MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

By: Ashenafi Kebedom
FLUID
MECHANICS
(MEng 2152)
ETHIOPIAN INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY-
MEKELLE
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
9/17/14
Cours Con!n!
Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter Two: Fluid Statics
Chapter Three: Kinematics of Fluid Flow
and Fundamental
Chapter Four: Viscous Flow
Chapter Five: Flow Measurement
Chapter Six: Two dimensional ideal Fluid
Flow
Chapter Seven: Dimensional nal!sis and
Similitude
Chapter "i#ht: Compressi$le Flow
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
CHAPTE" ONE
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
9/17/14
Ou!#$ns o% C&'(!r On
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History and Scope of Fluid
Mechanics
Elements of Fluid Mechanics
Properties of Fluid
Fluid Pressure and its
Measurement
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
9/17/14
LEA"NING
O)*ECTI+ES
A! !& n, o% !&$s -&'(!r. /ou
s&ou#, 0 '0# !o1

Eplain the concept of !uid

"etermine the dimensions and units of

physical #uantities

Identify the $ey !uid properties used in the

analysis of !uid behavior%

&alculate common !uid properties given

appropriate information%

Eplain e'ects of !uid compressibility%

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
9/17/14

(se the concepts of viscosity) vapor

pressure) and surface tension%

"escribe !uid pressure and the

di'erent !uid pressure measurements

"etermine the pressure at various

locations in a !uid at rest%

Eplain the concept of manometers

and apply appropriate e#uations to
determine pressures%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
9/17/14
INT"ODUCTION
Concept of Fluid
*ualitative de+nition of !uid based on
molecular structure

, !uid is a substance in -hich the

constituent molecules are free to move
relative to each other%

&onversely) in a solid) the relative

positions of molecules remain essentially
+ed under nondestructive conditions of
temperature and pressure
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

.hile these de+nitions classify matter

into !uids and solids) !uids sub/divide
further into li#uids and gases%

It can formally also be de+ned !uid as0

, substance that deforms
continuously -hen acted upon by a
shearing stress of any magnitude%

Eamples of typical !uid used in

engineering applications are -ater) oil
and air%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Figure 1 sho-s an analogy ho- to
understand di'erent bonding in solids
and !uids
F$gur1 &omparison 2et-een Solids)
Li#uids and 3ases
For solid) imagine that the molecules
can be +ctitiously lin$ed to each other
-ith springs%

(a) Solid
(b) Liquid (c) Gas
k
k k
k
Free surface
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
In !uid) the molecules can move freely but are
constrained through a traction force called -o&s$on%
4his force is interchangeable from one molecule to
another%
For gases) it is very -ea$ -hich enables the gas to
disintegrate and move a-ay from its container%
For li#uids) it is stronger -hich is su'icient enough to
hold the molecule together and can -ithstand high
compression) -hich is suitable for application as
hydraulic !uid such as oil% On the surface) the cohesion
forms a resultant force directed into the li#uid region
and the combination of cohesion forces bet-een
adjacent molecules from a tensioned membrane $no-n
as %r sur%'-3
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
4&'! $s F#u$, M-&'n$-s5

It is a division in applied
mechanics -hich deals -ith the
property of !uids) li#uid or gas)
-hich is either in rest or in
motion and its interaction -ith
force%

It is the study of ho- fuids

move and the forces on them%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
HISTO"Y AND SCOPE OF FLUID
MECHANICS

4he study of !uid mechanics goes bac$ at

least to the days of ancient 3reece) -hen
,rchimedes investigated !uid statics and
buoyancy%

5apid advancement in !uid mechanics

began -ith Leonardo da 6inci7observation
and eperiment8) Evangelista 4orricelli
7barometer8) Isaac 9e-ton 7viscosity8 and
2laise Pascal 7hydrostatics8) and -as
continued by "aniel 2ernoulli -ith the
introduction of mathematical !uid
dynamics in Hydrodynamica 71:;<8%

Inviscid !o- -as further analy=ed by

various mathematicians 7 Leonhard Euler)
d> ,lembert) Laplace) Poisson8 and viscous
!o- -as eplored by a multitude of
engineers including Poiseuille) 3otthilf
Heinrich and Lud-ing Hagen
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
ELEMENTS()"ANCHES) OF FLUID
MECHANICS

Fluid statics or hydrostatics

4he study of !uids at rest% 4he main
e#uation re#uired for this is 9e-ton?s
First la- for non/accelerating bodies)
i%e% @FAB%

Fluid dynamics or hydrodynamics

4he study of !uids in motion% 4he main
e#uation re#uired for this is 9e-ton?s
second la- for accelerating bodies) i%e%
@FAma%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
In !uid mechanics there are four primary
dimensions from -hich all other dimensions
can be derived% 4hese are mass) length) time
and temperature
Un$!s1,ssignment of a number to a dimension)
e%g%) 7m8)7sec8) 7$g8
,ll other variables in !uid mechanics can be
derived from these primary dimensions%
DIMENSINS AND !NITS
Pr$6'r/
,$6ns$on
SI un$!
MassCMD Eilogram 7Eg8
Length CLD Meter 7m8
4ime C4D Second 7s8
4emperature CFD Eelvin 7E8
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
In an e#uation the dimensions for
each term have to be the same
"imensions usually used in !uid
mechanics are
Length
4ime
Mass
Force
4emperature
L
T
M
MLT
-2
F76'
89:
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
*uantity Symbol "imensions
6elocity 6 L4
/1
,ccelerationa L4
/G
,rea , L
G
6olume L
;
"ischarge * L
;
4
/1
Pressure p ML
/1
4
/G
3ravityg L4
/G
4emperature 4
Mass concentration & ML
/;
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
*uantitySymbol "imensions
"ensity ML
-3
Speci+c .eight ML
-2
T
-2
"ynamic viscosity ML
-1
T
-
1
Einematic viscosity L
2
T
-1
Surface tension MT
-2
2ul$ modules of elasticity E
ML
-1
T
-2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
A3 Dns$!/. S(-$;- 4$g&!. "#'!$<
Dns$!/
Dns$!/ A Mass per unit
volume of substance = m/v;
[] =[ML
-3
].
(nits0 =g>6
?
4ypical values0
.ater A 1BBB $gHm
;
I ,ir A 1%G;
$gHm
;
S(-$;- @$g&! A Force
eerted by the earth?s gravity
upon a unit volume of the
substance = g ; = [ML
-2
T
-
2
].
(nits0 N>6
?
4ypical values0
.aterAJ<1K 9Hm
;
,irA 1G%B:
9Hm
;
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
P"OPE"TIES OF
FLUID
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
"#'!$< ,ns$!/ (s(-$;-
gr'<$!/)
4he speci+c gravity 7or relative density8 can
be de+ned in t-o -ays0
D;n$!$on 11 , ratio of the density of a
li#uid to the density of -ater at
standard temperature and
pressure7S4P87GB&) 1 atm8) or
D;n$!$on 21 , ratio of the speci+c -eight
of a li#uid to the speci+c -eight of
-ater at standard temperature and
pressure 7S4P8 7GB&) 1 atm8)
Un$!1 dimensionless%
STP water
liquid
STP water
liquid
SG
@ @

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
)3 +$s-os$!/

It is de+ned as the property of a !uid

-hich o'ers resistance to the
movement of one layer of !uid over
another adjacent layer of the !uid%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

It is a measure of the importance of

friction in !uid !o-% &onsider) for
eample) a !uid in t-o dimensional
steady shear bet-een t-o parallel
plates) as sho-n belo-% 4he bottom
plate is +ed) -hile the upper plate is
moving at a steady speed of (%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

It turns out that the velocity pro+le) u7y8 is

linear) i%e% % ,lso notice that the velocity
of the !uid matches that of the -all at both
the top and bottom -alls% 4his is $no-n as the
no slip condition%

4he top plate -ill eperience a friction force

to the left) since it is doing -or$ trying to drag
the !uid along -ith it to the right% 4he !uid at
the top of the channel -ill eperience an e#ual
and opposite force 7i%e% to the right8% Similarly
the bottom plate -ill eperience a friction
force to the right) since the !uid is trying to
pull the plate along -ith it to the right% 4he
!uid at the bottom of the channel -ill feel an
e#ual and opposite force) i%e% to the left%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

In !uid mechanics) shear stress)

de+ned as a tangential force per unit
area) is used rather than force itself)
and is commonly denoted by 73ree$
letter LtauM8%

In simple shear !o- such as this) the

shear stress is directly proportional to
the rate of deformation of the !uid)
-hich in this case is e#ual to the slope
of the velocity pro+le% I%e%
N
N A U B
0
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

Introducing the constant of proportionality

O 73ree$ letter PmuP8) -hich is called the
coeficient of viscosity) the 9e-ton?s
e#uation of viscosity states is given by0

Fluids that follo- the above relation are

called Newtonian fuids% 4he coe'icient of
viscosity is also $no-n as dynamic
viscosityI its dimensions are COD A CML
/1
4
/1
D
-hile its SI units are Pa/s%
dy
du

A shear stress
A viscosity of !uid
duHdy A shear rate) rate of strain or
velocity gradient
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Eample0
,ir
.ater
Oil
3asoline
,lcohol
Eerosene
2en=ene
3lycerine
Fluid
9e-ton>s la-
of viscosity
9e-tonian !uids
obey
refer
4he viscosity is a function only of the
condition of the !uid) particularly its
temperature%
4he magnitude of the velocity gradient
7duHdy8 has no e'ect on the magnitude
of %
N@!on$'n 'n, Non-N@!on$'n
F#u$,
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Flui
d
N@!onCs
#'@
o% <$s-os$!/
Non-
N@!on$'n
Du$,s
Do no! o0/
4he viscosity of the non/9e-tonian !uid is dependent on the
velocity gradient as -ell as the condition of the fuid%
N@!on$'n F#u$,s
, linear relationship bet-een shear stress and the velocity
gradient 7rate of shear8)
4he slope is constant
4he viscosity is constant
Non-N@!on$'n Du$,s
Slope of the curves for non/9e-tonian !uids varies
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

