
Nodus sinoatrium
C Tricuspid valve
Injap trikuspid
D Atrioventricular node
Nodus atrioventrikel
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
19
The normal blood pressure of a person is 120/75 mm Hg. What will happen if the blood pressure of a
person is 140/90 mm Hg?
Tekanan darah normal seseorang ialah 120/75 mm Hg. Apakah yang akan berlaku jika tekanan darah
seseorang ialah 140/90 mm Hg?
I The rate of heartbeat will increase.
Kadar denyutan jantung akan meningkat.
II The cardiac muscles will have weak contractions.
Otot-otot jantung akan mengecut dengan perlahan.
III The blood vessels will dilate.
Salur darah akan mengembang.
44

IV The rate of breathing will becomes slower.
Kadar pernafasan akan menjadi semakin perlahan.

A I and II only
I dan II sahaja
B I, II and III only
I, II, dan III sahaja
C II, III and IV only
II, III, dan IV sahaja
D I, II, III and IV
I, II, III, dan IV



Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
20
Diagram below shows a type of plant tissue.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sejenis tisu tumbuhan.

Diagram /Rajah

What is the importance of the tissue?
Apakah kepentingan tisu itu?
A To provide mechanical strength
Untuk memberi kekuatan mekanikal
B To prevent the collapsing of vessel
Untuk mengelakkan keruntuhan salur itu
C To provide water and mineral salts
Untuk membekalkan air dan garam mineral
D To transport photosynthetic products
Untuk mengangkut hasil fotosintesis
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
21
How can anaemia be prevented?
Bagaimanakah anemia dapat dicegah?
A By sufficient intake of sulphur
Dengan mengambil sulfur yang mencukupi
B By sufficient intake of magnesium
Dengan mengambil magnesium yang mencukupi
C By sufficient intake of phosphorus
45

Dengan mengambil fosforus yang mencukupi
D By sufficient intake of iron
Dengan mengambil zat besi yang mencukupi
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
22
Diagram below shows the circulatory system of an organism.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sistem peredaran darah dalam satu organisma.


Diagram/Rajah

Which of the following organisms has the type of blood circulation shown in Diagram above?
Antara organisma - organisma berikut, manakah menunjukkan ciri peredaran darah seperti yang
ditunjukkan oleh Rajah di atas?
A Fish
Ikan
B Frog
Katak
C Bird
Burung
D Grasshopper
Belalang
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
23
A person's lymphatic system fails to return excess fluid to the bloodstream. What is the cause of this
failure?
Sistem limfa seorang individu gagal mengembalikan cecair yang berlebihan ke dalam aliran darah.
Apakah yang menyebabkan kegagalan ini?
A The person lacks lymph nodes.
Individu itu kekurangan nodus limfa.
B The person has a blocked lymphatic vessel.
Individu itu mengalami salur limfa yang tersumbat.
C The person has a lymphatic vessel with no valve.
Individu itu mempunyai salur limfa tanpa injap.
46

D The person experiences difficulty in blood clotting.
Individu itu mengalami kesukaran pembekuan darah.
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
24
Which of the following shows how vaccines prevent diseases?
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan cara vaksin menghalang penyakit?
A Vaccines stop antigens by triggering an
immune response.
Vaksin menghentikan antigen dengan
mencetuskan gerak balas keimunan.
B Vaccines stimulate the production of specific
antibodies.
Vaksin merangsang penghasilan antibodi
yang spesifik.
C Vaccines will inhibit the infl ammation
response in the body.
Vaksin akan merencatkan gerak balas
keimunan di dalam badan.
D Vaccines restrict the vectors ability to
inhabit a variety of environments.
Vaksin mengehadkan kebolehan vektor untuk
membiak dalam pelbagai persekitaran.
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
25
Diagram below shows the condition of an artery which may lead to a heart attack.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keadaan satu arteri yang boleh menyebabkan serangan jantung.


DIAGRAM/RAJAH


What is the condition shown above?
Apakah keadaan yang ditunjukkan di atas?
A Oedema
Edema
B Thrombosis
Trombosis
47

C Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosklerosis
D Haemophilia
Hemofilia
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
26
What is the similarity between the movement of materials through humans and plants?
Apakah persamaan antara pergerakan bahanbahan pada manusia dan tumbuhan?
A Both use a continuous circuit.
Kedua-duanya menggunakan litar ber terusan.
B Both use plasma as a solvent.
Kedua-duanya menggunakan plasma sebagai pelarut.
C Both rely on active and passive transport mechanisms.
Kedua-duanya bergantung kepada mekanisme pengangkutan aktif dan pasif.
D Both have a specific organ that pumps fluids to their required sites.
Kedua-duanya mempunyai satu organ spesifik yang mengepam bendalir ke tempat-tempat yang
memerlukan.
Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
27
The diagram below shows the structure of the human heart.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur jantung manusia.



Diagram/Rajah


Th e blood vessel labelled X is the...
Salur darah berlabel X ialah...
A aorta.
aorta.
C pulmonary artery.
arteri pulmonari.
B pulmonary vein.
vena pulmonari.
D vena cava.
vena kava.
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
28
Which of the following is the first line of defence in the defence mechanism of the human body?
Antara yang berikut, manakah yang merupakan barisan pertahanan pertama dalam mekanisme
48

pertahanan badan manusia?
A The phagocytes
Fagosit
B The lymphocytes
Limfosit
C The erythrocytes
Eritrosit
D The skin and mucous membrane
Kulit dan membran mukus
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
29
What is the role of antigens in the human bodys defence against diseases?
Apakah peranan antigen dalam sistem pertahanan badan manusia menentang penyakit?
A They bind to invading pathogens.
Antigen melekat pada patogen penceroboh.
B They trigger the immune response.
Antigen mencetuskan gerak balas keimunan.
C They inactivate invading antibodies.
Antigen menghentikan aktiviti antibodi
penceroboh.
D They suppress the infl ammation response.
Antigen menahan gerak balas keradangan.
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
30
Diagram below shows two points, X and Y, on a potometer. It takes the bubble five minutes to move
the distance between X and Y.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan dua titik, X dan Y, pada satu potometer. Gelembung udara mengambil
masa lima minit untuk bergerak dari X ke Y.



DIAGRAM / RAJAH

What is the rate of transpiration of this fresh leafy shoot?
49

Apakah kadar transpirasi bagi ranting pucuk segar ini?
A 0.019 cm/s B 0.024 cm/s
C 0.029 cm/s D 5.7 cm/s
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
31
The diagram below shows a longitudinal section of the human heart.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keratan memanjang jantung manusia.


Diagram/Rajah

What is the function of X?
Apakah fungsi X?
A Sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Menyalurkan darah tak beroksigen ke peparu
B Sends oxygenated blood to all parts of the body
Menyalurkan darah beroksigen ke seluruh bahagian badan
C Sends oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Menyalurkan darah beroksigen dari peparu ke jantung
D Sends deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Menyalurkan darah tak beroksigen dari peparu ke jantung
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
32
Diagram below shows the cardiac cycle.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan kitar kardium.

50



Diagram/Rajah

I Both atria and both ventricles relax.
Kedua-dua atrium dan kedua-dua ventrikel mengendur.
II Both atria contract and both ventricles relax.
Kedua-dua atrium mengecut dan kedua-dua ventrikel mengendur.
III Both atria relax and both ventricles contract.
Kedua-dua atrium mengendur dan kedua-dua ventrikel mengecut.


Which of the stages are correctly described?
Peringkat yang manakah dihuraikan dengan betul?
A I and II
I dan II
B I and III
I dan III
C II and III
II dan III
D I, II and III
I, II, dan III
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
33
Which of the following correctly describes veins and arteries?
Antara yang berikut, manakah yang menerangkan mengenai vena dan arteri dengan betul?
51



Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
34
The diagram below shows a disease.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sejenis penyakit.


Diagram/Rajah
52


What is the cause of the disease?
Apakah penyebab penyakit itu?
A Uncontrolled mitosis
Mitosis yang tidak terkawal
B Blockage of the lymphatic vessels
Penyumbatan salur limfa
C Deposition of cholesterol on the walls of arteries
Pemendapan kolesterol pada dinding arteri
D Lack of blood clotting factors
Kekurangan faktor pembekuan darah
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
35
Aqila carried out an experiment by placing 3 well-watered plants P, Q and R in front of fans which are
moving at different speeds. Table below shows the speed of the fan for each plant.
Aqila telah menjalankan satu eksperimen dengan meletakkan 3 batang pokok, P, Q, dan R yang telah
disiram di hadapan kipas yang bergerak pada kelajuan yang berlainan. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan
kelajuan kipas bagi setiap pokok.
Plant
Pokok
Speed of the
fan
Kelajuan
kipas
P 1
Q 2
R 3
Table/Jadual

Which of the following bar charts shows the correct rate of transpiration of the plants?
Antara carta palang yang berikut, manakah yang menunjukkan kadar transpirasi pokok tersebut yang
betul?

53


Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
36
Which of the following statements correctly describes blood capillaries?
Antara penyataan berikut, manakah yang menerangkan kapilari darah dengan betul?
A They receive blood from small blood vessels.
Kapilari darah menerima darah dari salur-salur darah kecil.
B They have semi-lunar valves.
Kapilari darah mempunyai injap sabit.
C They have thick walls which can withstand the high pressure of the blood.
Kapilari darah mempunyai dinding yang tebal yang boleh menahan tekanan darah yang tinggi.
D The diameter of blood capillaries is about 8 m.
Diameter kapilari darah adalah lebih kurang 8 m.
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
37
Diagram below shows the gradual change in the diameter of the lumen of an artery of a person.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perubahan secara beransur-ansur pada diameter lumen arteri seorang
individu.


Diagram/Rajah

If the person is not careful about his or her diet, he or she may suffer from...
Jika individu itu tidak menjaga cara pemakanannya, dia mungkin akan menghidap...
A hypertension.
tekanan darah tinggi.
B heart disease.
penyakit jantung.
C diabetes mellitus.
diabetes melitus.
D goitre.
beguk.
Jawapan: B
54


Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
38
Diagram below shows the four different portions of the human body.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan empat bahagian berlainan badan manusia.



Diagram/Rajah

Which portion, A, B, C or D, represents the area from which lymph is received by the thoracic duct?
Antara bahagian A, B, C, atau D, manakah yang mewakili kawasan dimana limfa diterima oleh
duktus toraks?
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
39
Diagram below shows a crosssection of the stem of a plant.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keratan rentas batang suatu tumbuhan.


Diagram/Rajah

What are the parts labelled P and Q?
Apakah bahagian - bahagian yang berlabel P dan Q?

P Q
A Xylem
Xilem
Phloem
Floem
B Phloem
Floem
Xylem
Xilem
C Cambium
Kambium
Xylem
Xilem
D Phloem Cambium
55

Floem Kambium
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
40
Diagram below shows the apparatus which is set up in an experiment to study the role of the vascular
tissues in a balsam plant.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan suatu radas yang disediakan di dalam satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji
fungsi tisu tisu vaskular di dalam pokok keembung.


Diagram/Rajah

The balsam plant is immersed in eosin solution to...
Pokok keembung direndam di dalam larutan eosin bertujuan untuk
A colour the xylem tissue.
untuk mewarnakan tisu tisu zilum
B colour the phloem tissue.
untuk mewarnakan tisu tisu floem
C colour the cambium tissue.
untuk mewarnakan tisu tisu kambium
D make the cells of the plant more turgid
untuk menjadikan sel sel tumbuhan mengembang
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
41
Diagram below shows a blood clot which covers a broken vessel wall.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu gumpalan darah beku yang menutupi dinding salur darah yang
terpotong.


DIAGRAM / RAJAH

56

Which of the following is the last step in blood clotting?
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah merupakan langkah terakhir dalam pembekuan darah?
A Th rombokinase is released.
Trombokinase dibebaskan.
B Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.
Fibrinogen ditukarkan kepada fibrin.
C Prothrombin is converted to thrombin.
Protrombin ditukarkan kepada trombin.
D Vitamin K and calcium ions are absorbed.
Vitamin K dan ion kalsium diserap.
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
42
Which of the following components is absent in the interstitial fluid?
Antara komponen yang berikut, yang manakah tidak terdapat dalam cecair interstis?
A Water
Air
B Ions
Ion
C Fatty acids
Asid lemak
D Platelets
Platelet
Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
43
Which of the following statements about arterioles is correct?
Antara penyataan yang berikut, yang manakah benar tentang arteriol?
A They carry blood from the arteries to the capillaries.
Arteriol membawa darah dari arteri ke kapilari.
B They are microscopic thin-walled blood vessels.
Arteriol adalah salur darah mikroskopik yang berdinding nipis.
C They carry blood which is fl owing more slowly at a lower pressure towards the heart.
Arteriol membawa darah bertekanan rendah yang mengalir secara perlahan ke arah jantung.
D They have internal valves.
Arteriol mempunyai injap dalaman.
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
44
Diagram below shows the concentration of antibodies in the blood after two injections of X.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan kepekatan antibodi di dalam darah selepas dua suntikan X.

57


Diagram /Rajah


What is X and what is the type of immunity shown in the above diagram?
Apakah X dan apakah jenis keimunan yang ditunjukkan pada rajah di atas?


Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
45
Diagram below shows the changes in concentration of antibodies in the blood of a person over a period
of time.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perubahan kepekatan antibodi di dalam darah seorang manusia pada
suatu jangka masa.

58



Diagram/Rajah

On which week did the person receive a second injection of vaccines?
Pada minggu ke berapakah beliau menerima suntikan vaksin yang kedua?
Jawapan: C

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
46
The following information is about a component, Q, of human blood.
Berikut adalah maklumat tentang komponen Q dalam darah manusia.



What is component Q?
Apakah komponen Q?
A White blood cells
Sel darah putih
C Red blood cells
Sel darah merah
B Platelets
Platelet
D Plasma
Plasma
Jawapan: B

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
47
Diagram below shows a cross section of the stem of Zea mays.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keratan rentas batang Zea mays.

