Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing

Basic Principles of Basic Principles of

Ultrasonic Testing Ultrasonic Testing
Theory and Practice Theory and Practice
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
E l f ill ti Examples of oscillation
ball on pendulum rotating ball on
a spring
pendulum rotating
earth
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Pulse
The ball starts to oscillate as soon as it is pushed
Pulse
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p
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Oscillation Oscillation
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Movement of the ball over time
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Frequency eque cy
Time
One full
ill ti T
From the duration of one oscillation
T th f f ( b f
oscillation T
T the frequency f (number of
oscillations per second) is
calculated:
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Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
The actual displacement a is
termed as:
a
180 360 90 270
Time
0
Phase
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Spectrumof sound
Frequency range Hz Description Example Frequency range Hz Description Example
0 20 Infrasound Earth quake 0 - 20 Infrasound Earth quake
20 - 20.000 Audible sound Speech, music
20 000 Ul d B Q l > 20.000 Ultrasound Bat, Quartz crystal
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At i t t
gas liquid solid
Atomic structures
gas liquid solid
low density
weak bonding forces
medium density
mediumbonding
high density
strong bonding forces weak bonding forces medium bonding
forces
strong bonding forces
crystallographic
structure
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U d t di ti Understanding wave propagation:
Spring = elastic bonding force Ball = atom
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T
distance travelled distance travelled
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T
During one oscillation T the wave
f t t b th di t
T
front propagates by the distance :
Distance travelled
From this we derive:
or
Wave equation
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Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Sound propagation
Di i f ill i
Direction of propagation Longitudinal wave
Direction of oscillation
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Sound propagation
Direction of propagation
Transverse wave
Direction of oscillation Direction of oscillation
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Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Wave propagation
Longitudinal waves propagate in all kind of materials. Longitudinal waves propagate in all kind of materials.
Transverse waves only propagate in solid bodies.
Due to the different type of oscillation, transverse waves Due to the different type of oscillation, transverse waves
travel at lower speeds.
Sound velocity mainly depends on the density and E-
d l f th t i l modulus of the material.
Air
Water
Steel, long
330 m/s
1480 m/s
5920 m/s
Steel, trans
3250 m/s
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Reflection and Transmission
A d t h i t i l As soon as a sound wave comes to a change in material
characteristics ,e.g. the surface of a workpiece, or an internal inclusion,
wave propagation will change too:
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B h i t i t f Behaviour at an interface
Medium 1 Medium 2
Incoming wave Transmitted wave Incoming wave Transmitted wave
Reflected wave
Interface
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Reflection + Transmission: Perspex - Steel
1,87
Incoming wave
Transmitted wave
,
1 0
Incoming wave
Transmitted wave 1,0
0,87
Reflected wave
Perspex Steel
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Reflection + Transmission: Steel - Perspex
1 0
Incoming wave
Transmitted wave
0 13
1,0
0,13
-0,87
R fl t d
Perspex
Steel
Reflected wave
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A lit d f d t i i Amplitude of sound transmissions:
Water - Steel Copper - Steel Steel - Air
Strong reflection No reflection Strong reflection
ith i t d h
pp
Double transmission Single transmission
with inverted phase
No transmission
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Pi l t i Eff t Piezoelectric Effect
+
Battery
+
y
Piezoelectrical
Crystal (Quartz)
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Pi l t i Eff t Piezoelectric Effect
++
The crystal gets thicker, due to a distortion of the crystal lattice
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Pi l t i Eff t Piezoelectric Effect
++
The effect inverses with polarity change
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Pi l t i Eff t
S d
Piezoelectric Effect
Sound wave
with
frequency f
U(f)
An alternating voltage generates crystal oscillations at the frequency f
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Pi l t i Eff t Piezoelectric Effect
Sh t l Short pulse
( < 1 s )
A short voltage pulse generates an oscillation at the crystals resonant
frequency f
0
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q y
0
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
R ti f lt i Reception of ultrasonic waves
Asound wave hitting a piezoelectric crystal induces crystal A sound wave hitting a piezoelectric crystal, induces crystal
vibration which then causes electrical voltages at the crystal
surfaces.
Electrical
Piezoelectrical
Ult i
energy
Piezoelectrical
crystal
Ultrasonic wave
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Ultrasonic Probes
socket
Delay / protecting face
socket
crystal
Damping
Delay / protecting face
Electrical matching
Cable
Damping
Straight beam probe Angle beam probe TR-probe
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St ag t bea p obe ge bea p obe p obe
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
RF signal (short)
100 100 ns
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RF signal (medium)
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Sound field
Focus Angle of divergence Crystal
Accoustical axis Accoustical axis
D
0

6
N
D
0
Near field Far field
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Ultrasonic Instrument
0 2 4 8 10 6
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 8 10 6
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Ultrasonic Instrument
++ -
U
h
0 2 4 8 10 6
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 8 10 6
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Ultrasonic Instrument
+
-
+
U
h
0 2 4 8 10 6
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Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Ultrasonic Instrument
+
-
Uv
-
+ -
U
h
0 2 4 8 10 6
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0 2 4 8 10 6
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Block diagram: Ultrasonic Instrument
amplifier
horizontal
IP
screen
sweep
clock
BE
clock
pulser
work piece
probe
pulser
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p
Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Sound reflection at a flaw
s
Probe Probe
Flaw
Sound travel path
Work piece
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Plate testing
IP
BE
F
delamination
plate
0 2 4 6 8 10
p
IP = Initial pulse
F = Flaw
BE Backwall echo BE = Backwall echo
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Wall thickness measurement
s
s
0 2 4 6 8 10
Corrosion
0 2 4 6 8 10
Corrosion
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Through transmission testing
Th h i i i l Through transmission signal
1
1
T R
2
T R
0 2 4 6 8 10
2
2
T R
Flaw
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Weld inspection
a = s sin
a' = a - x
F
=probe angle
a = a - x
d' = s cos
s
probe angle
s =sound path
a =surface distance
a =reduced surface distance
d =virtual depth
0 20 40 60 80 100
a
d = 2T - t'
d virtual depth
d =actual depth
T =material thickness
a'
d
x

s
d
Lack of fusion
Work piece with welding

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Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Straight beam inspection techniques:
Direct contact, Direct contact,
Fixeddelay
single element probe dual element probe
Fixed delay
Immersion testing Through transmission
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1 2
Immersion testing
surface =
1 2
water delay
sound entry
backwall flaw
IE IE
IP IP
1
2
IE IE
BE BE
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
F
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems