Dynamic Model and Simulation of Doubly Feed Induction

Generator Wind Turbine

Xing-jia Yao,Lei Tian ,Zuo-xia Xing and Xian-bin Su
Wind Energy Institute
Shenyang University of Technology
Shenyang,China
[email protected]

Abstract - According to emergency grid rule requirements,
wind farm should has the ability to stay connected and continue
generation under external voltage failure conditions ,that is, wind
turbines have to keep in connection with grid and own continue
power supply. Consequently, the dynamic model of double fed wind
turbines, converter model and grid model were established to study
the transent chatacters of DFIG. Also, current vector control
method oriented by the stator flux was applied in converter control.
Based on these, PSCAD was used in building models and
simulating. Finally, the results shows that vector control is able to
fulfill decoupled active and reactive power control of double fed
generators and improve system low voltage ride through ability.
Index Terms - DFIG;Dynamic model;Vector control; LVRT.
I. INTRODUCTION
Many countries have now recognized the wind as a
sustainable source of energy and the installed capacity of wind
generation worldwide now exceeds 25 GW. Both for reasons of
network compatibility and to reduce mechanical loads, many
large wind turbines (installed either offshore or onshore)will
operate at variable speed and use doubly fed induction
generators (DFIGs) [1].
In the past, most national network design codes and
standards did not require wind farms to support the power
system during a disturbance. For example during a network fault
or sudden drop in frequency wind turbines were tripped off the
system. However,with the increased use of wind energy, wind
farms will have to continue to operate during system
disturbances and support the network voltage and frequency.
Network design codes are now being revised to reflect this new
requirement. In Northern German,where the concentration of
wind turbines is high, the grid operator (E. On Netz) already has
set requirements for the behaviour of wind turbines. Instead of
disconnecting them from the grid, the turbines should be able to
follow the characteristic shown in Fig.1[2].Only when the grid
voltage goes below the curve, the turbine is allowed to
disconnected. When the voltage is in the shadow area, the
turbine should supply reactive power.
To know the transient character of DFIG when its
connected network is fault,it is important to set up the dynamic
model of a DFIG. For a dynamic model of DFIG ,the control of
its converter is the key. In this paper, the dynamic model of the
DFIG, the control model of rotor side converter and stator side
converter for DFIG will be set up respectively, as well as the
protection of the converter. Then a complete model of DFIG will
be founded in PSCAD platform. The vector control strategy
oriented by the stator flux of the generator are used in the
control of the converter. At last, the simulation proves the
models validity.

Fig.1 E.On Netz requirements for wind farm behavior during faults

II. THE MODELLING
A. DFIG Model
Based on the characteristics of AC excitation double-
feedback generator,variables in a two-axis rotating d-q reference
frame rotating at synchronous speed are used to substitute true
variable in three-axis static reference frame.So the mathematical
model of DFIG in synchronously rotating reference frame can be
obtained by coordinate transformation.The mathematical model
in two-axis synchronously rotating reference frame is as
follows[3-5]
Voltage equations

+ + =
+ =
+ =
=
qr r dr s qr qr
dr r qr s dr dr
qs s ds 1 qs qs
ds s qs 1 ds ds
i r p u
i r p u
i r p u
i r p u




(1)
Flux equations
1667

Proceedings of the IEEE
International Conference on Automation and Logistics
Shenyang, China August 2009




















































978-1-4244-4795-4/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE

=
=
+ =
+ =
qs m qr r qr
ds m dr r dr
qr m qs s qs
dr m ds s ds
i L i L
i L i L
i L i L
i L i L

(2)
Eelectromagnetic torque and motion equations

=
= =
=
=
r
r 1 1 s
qr ds dr qs m p e
e m r
) (
2
3
/ ) (

dt
d
s
i i i i L N T
J T T p
r
(3)
Where the subscript s and r respectively represent stator quantity
and rotor quantity,
s
L and
r
L are stator self-inductance and rotor
self-inductance respectively,
m
L is mutual inductance between
stator and rotor,
m
T and
e
T are input torque and
electromagnetic torque respectively, J is rotational inertia,
p is differential operator,
p
N is number of pole pairs,
l
,
r
and
s
are synchronous angular velocity, rotor angular
velocity and slip angular velocity respectively, s is slip ratio,
r