59


Diagram/Rajah

Which part, A, B, C or D, is involved in the transport of water throughout the whole plant?
Antara bahagian A, B, C, atau D, manakah yang terlibat dalam pengangkutan air ke seluruh
tumbuhan?
Jawapan: A

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
48
Diagram below shows the apparatus used to investigate transpiration by a cut leafy plant shoot at the
beginning and the end of the experiment.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan radas yang digunakan untuk menyiasat transpirasi satu potongan pucuk
berdaun pada awal dan akhir eksperimen.


DIAGRAM / RAJAH

What is the rate of transpiration of the leafy shoot?
Apakah kadar transpirasi bagi pucuk berdaun itu?
A 0.12 cm second
1

0.12 cm saat
1

B 0.12 cm minute
1

0.12 cm minit
1

C 0.14 cm second
1

0.14 cm saat
1

D 0.14 cm minute
1

0.14 cm minit
1

Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
60

49
Diagram below shows the human heart and its several blood vessels.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan jantung manusia dan beberapa salur darahnya.


Diagram /Rajah

What is blood vessel P?
Apakah salur darah P?
A Aorta
Aorta
B Vena cava
Vena kava
C Pulmonary vein
Vena pulmonari
D Pulmonary artery
Arteri pulmonari

Jawapan: D

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar
50
P, Q, R and S are the steps in the blood clotting mechanism.
P, Q, R, dan S adalah langkah-langkah dalam mekanisme pembekuan darah.




Which of the following sequence is correct?
Antara urutan yang berikut, manakah yang benar?
A P Q R
B R P Q
C R Q P
D P R Q
61

Jawapan: D


MUDAH PAPER2
Tingkatan 5 - (Section A) 5.01 Transport Mudah - [9 markah]
1
Diagram below shows a cross section of the stem of a dicotyledonous plant.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keratan rentas batang tumbuhan dikotiledon.


Diagram /Rajah


(a
)
Give two characteristics which show that this is a section of the stem of a dicotyledonous plant.
Berikan dua ciri yang menunjukkan bahawa keratan batang ini adalah tumbuhan dikotiledon.

1.

______________________________________________________________________________

2.

_______________________________________________________________________________
[2 marks/2 markah]
(b
)
(i) Name the parts labelled A, B, C, D and E in Diagram above.
Namakan bahagian-bahagian yang berlabel A, B, C, D, dan E pada Rajah di atas.
[2 marks/2 markah]
(ii
)
State the functions of the parts labelled A, B and C.
Nyatakan fungsi bahagian yang berlabel A, B, dan C.

A
:

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____

B: _____________________________________________________________________________
_____

C: _____________________________________________________________________________
_____
[3 marks/3 markah]
(c
)
Draw a diagram to show a cross section of the root of a dicotyledonous plant.
Lukis satu rajah untuk menunjukkan keratan rentas akar tumbuhan dikotiledon.


62


[2 marks/2 markah]


Jawapan:
(a) 1. Large pith at the centre of the stem
2. Cylindrical arrangement of vascular bundles/vascular tissues in bundles
(b) (i) A: Xylem
B: Phloem
C: Epidermis
D: Cortex
E: Cambium
(ii) A: Transport water and mineral
B: Transport food/sugars and amino acids
C: Protection/Reduce water loss
(c)


Tingkatan 5 - (Section A) 5.01 Transport Mudah - [13 markah]
2
Diagram below shows the structure of the root of a dicotyledonous plant.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur akar bagi satu tumbuhan dikotiledon.


DIAGRAM / RAJAH

(a) Name the parts labelled E, F, G and H in Diagram above.
Namakan struktur yang berlabel E, F, G dan H dalam Rajah di bawah.
[2 marks/2 markah]

63

(b
)
(i) Which part in Diagram above transports water and mineral salts?
Struktur manakah dalam Rajah di atas yang mengangkut air dan garam mineral?

______________________________________________________________________________
____
[1 mark/1 markah]

(ii) Briefly describe an experiment to verify your answer in (b)i.
Huraikan secara ringkas suatu eksperimen untuk mengesahkan jawapan anda di (b)i.

______________________________________________________________________________
____

______________________________________________________________________________
____
[2 marks/2 markah]

(iii
)
Name the driving force for transporting water and mineral salts.
Namakan daya yang terlibat dalam pengangkutan air dan garam mineral.

______________________________________________________________________________
____
[1 mark/1 markah]

(c) (i) Which part in Diagram above transports organic nutrients (food)?
Bahagian manakah dalam Rajah di bawah yang mengangkut nutrien organik (makanan)?

______________________________________________________________________________
____
[1 mark/1 markah]

(ii) Name the transport process of organic nutrients.
Namakan proses pengangkutan nutrien organik.

______________________________________________________________________________
____
[1 mark/1 markah]

(iii
)
State the path in the transport of organic nutrients from the source to the destination.
Nyatakan laluan pengangkutan nutrien organik dari sumber ke destinasinya.

______________________________________________________________________________
____
[1 mark/1 markah]

(d
)
Diagram below shows a transverse section of the dicotyledonous stem. Label F and G in the correct
boxes.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keratan rentas batang dikotiledon. Labelkan struktur F dan G dalam
kotak yang betul.
64




DIAGRAM / RAJAH
[2 marks/2 markah]

(e) Explain why do plants need a transportation system.
Terangkan mengapa tumbuhan memerlukan suatu sistem pengangkutan.

_________________________________________________________________________________
____
[2 marks/2 markah]

Jawapan:
(a) E: Cortex/Korteks
F: Phloem/Floem
G: Xylem/Xilem
H: Root hair/Akar rambut

(b) i. G
ii. Place a plant in water containing a dye. Examine sections of the root and find out where the dye is.
It should be in the xylem.
Letakkan sebatang pokok di dalam air yang mengandungi pewarna. Perhatikan bahagian akar dan
cari kawasan yang berwarna. Pewarna mewarnakan xilem.
iii. Transpirational pull
Tarikan transpirasi

(c) i. F
ii. Translocation/Translokasi
iii. Food is manufactured in the leaves and then transported along the phloem to the different parts of
the plant
(stem, roots, etc.) where it is required.
Makanan dihasilkan di dalam daun dan kemudian diangkut di sepanjang floem ke bahagian-
bahagian
yang berbeza pada tumbuhan (batang, akar, sebagainya) di mana makanan diperlukan.



65

(e) In higher level of plants and animals, the sites of absorption and synthesis are very specific and
separated
by a greater distance from the other parts of the body. Thus, they need a transport system.
Dalam tumbuhan dan haiwan peringkat tinggi, tapak penyerapan dan sintesis adalah sangat spesifik
dan
dipisahkan dengan jarak yang jauh antara bahagianbahagian yang berlainan pada tubuh. Justeru
itu,
mereka memerlukan sistem pengangkutan.

Tingkatan 5 - (Section A) 5.01 Transport Mudah - [15 markah]
3
Diagram below shows a section through the left side of the human heart, as seen from the front. The
arrows show the direction of blood flow.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan suatu keratan bahagian kiri jantung manusia. Anak panah menunjukkan
arah pengaliran darah.


DIAGRAM / RAJAH

(a) Complete Table above by naming vessels V1 and V2, chambers C1 and C2, and valves D1 and D2.
Lengkapkan Jadual di atas dengan menamakan salur V1 dan V2, ruang C1 dan C2, dan injap D1
dan D2.



TABLE /JADUAL

[6 marks/6 markah]

66

(b
)
The human heart in Diagram above is undergoing a systole.
Jantung dalam Rajah di atas sedang mengalami sistol.
(i) What is a systole?
Apakah sistol?

_______________________________________________________________________________
___
[1 mark/1 markah]

(ii
)
Give two features of valves D1 and D2 in Diagram above which show the systole.
Berikan dua ciri injap D1 dan D2 dalam Rajah di atas yang menunjukkan sistol.

_______________________________________________________________________________
___

_______________________________________________________________________________
___
[2 marks/2 markah]

(c) Blood which leaves V1 is bright red, but it turns dark red as it circulates through the human body.
Darah yang mengalir keluar dari V1 berwarna merah cerah, tetapi bertukar menjadi merah gelap
semasa darah mengalir melalui badan manusia.
(i) Explain why the blood which leaves V1 is bright red in colour.
Terangkan mengapa darah yang mengalir keluar dari V1 berwarna merah cerah.

_______________________________________________________________________________
___
[2 marks/2 markah]

(ii
)
Explain why the blood turns dark red as it circulates through the human body.
Terangkan mengapa darah bertukar menjadi merah gelap semasa darah mengalir melalui badan
manusia.

_______________________________________________________________________________
___
[2 marks/2 markah]

(d
)
The normal blood pressure in a human is 120/80 mm Hg. Explain the two numbers.
Tekanan darah normal dalam seorang manusia adalah 120/80 mm Hg. Jelaskan dua nombor
tersebut.

_________________________________________________________________________________
____
[2 marks/2 markah]
Jawapan:
67



(b) i. The contraction of the ventricles
Pengecutan ventrikel
ii. D1 is pushed open; D2 is forced to close
D1 ditolak terbuka; D2 dipaksa tutup

(c) i. It is oxygenated blood which is carried back from the lungs via V1.
Darah tersebut adalah darah beroksigen yang dibawa kembali daripada paru-paru melalui V1.
ii. The oxygen in the blood is replaced with carbon dioxide.
Oksigen dalam darah digantikan dengan karbon dioksida.

(d) 120 mm Hg represents the pressure when the ventricles contract.
120 mm Hg mewakili tekanan semasa ventrikel mengecut.
80 mm Hg indicates the pressure when the ventricles relax.
80 mm Hg menunjukkan tekanan semasa ventrikel mengendur.

Tingkatan 5 - (Section A) 5.01 Transport Mudah - [10 markah]
4
Diagram below shows left half of the human heart.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan bahagian kiri jantung manusia.

Diagram /Rajah


(a
)
(i) Complete Diagram above by drawing the right half of the heart and labelling the drawn parts.
Lengkapkan Rajah di atas dengan melukis bahagian kanan jantung dan labelkan bahagian yang
68

dilukis.
[4 marks/4 markah]
(ii) Draw arrows in Diagram above to show the flow of blood in the heart, following the instructions
given below.
Lukis anak panah pada Rajah di atas untuk menunjukkan arah aliran darah di dalam jantung
berdasarkan arahan yang diberikan di bawah.
Draw complete arrows () to represent oxygenated blood.
Lukis anak panah lengkap () untuk mewakili darah beroksigen.
Draw broken arrows (---->) to represent deoxygenated blood.
Lukis anak panah putus-putus (---->) untuk mewakili darah terdeoksigen.
[2 marks/2 markah]
(b
)
Which of the chambers of the human heart has the thickest wall?
Ruang jantung manusia yang manakah yang mempunyai dinding yang paling tebal?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_______
[1 mark/1 markah]
(c
)
Explain the purpose of this thick wall.
Jelaskan tujuan dinding yang tebal ini.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_______
[1 mark/1 markah]
(d
)
The pulse can be felt with the fingers at the arteries around the wrist and neck. What is pulse?
Denyutan nadi boleh dirasai dengan jari pada arteri di sekeliling pergelangan tangan dan leher.
Apakah denyutan nadi?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_______
[1 mark/1 markah]
(e
)
Explain how blood flows towards the heart under low pressure.
Jelaskan bagaimana darah mengalir ke jantung di bawah tekanan rendah.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_______
[1 mark/1 markah]


Jawapan:
(a) i. & ii.

69


(b) Left ventricle
(c) Left ventricle has to pump blood to all parts of the body.
(d) A series of pressure waves within an artery caused by the contractions of the left ventricle
corresponding with the rate of the heartbeat.
(e) Assisted by veins which contain valves which permit blood to fl ow only towards the heart. Many
veins are found between the large muscles of legs and thighs. The veins are squeezed fl at whenever these
muscles contract. This action forces the blood to fl ow towards the heart.

Tingkatan 5 - (Section A) 5.01 Transport Mudah - [10 markah]
5
Diagram below shows a potometer that is used to investigate the effect of air movement on the rate of
transpiration of a plant.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebuah photometer yang digunakan untuk mengkaji kesan pergerakan air
kepada kadar transpirasi tumbuhan.


Diagram/Rajah

(a) What is the function of the potometer?
Apakah fungsi photometer?

_________________________________________________________________________________
____
[1 mark/1 markah]
(b
)
What is the assumption made in this experiment?
Apakah andaian yang dibuat dalam eksperimen ini?

_________________________________________________________________________________
____

_________________________________________________________________________________
____
[1 mark/1 markah]
The results of the experiment are shown in Table below.
Keputusan eksperimen ditunjukkan dalam Jadual di bawah.
Condition Distance Rate of
70

Keadaan travelled by the
air bubble in 5
minutes (cm)
J arak yang
dilalui oleh
gelembung udara
dalam masa 5
minit (cm)
transpiration
(cm min
-1
)
Kadar
transpirasi (cm
min
-1
)
Windy (fast-
moving fan)
Berangin
(kipas
berputar
laju)
9.5

Non-windy
(still air)
Tidak
berangin
(udara yang
statik)
3.0

Table/Jadual

(c) Calculate the rate of transpiration and complete the table shown above.
Kira kadar transpirasi dan lengkapkan jadual di atas.
[2 marks/2 markah]
(d
)
What is the conclusion, based on the results of the experiment?
Apakah kesimpulan yang boleh dibuat berdasarkan kepada keputusan keputusan eksperimen?

_________________________________________________________________________________
____

_________________________________________________________________________________
____

_________________________________________________________________________________
____
[2 marks/2 markah]
(e) State three other environmental factors that would increase the rate of transpiration.
Nyatakan tiga faktor persekitaran lain yang akan meningkatkan kadar transpirasi?

1
.

________________________________________________________________________________
__

2
.

________________________________________________________________________________
__

3
.

________________________________________________________________________________
__
71

[3 marks/3 markah]
(f) Explain how one of the factors that you mentioned in (e) affects the rate of transpiration.
Jelaskan bagaimana salah satu faktor yang anda nyatakan di (e) mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi.