,n ideal !uid is one -hich has =ero

viscosity) i%e%) $n<$s-$, or non-
<$s-ous3

Sometimes) it is more convenient to

use =$n6'!$- <$s-os$!/) denoted by
3ree$ letter PnuP) -hich is simply
de+ned as the viscosity divided by
density) i%e%

Einematic viscosity has the

dimensions CQD A CL
G
4
/1
D) and its SI
units are m
G
Hs%
v=/
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
C3 Sur%'- Tns$on 'n, C'($##'r$!/

Surface tension is de+ned as a tensile force

acting on the surface of a li#uid in contact
-ith a gas or on the surface bet-een t-o
immiscible li#uids such that the contact
surface behaves li$e a membrane under
tension%

Surface tension is a property of li#uids -hich

is felt at the interface bet-een the li#uid and
another !uid 7typically a gas8%

It is denoted by R73ree$ symbol sigma8

It has dimensions of force per unit length) and

al-ays acts parallel to the interface%

It is dependent upon the molecular cohesive

forces

Its magnitude for all li#uids decreases as

temperature rises
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

Surface molecules are subject to an

attractive force from nearby surface
molecules so that the surface is in a state of
tension%

, soap bubble is a good eample to

illustrate the e'ects of surface tension%
Ho- does a soap bubble remain spherical
in shapeS 4he ans-er is that there is a
higher pressure inside the bubble than
outside) much li$e a balloon% In fact)
surface tension in the soap +lm acts much
the same as the tension in the s$in of a
balloon%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

&onsider a soap bubble of radius "

-ith internal pressure P
$n
and
eternal 7atmospheric8 pressure P
ou!
%
4he ecess pressure
EP
0u00#
7P
$n
FP
ou!
can be found by
considering the free/body diagram of
half a bubble%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

9ote that surface tension acts along

the circumference 7resulting from
cutting across the t-o interfaces8
and the pressure acts on the area of
the half/bubble% 2y statics 7to be
eplained later8) the net force due to
the pressure is e#ual to the pressure
times the projected area% Hence)
balancing the forces due to surface
tension and pressure di'erence0
G7GT 58 R
s
A 7T 5
G
8UP
bubble
UP
bubble
A K R
s
H5
-here R
s
is the surface tension
of the !uid in air%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

Sur%'- !ns$on is also important at

the interface bet-een a li#uid) a gas)
and a solid% For eample) a meniscus
occurs -hen the surface of a li#uid
touches a solid -all) as most readily
noticed -hen a capillary tube is
placed in a li#uid%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

C'($##'r$!/
It is a phenomenon of rise or fall of a
li#uid surface in a small tube relative
to the adjacent general level of li#uid
-hen the tube is held vertically in
the li#uid% 4he rise of li#uid surface
is $no-n as capillary rise -hile the
fall of the li#uid surface is $no-n as
-'($##'r/ ,(rss$on%

It is epressed in terms of cm or mm
of li#uid%

Its value depends upon the speci+c

-eight of the li#uid) diameter of the
tube and surface tension of the
li#uid%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
EG(rss$on %or C'($##'r/ "$s

&onsider a glass capillary tube

inserted into a li#uid) such as -ater%
4he -ater -ill rise up the tube to a
height h) because surface tension
pulls the surface of the -ater
to-ards the glass) as sho-n% 4he
meniscus is the curved surface at the
top of the -ater column%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

4he height of the -ater column can be

found by summing all forces acting on the
-ater column as a free body diagram% 74his
is a statics problem since there is no
acceleration%8 4he do-n-ard force is due to
gravity) i%e% the -eight of the -ater column%
4he only up-ard force available to balance
the -eight is that caused by surface
tension 7pressure forces all cancel out) as
-ill be eplained in a later lecture8% &olumn
height h can be determined as follo-s0
-eight of !uid column A surface tension
pulling
( )
gR
h
R h R g
s
s

cos 2
cos 2
2


MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

4he contact angle is de+ned as the

angle bet-een the li#uid and solid
surface) as sho-n in the s$etch%
&ontact angle depends on both the
li#uid and the solid% If is less than
JB
o
) the li#uid is said to P-etP the
solid% Ho-ever) if is greater than JB
o
)
the li#uid is repelled by the solid) and
tries not to P-etP it% For eample)
-ater -ets glass) but not -a%
Mercury on the other hand does not
-et glass%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
D3 +'(or Prssur
6apor pressure is de+ned as the pressure
at -hich a li#uid -ill boil 7vapori=e8% 6apor
pressure rises as temperature rises%
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0 10 20 30 40
Tempea!"e #$%
&
a
p
o

e
s
s
"

e

#
'
a
%
liquid
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Practical eample) suppose you are camping
on a high mountain 71B)BBB ft% or roughly
;)BBB m in altitude8%4he atmospheric pressure
at this elevation is about :B $Pa% ,t a
temperature of around JB
o
&) the vapor
pressure of -ater is also around :B $Pa% From
this it can be stated that at 1B)BBB ft% of
elevation) -ater boils at around JB
o
&) rather
than the common 1BB
o
& at standard sea level
pressure%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

4his has conse#uences for coo$ing% For

eample) eggs have to be coo$ed longer at
elevation to become hard/boiled since they
coo$ at a lo-er temperature% , pressure
coo$er has the opposite e'ect% 9amely) the
tight lid on a pressure coo$er causes the
pressure to increase above the normal
atmospheric value% 4his causes -ater to
boil at a temperature even greater than
1BB
o
&I eggs can be coo$ed a lot faster in a
pressure coo$erV
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

6apor pressure is important to !uid !o-s

because) in general) pressure in a !o-
decreases as velocity increases% 4his can
lead to cavitation) -hich is generally
destructive and undesirable% In particular)
at high speeds the local pressure of a li#uid
sometimes drops belo- the vapor pressure
of the li#uid% In such a case) cavitation
occurs% In other -ords) a PcavityP or bubble
of vapor appears because the li#uid
vapori=es or boils at the location -here the
pressure dips belo- the local vapor
pressure%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

&avitation is not desirable for several

reasons% First) it causes noise 7as the
cavitation bubbles collapse -hen they
migrate into regions of higher pressure8%
Second) it can lead to ineficiencies and
reduction of heat transfer in pumps and
turbines 7turbomachines8% Finally) the
collapse of these cavitation bubbles causes
pitting and corrosion of blades and other
surfaces nearby% 4he +gures belo- sho-s a
cavitating propeller in a -ater tunnel) and
the cavitation damage on a blade%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
E" Co#$ressibili%&
All fuids a! "#m$!ssi%l! u&d! '(!
a$$li"a'i#& #) !*'!&al )#"!s. T(!
"#m$!ssi%ili'+ #) a fuid is !*$!ss!d
%+ i's %ul, m#dulus #) !las'i"i'+ -.
/(i"( is '(! a'i# #) '(! "(a&g! i&
u&i' $!ssu! '# '(! "#!s$#&di&g
v#lum! "(a&g! $! u&i' v#lum!.
0#m$!ssi%ili'+ is giv!& %+. 1/-.
1#'! '(a' '(! %ul, m#dulus #)
!las'i"i'+ (as '(! sam! dim!&si#&s as
$!ssu!2 [-] = [ML
-1
T
-2
]

p
v
v
p
E
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

3# /a'! a' ##m '!m$!a'u!. - is

a$$#*ima'!l+ 2.2 4 15
9
1/m
2
. /(il!
)# ai a' a'm#s$(!i" $!ssu! '(!
is!&'#$i" %ul, m#dulus #) !las'i"i'+ is
a$$#*ima'!l+ 1.44 15
6
1/m
2
. T(a' is.
ai is '+$i"all+ )#u #d!s #)
mag&i'ud! m#! "#m$!ssi%l! '(a&
/a'!.

3# m#s' $a"'i"al $u$#s!s liquids

ma+ %! !gad!d as i&"#m$!ssi%l!.
7#/!v!. '(!! a! "!'ai& "as!s.
su"( as u&s'!ad+ f#/ i& $i$!s 8!.g..
/a'! (amm!9. /(!! '(!
"#m$!ssi%ili'+ s(#uld %! 'a,!& i&'#
a""#u&'. :as!s ma+ als# %! '!a'!d
as i&"#m$!ssi%l! i) '(! "(a&g! i&
d!&si'+ is v!+ small 8'+$i"all+ l!ss
'(a& 3;9.

A& id!al fuid is a& i&"#m$!ssi%l!

fuid.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
F" PERFECT GAS LA'
<!+ #)'!& /! (av! fuid f#/s #) gas!s
a'. # &!a. a'm#s$(!i" $!ssu!. =&
'(!s! "as!s. '(! "(a&g!s i& $!ssu! p,
density and absolute temperature T
of a gas particle may be related
accurately to each other by the perfect
(or ideal) gas law:
P= RT R=R
g
/M
g
/(!! R is called the perfect gas
constant, Rg is the Universal gas
constant and Mg is the gas molecular
weight.
T(! u&iv!sal gas "#&s'a&' is Rg !."#
$%mol& ' (.(!) *&atm%mol&'.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(! $!)!"' gas la/ al#&! is i&su>"i!&'
'# !*$lai& (#/ '(! $#$!'i!s #) a gas
"(a&g! as i' m#v!s. =& addi'i#&. '(!
la/s #) '(!m#d+&ami"s mus' %!
i&v#,!d. 0#m$!ssi%l! f#/s a!
i&(!!&'l+ "#m$li"a'!d %!"aus! '(!
la/s #) '(!m#d+&ami"s. as /!ll as '(!
la/s #) fuid m!"(a&i"s. #$!a'!
simul'a&!#usl+.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
FL!ID PRESS!RE AND ITS
MEAS!REMENT
A"I(%roduc%io( %o Pressure
?!ssu! i& a fuid a' !s' is d!@&!d as
'(! &#mal )#"! $! u&i' a!a !*!'!d
#& a $la&! su)a"! 8!al # imagi&a+9
imm!s!d i& a fuid a&d is "!a'!d %+
'(! %#m%adm!&' #) '(! su)a"! /i'(
'(! fuid m#l!"ul!s.
?!ssu! al/a+s a"'s i&/ad &#mal '#
a&+ su)a"! 8!v!& imagi&a+ su)a"!s
as i& a "#&'#l v#lum!9.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
?!ssu! is a &#mal s'!ss. a&d
(!&"! (as dim!&si#&s #) )#"! $!
u&i' a!a. # [ML
-1
T
-2
]. =& '(! M!'i"
s+s'!m #) u&i's. $!ssu! is !*$!ss!d
as A$as"alsA 8?a9 # 1/m
2
.B'a&dad
a'm#s$(!i" $!ssu! is 151.3 ,?a.
[
?!ssu! is )#mall+ d!@&!d '# %!