is stator flux phase angle.
B. Grid Side Converter Control Model
The main founctions of grid side PWM converter are to
maintain DC bus voltage stable and input current sinusoidal and
to control input power factor also.The active power balance
between AC and DC sides will determines the stability of DC bus
voltage.If the active power of AC side can be controlled
availably,the stability of DC bus voltage can be maintained.Due
to the invariableness of grid voltage, to control the active power
of AC side is to control the active component of input current in
fact.The control of input power factor is euqal to the control of
input reactive component,and whether input current wave is
sinusoidal or not is mainly related to the validity of current
control and modulation mode.As to grid side PWM ,its first task
is to realize stability of DC voltage in DC loop.So DC voltage
control loop is chosen as outloop control to realize rapid current
response and ontrol,while current loop is chosen as inloop control
to realize unit power factor control . Its Vector Control Frame is
shown in Fig.2[6,7]. The DC bus voltage is maintained as a
constant value by Vector Control of the Grid Side PWM
Rectifier,which is irrelevant with the direction and magnitude of
power of rotor side.

gabc
u
gabc
i
e

g
u
ref dc_
u
gd
i
gq
i

gd
i

gq
i
gd
u

gcd
u

gcq
u
gq
u

gcabc
u
C
dc
u
g e
L
g e
L
g
R
g
L


Fig.2 Vector Control Frame of the Grid Side PWM Rectifier

C. Rotor Side Converter Control Model
The vector control of rotor side PWM is shown in
Fig.3[6,7].The induction generator is controlled in a two-axis
rotating d-q reference frame,where the direction of stator flux is
defined as d-axis ,to ensure decoupling control of active and
reactive power transfering from stator side to grid side.
Equations of active and reactive power transfering from
stator side to grid side
qr s
s
m
s
i u
L
L
2
3
P = (4)

=
s s
s
dr
s
m
s s
L
u
i
L
L
u
2
3
Q (5)
Where
s
u is amplitude of phase voltage;
dr
i and
qr
i are d-
axis component and q-axis component of rotor
current;
s
L and
m
L are inductance and mutual inductance
respectively;
s
is electric angular velocity of stator flux.
Equation (4)and(5) constitute the mathematical model of
Vector Control of Rotor Side Converter. It is assumed that
stator voltage is a constant, then active and reactive power of
stator can be controlled by
qr
i and
dr
i . It is shown in Fig.4.
Besides, electromagnetic torque
G
T and q-axis current
qr
i are
in proportion.
qr
s
s
s
m
G
i

u
L
L
N
2
3
T
p
= (6)
1668

dt
d/dt
abcs
u
abcs
i
abcr
i
r

s
u
s
i

dqs
u
dqs
i
ds
i
s
P
s
Q
ref s_
Q
ref s_
P
ds

ms
i
m
/ 1 L
1
dr
i
qr
i
dr
i

qr
i
dr
u

dr
u

qr
u
qr
u

abcr
u
qr r slip
i L
( )
dr r ms mm slip
i L i L +
C

Fig.3 Vector Control Configuration Diagram of Rotor Side Converter
D. DFIG Protection System Model
The goal of the protection system is to protect the wind
turbine form damage caused by the high current that can occur
when the terminal voltage drops as a result of a short circuit in
the grid. It also has a task of preventing islanding. The
antiislanding protection of the wind turbine acts in response to
voltage and/or frequency deviations or phase angle
frequency.The grid side of the converter measures the grid
voltage with a high sampling frequency. There are criteria
implemented in the protection system for determining whether
an island exists. If these criteria met, the wind turbine is
disconnected [8]
E. Power System Model
As is shown in Figure.4, a double fed wind turbine is
incorporated into infinite grid through transmission lines for the
sake of convenience. Load in bus 1 is provided by wind farm,
while in wind farm here is a single double fed induction wind
turbine and external system is represented by series connection
of a voltage source with a Thevenin's equivalent impedance.
Load on bus 1 is 0.5MW in which is the grid connected point.
Impedance on transmission lines is 0.6764+j1.3528 and grid
equivalent impedance is j0.0001 .
C
Fig.4 Configuration Diagram of DFIG Connected with Grid
III. MODEL SIMULATION
Based on the previous models, simulation can be proceeded
in PSCAD. In the simulation ,a Doubly-fed VSCF wind turbine is
connected to the grid whose unit capacity is 1500kW, and the
specific parameters are showed in TABLE I.
TABLE I.
PARAMETERS USED IN DOUBLY-FED GENERATOR WIND POWER SYSTEM
SIMULATION
Generator
parameters
Unit Value Generator
parameters
Unit Value
Diameter m 70.5 Stator
resistance
Ohm 0.0018
Rated wind
speed
m/s 12 Stator
reactance
Ohm 0.0027
Frequency Hz 50 Rotor
resistance
Ohm 0.0021
rated Power kW 1500 Rotor reactance Ohm 0.0363
Rated speed rpm 1800 Magnetizing
resistance
Ohm 0.05
Stator rated
voltage
V 690 Magnetizing
reactance
Ohm 1.37
Cut in speed m/s 3.5 Pole number - 4
Cut out speed m/s 25 Power factor - 0.95