_________________________________________________________________________________
____

_________________________________________________________________________________
____
[1 mark/1 markah]
Jawapan:
(a) To measure the rate of water intake by an isolated leafy shoot
Untuk mengukur kadar pengambilan air oleh pucuk berdaun yang terasing
(b) The rate of water intake is the same as the rate of transpiration
Kadar pengambilan air adalah sama dengan kadar transpirasi
(c) Windy = 1.90 cm min
-1

Berangin = 1.90 cm min
-1

Non-windy = 0.60 cm min
-1

Tidak berangin = 0.60 cm min
-1

(d) The faster the movement of air is, the greater the rate of transpiration will be.
Semakin cepat pergerakan udara, semakin besar kadar transpirasi.
(e) 1. The intensity of light
Keamatan cahaya
2. The temperature
Suhu
3. The relative humidity
Kelembapan relatif
(f) An increase in temperature increases the rate of transpiration
Peningkatan suhu meningkatkan kadar transpirasi
SESERHANA PAPER2
Tingkatan 5 - (Section A) 5.01 Transport Sederhana - [8 markah]
1
Diagram below shows the formation and absorption of tissue fluid.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pembentukan dan penyerapan cecair tisu.


diagram /Rajah

72


(a
)
(i) What is P?
Apakah P?

_______________________________________________________________________________
______
[1 mark/1 markah]
(ii
)
Explain how is P formed.
Jelaskan bagaimana P terbentuk.

_______________________________________________________________________________
______
[1 mark/1 markah]
(b
)
(i) Q is the fluid moving into the small lymphatic vessels. State the composition of Q.
Q adalah cecair yang bergerak di dalam salur limfa kecil. Nyatakan komposisi Q.

_______________________________________________________________________________
______
[1 mark/1 markah]
(ii
)
How is Q returned to the circulatory system?
Bagaimanakah Q dikembalikan ke sistem peredaran?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_____
[1 mark/1 markah]
(c
)
Apart from returning the tissue fluid to the blood circulatory system, state two other functions of the
lymphatic system.
Selain daripada mengembalikan cecair tisu ke sistem peredaran darah, nyatakan dua fungsi lain
sistem limfa.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_______
[2 marks/2 markah]
(d
)
Predict what will happen if P fails to return to the circulatory system.
Ramalkan apa yang akan berlaku jika P gagal dikembalikan ke sistem peredaran.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_______
[2 marks/2 markah]
Jawapan:
(a) (i) Interstitial fluid/tissue fluid
(ii) It is formed when blood plasma containing dissolved food and oxygen are forced out of the artery
end of the capillary by high pressure.
(b) (i) Same as blood plasma except that it does not have erythrocytes, platelets and plasma protein (large
molecules)
(ii) C will be emptied into the subclavian veins, near the heart.
(c) 1. Distributes fluids and nutrients in the body and drains excess fluids and protein.
2. Provides immunological defences against diseases
(d) Oedema
73


Tingkatan 5 - (Section A) 5.01 Transport Sederhana - [12 markah]
2
The table below shows the flow of blood to various organs of an individual when he is resting and doing
strenuous exercise.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan pengaliran darah ke pelbagai organ seorang individu ketika dia berada
dalam keadaan rehat dan ketika menjalankan senaman cergas.



Table/J adual


(a) (i) Calculate the percentage increase in the flow of blood to the skeletal muscles as a result of
strenuous exercise. Show your working.
Hitung peratus peningkatan aliran darah ke otot rangka akibat senaman cergas. Tunjukkan cara
kerja kamu.







[2 marks/2 markah]


(ii
)
Explain briefly what causes the total flow of blood during strenuous exercise to be much greater
than that during resting, and the importance of this change.
Terangkan secara ringkas apakah yang menyebabkan peningkatan jumlah pengaliran darah
ketika senaman cergas berbanding ketika keadaan rehat dan nyatakan kepentingan perubahan ini.
74


_______________________________________________________________________________
___

_______________________________________________________________________________
___

_______________________________________________________________________________
___

_______________________________________________________________________________
___
[4 marks/4 markah]


(b
)
The flow of blood to various organs during resting is different from that during exercise.
Pengaliran darah ke pelbagai organ semasa rehat adalah berbeza daripada semasa senaman.

(i) Explain how the flow of blood to organs such as the kidneys decreases during strenuous exercise.
Terangkan bagaimana pengaliran darah ke organ-organ seperti ginjal menurun semasa senaman
cergas.

_______________________________________________________________________________
___

_______________________________________________________________________________
___
[2 marks/2 markah]


(ii
)
Give one reason to explain why an increase in the flow of blood to the skin is necessary.
Berikan satu sebab untuk menerangkan mengapa peningkatan pengaliran darah ke kulit adalah
perlu.

_______________________________________________________________________________
___

_______________________________________________________________________________
___
[1 mark/1 markah]


(c) The skeletal muscles respire much more rapidly during strenuous exercise. Explain how this results
in oxyhaemoglobin releasing more oxygen to the tissues.
Otot rangka berespirasi lebih kerap ketika senaman cergas. Terangkan bagaimanakah keadaan ini
mengakibatkan oksihemoglobin membebaskan lebih banyak oksigen ke tisu.

_________________________________________________________________________________
____
75


_________________________________________________________________________________
____

_________________________________________________________________________________
____
[3 marks/3 markah]

Jawapan:
(a) (i) (12 500 1 200) 1 200 100 % = 941.7 %
(ii) The rate of heartbeat (the number of heartbeats per min) increases during strenuous exercise
Kadar denyutan jantung (bilangan denyutan jantung seminit) bertambah ketika senaman cergas
The skeletal muscles account for the greatest percentage of increase in the fl ow of blood
during exercise
Otot rangka mengalami peningkatan peratus pengaliran darah yang banyak semasa senaman
This pumps more blood to deliver more oxygen and glucose to the respiring cells.
Hal ini mengepam lebih banyak darah untuk menghantar lebih banyak oksigen dan glukosa ke sel-
sel yang menjalani respirasi.
Carbon dioxide is removed from the respiring cells at a faster rate.
Karbon dioksida disingkirkan dari sel-sel yang berespirasi pada kadar yang lebih cepat.

(b) (i) Arteries carry oxygenated blood to the organs.
Arteri mengangkut darah beroksigen ke organ-organ.
Vasoconstriction of the arteries takes place
Pengecutan arteri berlaku
(ii) This facilitates cooling
Hal ini membantu penyejukan

(c) Vigorous exercise causes the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues to decrease and then causes the
haemoglobin to release oxygen.
Senaman cergas mengakibatkan tekanan separa oksigen di dalam tisu menurun dan kemudiannya
mengakibatkan hemoglobin membebaskan oksigen.
Exercise causes the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the tissues to increase and so the
oxygen detaches from the haemoglobin more easily.
Senaman menyebabkan tekanan separa karbon dioksida di dalam tisu meningkat, jadi oksigen di
dalam tisu terurai dari hemoglobin dengan mudah.
Exercise causes the temperature in the tissue to increase so that the oxygen has a lower
affinity/Oxygen detaches more easily from the haemoglobin.
Senaman menyebabkan suhu di tisu meningkat, jadi oksigen mempunyai tarikan yang lebih rendah/
Oksigen senang terurai dari hemo globin.

Tingkatan 5 - (Section A) 5.01 Transport Sederhana - [12 markah]
3
Diagram below shows how the body responds to the invasion of pathogen P.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan bagaimana badan bertindak balas terhadap serangan patogen P.

76


Diagram/Rajah

(a
)
(i) Name the line of defence shown in Diagram above.
Namakan barisan pertahanan yang ditunjukkan pada Rajah di atas.

______________________________________________________________________________
____
[1 mark/1 markah]
(ii) What type of microorganism is pathogen P?
Apakah jenis mikroorganisma bagi patogen P?

______________________________________________________________________________
____
[1 mark/1 markah]
(iii
)
Explain your answer in (a)(ii).
Terangkan jawapan anda di (a)(ii).

______________________________________________________________________________
____

______________________________________________________________________________
____
[1 mark/1 markah]


(b
)
(i) What is cell S?
Apakah sel S?

______________________________________________________________________________
____
[1 mark/1 markah]
(ii) Where does cell S originate from?
Dari manakah sel S berasal?

77

______________________________________________________________________________
____
[1 mark/1 markah]
(iii
)
Name two main types of cell S.
Namakan dua jenis sel S.
1._____________________________________________________________________________
_____

2._____________________________________________________________________________
_____
[2 marks/2 markah]


(c
)
(i) Name the type of immunity acquired in Diagram above.
Namakan jenis keimunan yang diperoleh pada Rajah di atas.

_______________________________________________________________________________
___
[1 mark/1 markah]
(ii
)
Explain your answer in (c)(i).
Terangkan jawapan anda di (c)(i).

_______________________________________________________________________________
___

_______________________________________________________________________________
___
[2 marks/2 markah]


(d
)
Explain the function of memory cells in response to an infection.
Terangkan fungsi sel-sel memori dalam tindak balas terhadap sesuatu jangkitan.

_________________________________________________________________________________
____

_________________________________________________________________________________
____
[2 marks/2 markah]


Jawapan:
(a) (i) Third line of defence
(ii) Virus
(iii) The virus replicates inside its host cell.
(b) (i) Lymphocyte
(ii) Lymphatic system
(iii) 1. T-lymphocytes
2. B-lymphocytes
78

(c) (i) Natural active immunity
(ii) Pathogens enter the body and the body makes antibodies
(d) The memory cells can recognise the same pathogens and rapidly produce more antibodies to fi ght
future
infections.

Tingkatan 5 - (Section A) 5.01 Transport Sederhana - [20 markah]
4
(a) Th e normal blood pressure of a healthy adult at rest is 120/80 mm Hg. Blood pressure increases
when the adult is doing physical exercise.
Tekanan darah normal bagi orang dewasa yang sihat ketika berehat adalah 120/80 mm Hg.
Tekanan darah meningkat ketika orang tersebut melakukan senaman fizikal.
(i) Explain what is meant by blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg.
Terangkan maksud tekanan darah adalah 120/80 mm Hg.
[4 marks/4 markah]

(ii) Explain how the blood pressure of a person is regulated during physical exercise.
Terangkan bagaimana tekanan darah seseorang dikawal semasa melakukan aktiviti fizikal.
[6 marks/6 markah]

(b) Discuss how nutrition and lifestyle can lead to a healthy cardiovascular system.
Bincangkan bagaimana pemakanan dan gaya hidup dapat menyumbang kepada suatu sistem
kardiovaskular yang sihat.
[10 marks/10 markah]

Jawapan:
(a) i. Each time the heart beats, it pumps out blood into the arteries.
Setiap kali jantung berdenyut, ia mengepam keluar darah ke dalam arteri. [1m]
Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the arteries.
Tekanan darah ialah tekanan semasa penolakan darah ke dinding arteri. [1m]
Systolic pressure, at 120 mm Hg, is the highest when the heart beats and pumps the blood out of
the heart.
Tekanan sistol pada 120 mm Hg adalah paling tinggi apabila jantung berdenyut dan mengepam
darah keluar daripada jantung. [1m]
Diastolic pressure, at 80 mm Hg, is the lowest when the heart is at rest, between beats.
Tekanan diastol pada 80 mm Hg adalah paling rendah apabila jantung berada dalam keadaaan
rehat, di antara denyutan. [1m]
ii. During physical exercise, the blood pressure of a person rises.
Semasa latihan fizikal, tekanan darah seseorang meningkat. [1m]
Baroceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries detect the increased blood pressure.
Baroseptor di dalam aorta dan arteri karotid mengesan peningkatan tekanan darah. [1m]
More impulses are sent from the baroceptors to the cardiovascular centre in the medulla oblongata.
Semakin banyak impuls dihantar daripada baroseptor ke pusat kardiovaskular pada medula
oblongata. [1m]
The cardiovascular centre then sends nerve impulses to the heart and the smooth muscles of the
blood
arteries.
Pusat kardiovaskular kemudian menghantar impuls saraf kepada jantung dan otot licin pada
79

arteri
darah. [1m]
This causes weaker cardiac muscle contractions and vasodilation of the arteries reduces resistance
to the
blood flow.
Ini menyebabkan pengecutan otot jantung menjadi lebih lemah dan pemvasodilatan arteri
mengurangkan rintangan aliran darah. [1m]
Weaker cardiac muscle contractions and low resistance in the arteries lower the blood pressure.
Pengecutan otot jantung yang lemah dan rintangan yang kurang dalam arteri merendahkan
tekanan
darah. [1m]

(b) Meaning of a healthy cardiovascular system:
Maksud sistem kardiovaskular yang sihat:
A healthy cardiovascular system is one which is free from cardiovascular diseases.
Sistem kardiovaskular yang sihat adalah bebas daripada penyakit kardiovaskular. [1m]
Cardiovascular diseases are disorders of the heart and blood vessels, e.g. coronary thrombosis,
atherosclerosis, heart attack, hypertension and angina.
Penyakit kardiovaskular adalah gangguan-gangguan pada jantung dan saluran darah seperti
trombosis koronari, arteriosklerosis, serangan jantung, tekanan darah tinggi dan angina. [1m]
Nutrition for a healthy cardiovascular system:
Nutrisi untuk sistem kardiovaskular yang sihat:
Limit the intake of foods which are rich in saturated fat, trans fat and cholesterol which cause a
build-up
of plaque in the arteries leading to cardiovascular diseases.
Mengehadkan pengambilan makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tepu, trans lemak dan kolesterol
yang
menyebabkan pengumpulan plak di dalam arteri dan mengakibatkan penyakit kardiovaskular. [1m]
Eat more fish that are rich in omega-3 fatty acids which are good for the heart.
Memakan lebih ikan yang kaya dengan asid lemak omega-3 yang baik untuk jantung. [1m]
Eat more legumes in place of red meat to provide for proteins, which less fat and no cholesterol.
Memakan lebih kekacang sebagai ganti daging merah untuk sumber protein, yang kurang lemak
dan
tiada kolesterol. [1m]
Eat more vegetables and fruits which provide good sources of vitamins, minerals and dietary fibre
these
help in lowering the blood cholesterol level.
Memakan lebih sayuran dan buah yang membekalkan sumber-sumber vitamin, mineral dan serat
diet
yang baik ini membantu merendahkan aras kolesterol dalam darah. [1m]
Reduce salt intake to reduce blood pressure and reduce the risk of developing heart disease.
Mengurangkan pengambilan garam untuk mengurangkan tekanan darah dan mengurangkan risiko
peningkatan penyakit jantung. [1m]
Lifestyle for a healthy cardiovascular system:
Gaya hidup untuk sistem kardiovaskular yang sihat:
Get sufficient physical exercise to maintain an efficient cardiovascular system.
Lakukan latihan fizikal yang mencukupi untuk mengekalkan sistem kardiovaskular yang cekap.
[1m]
Avoid smoking as chemicals in cigarette smoke, e.g. nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide damage the
80

respiratory system and contribute to cardiovascular diseases.
Elakkan merokok kerana bahan kimia di dalam asap rokok seperti nikotin, tar dan karbon
monoksida
merosakkan sistem respirasi dan menyumbang kepada penyakit kardiovaskular. [1m]
Reduce stress Long-term stress causes the narrowing of arteries and elevated cholesterol levels
which may
lead to heart disease, heart attack and stroke.
Kurangkan tekanan tekanan jangka panjang menyebabkan penyempitan arteri dan
meningkatkan
aras kolesterol yang menyumbang kepada penyakit jantung, serangan jantung dan angin ahmar.
[1m]

Tingkatan 5 - (Section A) 5.01 Transport Sederhana - [11 markah]
5
Diagram below shows the circulatory system of three types of animals.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sistem peredaran darah bagi tiga jenis haiwan.