/(!! D3
&
is '(! &#mal "#m$!ssiv!
)#"! a"'i&g #& a& i&@&i'!simal a!a
DA
A
F
p
n

(im
1
g
water

1
g
water

0 A
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
)" Pressure a% a $oi(%
E+ "#&sid!i&g '(! !quili%ium #) a
small 'ia&gula /!dg! #) fuid
!*'a"'!d )#m a s'a'i" fuid %#d+.
#&! "a& s(#/ '(a' )# a&+ /!dg!
a&gl! F. '(! $!ssu!s #& '(! '(!!
)a"!s #) '(! /!dg! a! !qual i&
mag&i'ud!2
$
s
= $
+
=$
G
i&d!$!&d!&' #) F

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(is !sul' is ,&#/& as Pascal*s la+.
/(i"( s'a'!s '(a' '(! $!ssu! a' a
$#i&' i& a fuid a' !s'. # i& m#'i#&. is
i&d!$!&d!&' #) di!"'i#& as l#&g as
'(!! a! &# s(!a s'!ss!s $!s!&'.
?!ssu! a' a $#i&' (as '(! sam!
mag&i'ud! i& all di!"'i#&s. a&d is
"all!d iso%ro$ic.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
C" Pressure ,aria%io( +i%- De$%-
0#&sid! a small v!'i"al "+li&d! #)
fuid i& !quili%ium. /(!! $#si'iv! G
is $#i&'i&g v!'i"all+ u$/ad. Bu$$#s!
'(! #igi& H=5 is s!' a' '(! )!!
su)a"! #) '(! fuid. T(!& '(! $!ssu!
vaia'i#& a' a d!$'( G = -( %!l#/ '(!
)!! su)a"! is g#v!&!d %+
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(!!)#!. '(! (+d#s'a'i" $!ssu! i&"!as!s
li&!al+ /i'( d!$'( a' '(! a'! #) '(! s$!"i@"
/!ig(' #) '(! fuid.
3# (#m#g!&!#us fuid2 is "#&s'a&'
E+ sim$l+ i&'!ga'i&g '(! a%#v! !qua'i#&2
/(!! 0 is a& i&'!ga'i#& "#&s'a&'. I(!& G =
5 8#& '(! )!! su)a"!9. $=0= $
#
8'(!
a'm#s$(!i" $!ssu!9. 7!&"!.
( )
( ) 0
0



+
+ +
! as
d!
dp
g
d!
dp
! g p
! gA pA
pA w A p p

" g! p
gd! dp
+

#
p g! p +
g

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
?!ssu! giv!& %+ '(is !qua'i#& is
"all!d A)SL!TE PRESS!RE. i.!.
m!asu!d a%#v! $!)!"' va"uum.
7#/!v!. )# !&gi&!!i&g $u$#s!s. i'
is m#! "#&v!&i!&' '# m!asu! '(!
$!ssu! a%#v! a da'um $!ssu! a'
a'm#s$(!i" $!ssu!. E+ s!''i&g $
#
=
5.
?!ssu! giv!& %+ '(is !qua'i#& is
"all!d GA!GE(GAGE) PRESS!RE.
gh g! p
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

T(! !qua'i#& d!iv!d a%#v! s(#/s

'(a' /(!& '(! d!&si'+ is "#&s'a&'.
%-e $ressure i( a liquid a% res%
i(crease li(earl& +i%- de$%- fro#
%-e free surface.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

0#&s!qu!&'l+. '(! dis'i%u'i#& #)

$!ssu! a"'i&g #& a su%m!g!d fa'
su)a"! is al/a+s 'a$!G#idal 8#
'ia&gula i) '(! su)a"! $i!"!s
'(#ug( '(! )!! su)a"! #) '(! liquid
a&d '(! $!ssu! is gaug! $!ssu!9.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Als#. '(! pressure is the same at
all points with the same depth
from the free surface regardless
of geometry. provided that the
points are interconnected by the
same fuid. 7#/!v!. '(! '(us' du!
'# $!ssu! is $!$!&di"ula '# '(!
su)a"! #& /(i"( '(! $!ssu! a"'s.
a&d (!&"! i's di!"'i#& d!$!&ds #&
'(! g!#m!'+.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
D"H&dros%a%ic Pressure
Di.ere(ce )e%+ee( T+o
Poi(%s
3# a fuid /i'( "#&s'a&' d!&si'+.
=' is !asil+ !m!m%!!d %+
'(i&,i&g a%#u' s"u%a divi&g. As a
div! g#!s d#/&. '(! $!ssu! #&
(is !as i&"!as!s. B#. '(!
$!ssu! A%!l#/A is g!a'! '(a&
'(! $!ssu! Aa%#v!.A
g P P
a$#ve $el#w
+
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Jul!s # "#mm!&'s /(i"( di!"'l+
!sul' )#m '(! a%#v! !qua'i#&2
If &ou ca( dra+ a co(%i(uous li(e
%-rou/- %-e sa#e 0uid fro# $oi(%
1 %o $oi(% 23 %-e( $
1
4 $
2
if 5
1
4
5
2
"
3# !*am$l!. "#&sid! '(! #ddl+
s(a$!d "#&'ai&!2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
E+ '(is ul!. $
1
= $
2
a&d $
6
= $
7
si&"!
'(!s! $#i&'s a! a' '(! sam! !l!va'i#&
i& '(! sam! fuid. 7#/!v!. $
2
d#!s &#'
!qual $
8
!v!& '(#ug( '(!+ a! a' '(!
sam! !l!va'i#&. %!"aus! #&! "a&&#'
da/ a li&! "#&&!"'i&g '(!s! $#i&'s
'(#ug( '(! sam! fuid. =& )a"'. $
2
is
l!ss '(a& $
8
si&"! m!"u+ is d!&s!
'(a& /a'!.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
A(& free surface o$e( %o %-e
a%#os$-ere -as a%#os$-eric
$ressure3 $
9
.
8T(is ul! (#lds &#' #&l+ )#
(+d#s'a'i"s. %u' )# a&+ )!!
su)a"! !*$#s!d '# '(!
a'm#s$(!!. /(!'(! '(! su)a"!
is m#vi&g. s'a'i#&a+. fa'. #
mildl+ "uv!d.9 0#&sid! '(!
(+d#s'a'i"s !*am$l! #) a
"#&'ai&! #) /a'!2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(! li''l! u$sid!-d#/& 'ia&gl! i&di"a'!s a
)!! su)a"!. a&d m!a&s '(a' '(! $!ssu!
'(!! is a'm#s$(!i" $!ssu!. $
5
. =& #'(!
/#ds. i& '(is !*am$l!. $
1
= $
5
. T# @&d '(!
$!ssu! a' $#i&' 2. #u (+d#s'a'i"s
!qua'i#& is us!d2 $
2
= $
5
Kg( 8a%s#lu'!
$!ssu!9 # $
2
= g( 8gaug! $!ssu!9.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Pascal:s Parado;
-ali! /! (av! s(#/& '(a' '(! "(a&g! i&
$!ssu! d!$!&ds #&l+ #& '(! "(a&g! #)
!l!va'i#& a&d '(! '+$! #) fuid. &#' #& '(!
/!ig(' #) '(! fuid $!s!&'. T(! s(a$! #) a
"#&'ai&! d#!s &#' ma''! i& (+d#s'a'i"s
!*"!$' #) "#us! )# v!+ small diam!'!
'u%!s. /(!! su)a"! '!&si#& %!"#m!s
im$#'a&'.
T(!!)#!. all '(! "#&'ai&!s s(#/& i& '(! @gu!
%!l#/ /#uld (av! '(! sam! $!ssu! a' '(!
%#''#m L &# ma''! /(a' '(! siG! # s(a$! #)
"#&'ai&! a&d (#/ mu"( fuid '(!+ "#&'ai&!d. T(is
#%s!va'i#& is "all!d ?as"alMs ?aad#*.
h
h
Pressure is %-e sa#e a% %-e bo%%o# of
co(%ai(er< P4/-
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
A' @s' gla&"!. i' ma+ s!!m '(a' '(!
$!ssu! a' $#i&' 3 /#uld %! g!a'!
'(a& '(a' a' $#i&' 1 # 2. si&"! '(!
/!ig(' #) '(! /a'! is m#!
A"#&"!&'a'!dA #& '(! small a!a a'
'(! %#''#m. %u' i& !ali'+. all '(!!
$!ssu!s a! id!&'i"al. Ns! #) #u
(+d#s'a'i"s !qua'i#& "#&@ms '(is
"#&"lusi#&. i.!.
g p p p p g p p
# a$#ve $el#w
+ +
3 2 1
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
PRESS!RE IN LA=ERED FL!ID
3# !*am$l!. "#&sid! '(!
"#&'ai&! i& '(! @gu! %!l#/.
/(i"( is $a'iall+ @ll!d /i'(
m!"u+. a&d $a'iall+ /i'(
/a'!2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
=& '(is "as!. '(! (+d#s'a'i"s
!qua'i#& mus' %! us!d '/i"!.
#&"! i& !a"( #) '(! liquids
and
0#m%i&i&g.
B(#/& #& '(! ig(' sid! #) '(!
a%#v! @gu! is '(! dis'i%u'i#& #)
$!ssu! /i'( d!$'( a"#ss '(!
'/# la+!s #) fuids. /(!! '(!
a'm#s$(!i" $!ssu! is 'a,!& '#
%! G!# $
5
=5.
! g P P
a$#ve $el#w
+
1 1
g P P
water #
+
2 1 2
g P P
%er&ury
+
2 1 2
g g P P
%er&ury water #
+ +
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
N")2 T(! $!ssu! is "#&'i&u#us a' '(!
i&'!)a"! %!'/!!& /a'! a&d
m!"u+. T(!!)#!.?1. /(i"( is '(!
$!ssu! a' '(! %#''#m #) '(! /a'!
"#lum&. is '(! s'a'i&g $!ssu! a'
'(! '#$ #) '(! m!"u+ "#lum&. T(!
$!ssu! ?1 "a& als# %! !gad!d
as '(! /a'! su"(ag! $!ssu!
su$!im$#s!d #&'# 8u&i)#ml+
'a&smi''!d '#. a&d )!l' a' a&+ d!$'(
%+9 '(! m!"u+ %!l#/.
T(! v!'i"al gadi!&' #) '(! $!ssu!
dis'i%u'i#& is !qual '# '(! s$!"i@"
/!ig(' #) '(! )luid O. T(!!)#!. '(!
$!ssu! i& m!"u+ i&"!as!s /i'(
d!$'( a' a a'! 13.P 'im!s )as'!
'(a& '(a' i& /a'! si&"!
6 ) 13
water
%er&ury

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(! )a"' '(a' '(! $!ssu! 8#
,&#/& as su"(ag!9 a$$li!d '# a
"#&@&!d fuid i&"!as!s '(!
$!ssu! '(#ug(#u' '(! fuid %+
'(! sam! am#u&' (as im$#'a&'
a$$li"a'i#&s. su"( as i& '(!
(+dauli" li)'i&g #) (!av+ #%Q!"'s2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2 1
<<
A
A
F
F
A
F
A
F
P P
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
E" Pressure Measure#e(% a(d
Ma(o#e%ers
Ma(o#e%ers< a! d!vi"!s i&
/(i"( #&! # m#! "#lum&s #) a
liquid a! us!d '# d!'!mi&! '(!
$!ssu! diR!!&"! %!'/!!& '/#
$#i&'s.

?i!G#m!'! 'u%!

N-'u%! ma&#m!'!

SiR!!&'ial Ma&#m!'!

=&"li&!d 'u%! ma&#m!'!

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Pie5o#e%er %ube
T(! sim$l!s' ma&#m!'! is a 'u%!.
#$!& a' '(! '#$. /(i"( is a''a"(!d '#
a v!ss!l # a $i$! "#&'ai&i&g liquid a'
a $!ssu! 8(ig(! '(a& a'm#s$(!i"9
'# %! m!asu!d. T(is sim$l! d!vi"! is
,&#/& as a $i!G#m!'! 'u%!. As '(!
'u%! is #$!& '# '(! a'm#s$(!! '(!
$!ssu! m!asu!d is !la'iv! '#
a'm#s$(!i" s# is /au/e $!ssu!2
1 1
h P
A

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(is m!'(#d "a& #&l+ %! us!d )#
liquids 8i.!. &#' )# gas!s9 a&d #&l+
/(!& '(! liquid (!ig(' is "#&v!&i!&' '#
m!asu!. =' mus' &#' %! '## small #
'## lag! a&d $!ssu! "(a&g!s mus'
%! d!'!"'a%l!.

!>%ube #a(o#e%er
T(is d!vi"! "#&sis's #) a glass 'u%!
%!&' i&'# '(! s(a$! #) a ANA. a&d is
us!d '# m!asu! s#m! u&,&#/&
$!ssu!. 3# !*am$l!. "#&sid! a N-
'u%! ma&#m!'! '(a' is us!d '#
m!asu! $!ssu! p
+
i& s#m! ,i&d #)
'a&, # ma"(i&!.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Agai&. '(! !qua'i#& )# (+d#s'a'i"s is
us!d '# "al"ula'! '(! u&,&#/&
$!ssu!. 0#&sid! '(! l!)' sid! a&d '(!
ig(' sid! #) '(! ma&#m!'! s!$aa'!l+2
2 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 2
h P
h P h P P
A

+ +
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Bi&"! $#i&'s la%!l!d 829 a&d 839 i& '(!
@gu! a! a' '(! sam! !l!va'i#& i& '(!
sam! fuid. '(!+ a! a' !quival!&'
$!ssu!s. a&d '(! '/# !qua'i#&s a%#v!
"a& %! !qua'!d '# giv!
3i&all+. &#'! '(a' i& ma&+ "as!s 8su"(
as /i'( ai $!ssu! %!i&g m!asu!d %+
a m!"u+ ma&#m!'!9. '(! d!&si'+ #)
ma&#m!'! fuid 2 is mu"( g!a'! '(a&
'(a' #) fuid 1. =& su"( "as!s. '(! las'
'!m #& '(! ig(' is s#m!'im!s
&!gl!"'!d.
1 1 2 2
h h P
A

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
DIFFERENTIAL MANMETER
A diR!!&'ial ma&#m!'! "a& %! us!d
'# m!asu! '(! diR!!&"! i& $!ssu!
%!'/!!& '/# "#&'ai&!s # '/# $#i&'s i&
'(! sam! s+s'!m. Agai&. #& !qua'i&g
'(! $!ssu!s a' $#i&'s la%!l!d 829 a&d
839. /! ma+ g!' a& !*$!ssi#& )# '(!
$!ssu! diR!!&"! %!'/!!& A a&d E2
1 1 3 3 2 2
h h h P P
' A
+
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
=& '(! "#mm#& "as! /(!& A a&d E a!
a' '(! sam! !l!va'i#& #& 8(
1
=(
2
K(
3
9
a&d '(! fuids i& '(! '/# "#&'ai&!s a!
'(! sam!. #&! ma+ s(#/ '(a' '(!
$!ssu! diR!!&"! !gis'!!d %+
diR!!&'ial ma&#m!'! is giv!& %+
I(!! *
m
is '(! d!&si'+ #) '(!
ma&#m!'! )luid is '(! d!&si'+ #) '(!
fuid i& '(! s+s'!m a&d ( is '(!
ma&#m!'! diR!!&'ial !adi&g
gh P
%

,
_

1
( )
3 1

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
INCLINED T!)E MANMETER
As s(#/& a%#v!. '(! diR!!&'ial !adi&g is
$#$#'i#&al '# '(! $!ssu! diR!!&"!. =) '(!
$!ssu! diR!!&"! is v!+ small. '(! !adi&g
ma+ %! '## small '# %! m!asu!d /i'( g##d
a""ua"+. T# i&"!as! '(! s!&si'ivi'+ #) '(!
diR!!&'ial !adi&g. #&! l!g #) '(! ma&#m!'!
"a& %! i&"li&!d a' a& a&gl! F. a&d '(!
diR!!&'ial !adi&g is m!asu!d al#&g '(!
i&"li&!d 'u%!. As s(#/& a%#v!. (
2
=l
2
si&F. a&d
(!&"!
1 1 3 3 2 2
sin h h P P
' A
+
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T%vi#usl+. '(! small! '(! a&gl!. '(!
m#! '(! !adi&g is mag&i@!d
Mul%i0uid Ma(o#e%er
T(! $!ssu! i& a $!ssuiG!d 'a&, is
m!asu!d %+ a mul'ifuid ma&#m!'!.
as s(#/& i& '(! @gu! %!l#/. B(#/ '(a'
'(! ai $!ssu! i& '(! 'a&, is giv!& %+
% #
1 2 3
h h h g P P
water #il %er&ury at% air
+
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
CHAPTER T'
FL!ID STATICS
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
9/17/14

L!a&i&g T%Q!"'iv!s

=&'#du"'i#&

7+d#s'a'i" )#"! #& $la&!

# "uv!d su)a"!s

0#&di'i#&s #) !quili%ium
#) a f#a'i&g a&d su%-
m!g!d %#di!s
u%li(es of C-a$%er T+o
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
9/17/14
LEARNING
)?ECTI,ES
A)'! "#m$l!'i&g '(is "(a$'!. +#u
s(#uld %! a%l! '#2

0al"ula'! '(! (+d#s'a'i"

$!ssu! )#"! #& a $la&! #
"uv!d su%m!g!d su)a"!.

0al"ula'! '(! %u#+a&' )#"! a&d

Sis"uss '(! s'a%ili'+ #) f#a'i&g

# su%m!g!d #%Q!"'s.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
H&dros%a%ic force o( a
surface

=' d!als /i'( fuids 8i.!.. liquids

a&d gas!s9 a' !s'.

<!l#"i'+ gadi!&' a&d s(!a

s'!ss a! G!#.

T(! )#"!s a"'i&g #& '(! fuid

$a'i"l! a!2
1. Su! '# $!ssu! #) fuid
&#mal '# '(! su)a"!
2. Su! '# gavi'+ 8# s!l)-/!ig('
#) fuid $a'i"l!s9
% #
dy
du
% #
dy
du

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
To%al $ressure a(d Ce(%er
of Pressure

To%al $ressure is d!@&!d as '(!

force e;er%ed %+ a s'a'i" fuid
#& a su)a"! !i'(! $la&! #
"uv!d /(!& '(! fuid "#m!s i&
"#&'a"' /i'( '(! su)a"!s.

T(is )#"! al/a+s a"'s &#mal '#

'(! su)a"!

Ce(%er Pressure is d!@&!d as

'(! $oi(% of a$$lica%io( #) '(!
'#'al $!ssu! #& '(! su)a"!.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

T(!! a! )#u "as!s #)

su%m!g!d su)a"!s #&
/(i"( '(! '#'al $!ssu!
)#"! a&d "!&'! #) $!ssu!
is '# %! d!'!mi&!d. T(!
su%m!g!d su)a"!s a!2
1" ,er%ical $la(e surface
2" Hori5o(%al $la(e surface
8" I(cli(ed $la(e surface3
a(d
6" Cur@ed surface
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
,er%ical $la(e surface
0#&sid! a s'i$ #) '(i",&!ss d(
a&d /id'( % a' a d!$'( #) ( )#m
)!! su)a"! #) liquid as s(#/&
%!l#/2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
?!ssu! i&'!&si'+ #& '(! s'i$.
A!a #) '(! s'i$. dA=%Ud(
T#'al $!ssu! )#"! #& s'i$. d3=$UA!a
= U8%Ud(9
T#'al $!ssu! )#"! #& '(! /(#l!
su)a"!.
Eu' = M#m!&' #) su)a"! a!a
a%#u' '(! )!! su)a"! #)
liquid
=A!a #) su)a"! U Sis'a&"!
#) 0.: )#m )!! su)a"!
gh p

dh $ h g dh $ gh dF F
gh

dA h dh $ h
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
3# /a'! '(! valu! #) * =1555 ,g/m
3

a&d g= 9.V1 m/s
2
. T(! )#"! /ill %! i&
1!/'#&.
Ce(%er of Pressure (-U)
0!&'! #) $!ssu! is "al"ula'!d
%+ usi&g '(! WPrinciple of
momentsX. /(i"( s'a'!s '(a'
'(! m#m!&' #) '(! !sul'a&'
)#"! a%#u' a& a*is is !qual '#
'(! sum #) m#m!&'s #) '(!
"#m$#&!&'s a%#u' sam! a*is.

dA h dh $ h
h A
A h g F
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
As s(#/& i& a%#v! @gu!. '(!
!sul'a&' )#"! 3 is a"'i&g a' ?. a' a
dis'a&"! -U )#m )!! su)a"! #)
'(! liquid. 7!&"!. m#m!&' #) '(!
)#"! 3 a%#u' )!! su)a"! #) '(!
liquid = 3+-U .
M#m!&' #) )#"! d3. a"'i&g #& a
s'i$ a%#u' )!! su)a"! #) liquid
Bum #) m#m!&'s #) all su"( )#"!s
a%#u' )!! su)a"! #) liquid
h dF
h dh $ gh ,
- , , . dh $ gh dF

dh h h $ g h dh $ gh dF F , , , , , ,
dA h g dh h $ g


2 2
% # dA $dh
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Eu'
= M#m!&' #) i&!'ia #) '(!
su)a"! a%#u' )!! su)a"! #) liquid
4 I
o

sum #) m#m!&'s a%#u' )!! su)a"!
dA h dh h $


2 2
#
g(
#
g( h F
,
,
h A
(
h gA
g(
h
# #

A h g F
#
g( h h gA
,
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
E+ '(! '(!#!m #) $aall!l a*is. /!
(av!
I(!! =M#m!&' #) i&!'ia #)
a!a a%#u' a& a*is $assi&g
'(#ug( '(! 0.:. #) '(!
a!a a&d $aall!l '# '(!
)!! su)a"! #) liquid.
Bu%s'i'u'i&g
h
h A
(
h A
h A (
h
G G
+
+

2
2
h A ( (
G #
+
G
(
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
=& '(! las' !qua'i#&. is '(!
dis'a&"! #) 0.:. #) '(! a!a #) '(!
v!'i"al su)a"! )#m )!! su)a"!
#) '(! liquid. 7!&"! )#m '(! las'
!qua'i#&. i' is "l!a '(a'2

0!&'! #) $!ssu! 8i.!.. 9 li!s

%!l#/ '(! "!&'! #) gavi'+ #)
'(! v!'i"al su)a"!

T(! dis'a&"! #) "!&'! #)

$!ssu! )#m )!! su)a"! #)
liquid is i&d!$!&d!&' #) '(!
d!&si'+ #) '(! liquid.
h

h
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
HRIANTAL PLANE S!RFACE
0#&sid! a $la&! (#iG#&'all+ imm!s!d i& a
s'a'i" fuid. As !v!+ $#i&' #) '(! su)a"! is
a' '(! sam! d!$'( )#m '(! )!! su)a"! #)
'(! liquid. '(! $!ssu! i&'!&si'+ /ill %!
!qual #& '(! !&'i! su)a"! a&d !qual '#
$=gh. /(!! ( is d!$'( #) su)a"!.
L!' A= T#'al a!a #) su)a"!
T(!& '#'al )#"!. 3. #& '(! su)a"!
=?UA!a
I(!! = S!$'( #) 0.:. )#m )!! su)a"! #)
liquid = (
= S!$'( #) "!&'! #) $!ssu! )#m )!!
su)a"! = (
gAh
A h g

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
INCLINED PLANE
S!RFACE
Bu$$#s! a su%m!g!d $la&! su)a"! is i&"li&!d a'
a& a&gl! '# '(! )!! su)a"! #) a liquid.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
No%a%io(s
A-a!a #) '(! $la&! su)a"!
T- '(! li&! /(!! $la&! i& su)a"! li!s
i&'!s!"'s '(! )!! su)a"!
0- 0!&'#id 8# "!&'! a!a9 #) '(! $la'!
su)a"!
0
$
-0!&'! #) $!ssu! 8$#i&' #) a$$li"a'i#& #)
'(! !sul'a&' )#"! #& '(! $la&! su)a"!9
3
J
- Mag&i'ud! #) '(! !sul'a&' )#"! #& '(!
$la&! su)a"! 8a"'i&g &#mall+ 9
(
"
-<!'i"al d!$'( #) '(! "!&'#id 0
(
J
- <!'i"al d!$'( #) '(! "!&'! #) $!ssu!
0
$
+
"
- i&"li&!d dis'a&"! )#m T '# 0
+
J
- i&"li&!d dis'a&"! )#m T '# 0
$
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Fi(d #a/(i%ude of resul%a(% force
T(! !sul'a&' )#"! is )#u&d %+ i&'!ga'i&g '(!
)#"! du! '# (+d#s'a'i" $!ssu! #& a& !l!m!&'
dA a' a d!$'( ( #v! '(! /(#l! su)a"!2
I(!! %+ '(! @s' m#m!&' #) a!a
7!&"!
T(! !sul'a&' )#"! #& #&! sid! #) a&+ $la&!
su%m!g!d su)a"! i& a u&i)#m fuid is
'(!!)#! !qual '# '(! $!ssu! a' '(! "!&'#id
#) '(! su)a"! 'im!s '(! a!a #) '(! su)a"!.
i&d!$!&d!&' #) '(! s(a$! #) '(! $la&! # '(!
a&gl! % a' /(i"( i' is sla&'!d.


A A A
R
ydA g ghdA dF F sin
A y ydA
A
&

( ) A gh A y g F
& & R
sin
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Fi(d loca%io( of ce(%er of
$ressure
Ta,i&g m#m!&' a%#u' #.
Eu'
%+ $aall!l a*is '(!#!m
I(!! =
#
= s!"#&d m#m!&' #) a!a 8#
m#m!&' #) i&!'ia9 #) '(! su)a"!
a%#u' #.
=
"
= s!"#&d m#m!&' #) a!a 8#
m#m!&' #) i&!'ia9 a%#u' a& a*is
'(#ug( '(! "!&'#id a&d $aall!l '#
'(! a*is '(#ug( # 8d!$!&ds #& '(!
g!#m!'+ #) '(! su)a"!9
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(!!)#!. #& su%s'i'u'i&g.
1#/. '(! l!&g'( #) '(! "!&'! #) $!ssu!
d!$!&ds #& '(! s(a$! #) '(! su)a"! a&d '(!
a&gl! #) i&"li&a'i#& a&d is al/a+s %!l#/ '(!
d!$'( #) '(! "!&'#id #) '(! $la'! su)a"!
3# a fa' su)a"! '(a' $i!"!s '(#ug( '(! )!!
su)a"! a&d (!&"! 'ia&gula $!ssu!
dis'i%u'i#&2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Pro$er%ies for so#e co##o( sec%io(al areas
:: is a& a*is $assi&g '(#ug( '(! "!&'#id a&d
$aall!l '# '(! %as! #) '(! @gu!
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
So#e addi%io(al (o%es o( seco(d
Mo#e(% of Area
3# a $la&! su)a"! #) a%i'a+
s(a$!. /! ma+ d!@&! '(! &
'(

8&=5.1.2.3.Y9 m#m!&' #) a!a
a%#u' a& a*is :: %+ '(!
i&'!gal
T(!&

T(! G!# m#m!&' #) a!a=

'#'al a!a #) '(! su)a"!.

T(! @s' m#m!&' #) a!a=5.

i) :: $ass!s '(#ug( '(!
"!&'#id #) '(! su)a"!.

T(! s!"#&d m#m!&' #) a!a

giv!s '(! vaia&"! #) '(!
dis'i%u'i#& #) a!a a%#u'
'(! a*is.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
3# !*am$l!. )# a !"'a&gula su)a"!.
'(! s!"#&d m#m!&' #) a!a a%#u' '(!
a*is '(a' $ass!s '(#ug( '(! "!&'#id is
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Parallel a;is %-eore#
=) ## is a& a*is '(a' is
$aall!l '# '(! a*is ::.
/(i"( $ass '(#ug( '(!
"!&'#id #) '(! su)a"!.
'(!& '(! s!"#&d m#m!&'
#) a!a a%#u' ## is !qual
'# '(a' a%#u' :: $lus '(!
squa! #) '(! dis'a&"!
%!'/!!& '(! '/# a*!s
'im!s '(! '#'al a!a2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
C!R,ED S!RFACE S!)MERGED IN
LIB!ID
Bu$$#s! /! a! !qui!d '# @&d '(! )#"!
a"'i&g #& '(! u$$! sid! #) '(! "uv!d
su)a"! A0.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Hori5o(%al co#$o(e(% of force
o( surface
E+ "#&sid!i&g '(! !quili%ium #) '(! liquid
mass "#&'ai&!d i& AE0. /! g!'
3
7
=3= !sul'a&' )#"! #) liquid a"'i&g #&
v!'i"all+ $#Q!"'!d a!a 8E09 a&d a"'i&g
'(#ug( '(! "!&'! #) $!ssu! #) 3.
,er%ical co#$o(e(% of force o(
surface
E+ "#&sid!i&g '(! !quili%ium #) '(! liquid
mass "#&'ai&!d i& AE0. /! g!'
3
v
=I=/!ig(' #) liquid v!'i"all+ a%#v! '(!
su)a"! 8AS-09 a&d '(#ug( '(! "!&'! #)
gavi'+ #) '(! liquid mass.
Resul%a(% force
?#i&'i&g d#/&/ad. a&d ma,i&g a& a&gl!
/
2 2
) * R
F F F +