Based upon the models built in PSCAD, the operation of
DFIG wind turbine can be simulated when the bus voltage of
DFIG wind turbine drops 20% and 50% respectively. In this
case, the average wind speed is 10m/s and power factor is 1, the
voltage drop at the fifth second and the time of fault is 0.15s.
Then the Operation Characteristic Curve of DFIG wind turbine
are showed respectively in Figure.5 and Figure.6.
a
V ,
b
V and
c
V are the stator voltage;
sa
I ,
sb
I and
sc
I are the stator current;
g
P are the total active power of generator;
g
Q are the total
reactive power of generator; E T are the electromagnetic torque;
ra
I ,
rb
I and
rc
I are the rotor current.
As can be seen in Fig.5 and Fig.6, the wind turbine,which is
in sub-synchronous generating status ,can stay connected and
operating when the point of common coupling experiences a
20% voltage dip.And wind turbine can recover to the normal
operation after fault clearance,which meets the requirement of
E.ON Netz in Fig.1.When the voltage drops to 50%, an impulse,
about 1.5 times, will be produced to stator current ,and is still in
control of DFIG.As to the two faults above,DC voltage and rotor
current can be maintained below the 1.5 times normal value.So
the rotor protection device will not be acitivated.What can be
seen in the result of simulation is that the control scheme is in
normal operation after the fault clearance,which can reduce the
rotor speed and rebuild the generator voltage.

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IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the model of DFIG and converters system are
set up ,and the control of rotor side converter uses the vector
control method oriented by the stator flux of the generator. The
transient characteristics of DFIG when the power system bus
voltage drop 20% and 50% are simulated respectively in PSCAD.
The result of the simulation indicate that the vector control used
in the DFIG can improve the power system fault ride-through
capacity ,that is to say when the system fault is bus voltag dip in
a little time,the DFIG can implement the running of disconnected
network. And this give the theory base for future study on system
low voltage ride through ability.
REFERENCES
[1] S. Muller,M. Deicke, and R.W. De Doncker, Doubly fed induction
generatorsystems for wind turbines, IEEE Industry Applications
Magazine, May/June 2002, pp. 2633.
[2] Holdsworth, L., Charalambous, I., Ekanayake, J.B. and Jenkins, N. Power
system fault ride through capabilities of induction generator based wind
turbines Wind Engineering[J]. 2004 , 28(4): 399-412.

[3] YUAN Guo-feng,CAI Jian-yun,LI Yong-dong.Study on excitation
converter of variable speed constant frequency wind generation system[J].
Proceedings of the CSEE, 2005,25(8):90-94.
[4] Zhang L, Watthanasarn C.A matrix converter excited doubly-fed induction
machine as a wind power generator[C].7th International Conference on
Power Electronics and Variable Speed Drives,London, England,1998:532-
537.
[5] Anaya L O,Wu X.,Cartwright P etc. Performance of Doubly Fed Induction
Generator(DFIG) During Network Faults[J].Wind
Engineering,2005,29(1):49-66.
[6] L. Morel, A. Mirzaian, J. M. Kauffmann:Field oriented control for double
fed induction machines:simulation and experimental
results[J].Electrtmass,1996,10(9):391-396.
[7] Sun T,Chen Z, Blaabjerg F.Transient Stability of DFIG Wind Turbines at
an Exernal Short-circuit Fault[J].WIND ENERGY,2005,8(3):345-360.
[8] Thomas Ackermann. Wind Power in Power Systems[M]. John Wiley &
Sons,Ltd.2005: 567-574.











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Fig.5 Running Characteristic of DFIG During the Grid Voltage Sag 20%
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Fig.6 Running Characteristic of DFIG During the Grid Voltage Sag 50%

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