Diagram/Rajah

(a
)
What types of circulatory systems are M, N and O?
Apakah jenis sistem peredaran darah M, N dan O?

M
:

_______________________________________________________________________________
______

N:

_______________________________________________________________________________
______

O:

_______________________________________________________________________________
______
[3 marks/3 markah]
(b
)
Name one animal which has circulatory system M and another animal which has circulatory system
N.
Namakan satu haiwan yang mempunyai sistem peredarah darah M dan satu lagi haiwan yang
mempunyai sistem peredaran darah N.

M
:

_______________________________________________________________________________
______

N:

_______________________________________________________________________________
81

______
[2 marks/2 markah]
(c
)
State one difference and one similarity between circulatory systems N and O.
Nyatakan satu perbezaan dan satu persamaan atara sistem peredarah darah N dan O.

i. Difference:
Perbezaan:
________________________________________________________________________________
_____
[1 mark/1 markah]
ii
.
Similarity:
Persamaan:
________________________________________________________________________________
_____
[1 mark/1 markah]
(d
)
Name the part labelled X.
Namakan bahagian yang berlabel X.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_______
[1 mark/1 markah]
(e
)
Describe circulatory system O.
Jelaskan tentang sistem peredaran darah O.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_______
[2 marks/2 markah]
(f) State one disadvantage of possessing circulatory system O.
Nyatakan satu kelemahan mempunyai system peredaran darah O.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_______
[1 mark/1 markah]
Jawapan:
(a) M: Closed single circulation
M: Peredaran tunggal tertutup
N: Closed double circulation
N: Peredaran ganda dua tertutup
O: Open circulation
O: Peredaran terbuka
(b) M: Fish
M: Ikan
N: Frog
N: Katak
(c) i. In N, blood flows in blood vessels while in O, haemolymph does not flow in vessels.
Dalam N, darah mengalir dalam salur darah manakala dalam O, hemolimfa tidak mengalir dalam
salur.
ii. In N, there is double circulation while in O, there is single circulation.
Dalam N, terdapat peredaran ganda dua manakala dalam O, terdapat peredaran tunggal.
82

(d) Heart
Jantung
(e) Haemolymph is pumped out of the heart through the aorta at the anterior end of the insect. It then
bathes the cells, and nutrients are supplied to the cells. Blood returns to the heart via ostia.
Hemolimfa dipam keluar dari jantung melalui aorta pada hujung anterior serangga. Ia kemudian
melimpahi sel, dan nutrien dibekalkan kepada sel. Darah kembali ke jantung melalui ostium.
(f) Not all the cells are bathed in the haemolymph for maximum exchange of nutrients and waste
products
Tidak semua sel yang dilimpahi dalam hemolimfa bagi pertukaran nutrien dan hasil buangan secara
maksimum.
SUKAR PAPER 2
Tingkatan 5 - (Section A) 5.01 Transport Sukar - [12 markah]
1
The diagram below shows the arrangement of cells in part of the root of a dicotyledonous plant, together
with two routes taken by water entering the vascular tissue.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan sel-sel di dalam bahagian akar tumbuhan dikotiledon serta dua
laluan air memasuki tisu vaskularnya.



Diagram/Rajah

(a
)
Identify cells A, B and C shown in the diagram above.
Kenal pastikan sel A, B dan C yang ditunjukkan pada rajah di atas.

A
:

_______________________________________________________________________________
______

B
:

_______________________________________________________________________________
______

C
:

_______________________________________________________________________________
______
[3 marks/3 markah]

(b
)
Complete the following by ticking the correct part of the cell that is involved in the movement of
water as indicated by arrows 1 and 2.
Lengkapkan yang berikut dengan menanda bahagian sel yang terlibat dalam pergerakan air, seperti
yang ditunjukkan oleh anak panah 1 dan 2.

83




Table/J adual
[2 marks/2 markah]

(c
)
What makes up the Casparian strip in cell C and what is its role in water transport?
Apakah yang membina jaluran Kasparian di dalam sel C dan apakah peranannya dalam
pengangkutan air?

_________________________________________________________________________________
____

_________________________________________________________________________________
____

_________________________________________________________________________________
____
[2 marks/2 markah]

(d
)
The diagram below shows the tissues involved in the movement of water through a leaf and
eventually the loss of water through an open stoma.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan tisu-tisu yang terlibat dalam pergerakan air melalui sehelai daun dan
secara perlahan-lahan air hilang melalui stoma yang terbuka.


84

Diagram/Rajah


(i) With reference to the diagram above, describe the sequence of events in the leaf that result from
the loss of water through open stomata.
Merujuk pada rajah di atas, jelaskan urutan peristiwa yang berlaku di dalam daun akibat
kehilangan air melalui stoma yang terbuka.

_______________________________________________________________________________
___

_______________________________________________________________________________
___

_______________________________________________________________________________
___

_______________________________________________________________________________
___

_______________________________________________________________________________
___

_______________________________________________________________________________
___

_______________________________________________________________________________
___

[3 marks/3 markah]

(ii
)
Describe how the structure of a xylem vessel helps it to carry out the function of water transport in
a plant.
Jelaskan bagaimana struktur salur xilem membantunya untuk menjalankan fungsi pengangkutan
air di dalam tumbuhan.

_______________________________________________________________________________
___

_______________________________________________________________________________
___
[2 marks/2 markah]


Jawapan:
(a) A: Root hair cell
Sel rerambut akar
B: Parenchyma cell/cortex
Sel parenkima/korteks
85

C: Endodermal cell/endodermis
Sel endodermal/endodermis

(b)



(c) The Casparian strip is made up of waterproof material called suberin.
Jalur Kasparian terdiri daripada bahan kalis air yang dikenal sebagai suberin.
This material makes the cell wall impervious to water.
Bahan ini menjadikan dinding sel tidak telap air.
This blocks the movement of water through the cell wall and forces the water to move from
cytoplasm or vacuole to the xylem vessel.
Hal ini menghalang pergerakan air merentasi dinding sel dan memaksa air itu bergerak dari
sitoplasma atau vakuol ke salur xilem.
(d) (i) Transpiration causes water to be lost through the open stomata.
Transpirasi menyebabkan air hilang melalui stoma yang terbuka.
Water vapour diffuses out of the air spaces and this reduces the relative humidity in the air
spaces.
Wap air meresap keluar ke ruang udara dan hal ini mengurangkan kelembapan ruang udara
secara relatif.
Water evaporates from the moist mesophyll cell surface to replace the water diffusing out of the
leaf.
Air tersejat dari permukaan sel mesofi l yang lembap untuk menggantikan air yang meresap
keluar dari daun.
Water moves from cell to cell mainly through the cell wall and this causes the water to be drawn
out of the xylem vessel.
Air bergerak dari sel ke sel terutamanya melalui dinding sel dan hal ini menyebabkan air
tersingkir dari salur xilem.
(ii) Xylem vessels are made up of dead cells with no cell contents.
Salur xilem terdiri daripada sel-sel mati tanpa kandungan sel.
The lignified walls of xylem vessels can withstand high water pressure.
Dinding salur xilem telah diperkuatkan dengan lignin boleh tahan tekanan air yang tinggi.


Tingkatan 5 - (Section A) 5.01 Transport Sukar - [12 markah]
2
Diagram below shows a section through the human heart.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keratan melalui jantung manusia.

86



Diagram/Rajah

(a) The heart is an organ of a certain organ system. What is the organ system?
Jantung ialah satu organ yang terdapat dalam satu sistem organ tertentu. Apakah sistem organ itu?

_________________________________________________________________________________
____
[1 mark/1 markah]
(b
)
Name the blood vessels labelled P, Q and R in Diagram above.
Namakan salur darah berlabel P, Q, dan R dalam Rajah di atas.

P:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_

Q:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_

R:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_
[3 marks/3 markah]
(c) State the functions of P, Q and R.
Nyatakan fungsi P, Q, dan R.

P:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_
87


Q:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_

R:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_
[3 marks/3 markah]
(d
)
How many chambers are there in the human heart?
Berapakah ruang yang terdapat dalam jantung manusia?

_________________________________________________________________________________
____
[1 mark/1 markah]
(e) Which chambers of the human heart contain...
Ruang yang manakah dalam jantung manusia yang mengandungi...
(i) oxygenated blood/darah beroksigen?

_______________________________________________________________________________
___
[1 mark/1 markah]
(ii
)
deoxygenated blood/darah terdeoksigen?

_______________________________________________________________________________
___
[1 mark/1 markah]


(f) What is the function of the part labelled T in Diagram above?
Apakah fungsi bahagian berlabel T pada Rajah di atas?

_________________________________________________________________________________
____
[1 mark/1 markah]
(g
)
What is the function of the parts labelled S and U in Diagram above?
Apakah fungsi bahagian berlabel S dan U pada Rajah di atas?

_________________________________________________________________________________
____
[1 mark/1 markah]


Jawapan:
(a) The blood circulatory system
(b) P: Vena cava
Q: Aorta
R: Pulmonary artery
(c) P: To carry deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body to the heart
88

Q: To carry oxygenated blood from the heart to all parts of the body
R: To carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
(d) Four chambers
(e) (i) Oxygenated blood: Left atrium and left ventricle
(ii) Deoxygenated blood: Right atrium and right ventricle
(f) To separate the left atrium and left ventricle from the right atrium and right ventricle so that
oxygenated blood
and deoxygenated blood do not mix
(g) To make sure that blood which has entered the ventricles do not flow back into the atria

Tingkatan 5 - (Section A) 5.01 Transport Sukar - [6 markah]
3
Two men, P and Q, who were thought to be at risk of contracting disease X, received two different types
of immunization. The concentrations of the appropriate antibodies in the bloodstream were monitored
for a period of 10 weeks. The results are shown in Diagram below.
Dua lelaki, P dan Q yang berisiko mendapat penyakit X, menerima dua jenis pengimunan yang berbeza.
Kepekatan antibodi yang bersesuaian di dalam aliran darah diperhatikan untuk tempoh 10 minggu.
Keputusan ditunjukkan pada Rajah di bawah.


Diagram /Rajah


(a
)
Identify the type of immunization given to each of the men.
Kenal pastikan jenis pengimunan yang diberikan kepada setiap lelaki tersebut.

P:

_______________________________________________________________________________
______

Q
:

_______________________________________________________________________________
______
[2 marks/2 markah]
(b
)
Give reasons for your answers in (a).
Berikan sebab bagi jawapan kamu di (a).

_________________________________________________________________________________
89

_______

_________________________________________________________________________________
_______
[2 marks/2 markah]
(c
)
State the advantage of the type of immunization given to each of the two men.
Nyatakan kebaikan jenis pengimunan yang diberikan kepada setiap lelaki tersebut.

P:

_______________________________________________________________________________
______

Q
:

_______________________________________________________________________________
______
[2 marks/2 markah]
Jawapan:
(a) P: Artificial passive immunity
Q: Artificial active immunity
(b) The level of immunity of individual Q is higher after the second injection while the immunity of
individual P rises immediately and does not last long after the fi rst and second injection.
(c) P: Injection of antiserum develops immediately, is temporary and affects all antigens to which the
donor has immunity.
Q: Injections of vaccine develops slowly, lasts for several years and is specifi c to the antigen for
which the immunisation was given.

Tingkatan 5 - (Section A) 5.01 Transport Sukar - [20 markah]
4
(a) Diagram below shows the blood circulatory systems of two living organisms, R and S.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sistem peredaran darah bagi dua organisma hidup, R dan S.



DIAGRAM / RAJAH

Based on Diagram above,...
Berdasarkan Rajah di atas,...
(i) give one example of each of the organisms, R and S.
berikan satu contoh bagi setiap organisma R dan S.
90

[2 marks/2 markah]

(ii) discuss the similarities and the diff erences between the blood circulatory systems of organisms R
and S.
bincangkan persamaan dan perbezaan di antara sistem peredaran darah bagi organisma R dan
S.
[8 marks/8 markah]

(b) Diagram below shows the relationship between blood, blood plasma, tissue fluid and lymph.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan hubungan di antara darah, plasma darah, bendalir tisu dan limfa.