,
_

*
)
F
F
1
!an
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
META>CENTRE
=' is d!@&!d as a $#i&' a%#u' /(i"( a %#d+
s'a's #s"illa'i&g /(!& '(! %#d+ is 'il'!d %+
a small a&gl!. T(! m!'a-"!&'! ma+ als#
%! d!@&!d as '(! $#i&' a' /(i"( '(! li&! #)
a"'i#& #) '(! )#"! #) %u#+a&"+ /ill m!!'
'(! &#mal a*is #) '(! %#d+ /(!& '(! %#d+
is giv!& a small a&gula dis$la"!m!&'.
Me%a>ce(%re -ei/-%< T(! dis'a&"!
%!'/!!& '(! m!'a-"!&'! #) a f#a'i&g
%#d+ a&d '(! "!&'! #) gavi'+ #) '(! %#d+
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(! )#ll#/i&g @gu! s(#/s '(!
$#si'i#& #) a f#a'i&g %#d+ i&
!quili%ium. T(! d!iva'i#&
assum!s '(a' '(! %#d+ (as a
sm##'( s(a$! vaia'i#&8&#
dis"#&'i&ui'i!s9&!a '(! /a'!li&!.
T(! +-a*is #) '(! %#d+ is assum!d
'# %! a li&! #) s+mm!'+. Til'i&g
'(! %#d+ a small a&gl! '(!&
su%m!g!s small /!dg! ETEM a&d
u&"#v!s a& !qual /!dg! ATAM. as
s(#/& i& @gu!.
A(al&%ical Me%-od for Me%a>
Ce(%re Hei/-%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

T(! a&gula dis$la"!m!&' #) '(! %#d+

i& '(! "l#",/is! di!"'i#& "aus!s '(!
/!dg!-s(a$!d $ism ETEM #) '(! ig('
#) '(! a*is '# g# i&sid! '(! /a'! /(il!
'(! id!&'i"al /!dg!-s(a$!d $ism
!$!s!&'!d %+ ATAM !m!g!s #u' #)
'(! /a'! #& '(! l!)' #) '(! a*is.

T(!s! /!dg!s !$!s!&'s a gai& i&

%u#+a&' )#"!8d3
E
9 #& '(! ig(' sid!
a&d a "#!s$#&di&g l#ss #) %u#+a&'
)#"!8d3
E
9#& '(! l!)' sid!.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

T(! "#u$l! du! '# '(!s! %u#+a&'

)#"!s d3
E
'!&ds '# #'a'! '(! %#d+
8 !.g s(i$9 i& '(! "#u&'! "l#",/is!
di!"'i#&. Als# '(! m#m!&' "aus!d %+
'(! dis$la"!m!&' #) '(! "!&'! #)
%u#+a&"+ )#m E '# E
1
is als# i& '(!
"#u&'! "l#",/is! di!"'i#&.

T(us '(!s! '/# "#u$l!s mus' %!

!qual.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
0#u$l! du! '# /!dg!s2
0#&sid! '#/ads '(! ig(' #) '(! a*is a
small s'i$ #) '(i",&!ss d* a' a dis'a&"! *
)#m # as s(#/& @gu! 8%9.
T(! (!ig(' #) '(! s'i$
A!a #) s'i$ =7!ig('UT(i",&!ss=
=) L is '(! l!&g'( #) '(! f#a'i&g %#d+. '(!&
<#lum! #) s'i$ =A!aUL
=
I!ig(' #) s'i$ =

+ ',' + 0
- 0 0 0 .
1
'M' A,A ','

d+ +
d+ - +
-d+ g+ )#lu%e g
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Bimilal+. i) a small s'i$ #) '(i",&!ss d* a' a
dis'a&"! * )#m # '#/ads '(! l!)' #) '(! a*is
is "#&sid!!d. '(! /!ig(' #) '(! s'i$ /ill %!
T(! '/# /!ig('s a! a"'i&g i& '(! #$$#si'!
di!"'i#& a&d (!&"! "#&s'i'u'! a "#u$l!
M#m!&' #) '(is "#u$l!=I!ig(' #) !a"(
s'i$USis'a&"! %!'/!!& '(!s! '/#
/!ig('s
M#m!&' #) '(! "#u$l! )# '(! /(#l! /!dg!
M#m!&' #) "#u$l! du! '# s(i)'i&g #) "!&'! #)
%u#+a&"+ )#m E '# E
1
-d+ g+
1 2 + + -d+ g+ +
-d+ g+ + -d+ g+
2
2 2

-d+ g+
2
2
1
'' F
'

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Eu' '(!s! '/# "#u$l!s a! '(! sam!. 7!&"!
!qua'i&g '(! a%#v! !qua'i#&s
1#/ Ld*= -l!m!&'al a!a #& '(! /a'! li&!
as s(#/& i& '(! @gu!=dA

'M .
'M F
'
- .
1
l isverys%al i/ 'M ''
- . . F
'

-d+ + g 'M .
-d+ + g 'M .
-d+ g+ 'M .
2
2
2
2
2
2

dA + g 'M .
2
2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Eu' )#m '(! @gu!8"9. i' is "l!a '(a' is
'(! s!"#&d m#m!&' #) a!a #) '(! $la&! #) '(!
%#d+ a' /a'! su)a"! a%#u' '(! a*is +-+.
T(!!)#!.
Eu' I= /!ig(' #) '(! %#d+
=/!ig(' #) '(! fuid dis$la"!d %+ '(! %#d+
= <#lum! #) '(! fuid dis$la"!d %+ '(!
%#d+
= <#lum! #) '(! %#d+ su%-m!g!d i&
/a'!
=
M!'a-"!&'! (!ig('

dA +
2
2
.
g(
'M
g( 'M .

g
g
g
'G
(
'G 'M GM
(
g
( g
'M

'G
(
GM

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(! !&gi&!! /#uld d!'!mi&! '(! dis'a&"!
)#m : '# E )#m '(! %asi" s(a$! a&d d!sig&
#) '(! f#a'i&g %#d+ a&d '(!& ma,! '(!
"al"ula'i#& #) =

a&d '(! su%m!g!d v#lum! .
=) '(! m!'a"!&'! (!ig(' M: is $#si'iv!. '(!
%#d+ is s'a%l! )# small dis'u%a&"!. =) M li!s
%!l#/ :. a& #v!'u&i&g m#m!&' is
$#du"!d. !quili%ium is u&s'a%l! a&d M: is
!gad!d as &!ga'iv!. =) M "#i&"id!s /i'( :.
'(! %#d+ is i& &!u'al !quili%ium.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
)uo&a(c& a(d S%abili%&

)uo&a(c&

A f#a'i&g %#d+ is i& !quili%ium u&d! '(!

a"'i#& #) '(! u$ '(us' a&d '(! /!ig('. T(!
!sul'a&' u$ '(us' is ,&#/& as '(!
buoyant force.

T(! '!&d!&"+ #) '(! liquid '# "aus! '(!

%u#+a&' )#"! #& '(! %#d+ is "all!d
buoyancy.

Ce(%er of buo&a(c&2 A $#i&' '(#ug(

/(i"( '(! )#"! #) %u#+a&"+ is su$$#s!d
'# a"'. As '(! )#"! #) %u#+a&"+ is a
v!'i"al )#"! a&d is !qual '# '(! /!ig(' #)
'(! fuid dis$la"!d %+ '(! %#d+. '(! "!&'!
#) %u#+a&"+ /ill %! '(! "!&'! #) gavi'+ #)
'(! fuid dis$la"!d.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(! sam! $i&"i$l!s us!d '# "#m$u'!
(+d#s'a'i" )#"!s #& su)a"!s "a& %!
a$$li!d '# '(! &!' $!ssu! )#"! #& a
"#m$l!'!l+ su%m!g!d # f#a'i&g
%#d+. T(! !sul's a! '(! two laws $!
$uo!anc! dis"#v!!d %+ A"(im!d!s i&
'(! '(id "!&'u+ E.02
&' $od! immersed in a (uid
experiences a vertical $uo!ant force
e)ual to the weight of the fuid it
displaces'
*' (oatin# $od! displaces its own
weight in the (uid in which it (oats'
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(!s! '/# la/s a! !asil+
d!iv!d %+ !)!i&g '# '(!
)#ll#/i&g @gu!s 8a 3 %9. T(!
%#d+ li!s %!'/!!& a& u$$!
"uv!d su)a"! 1 a&d a l#/!
su)a"! 2. 3# '(! v!'i"al
)#"!s. '(! %#d+ !*$!i!&"!s a
&!' u$/ad )#"!
Al'!&a'iv!l+ )#m @gu! %. /!
"a& sum '(! v!'i"al )#"!s #&
!l!m!&'al v!'i"al sli"!s
'(#ug( '(! imm!s!d %#di!s.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(!s! a! id!&'i"al !sul's a&d
!quival!&' '# la/ 1 a%#v!. T(!
a%#v! !qua'i#& assum!s '(a' '(!
fuid (as u&i)#m s$!"i@" /!ig('.
T(! li&! #) a"'i#& #) '(! %u#+a&'
)#"! $ass!s '(#ug( '(! "!&'! #)
v#lum! #) '(! dis$la"!d fuid; i.!..
i's "!&'! #) mass is "#m$u'!d as
i) i' (ad u&i)#m d!&si'+. T(is $#i&'
'(#ug( /(i"( 3
E
a"'s is "all!d '(!
center of buoyancy. "#mm#&l+
la%!l!d E # 0
E
#& a da/i&g.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
B'a'i" !quili%ium #) a f#a'i&g %#d+
1#' #&l+ d#!s '(! %u#+a&' )#"! !qual
'(! %#d+ /!ig('. %u' als# '(!+ a!
colli(ear si&"! '(!! "a& %! &# &!'
m#m!&'s )# s'a'i" !quili%ium. T(!
a%#v! !qua'i#& is '(! ma'(!ma'i"al
!quival!&' #) A"(im!d!sM la/ 2.
$!vi#usl+ s'a'!d
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
3l#a'i&g %#di!s a! a s$!"ial "as!;
#&l+ a $#'i#& #) '(! %#d+. is
su%m!g!d. /i'( '(! !mai&d!
$#,i&g u$ #u' #) '(! )!! su)a"!s.
as '(! @gu! a%#v! illus'a'!d.
/(!! '(! s(ad!d $#'i#& is '(!
dis$la"!d v#lum!. T(! a%#v!
!qua'i#& is m#di@!d '# a$$l+ '#
'(is small! v#lum!
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