DIAGRAM / RAJAH

Explain the differences in composition between blood, blood plasma, tissue fluid and lymph, and
their formation.
Terangkan perbezaan komposisi dan pembentukan antara darah, plasma darah, bendalir tisu dan
limfa.
[10 marks/10 markah]

Jawapan:
(a) i. R = frog, toad; S = bird, any mammal
R = katak, kodok; S = burung, sebarang mamalia [2 m]

91



(b) Blood consists of cellular components (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets) suspended
in
plasma.
Darah mengandungi komponen sel (sel darah merah, sel darah putih dan platlet) yang terampai di
dalam plasma. [1m]
Blood plasma consists of water, salts, plasma proteins and dissolved nutrients, waste products,
respiratory
gases and hormones.
Plasma darah mengandungi air, garam, protein plasma dan nutrien terlarut, hasil perkumuhan,
gas
respirasi dan hormon. [1m]
Tissue fluid is a filtrate of blood plasma but contains only traces of protein, and no blood cells.
Bendalir tisu ialah satu turasan plasma darah tetapi mengandungi hanya serpihan-serpihan
protein
dan tiada sel-sel darah. [1m]
Lymph has the same composition as tissue fluid, except that lymph is found in the lymph vessels.
Limfa mempunyai komposisi yang sama seperti bendalir tisu, kecuali limfa hanya di dapati di
dalam
salur limfa. [1m]
Whole blood flows within blood vessels.
Kesemua darah mengalir di dalam saluran darah. [1m]
Blood plasma is formed when whole blood is separated into blood cells and plasma in a centrifuge.
Plasma darah terbentuk apabila semua darah dipisahkan kepada sel-sel darah dan plasma semasa
satu emparan. [1m]
92

Tissue fluid is formed at the arterial end of the blood capillary network by ultrafiltration.
Bendalir tisu terbentuk di hujung arteri pada jaringan kapilari darah melalui ultraturasan. [1m]
Most tissue fluid returns to the blood plasma at the venous end of the blood capillary network by
osmosis.
Kebanyakan bendalir tisu kembali ke plasma darah di hujung vena pada jaringan kapilari
darah melalui osmosis. [1m]
Some tissue fluid flows back to the bloodstream via the lymphatic vessels.
Beberapa bendalir tisu mengalir kembali ke dalam aliran darah melalui salur limfatik. [1m]
Lymph is tissue fluid that enters the system of lymphatic vessels for return to the bloodstream.
Limfa adalah bendalir tisu yang memasuki sistem salur limfatik untuk kembali ke dalam aliran
darah. [1m]

Tingkatan 5 - (Section A) 5.01 Transport Sukar - [10 markah]
5
Diagram below shows the change in the amount of antibodies of individuals X and Y which have been
injected with a vaccine and an antiserum respectively.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perubahan kepekatan antibodi di dalam individu X dan Y yang telah
disuntik dengan vaksin dan antiserum.


Diagram/Rajah

(a) What is a vaccine?
Apakah itu vaksin?

_________________________________________________________________________________
____
[1 mark/1 markah]
(b
)
What type of immunity is obtained by X and Y respectively?
Apakah jenis imuniti yang diperolehi oleh X dan Y?

X
:

_______________________________________________________________________________
___

Y
:

_______________________________________________________________________________
___
93

[2 marks/2 markah]
(c) Why is a second injection required by individuals X and Y?
Kenapakah suntikan kedua diperlukan oleh individu X dan Y?

X
:

_______________________________________________________________________________
___

Y
:

_______________________________________________________________________________
___
[2 marks/2 markah]
(d
)
State two differences between the types of immunity obtained by individuals X and Y.
Nyatakan dua perbezaan antara jenis imuniti yang diperoleh oleh individu X dan Y.
Individual X
I ndividu X
Individual Y
I ndividu Y
1.
2.
[2 marks/2 markah]
(e) State the type of immunisation suitable for a person who has been bitten by a snake. Explain why the
person should receive this type of immunisation.
Nyatakan jenis imunisasi yang sesuai untuk seorang yang telah dipatuk ular. Terangkan mengapa
individu tersebut wajar diberikan imunisasi jenis ini.

_________________________________________________________________________________
____

_________________________________________________________________________________
____

_________________________________________________________________________________
____
[3 marks/3 markah]
Jawapan:
(a) A vaccine is a preparation of weakened, dead or nonvirulent forms of a pathogen that is not harmful to
the person who receives it.
Vaksin adalah suatu penyediaan patogen dalam bentuk yang dilemahkan, mati atau tidak aktif /
virulen yang mana tidak memudaratkan seseorang yang menerimanya.
(b) X: Artificial active immunity
X: Keimunan aktif buatan
Y: Artificial passive immunity
Y: Keimunan pasif buatan
(c) X: To increase the production of antibodies as a prevention against future infection
X: Untuk meningkatkan penghasilan antibodi sebagai pencegahan melawan jangkitan pada masa
hadapan
Y: To supply enough antibodies up to the level of immunity and able to destroy pathogens quickly
Y: Untuk membekalkan antibodi yang cukup sehingga ke aras keimunan dan berupaya untuk
memusnahkan patogen dengan cepat.
(d)
94


(e) Artificial passive immunity. An antiserum injection containing antibodies is given to the person to
fight the pathogen quickly. Immediate action must be taken to avoid the snake venom from spreading to
the entire body.
Keimunan pasif buatan. Suatu suntikan antiserum yang mengandungi antibodi diberikan kepada
seseorang untuk melawan patogen dengan cepat. Tindakan serta-merta perlu diambil untuk mengelakkan
racun / bisa ular daripada merebak ke seluruh badan.
MUDAH P2B
Tingkatan 5 - (Section B) 5.01 Transport Mudah - [20 markah]
1
Diagram below shows blood cell P and blood cell Q which can be found in the blood plasma.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sel darah P dan sel darah Q yang boleh didapati di dalam plasma darah.


Diagram/Rajah

(a) Show, by means of a table, how blood cell P and blood cell Q differ in structure and function.
Tunjukkan dengan menggunakan jadual, bagaimana sel darah P berbeza dari segi struktur dan fungsi
dengan sel darah Q.
[6 marks/6 markah]
(b) Blood cell Q plays an important role in the bodys defence mechanism. With the aid of a labelled diagram,
explain how blood cell Q carries out its function.
Sel darah Q memainkan peranan yang penting dalam mekanisma pertahanan badan. Dengan bantuan
95

gambarajah berlabel, jelaskan bagaimana sel darah Q menjalankan fungsinya.
[4 marks/4 markah]
(c)
Humans have a closed and complete double
circulation.
Manusia mempunyai sistem peredaran darah
yang lengkap tertutup dan dua hala.

i. Explain what is meant by double circulation.
Jelaskan apakah maksud sistem peredaran darah dua hala.
[6 marks/6 markah]
ii. Compare the circulatory systems of a human and an amphibian.
Bandingkan antara sistem peredaran darah manusia dan amfibia.
[4 marks/4 markah]

Jawapan:
(a)
96


(b)

A neutrophil is attracted by chemicals and moves towards a bacterium [1m]
Neutrofil ditarik oleh bahan kimia dan bergerak mendekati bakteria.

97

The neutrophil surrounds and binds itself to the bacterium [1m]
Neutrofil mengelilingi dan mengikat dirinya kepada bakteria.


The neutrophil engulfs and ingests the bacterium to form a phagocytic vacoule [1m]
Neutrofil menelan bakteria untuk membentuk vakuol fagosit.

Enzymes are released into the vacoule to break down the bacterium. The bacterium is destroyed [1m]
Enzim dilepaskan ke dalam vakuol untuk memecahkan bakteria. Bakteria dimusnahkan.
(c) i. In a double circulation, blood passes through the heart twice. [1 m]
Dalam peredaran ganda dua, darah melalui jantung dua kali.
It consists of a high pressure systemic circulation and a low pressure pulmonary circulation. [1 m]
Ia terdiri daripada peredaran sistemik yang bertekanan tinggi dan peredaran pulmonari yang
bertekanan rendah.
In the systemic circulation, oxygenated blood is distributed to all parts of the body from the heart
via the aorta. [1 m]
Dalam peredaran sistemik, darah beroksigen diedarkan ke semua bahagian badan dari jantung
melalui aorta.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is carried back to the heart by veins. [1 m]
Darah terdeoksigen dari badan diangkut / dibawa semula ke jantung melalui vena.
In the pulmonary circulation, deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary
arteries. [1 m]
Dalam peredaran pulmonari, darah terdeoksigen dipam ke peparu melalui arteri pulmonari.
Oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried back to the heart through the pulmonary veins. [1 m]
Darah beroksigen dari peparu diangkut / dibawa semula ke jantung melalui vena pulmonari.
ii.
98


SEDERHANA P2B
Tingkatan 5 - (Section B) 5.01 Transport Sederhana - [20 markah]
1
Diagram below shows human blood vessels.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan salur darah manusia.

99


Diagram/Rajah

(a) Name the vessels shown in Diagram above. Draw labelled diagrams to show cross sections of these vessels.
Namakan salur yang ditunjukkan pada Rajah di atas. Lukis rajah berlabel untuk menunjukkan keratan rentas
salur ini.
[4 marks/markah]
(b) What are the differences between the blood vessels named in (a).
Apakah perbezaan di antara salur-salur darah yang dinamakan di (a)?
[10 marks/markah]
(c) Explain how blood is propelled through the human circulatory system.
Terangkan pengaliran darah melalui sistem peredaran manusia.
[6 marks/markah]


Jawapan:
(a) The human blood vessels are arteries (X), capillaries (Y) and veins (Z).
[1 m]
100


[3 m]
(b) Arteries have thick, muscular and elastic walls, while veins have thinner, less elastic and less muscular
walls.
[1 m]
Capillaries have one-cell thick walls. They do not have muscles or elastic tissue.
[1 m]
Veins have a larger lumen compared to arteries, while the lumen of capillaries is very small.
[1 m]
Arteries contain oxygenated blood while veins contain deoxygenated blood.
[1 m]
Capillaries have oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood at both ends.
[1 m]
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood back to the heart while capillaries carry
blood from the arteries to the veins.
[1 m]
The blood pressure in the arteries is high compared to the blood pressure in veins.
[1 m]
The blood pressure in capillaries gradually decreases from the arteriole end to the venule end.
[1 m]
101

Both arteries and veins are made up of the endothelium, smooth muscles and connective tissue.
[1 m]
Capillaries are only made up of the endothelium.
[1 m]
The walls of arteries are very thick compared to those of veins, while the walls of capillaries are only
one-cell thick.
[1 m]
Maximum: 10 m

(c) Blood moves continuously from high-pressure areas to low pressure areas, around the body.
[1 m]
The pressure gradient is regulated in two ways: the pumping of the heart and the contraction of the
skeletal muscles.
[1 m]
The heart acts as a pump that sends blood around the whole body.
[1 m]
The left ventricle of the heart pumps blood into the aorta, then to the whole body.
[1 m]
The right ventricle of the heart pumps blood to the lungs for gaseous exchange.
[1 m]
When the skeletal muscles contract, the veins are compressed and blood is pushed along the veins.
[1 m]
It helps blood return from the tissues to the heart.
102

[1 m]
The valves in the veins open as the veins are being constricted, so they allow blood to flow towards the
heart.
[1 m]
The valves then close to prevent the backflow of blood.
[1 m]

Maximum: 6 m

Tingkatan 5 - (Section B) 5.01 Transport Sederhana - [20 markah]
2
(a) Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported by the blood.
Jelaskan bagaimana oksigen dan karbon dioksida diangkut oleh darah.
[10 marks/10 markah]

(b)

Describe the main components of mammalian blood.
Terangkan komponen utama darah mamalia.
[10 marks/10 markah]

Jawapan:
(a) Oxygen
In the blood capillaries, oxygen combines with haemoglobin in the erythrocyte cell (red blood cell) to form
oxyhaemoglobin before being transported to the body cells. [1 m]

Oxygen Haemoglobin Oxyhaemoglobin Hydrogen ion
Some of oxygen dissolve in the blood plasma. *1 m+
When the haemoglobin arrives at the body tissues, the oxyhaemoglobin breaks up to from haemoglobin and
oxygen again. [1 m]
103

Carbon dioxide
Less than 10% of carbon dioxide is in dissolved form. More than 90% of the carbon dioxide is absorbed into the
erythrocyte while a small part of it is transported by the haemoglobin. [1 m]
Carbon dioxide combines with water in the erythrocyte to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). [1 m]
The carbonic acid then breaks up to hydrogen ion and hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO3) [1 m]
The hydrogen carbonate ion is being absorbed by the blood plasma and transported to the lungs. *1 m+
The hydrogen ion released by haemoglobin will combine with hydrogen carbonate ion to form carbonic acid
again. [1 m]
Carbonic acid then decomposes and becomes carbon dioxide and water. *1 m+
(b) 1. Plasma
55% of blood is made up of plasma. [1 m]
Plasma is the liquid part of the blood. [1 m]
Plasma is made up of water, plasma proteins, nutrients (glucose, vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids,
glycerol), mineral ions, excretory products (urea), hormones and dissolved gas [1 m]

2. Blood cells
45% of blood is made up of blood cells. [1 m]
There are two groups of blood cells red blood cells or erythrocytes and white blood cells or
leucocytes. [1 m]
Leucocytes can be divided into two types granulocytes and agranulocytes. [1 m]

[1 m]

3. Platelets
Platelets are tiny cell fragments with no nucleus. [1 m]
Platelets are involved in blood clotting process. [1 m]

[1 m]

104


Tingkatan 5 - (Section B) 5.01 Transport Sederhana - [20 markah]
3
Diagram below is an incomplete cycle showing how the lymphatic system returns the interstitial fluid to the
circulatory system jointly with the circulatory system in our bodies. W, X, Y and Z are parts of the lymphatic
system or the circulatory system.
Rajah di bawah adalah kitar tidak lengkap yang menunjukkan bagaimana sistem limfa mengembalikan cecair
interstis ke sistem peredaran yang bergabung dengan sistem peredaran dalam badan kita. W, X, Y, dan Z adalah
bahagian-bahagian sistem limfa atau sistem peredaran.


Diagram/Rajah

(a) Complete the diagram by identifying the parts labelled W, X, Y and Z in the cycle.
Lengkapkan rajah dengan mengenal pasti bahagian berlabel W, X, Y, dan Z dalam kitar ini.
[4 marks/markah]
(b) Based on the completed cycle in (a), explain briefly how the interstitial fluid is formed and how it is returned
to the blood circulatory system.
Berdasarkan kitar lengkap di (a), terangkan secara ringkas bagaimana cecair interstis terbentuk dan
bagaimana cecair interstis dikembalikan ke sistem peredaran darah.
105

[16 marks/markah]


Jawapan:
(a) W: Aorta
X: Lymphatic capillaries
Y: Larger lymphatic vessels
Z: Vena cava [4 m]
(b) Oxygenated blood that enters the arterial end of the capillaries is under high pressure. [1 m]
The high pressure forces the fluid to leak out through the walls of the capillaries into the spaces between
the cells or the interstitial spaces. [1 m]
The fluid which leaks out into the spaces is called the interstitial fluid. [1 m]
The interstitial fluid contains water, dissolved nutrients, hormones, waste products, respiratory gases
and small proteins from the blood plasma. [1 m]
It does not contain erythrocytes and plasma proteins as they are too large to pass through walls of the
capillaries, so they remain in the capillaries. [1 m]
The human lymphatic system consists of the lymph capillaries, lymph vessels and lymph nodes. *1 m+
This system receives interstitial fluid from the spaces and returns the fluid to the human circulatory
system. [1 m]
The interstitial fluid will first go into the lymph capillaries. *1 m+
This fluid is now known as lymph, which is a transparent yellowish fluid. [1 m]
The lymph capillaries join to form larger lymphatic vessel, which have valves to prevent the backflow of
lymph. [1 m]
Lymph nodes are found at intervals along the lymphatic vessels. *1 m+
These nodes are responsible for protecting the body against infections and for filtering out waste
products. [1 m]
After flowing through the vessels, the lymph reaches the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct. *1 m+
The thoracic duct carries lymph from the left side of the head, the neck, the chest and other body parts
above the ribs. [1 m]
The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the right side of the head and the neck. *1 m+
The thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct then drain their contents into the left subclavian vein and
the right subclavian vein respectively. [1 m]
106

The veins then carry the blood back to the heart. *1 m+
Maximum: 16 m

Tingkatan 5 - (Section B) 5.01 Transport Sederhana - [20 markah]
4
Diagram below shows a type of plant tissue.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sejenis tisu tumbuhan.


Diagram/Rajah

(a) i. What are the functions of the tissues?
Apakah fungsi tisu tisu tersebut?
[2 marks/2 markah]
ii. Based on the diagram shown above, describe how the tissues are adapted for their functions.
Berdasarkan rajah di atas, jelaskan bagaimana tisu tisu tersebut diadaptasi untuk menjalankan fungsi
mereka?
[8 marks/8 markah]

(b) What is the importance of transpiration to the plants?
Apakah kepentingan proses transpirasi kepada tumbuhan?
[2 marks/2 markah]
(c) Discuss the factors that affect the rate of transpiration.
Bincangkan faktor faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi.
107

[8 marks/8 markah]

Jawapan:
(a) i. Xylem vessels are essential for transporting water and mineral salts from the roots to the shoot. [1 m]
Vesel xilem penting untuk pengangkutan air dan garam mineral dari akar ke pucuk.
ii. Xylem
Xilem
The vessels are elongated cells arranged end to end and this allows water to flow in a continuous column. [1
m]
Vesel adalah sel memanjang yang disusun hujung ke hujung dan ini membenarkan air mengalir dalam kolum
secara berterusan.
The end walls of the vessels have broken down in the pits and this allows water to pass from cell to cell. [1
m]
Dinding hujung vesel telah dipecahkan dalam pit, dan ini membenarkan air dan garam mineral melepasi dari
satu sel ke satu sel.
The side walls of the xylem vessels are perforated by pits, which allow water and mineral salts to pass
sideways. [1 m]
Dinding sisi vesel xilem yang berlubang dengan pit, yang mana membenarkan air dan garam mineral
melalui sisi.
The lignified walls prevent the xylem vessels from collapsing under the great tension forces set up by the
transpirational pull. [1 m]
Dinding yang berlignin mengelakkan vesel xilem daripada runtuh di bawah daya tegangan yang kuat yang
diwujudkan oleh tarikan transpirasi.
The narrowness of the lumen of the xylem vessels increases the capillarity forces. [1 m]
Kesempitan lumen vesel xilem meningkatkan daya kapilari.
Phloem
Floem
The sieve tubes of the phloem tissues are cylindrical columns of long cells arranged end to end to form a
continuous tube and this allows uninterrupted flow of organic substances. [1 m]
Tiub tapisan tisu floem adalah kolum yang berbentuk silinder sel panjang yang disusun hujung ke hujung
untuk membentuk tiub berterusan dan ini membenarkan aliran bahan-bahan organik tanpa gangguan.
The sieve tubes have little cytoplasm, no nuclei and few organelles which allow more space for the transport
of organic substances. [1 m]
108

Tiub tapisan mempunyai sedikit sitoplasma, tidak mempunyai nukleus dan beberapa organel yang
membenarkan lebih banyak ruang bagi pengangkutan bahan organik.
The end walls of the sieve tubes are perforated to form sieve plates, which make it easier for substances to
pass from one cell to another. [1 m]
Dinding hujung tiub tapisan ini adalah berlubang untuk membentuk plat tapisan, yang mana
membuatkannya lebih senang melepasi dari satu sel ke satu sel yang lain.
(b) Helps in the transport of water and mineral ions through the xylem vessels from the roots to
different parts of the plant [1 m]
Membantu dalam pengangkutan air dan ion mineral melalui vesel xilem dari akar ke bahagian lain
tumbuhan
Produces a cooling effect in the plants [1 m]
Menghasilakn kesan penyejukan dalam tumbuhan
Helps to prevent plants from wilting by maintaining cell turgidity [1 m]
Membantu mencegah tumbuhan daripada layu dengan mengekalkan kesegahan sel.
Maximum/Maksimum = 2 m
(c) 1. Light intensity
Keamatan cahaya
The rate of transpiration increases when light intensity increases. [1 m]
Kadar transpirasi meningkat apabila keamatan cahaya meningkat.
In daylight, the stomata of the leaves are open. [1 m]
Pada hari siang, stomata daun terbuka.
This allows the water vapour to diffuse out into the atmosphere. [1 m]
Ini membenarkan wap air meresap ke dalam atmosfera.
At night, the stomata close. The rate of transpiration is greatly decreased. [1 m]
Pada waktu malam, stomata tutup. Kadar transpirasi adalah sangat merosot / menurun.
2. Air movement
Pergerakan udara
The moving air will sweep the water vapour away from the leaf as fast as it diffuses out. [1 m]
Udara yang bergerak akan menyapu semua wap air jauh daripada daun secepat ia meresap
keluar.
Hence, as the speed of wind increases, the rate of transpiration also increases. [1 m]
Maka, sebagaimana meningkatnya kelajuan angin, kadar transpirasi juga akan turut meningkat.
3. Relative humidity
Kelembapan relatif
On the days of high humidity, the air is saturated with water vapour. [1 m]
Pada hari yang kelembapannya tinggi, udara adalah tepu dengan wap air.
This prevents the evaporation of water through the stomata, thus reducing the rate of
transpiration. [1 m]
Ini mencegah penyejatan air melalui stomata, dengan itu mengurangkan kadar transpirasi.
On days of low humidity, the air is dry. This increases the rate of transpiration. [1 m]
Pada hari yang kelembapannya rendah, udara adalah kering. Ini meningkatkan kadar
trasnpirasi.
4. Temperature
Suhu
109

At high temperatures, the kinetic energy of the water molecules increases. [1 m]
Pada suhu tinggi, tenaga kinetik molekul air meningkat.
This makes the water molecules move out of the leaf more quickly. [1 m]
Ini membuatkan molekul air bergerak keluar dari daun dengan lebih cepat.
Low temperature reduces the rate of water loss as the above processes are reversed. [1 m]
Suhu yang rendah mengurangkan kadar kehilangan air sebagaimana proses di atas adalah
berbalik.
Maximum/Maksimum = 8 m
SUKAR P2B
Tingkatan 5 - (Section B) 5.01 Transport Sukar - [20 markah]
1
(a) Describe the main structural features of an artery and a vein.
Huraikan ciri-ciri struktur utama arteri dan vena.
[8 marks/markah]
(b) Suggest suitable examples to explain how capillaries are adapted for their functions.
Cadangkan contoh-contoh yang sesuai untuk menerangkan bagaimana kapilari disesuaikan untuk
menjalankan fungsi-fungsinya.
[8 marks/markah]
(c) Discuss the links between the human diet and coronary heart diseases.
Bincangkan kaitan di antara diet manusia dan penyakit jantung koronari.
[4 marks/markah]

Jawapan:
(a) An artery has a thick muscular and elastic layer composed of smooth muscle tissues and elastic fibres.
[1 m]
It also has an outer layer composed of collagen fibresand a thin layer of endometrial cells called the
endometrium. [1 m]
An artery does not have valves. *1 m+
Exceptions are the aorta and the pulmonary artery which have semilunar valves. *1 m+
110

It has a lumen which is small relative to its diameter.*1 m+
A vein has a relatively thinner wall which is less muscular and elastic and has fewer smooth muscle
tissues and elastic fibres. [1 m]
It also has an outer layer composed of collagen fibres and a thin layer of endometrium. *1 m+
It has pocket valves and a relatively large lumen compared to its diameter. [1 m]
(b) Capillaries are made up of only one single layer of endothelial cells. *1 m+
They provide a thin surface for efficient gaseous exchange of substances that diffuse between the blood
and the surrounding tissue fluid. [1 m]
They have a very small diameter but they branch out of the numerous arterioles throughout the body. *1
m]
The total cross-sectional area is very large, allowing the blood to flow slowly through the capillaries. [1
m]
This provides more time for the efficient exchange of substances between the blood and the tissue
fluid.[1 m]
Capillaries lack muscle tissues or elastic fibres and therefore they cannot constrict. *1 m+
This reduces the velocity of blood and allows more time for the exchange of substances to take place. [1
m]
There is no elastic recoil in capillaries to push the blood in pulses. *1 m+
They do not have semilunar or pocket valves as the blood pressure in the capillaries is sufficient to
prevent the backward flow of blood. [1 m]
Maximum: 8 m
(c) The intake of too much fat gives rise to increased fatty
deposits in the coronary arteries. The arterial walls are
gradually thickened. [1 m]
The deposits cause the narrowing of the lumen and
atherosclerosis. [1 m]
This disease impedes the flow of blood through the
coronary arteries and deprives the cardiac muscles of
oxygen and nutrients. [1 m]
Taking salty food will cause high blood pressure and
increase the possibility that the arterial walls will be
damaged. [1 m]
111


Tingkatan 5 - (Section B) 5.01 Transport Sukar - [20 markah]
2
(a) Describe how the structural features of the xylem vessels are adapted for the transport of water.
Terangkan bagaimana ciri-ciri struktur salur xilem disesuaikan untuk pengangkutan air.
[10 marks/10 markah]

(b)

Discuss the factors that affect the rate of transpiration in plants.
Bincangkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi pada tumbuhan.
[10 marks/10 markah]

Jawapan:
(a) Continuous An unbroken column of water is possible due to cohesion. [2 m]
Narrow Capillarity increases adhesion. [2 m]
Lignifi ed Lignin provides strength and makes the xylem waterproof, so that water does not seep out. [2 m]
Pits These are holes on the lignin walls through which water can pass through laterally. [2 m]
Dead No living contents means that the fl ow is not restricted, the lumen is empty. [2 m]

(b) Light intensity
The rate of transpiration increases when light intensity increases. *1 m+
In daylight, the stomata of the leaves are open. This allows the water vapour in the leaves to diffuse out into
the atmosphere. [1 m]
At night, the stomata close. The rate of transpiration is greatly reduced. [1 m]
Humidity
On days of high humidity, the air is saturated with water vapour. This prevents the evaporation of water
through the stomata, thus reducing the rate of transpiration. [1 m]
On days of low humidity, the air is dry. This increases the rate of transpiration. [1 m]
Air movements
In still air, the region round a transpiring leaf will become saturated with water vapour so that little or no water
vapour can escape from the leaf, reducing the rate of transpiration. [1 m]
In moving air, the water vapour will be swept away from the leaf as fast as it diffuses out. This will increase the
112

rate of transpiration. [1 m]
Temperature
High temperature increase the rate of transpiration. *1 m+
This is because higher temperature increase the kinetic energy of water molecules, making them move out of
the leaf more quickly. [1 m]
Low temperatures reduces the rate of water loss as the above processes are received. *1 m+

Tingkatan 5 - (Section B) 5.01 Transport Sukar - [20 markah]
3
(a)


Based on the statements given above, discuss the first and the second lines of defence against pathogens.
Berdasarkan penyataan di atas, bincangkan barisan pertama dan barisan kedua pertahanan terhadap
patogen.
[10 marks/markah]
(b) What is active immunity? Discuss.
Apakah keimunan aktif? Bincangkan.
[10 marks/markah]

Jawapan:
(a) i. The first line of defence consists of the skin and mucous membrane. The first line of defence prevents
the entry of microorganisms into the body. The epidermis of the skin consists of cells which are
impregnated with keratin. This forms a strong physical barrier against the entry of microorganisms into
the body. The sebaceous glands secrete sebum which is acidic. This prevents the growth of
microorganisms. Sweat contains chemicals that destroy microorganisms on the skin. The epithelial layer
of the mucous membrane secretes mucus to trap microorganisms that enter the alimentary and respiratory
tracts. Fine hairs on the epithelial layer of the mucous membrane function as a filter that filters
microorganisms and dusts in the air. Mucus in the saliva destroys bacteria in the mouth. [5 m]
113