T(! s'a%ili'+ #) a %#d+ "a& %! d!'!mi&!d

%+ "#&sid!i&g /(a' (a$$!&s /(!& i' is
dis$la"!d )#m i's !quili%ium $#si'i#&

A %#d+ is said '# %! i& a s'a%l! !quili%ium

$#si'i#& i). /(!& dis$la"!d. i' !'u&s '# i's
!quili%ium $#si'i#&

0#&v!s!l+. i' is a& u&s'a%l! !quili%ium

$#si'i#& i). /(!& dis$la"!d 8!v!& slig('l+9.
i' m#v!s '# a &!/ !quili%ium $#si'i#&

B'a%ili'+ "#&sid!a'i#&s a! $a'i"ulal+

im$#'a&' )# su%m!g!d # f#a'i&g %#di!s
si&"! '(! "!&'!s #) %u#+a&"+ a&d gavi'+
d# &#' &!"!ssail+ "#i&"id!.
STA)ILIT=
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

3# a %#d+ '# %! i& !quili%ium '(!

'/# s+s'!ms #) )#"!s mus' %!
"#lli&!a. !qual i& mag&i'ud! a&d a!
i& #$$#si'! di!"'i#&s.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Conditions of Equilibrium of a foating
and sub-merged bodies
A su%-m!g!d # a f#a'i&g %#d+ is said '# %!
s'a%l! i) i' "#m!s %a", '# i's #igi&al $#si'i#&
a)'! a slig(' dis'u%a&"!. T(! !la'iv!
$#si'i#& #) '(! "!&'! #) gavi'+ 8:9 a&d
"!&'! #) %u#+a&"+ 8E
1
9 #) a %#d+ d!'!mi&!s
'(! s'a%ili'+ #) a su%-m!g!d %#d+.
S%abili%& of a Sub>#er/ed )od&
T(! $#si'i#& #) "!&'! #) gavi'+ a&d "!&'! #)
%u#+a&"+ i& "as! #) a "#m$l!'!l+ su%-m!g!d %#d+
a! @*!d. 0#&sid! a %all##&. /(i"( is "#m$l!'!l+
su%-m!g!d i& ai. L!' '(! l#/! $#'i#& #) '(!
%all##& "#&'ai&s (!avi! ma'!ial. s# '(a' i's "!&'!
#) gavi'+ is l#/! '(a& i's "!&'! #) %u#+a&"+ as
s(#/& i& @g8a9.L!' '(! /!ig(' #) '(! %all##& is I.
T(! /!ig(' I is a"'i&g '(#ug( :. v!'i"all+ i& '(!
d#/&/ad di!"'i#&. /(il! '(! %u#+a&' )#"! 3
E
is
a"'i&g v!'i"all+ u$. '(#ug( E.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
3# '(! !quili%ium #) '(! %all##& I=
3
E
. =) '(! %all##& is giv!& a& a&gula
dis$la"!m!&' i& '(! "l#",/is! di!"'i#&
as s(#/& i& @g8a9. '(!& I 3 3
E

"#&s'i'u'! a "#u$l! a"'i&g i& '(! a&'i-
"l#",/is! di!"'i#& a&d %i&gs '(!
%all##& i& '(! #igi&al $#si'i#&. T(us '(!
%all##& i& '(! $#si'i#&. s(#/& %+ @g8a9
is i& s'a%l!.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
a" S%able equilibriu#2 I(!& I=3
E
a&d
$#i&' E is a%#v! :. '(! %#d+ is said '# %! i&
s'a%l! !quili%ium.
b" !(s%able Equilibriu#< =) I=3
E
. %u'
'(! "!&'! #) %u#+a&"+ 8E9 is %!l#/ "!&'!
#) gavi'+ 8:9. '(! %#d+ is i& u&s'a%l!
!quili%ium as s(#/& i& @g8%9. A slig('
dis$la"!m!&' '# '(! %#d+. i& '(! "l#",/is!
di!"'i#&. giv!s '(! "#u$l! du! '# I a&d 3
E

als# i& '(! "l#",/is! di!"'i#&. T(us '(!
%#d+ d#!s &#' !'u& '# i's #igi&al $#si'i#&
a&d (!&"! '(! %#d+ is i& u&s'a%l!
!quili%ium.
c" Neu%ral Equilibriu#< =) 3
E
=I a&d E
a&d : a! a' '(! sam! $#i&' . as s(#/& i&
@g 8"9. '(! %#d+ is said '# %! i& &!u'al
!quili%ium.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
S%abili%& of 0oa%i(/ bod&
T(! s'a%ili'+ #) a f#a'i&g %#d+ is d!'!mi&!d
)#m '(! $#si'i#& #) M!'a-"!&'!8M9. =& "as!
#) f#a'i&g %#d+. '(! /!ig(' #) '(! %#d+ is
!qual '# '(! /!ig(' #) liquid dis$la"!d.
a" S%able equilibriu#2 =) '(! $#i&' M is
a%#v! :. '(! f#a'i&g %#d+ /ill %! i& s'a%l!
!quili%ium as s(#/& i& @g8%9. =) a slig('
a&gula dis$la"!m!&' is giv!& '# '(! f#a'i&g
%#d+ i& '(! "l#",/is! di!"'i#&. '(! "!&'!
#) %u#+a&"+ s(i)'s )#m E '# E1 su"( '(a'
'(! v!'i"al li&! '(#ug( E1 "u's a' M. T(!&
'(! %u#+a&' )#"! 3
E
'(#ug( E1 a&d /!ig('
: "#&s'i'u'!s a "#u$l! a"'i&g i& '(! a&'i-
"l#",/is! di!"'i#& a&d '(us %i&gi&g '(!
f#a'i&g %#d+ i& '(! #igi&al $#si'i#&.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
b" !(s%able Equilibriu#< =) '(! $#i&' M is
%!l#/ :. '(! f#a'i&g %#d+ /ill %! i& u&s'a%l!
!quili%ium as s(#/& i& @g8"9. T(! dis'u%i&g
"#u$l! is a"'i&g i& '(! "l#",/is! di!"'i#&.
T(! "#u$l! du! '# %u#+a&' )#"! 3
E
a&d I is
als# a"'i&g i& '(! "l#",/is! di!"'i#& a&d '(us
#v!'u&i&g '(! f#a'i&g %#d+.
c" Neu%ral Equilibriu#< =) '(! $#i&' M is a' '(!
"!&'! #) gavi'+ #) '(! %#d+. '(! f#a'i&g
%#d+ /ill %! i& &!u'al !quili%ium.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
CHAPTER
THREE
Fu(da#e(%als
of Ci(e#a%ics
of 0uid 0o+
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
9/17/14
u%li(es of C-a$%er
T-ree
L!a&i&g T%Q!"'iv!s
=&'#du"'i#&
0lassi@"a'i#& #) fuid f#/s
3l#/ <isualiGa'i#&
-l!m!&'a+ -qua'i#&s #) M#'i#&
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
9/17/14
LEARNING )?ECTI,ES
A)'! "#m$l!'i&g '(is "(a$'!. +#u s(#uld
%! a%l! '#2

Sis"uss '(! a$$li"a'i#& #) 1!/'#&Ms

s!"#&d la/ '# fuid f#/s.

-*$lai& '(! d!v!l#$m!&'. us!s. a&d

limi'a'i#&s #) '(! E!&#ulli !qua'i#&.

Ns! '(! E!&#ulli !qua'i#& 8s'a&d-al#&! #

i& "#m%i&a'i#& /i'( '(! "#&'i&ui'+
!qua'i#&9 '# s#lv! sim$l! f#/ $#%l!ms.

A$$l+ '(! "#&"!$'s #) s'a'i". s'ag&a'i#&.

d+&ami". a&d '#'al $!ssu!s.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

0al"ula'! vai#us f#/ $#$!'i!s

usi&g '(! !&!g+ a&d (+dauli" gad!
li&!s.

=d!&'i)+ vai#us f#/ "(aa"'!is'i"s

%as!d #& '(! v!l#"i'+ @!ld.

S!'!mi&! '(! s'!amli&! $a''!&

a&d a""!l!a'i#& @!ld giv!& a
v!l#"i'+ @!ld.