Barisan pertahanan pertama terdiri daripada kulit dan membran mukus. Barisan pertahanan
pertama menghalang kemasukan mikroorganisma ke dalam badan. Lapisan epidermis kulit terdiri
daripada sel-sel yang dipadatkan dengan keratin. Ini membentuk satu halangan fizikal yang kuat
terhadap kemasukan mikroorganisma ke dalam badan. Kelenjar sebum merembeskan sebum yang
berasid. Ini menghalang pertumbuhan mikroorganisma. Peluh mengandungi bahan kimia yang
memusnahkan mikroorganisma pada kulit. Lapisan epitelium membran mukus merembeskan mukus
untuk memerangkap mikroorganisma yang memasuki saluran pencernaan dan salur pernafasan.
Rerambut halus pada lapisan epitelium membran mukus berfungsi sebagai penapis yang menapis
mikroorganisma dan habuk di udara. Mukus dalam air liur memusnahkan bakteria di dalam mulut.
[5 m]
ii. The second line of defence involves phagocytes that destroy any microorganisms that succeed in entering
the body. The phagocytes are attracted to the chemicals produced by the pathogens. They move towards
the pathogens and surround them with their pseudopodia. The phagocytes then engulf the pathogens and
ingest them by forming vacuoles. Enzymes are secreted into the vacuoles to digest and destroy the
pathogens.
Barisan pertahanan kedua melibatkan fagosit yang memusnahkan sebarang mikroorganisma yang
berjaya memasuki badan. Fagosit tertarik kepada bahan kimia yang dihasilkan oleh patogen. Fagosit
bergerak ke arah patogen dan mengelilinginya dengan pseudopodianya. Fagosit kemudiannya menelan
patogen dan mencernakannya dengan membentuk satu vakuol. Enzim dirembeskan ke dalam vakuol
untuk mencernakan dan memusnahkan patogen.[5 m]
(b) i. Immunity is the ability of the body to resist an infection of pathogen by producing a specific antibody.
There are two types of active immunity, i.e. naturally acquired active immunity and artificially acquired
active immunity.
Keimunan ialah keupayaan badan untuk menentang jangkitan patogen dengan menghasilkan
antibodi yang spesifik. Terdapat dua jenis keimunan aktif iaitu keimunan aktif, semula jadi dan
keimunan aktif buatan. [2 m]
Naturally acquired active immunity is immunity that is obtained after a person has recoved from an
infection. When a person is exposed to a pathogen, the antigens produced by the pathogens stimulate an
immune response. The immune system produces antibodies in response to the antigens. After the person
has recoved from the disease, he or she is immune to the pathogen.
Keimunan aktif semula jadi ialah keimunan yang diperoleh selepas seseorang sembuh daripada
sesuatu jangkitan. Apabila seseorang terdedah kepada patogen, antigen yang dihasilkan oleh patogen
merangsang tindak balas keimunan. Sistem keimunan menghasilkan antibodi sebagai tindak balas ke
114

atas antigen. Apabila seseorang sembuh daripada penyakit, dia akan imun terhadap patogen itu. [4 m]
Artificially acquired active immunity is an immunity that is obtained through immunisation or vaccination.
A vaccine is prepared from a weakened or dead pathogen that is not harmful to the person who receives it.
The vaccine triggers an immune response but cannot induce the disease. Thus, the body has acquired
immunity through vaccination. If a pathogen invades the body, the body is able to eliminate the pathogen
because it already has the antibodies against the pathogen.
Keimunan aktif buatan ialah keimunan di perolehi melalui suntikan imunisasi atau vaksinasi. Vaksin
disediakan daripada patogen yang dilemahkan atau yang telah mati yang tidak berbahaya kepada
orang yang menerimanya. Vaksin mencetuskan tindak balas keimunan tetapi tidak menyebabkan
penyakit. Maka, badan mendapat keimunan secara vaksinasi. Jika patogen memasuki badan, badan
berupaya menyingkirkan patogen itu kerana telah mempunyai antibodi untuk menentang patogen itu.
[4 m]

Tingkatan 5 - (Section B) 5.01 Transport Sukar - [20 markah]
4
The human heart is an organ of the human blood circulatory system which is described as a closed, complete
double circulatory system.
Jantung manusia ialah satu organ dalam sistem peredaran darah manusia yang digambarkan sebagai satu
sistem peredaran tertutup, ganda dua yang lengkap.
(a) Why is the human blood circulating system a closed, complete double circulatory system?
Mengapakah sistem peredaran darah manusia merupakan satu sistem peredaran tertutup ganda dua yang
lengkap?
[3 marks/3 markah]
(b) Describe the structure of the human heart.
Huraikan struktur jantung manusia.
[7 marks/7 markah]
(c) Describe briefly the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation.
Huraikan secara ringkas peredaran pulmonari dan peredaran sistemik.
[10 marks/10 markah]

115

Jawapan:
(a) The human blood circulatory system is a closed system because blood is contained in the heart and blood
vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and does not come in direct contact with the body cells. [1 m]
The human blood circulatory system is a complete double circulatory system because blood passes
through the heart twice in each complete circulation, and oxygenated blood does not mix with
deoxygenated blood in the heart because the septum separates the left side of the heart from the right.
[2 m]
(b) The human heart has four chambers, i.e. the left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle.
[1 m]
The left atrium and ventricle are separated from the right atrium and ventricle by a muscular wall known
as the septum. [1 m]
The septum separates deoxygenated blood on the right side from oxygenated blood on the left side so that
they do not mix. [1 m]
The heart has a number of valves which make sure that blood flows in one direction in and out of the
heart. [1 m]
The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle to ensure that blood from
the vena cava which enters the right atrium flows into the right ventricle and does not flow backwards.
[1 m]
The bicuspid valve is situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle to make sure that blood from
the pulmonary veins which enters the left atrium flows into the left ventricle and does not flow
backwards. [1 m]
The semi-lunar valves are located at the bases of the pulmonary artery and the aorta to make sure that
blood flows out of the right and left ventricles and does not flow backwards. [1 m]
(c) Pulmonary circulation
In the pulmonary circulation, blood is circulated from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. [1 m]
Deoxygenated blood which is carried by the vena cava enters the right atrium and flows into the right
ventricle. [1 m]
The tricuspid valve prevents the blood from flowing backwards. *1 m]
The deoxygenated blood is then pumped from the right ventricle of the heart into the pulmonary arteries
which carry it to the lungs to be oxygenated. [1 m]
Oxygenated blood which is carried back from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart by the pulmonary
veins flows into the left ventricle. [1 m]
Systemic circulation
116

In the systemic circulation, blood is circulated from the heart to the rest of the body (except the lungs) and
back to the heart. [1 m]
Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle of the heart into the aorta and is distributed to other
parts of the body. [1 m]
Oxygen is used up by the body cells and the blood becomes deoxygenated. *1 m+
Deoxygenated blood flows back to the heart via the vena cava. [1 m]
Deoxygenated blood first enters the right atrium and then the right ventricle. *1 m+
MUDAH P3
Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Mudah - [33 markah]
1
A group of students carried out an experiment to study the eff ect of wind on the rate of transpiration using a
potometer as shown in Diagram below.
Sekumpulan murid menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan angin ke atas kadar transpirasi dengan
menggunakan potometer seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah di bawah.


DIAGRAM / RAJAH

Table below shows the results of three experiments carried out in diff erent conditions (diff erent wind speeds),
117

A, B and C. D is a control experiment.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan keputusan tiga eksperimen yang dijalankan dalam keadaan yang berbeza
(kelajuan angin berbeza), A, B dan C. D ialah eksperimen kawalan.



TABLE / JADUAL

(a) (i) Record the distance moved by the air bubble in 10 minutes for experiments A, B, C and D in Table above.
Catatkan jarak pergerakan gelembung udara dalam 10 minit untuk eksperimen A, B, C dan D dalam
Jadual di atas.
118

[3 marks/3 markah]

(ii) Describe how the control experiment, D, is set up.
Huraikan bagaimana eksperimen kawalan, D, dibina.

__________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/3 markah]


(b) (i) State two diff erent observations made from experiments A, B and C in Table above.
Nyatakan dua pemerhatian berbeza daripada eksperimen A, B dan C dalam Jadual di atas.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/3 markah]

(ii) State two inferences from the observations in (b)i.
Nyatakan dua inferens daripada pemerhatian di (b)i.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/3 markah]


(c) Based on this experiment, state the operational definition for transpiration.
Berdasarkan eksperimen ini, nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi transpirasi.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

119

_____________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/3 markah]

(d) (i) Complete Table below based on the experiment.
Lengkapkan Jadual di bawah berdasarkan eksperimen ini.


TABLE / JADUAL
[3 marks/3 markah]

(ii) Th e apparatus and materials used in this experiment are listed in the box. Match them to the correct
variables in Table below.
Radas dan bahan yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini disenaraikan di dalam kotak berikut. Padankan
radas dan bahan dengan pemboleh ubah yang betul dalam Jadual di bawah.
Fan, ruler, capillary tube, leafy shoot, stopwatch,
water
Kipas, pembaris, tiub kapilari, ranting pucuk, jam
randik, air

120


TABLE / JADUAL

[3 marks/3 markah]


(e) State one hypothesis for this experiment.
Nyatakan satu hipotesis untuk eskperimen ini.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/3 markah]

(f) (i) On the graph provided below, draw a histogram for the rate of transpiration against wind speed.
Pada graf yang disediakan di bawah, lukiskan satu histogram untuk kadar transpirasi melawan kelajuan
angin.

121



[3 marks/3 markah]

(ii) Explain the relationship between the rate of transpiration and the wind speed in (f)i.
Terangkan hubungan antara kadar transpirasi dan kelajuan angin di (f)i.

__________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/3 markah]

(iii) Predict the rate of transpiration if a leafy shoot with twice number of leaves is used in this experiment.
Ramalkan kadar transpirasi jika satu ranting pucuk yang mempunyai dua kali ganda bilangan daun
digunakan dalam eksperimen ini.

__________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/3 markah]


122

Jawapan:


ii. Carry out the experiment in the same ambient conditions without a fan blowing onto the shoot.
Menjalankan eksperimen dalam keadaan persekitaran yang sama tanpa tiupan kipas ke atas pucuk.

(b) i. When the wind blew faster, the air bubble travelled further.
Apabila angin bertiup cepat, gelembung udara bergerak lebih jauh.
At the fastest wind speed, the air bubble travelled a distance of 13 cm in 10 minutes.
Pada kelajuan angin yang cepat, gelembung udara bergerak sejauh 13 cm dalam 10 minit.
At moderate wind speed, the air bubble travelled a distance of 9 cm in 10 minutes.
Pada kelajuan angin yang sederhana, gelembung udara bergerak sejauh 9 cm dalam 10 minit.
At the slowest wind speed, the air bubble travelled a distance of 7 cm in 10 minutes.
Pada kelajuan angin yang perlahan, gelembung udara bergerak sejauh 7 cm dalam 10 minit.
ii. When the air molecules moved faster, water evaporated faster from the leaves.
Apabila molekul udara bergerak cepat, air tersejat dengan cepat daripada daun.
When the air molecules moved the fastest, water evaporated from the leaves at the fastest rate.
Apabila molekul udara bergerak paling cepat, air tersejat daripada daun pada kadar paling cepat.
When air molecules moved at moderate rate, water evaporated from the leaves at moderate rate.
Apabila molekul udara bergerak pada kadar sederhana, air tersejat daripada daun pada kadar
sederhana.
When air molecules moved the slowest, water evaporated from the leaves at the slowest rate.
Apabila molekul udara bergerak paling lambat, air tersejat daripada daun pada kadar yang paling
lambat.
123


(c) Transpiration is the evaporation or loss of water from the leaves, causing water to travel up a plant, whose
rate
is hastened by the speed of ambient wind.
Transpirasi ialah penyejatan atau kehilangan air daripada daun, menyebabkan air bergerak ke atas
daun, di mana kadar berkait dengan kelajuan angin persekitaran.



124



(e) If the speed of wind is higher, the rate of transpiration is faster.
Jika kelajuan angin tinggi, kadar transpirasi adalah cepat.

(f) i. Rate of transpiration against wind speed
Kadar transpirasi melawan kelajuan angin



ii. The rate of transpiration increases with increasing wind speed. Water vapour evaporating from the leaves is
carried away faster and faster as the wind speed increases, and this causes the rate of transpiration to rise.
Kadar transpirasi meningkat dengan peningka tan kelajuan angin. Wap air yang tersejat daripada
daun dibawa pergi cepat dengan peningkat an kelajuan angin dan ini menyebabkan kadar transpirasi
meningkat.
iii. The rate of transpiration will be doubled for all the experiments and the control.
125

Kadar transpirasi mengganda untuk semua eksperimen dan kawalan.
SEDERHANA P3
Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana - [30 markah]
1
A group of students carry out an investigation to study the effect of intensity of light on the rate of transpiration
in plants. Diagram below shows the apparatus set up for the experiment.
Sekumpulan pelajar menjalankan satu penyiasatan untuk mengkaji kesan keamatan cahaya terhadap kadar
transpirasi tumbuhan. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas experimen.


Diagram /Rajah


The experiment is carried out by covering the leafy shoot with a transparent plastic bag or a black plastic bag.
The conditions of the experiment are as shown in Table A.
Eksperimen ini dijalankan dengan menutup ranting berdaun dengan beg plastik lutsinar atau beg plastik hitam.
Keadaan eksperimen adalah seperti yang ditunjukkan di dalam Jadual A.

The students then record the results of the experiment in Table A.
Pelajar-pelajar kemudiannya mencatatkan keputusan eksperimen di dalam Jadual A.
126





Table A/Jadual A
127

(a) Identify apparatus and materials used in this experiment.
Kenal pasti radas dan bahan yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini.
[3 marks/3 markah]
(b) Record the readings on the stopwatch in the space provided in Table A.
Catatkan bacaan pada jam randek di dalam ruang yang disediakan dalam Jadual A.
[3 marks/3 markah]
(c) (i) Based on Table A, state two different observations.
Berdasarkan Jadual A, nyatakan dua pemerhatian yang berbeza.
[3 marks/3 markah]
(ii) State the inference corresponding to the observation in (c)(i).
Nyatakan inferens yang sepadan dengan pemerhatian di (c)(i).
[3 marks/3 markah]

(d) Complete Table B based on this experiment.
Lengkapkan Jadual B berdasarkan eksperimen ini.

Table B /jadual B


(e) State a hypothesis for this experiment.
Nyatakan satu hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.
[3 marks/3 markah]
128

(f) (i) Based on Table A, construct a table and record the results of the experiment which include the following
aspects:
Berdasarkan Jadual A, bina satu jadual dan catatkan keputusan eksperimen ini yang meliputi aspek-
aspek berikut:
The condition of light
Keadaan cahaya
The time taken for the air bubble to move from R to S (second)
Masa yang diambil oleh gelembung udara untuk bergerak dari R ke S (saat)
The rate of transpiration
Kadar transpirasi
[3 marks/3 markah]
(ii) Based on your table in (f)(i), state the relationship between the rate of transpiration and the conditions
of the surroundings of the potometer.
Berdasarkan jadual di (f)(i), nyatakan hubungan antara kadar transpirasi dengan keadaan persekitaran
potometer.
[3 marks/3 markah]

(g) Based on this experiment, what can you deduce about transpiration?
Berdasarkan eksperimen ini, apakah yang dapat anda rumuskan tentang transpirasi?
[3 marks/3 markah]
(h) Predict the results of the experiment if the potometer is placed in the following conditions.
Ramalkan keputusan eksperimen ini sekiranya potometer diletakkan dalam keadaan berikut.
(i) In the morning
Pada waktu pagi
(ii) At noon
Pada waktu tengah hari
(iii) At night
Pada waktu malam
[3 marks/3 markah]
(i) What conclusion can you draw from this experiment?
Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat anda dibuat berdasarkan eksperimen ini?
129

[3 marks/3 markah]


Jawapan:
(a)


(b)





(c)
(i) Observation I:
When the potometer is covered with a transparent plastic bag and is placed in the sun, the time taken for the
air bubble to move from R to S is the shortest, i.e. 20 s.
Observation 2:
When the potometer is covered with a black plastic bag and is placed in a dark cupboard, the time taken for
the air bubble to move from R to S is the longest, i. e. 55 s.

130

(ii) Inference from observation 1:
The rate of transpiration is the highest when the potometer is covered with a transparent plastic bag and is
placed in the sun.
Inference from observation 2:
The rate of transpiration is the lowest when the potometer is covered with a black plastic bag and is placed in
a dark cupboard.

(d)


(e) The higher the intensity of light is, the shorter the time taken for the air bubble to move from R to S will
be/The lower the intensity of light is, the longer the time taken for air bubble to move from R to S will be.

(f)
(i)
131



(ii) When the condition of the surrounding is bright, the rate of transpiration is high, and vice versa.

(g) Transpiration is the process which causes the air bubble in a potometer to move a distance which can be used
to measure the uptake of water by the leafy shoot and the rate of transpiration.

(h)


(i) The higher the intensity of light is, the higher the rate of transpiration will be.

Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sederhana - [33 markah]
2
A group of students carry out an investigation to study the effect of the intensity of light on the rate of
transpiration in plants. Diagram below shows the apparatus which is set up for the experiment. The steps of the
experiment are shown below.
132

Sekumpulan pelajar menjalankan satu penyiasatan untuk mengkaji kesan keamatan cahaya ke atas kadar
transpirasi pada tumbuhan. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi eksperimen itu. Langkah-langkah
eksperimen ditunjukkan seperti di bawah.




133


Diagram/Rajah


The students then record the results of the experiment in Table a.
Kemudian pelajar-pelajar itu mencatatkan keputusan eksperimen dalam Jadual a.


Table a/Jadual a

(a) Identify the apparatus and materials used in this experiment from the procedure and Diagram above.
Daripada prosedur dan Rajah di atas, kenal pasti radas dan bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam eksperimen
134

ini.
[3 marks/markah]
(b) Record the readings on the stopwatch in the space provided in Table a.
Catatkan bacaan pada jam randek dalam ruang yang disediakan pada Jadual a.
[3 marks/markah]
(c) Complete Table b based on this experiment.
Lengkapkan Jadual b berdasarkan eksperimen ini.


Table b/Jadual b
[3 marks/markah]
(d) (i) Based on Table a, state two different observations.
Berdasarkan Jadual a, nyatakan dua pemerhatian yang berbeza.
[3 marks/markah]
(ii) State the inference corresponding to the observation in (c)ii.
Nyatakan inferens yang berkaitan dengan pemerhatian di (c)ii.
[3 marks/markah]


(e) Write a hypothesis for this experiment.
135

Tulis satu hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.
[3 marks/markah]
(f) (i) Based on Table a, construct a table and record the results of the experiment, including the following
aspects:
Berdasarkan Jadual a, bina satu jadual dan catatkan keputusan eksperimen ini yang meliputi aspek-
aspek yang berikut:
The condition of light
Keadaan cahaya
The time taken for the air bubble to move from R to S/seconds
Masa yang diambil untuk gelembung udara bergerak dari R ke S / saat
The rate of transpiration, using the formula given below:
Kadar transpirasi, dengan menggunakan formula yang diberikan di bawah:



[3 marks/markah]
(ii) Based on your table in (f)i, state the relationship between the rate of transpiration and the condition of
the surrounding of the potometer.
Berdasarkan jadual kamu di (f)i, nyatakan hubungan di antara kadar transpirasi dan keadaan
persekitaran potometer.
[3 marks/markah]


(g) Based on this experiment, what can you deduce about transpiration?
Berdasarkan eksperimen ini, apakah kesimpulan yang dapat kamu buat tentang transpirasi?
[3 marks/markah]
136

(h) Predict the results of the experiment if the potometer is set up at different times of the day.
Ramalkan keputusan eksperimen ini jika potometer itu disediakan pada waktu-waktu yang berbeza dalam
sehari.
i. In the morning
Pada waktu pagi
ii. At noon
Pada waktu tengah hari
iii. At night time
Pada waktu malam
[3 marks/markah]
(i) What conclusion can you draw from this experiment?
Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat kamu buat daripada eksperimen ini?
[3 marks/markah]




Jawapan:
(a)

(b) 20 seconds, 50 seconds, 35 seconds, 55 seconds
(c)
137


(d) i. 1. When the potometer is covered with a transparent cover and placed in the sun, the time taken for the
air bubble to move from R to S is the shortest, i.e. 20 s.
2. When the potometer is covered with a black plastic bag and placed in a dark cupboard, the time taken
for the air bubble to move from R to S is the longest, namely 55 s.
ii. 1. The rate of transpiration is the fastest when the potometer is covered with a transparent cover and
placed in the sun.
2. The rate of transpiration is the slowest when the potometer is covered with a black plastic bag and
placed in a dark cupboard.
(e) If the intensity of light is higher, the time taken for the air bubble to move from R to S will be shorter. / If
the intensity of light is lower, the time taken for air bubble to move from R to S will be longer.
(f) i.
138



ii. When the condition of the surroundings is bright, the rate of transpiration is fast, and vice versa.
(g) Transpiration is a process that causes the air bubble in a potometer move a distance, and this can be used
to measure the uptake of water by the leafy twig and the rate of transpiration.
(h)

(i) If the intensity of light is higher, the rate of transpiration will be faster.
SUKAR P3
Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar - [33 markah]
1
An experiment is carried out to investigate the effect of the movement of air on the transpiration rate. The set-
up of the apparatus used in the experiment is shown in Diagram (a) and (b).
139

Suatu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan pergerakan air kepada kadar transpirasi. Radas yang
disediakan untuk digunakan bagi menjalankan eksperimen ditunjukkan di Rajah (a) dan (b).


Diagram/Rajah

Table A shows the time taken for the air bubble in the capillary tube to move a distance of 10 cm. The
experiment is repeated.
Jadual A menunjukkan masa yang diambil bagi gelembung udara di dalam salur kapilari untuk bergerak
sebanyak 10 cm. Eksperimen diulang sekali lagi.


Table A/Jadual A
140


(a) i. What is the problem statement for the experiment?
Apakah pernyataan masalah bagi eksperimen ini.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/markah]
ii. State the hypothesis for the experiment.
Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/3 markah]

(b) Identify the variables for the experiment.
Kenalpasti pembolehubah yang terlibat dalam eksperimen ini.
i. Manipulated variable
Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan

_____________________________________________________________________________________
ii. Responding variable
Pembolehubah bergerak bebas

_____________________________________________________________________________________
iii. Constant variables
Pembolehubah dimalarkan
141


_____________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/3 markah]

(c) Describe how to
Jelaskan bagaimana untuk
i. alter the manipulated variable.
mengubah pembolehubah dimanipulasi

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
ii. determine the responding variable.
menentukan pembolehubah bergerak bebas

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
iii. maintain the constant variables.
mengekalkan pembolehubah dimalarkan

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/3 markah]

(d) Record the time taken for the air bubble to move a distance of 10 cm in Table A.
Rekod masa yang diambil oleh gelembung udara untuk bergerak sebanyak 10cm di dalam Jadual A.
[3 marks/3 markah]
(e) Complete Table B by calculating the time taken and the transpiration rate.
Lengkapkan Jadual B dengan mengira masa yang diambil dan kadar transpirasi.
142



Table B/Jadual B
[3 marks/3 markah]
(f) i. Based on your results in Table B, state one observation that can be made from the experiment.
Berdasarkan kepada keputusan di Jadual B, nyatakan satu pemerhatian yang boleh dibuat daripada
eksperimen ini.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/3 markah]
ii. Give an inference from the observation in (f)i.
Berikan satu inferens berdasarkan pemerhatian di f(i).

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
143

[3 marks/3 markah]

(g) What is the assumption made for the experiment?
Apakah andaian yang boleh dibuat untuk eksperimen ini?

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/3 markah]
(h) What is the conclusion that can be made from the experiment?
Apakah kesimpulan yang boleh dibuat daripada eksperimen ini?

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/3 markah]
(i) Some of the apparatus and materials are also used in this experiment. Classify them according to the
function for this experiment.
Beberapa radas dan bahan digunakan di dalam eksperimen ini. Kelaskan radas dan bahan tersebut mengikut
fungsi mereka dalam eksperimen ini.
Stopwatch/ Jam randik
Cloth/ Kain
Water/ Air
Sharp knife/ Pisau tajam
Vaseline/ Vaselin
Basin/ Besen
144

[3 marks/3 markah]

Jawapan:
(a) i. What is the effect of the movement of air on the transpiration rate?
Apakah kesan pergerakan udara ke atas kadar transpirasi?
ii. The faster the movement of air, the higher is the rate of transpiration.
Semakin laju pergerakan udara, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi.
(b) i. Air movement
Pergerakan udara
ii. Time taken for the air bubble to move at a distance of 10 cm/The rate of transpiration
Masa yang diambil oleh gelembung udara untuk bergerak pada jarak 10 cm/ Kadar transpirasi
iii. Temperature, light intensity and relative humidity
Suhu, keamatan cahaya dan kelembapan relatif
(c) i. By placing a rotating fan only for apparatus (b) to speed up air movement
Dengan meletakkan kipas yang berputar hanya pada radas (b) sahaja untuk melajukan pergerakan udara
ii. By measuring the time taken for the air bubble to move a distance of 10cm/By calculating the rate of
transpiration
Dengan mengukur masa yang diambil untuk gelembung udara bergerak pada jarak 10 cm/ Dengan
menghitung kadar transpirasi
iii. By carrying out the experiment at a place which has the same temperature, light intensity and relative
humidity.
Dengan menjalankan eksperimen di tempat yang mempunyai suhu, keamatan cahaya dan kelembapan
relatif yang sama.
(d)

(e)
145


(f) i. The transpiration rate is higher in apparatus (b).
Kadar transpirasi adalah lebih tinggi pada radas (b).
ii. The moving air will sweep the water vapour away from the leaves as fast as it diffuses out. Hence, the
transpiration rate increases.
Udara yang bergerak akan menyaju wap air jauh daripada daun secepat ia meresap keluar. Maka, kadar
transpirasi meningkat.
(g) The rate of movement of the air bubble represents the rate of transpiration.
Kadar pergerakan gelembung udara mewakili kadar transpirasi.
(h) The faster the movement of air, the higher is the rate of transpiration.
Semakin laju pergerakan udara, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi.
(i)


Tingkatan 5 - 5.01 Transport Sukar - [17 markah]
2
The lower surface of the hibiscus leaf contains more stomata than the upper surface. This is to minimise the
direct exposure of the stomata to sunlight which will lead to excessive water loss through transpiration.
Permukaan bawah daun pokok bunga raya mempunyai lebih banyak stoma daripada permukaan atas daun. Hal
ini adalah untuk meminimumkan pendedahan stoma secara langsung kepada cahaya matahari yang akan
menyebabkan kehilangan air yang berlebihan secara transpirasi.
146


Based on the given information and situation, plan a laboratory experiment to validate this statement.
Berdasarkan maklumat dan situasi yang diberikan, rancang satu eksperimen dalam makmal untuk
mengesahkan penyataan ini.

The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:
Perancangan eksperimen anda hendaklah meliputi aspek-aspek yang berikut:
Problem statement
Penyataan masalah
Objective of investigation
Objektif kajian
Hypothesis
Hipotesis
Variables
Pemboleh ubah
List of materials and apparatus
Senarai bahan dan radas
Technique used
Teknik yang digunakan
Experimental procedure
Prosedur eksperimen
Presentation of data
Persembahan data
Conclusion
Kesimpulan
[17 marks/17 markah]
Jawapan:
147

Problem statement:
Which surface of a hibiscus leaf has more stomata?
Objective of investigation:
To determine which surface of a hibiscus leaf has more stomata
Hypothesis:
The lower surface of a hibiscus leaf has more stomata than the upper surface.
Variables:
Manipulated variable: Leaf surface
Responding variable: Mass of leaf
Fixed variable: Type of leaf, time, environment
List of apparatus and materials:
Hibiscus leaves, thread, vaseline, a scalpel, a weighing machine
Technique used:
Three hibiscus leaves are respectively smeared with vaseline on the upper, lower, and both leaf surfaces before
being weighed and exposed to sunlight. The leaves are weighed again at the end of three hours and their
respective percentage weight loss is calculated.
Procedure:
1. Three freshly plucked turgid hibiscus leaves of about the same size and surface area are cut off from the
same plant.
2. The petioles are coated with vaseline to prevent the evaporation of water from them.
3. A 10 cm long thread is tied to the end of each petiole.
4. The three leaves are treated as follows.
Leaf X: The upper surface is covered with a thin layer of vaseline.
Leaf Y: The lower surface is covered with a thin layer of vaseline.
5. Each leaf is weighed and the result is recorded in a table.
6. The three leaves are hung at the same place where they can receive sunlight.
7. After three hours of exposure to sunlight, the leaves are weighed again and the results are recorded in a
table.
8. The percentage loss in mass of each leaf is then calculated.

Presentation of data:
148



Conclusion:
Experimental results show that leaf X, with its lower surface exposed has suffered the largest percentage loss in
mass. Therefore, the lower surface of a hibiscus leaf has more stomata compared to the upper surface. Accept
the hypothesis.