Sis"uss '(! diR!!&"!s %!'/!!& a

s+s'!m a&d "#&'#l v#lum!
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
INTRD!CTIN
3luid m#'i#&s ma&i)!s' '(!ms!lv!s i&
ma&+ diR!!&' /a+s. B#m! "a& %!
d!s"i%!d v!+ !asil+. /(il! #'(!s
!qui! a '(##ug( u&d!s'a&di&g #)
$(+si"al la/s.
=& !&gi&!!i&g a$$li"a'i#&s. i' is
im$#'a&' '# d!s"i%! '(! fuid m#'i#&s
as sim$l+ as "a& %! Qus'i@!d. =' is '(!
!&gi&!!Zs !s$#&si%ili'+ '# ,&#/ /(i"(
sim$li)+i&g assum$'i#&s 8!.g.. #&!-
dim!&si#&al. s'!ad+-s'a'!. i&vis"id.
i&"#m$!ssi%l!. !'"9 "a& %! mad!.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
A" CLASSIFICATIN F FL!ID
FL'S
1) !(ifor# 0o+D s%ead& 0o+
=) /! l##, a' a fuid f#/i&g u&d!
&#mal "i"ums'a&"!s - a iv! )#
!*am$l! L =) '(! "#&di'i#&s 8!.g.
v!l#"i'+. $!ssu!9 a' #&! $#i&' /ill
va+ )#m '(#s! a' a&#'(! $#i&'. '(!&
/! (av! (o(>u(ifor# f#/. =) '(!
"#&di'i#&s a' #&! $#i&' va+ as 'im!
$ass!s. '(!& /! (av! u(s%ead& 0o+.
N&d! s#m! "i"ums'a&"!s '(! f#/
/ill &#' %! as "(a&g!a%l! as '(is. T(!
)#ll#/i&g '!ms d!s"i%! '(! s'a'!s
/(i"( a! us!d '# "lassi)+ fuid f#/2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
!(ifor# 0o+2 =) '(! f#/ "#&di'i#&s su"(
as v!l#"i'+ is '(! sam!
mag&i'ud! a&d di!"'i#& a'
!v!+ $#i&' i& '(! f#/ i' is said
'# %! u&i)#m. T(a' is. '(! f#/
"#&di'i#&s D NT "(a&g! /i'(
$osi%io("
No(>u(ifor# 0o+ < =) a' a giv!& i&s'a&'.
'(! f#/ "#&di'i#&s su"( as
v!l#"i'+ is &#' '(! sam! a'
!v!+ $#i&' '(! f#/ is &#&-
u&i)#m.
S%ead& 0o+ < A s'!ad+ f#/ is #&! i&
/(i"( '(! "#&di'i#&s 8v!l#"i'+.
$!ssu! a&d "#ss-s!"'i#&9 ma+
diR! )#m $#i&' '# $#i&' %u' D
NT "(a&g! /i'( %i#e"
!(s%ead& 0o+ < =) a' a&+ $#i&' i& '(!
fuid. '(! "#&di'i#&s "(a&g!
/i'( 'im!. '(! f#/ is d!s"i%!d
as u&s'!ad+.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
0#m%i&i&g '(! a%#v! /! "a& "lassi)+
a&+ f#/ i& '# #&! #) '(! )#u '+$!s2
S%ead& u(ifor# 0o+< 0#&di'i#&s d#
&#' "(a&g! /i'( $#si'i#& # /i'( 'im!
i& '(! s'!am. A& !*am$l! is '(! f#/
#) /a'! i& a $i$! #) "#&s'a&' diam!'!
a' "#&s'a&' v!l#"i'+.
S%ead& (o(>u(ifor# 0o+<
0#&di'i#&s "(a&g! )#m $#i&' '# $#i&'
i& '(! s'!am %u' d# &#' "(a&g! /i'(
'im!. A& !*am$l! is f#/ i& a 'a$!i&g
$i$! /i'( "#&s'a&' v!l#"i'+ a' '(! i&l!'
- v!l#"i'+ /ill "(a&g! as +#u m#v!
al#&g '(! l!&g'( #) '(! $i$! '#/ad '(!
!*i'.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
!(s%ead& u(ifor# 0o+< A' a giv!&
i&s'a&' i& 'im! '(! "#&di'i#&s a' !v!+
$#i&' a! '(! sam!. %u' /ill "(a&g!
/i'( 'im!. A& !*am$l! is a $i$! #)
"#&s'a&' diam!'! "#&&!"'!d '# a
$um$ $um$i&g a' a "#&s'a&' a'!
/(i"( is '(!& s/i'"(!d #R.
!(s%ead& (o(>u(ifor# 0o+< -v!+
"#&di'i#& #) '(! f#/ ma+ "(a&g! )#m
$#i&' '# $#i&' a&d /i'( 'im! a' !v!+
$#i&'. A& !*am$l! is su)a"! /av!s i&
a& #$!& "(a&&!l.
[#u ma+ imagi&! '(a' #&! "lass is
m#! "#m$l!* '(a& a&#'(! L steady
uniform ,ow is by far the most simple
of the four.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
2" (e3%+o a(d %-ree
di#e(sio(al 0o+s
A fuid f#/ is i& g!&!al a '(!!-
dim!&si#&al. s$a'ial a&d 'im!
d!$!&d!&' $(!&#m!&#&.
I(!! is '(! $#si'i#&
v!"'#. a! '(! u&i' v!"'#s i&
0a'!sia& "##di&a'!s. a&d 8u0v0w9 a!
'(! v!l#"i'+ "#m$#&!&'s i& '(!s!
di!"'i#&s. As d!@&!d a%#v!. '(! f#/
/ill %! u&i)#m i) '(! v!l#"i'+
"#m$#&!&'s a! i&d!$!&d!&' #) s$a'ial
$#si'i#&8+0y0!9. a&d /ill %! s'!ad+ i) '(!
v!l#"i'+ "#m$#&!&'s a! i&d!$!&d!&' #)
'im! '.

+ + k t r w 1 t r v i t r u t r ) ) % / # % / # % / # % / #
% / / # ! y + r

% / / #

k 1 i
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
A""#di&gl+. a fuid f#/ is "all!d '(!!-
dim!&si#&al i) all '(!! v!l#"i'+
"#m$#&!&'s a! !quall+ im$#'a&'.
=&'i&si"all+. a '(!!-dim!&si#&al f#/
$#%l!m /ill (av! '(! m#s' "#m$l!*
"(aa"'!s a&d is '(! m#s' di>"ul' '#
s#lv!.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T+o di#e(sio(al 0o+
T(! f#/ "#&di'i#&s va+ !ss!&'iall+ #&l+
i& '/# di!"'i#&s 8sa+ * a&d +9. 7!&"!.
'(! v!l#"i'+ is !du"!d '# /(!!
8u.v9 a! )u&"'i#&s #) 8*.+9 8a&d $#ssi%l+
'9.T(is !du"'i#& i& '(! v!l#"i'+
"#m$#&!&' a&d s$a'ial dim!&si#& /ill
g!a'l+ sim$li)+ '(! a&al+sis. -*am$l!s
#) '/#-dim!&si#&al f#/ '+$i"all+ i&v#lv!
f#/ $as' a l#&g s'u"'u! 8/i'( '(! a*is
#) s'u"'u! %!i&g $!$!&di"ula '# '(!
f#/92

+ 1 v i u )
T+o di#e(sio(al 0o+
%-rou/- a lo(/ +eir
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
3l#/ $as' a "a a&'!&&a is a$$#*ima'!l+ '/#-
dim!&si#&al. !*"!$' &!a '(! '#$ a&d %#''#m #) '(!
a&'!&&a
T&!-dim!&si#&al id!al f#/ al#&g a $i$!. /(!! '(!
v!l#"i'+ is u&i)#m a"#ss '(! $i$! s!"'i#&
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
8" ,iscous a(d i(@iscid 0o+s
A& i(@iscid 0o+ is #&! i& /(i"(
vis"#us !R!"'s d# &#' sig&i@"a&'l+
i&fu!&"! '(! f#/ a&d a! '(us
&!gl!"'!d. =& a vis"#us f#/ '(!
!R!"'s #) vis"#si'+ a! im$#'a&' a&d
"a&&#' %! ig&#!d.
T# m#d!l a& i&vis"id f#/ analytically,
we can simply let the viscosity be
-ero. this will obviously ma/e all
viscous e0ects -ero.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
<is"#us f#/s i&"lud! '(! %#ad "lass #)
i&'!&al f#/s. su"( as f#/s i& $i$!s.
(+dauli" ma"(i&!s. a&d "#&dui's a&d i&
#$!& "(a&&!ls. =& su"( f#/s vis"#us !R!"'s
"aus! su%s'a&'ial Al#ss!sA a&d a""#u&' )#
'(! (ug! am#u&'s #) !&!g+ '(a' mus' %!
us!d '# 'a&s$#' #il a&d gas i& $i$!li&!s.
T(! &#-sli$ "#&di'i#& !sul'i&g i& G!#
v!l#"i'+ a' '(! /all. a&d '(! !sul'i&g s(!a
s'!ss!s. l!ad di!"'l+ '# '(!s! l#ss!s.
<is"#us f#/ i& a $i$! %!'/!!& '/# $aall!l
$la'!s
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
6" I(co#$ressible a(d co#$ressible
0o+s
All fuids a! "#m$!ssi%l! - !v!& /a'! -
'(!i d!&si'+ /ill "(a&g! as $!ssu!
"(a&g!s.
N&d! s'!ad+ "#&di'i#&s. a&d $#vid!d
'(a' '(! "(a&g!s i& $!ssu! a! small. i'
is usuall+ $#ssi%l! '# sim$li)+ a&al+sis #)
'(! f#/ %+ assumi&g i' is i&"#m$!ssi%l!
a&d (as "#&s'a&' d!&si'+.
As +#u /ill a$$!"ia'!. liquids a! qui'!
di>"ul' '# "#m$!ss L s# u&d! m#s'
s'!ad+ "#&di'i#&s '(!+ a! '!a'!d as
i&"#m$!ssi%l!.
:as!s. #& '(! "#&'a+. a! v!+ !asil+
"#m$!ss!d. i' is !ss!&'ial i& "as!s #)
(ig(-s$!!d f#/ '# '!a' '(!s! as
"#m$!ssi%l!. 'a,i&g "(a&g!s i& $!ssu!
i&'# a""#u&'.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
I(co#$ressible 0o+ is d!@&!d as
#&! i& /(i"( '(! d!&si'+ #) !a"( fuid
$a'i"l! !mai&s !la'iv!l+ "#&s'a&' as
i' m#v!s '(#ug( '(! f#/ @!ld.
A'm#s$(!i" )l#/. i& /(i"( = 8G9.
/(!! G is v!'i"al. a&d f#/s '(a'
i&v#lv! adQa"!&' la+!s #) )!s( a&d
sal' /a'!. as (a$$!&s /(!& iv!s
!&'! '(! #"!a&. a! !*am$l!s #)
i&"#m$!ssi%l! f#/s i& /(i"( '(!
d!&si'+ vai!s.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
7) La#i(ar a(d %urbule(% 0o+s
8a9
8%9
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
A d+! is i&Q!"'!d i&'# '(! middl! #) $i$!
f#/ #) /a'!. T(! d+! s'!a,s /ill va+.
as s(#/& i& 8%9. d!$!&di&g #& '(! f#/
a'! i& '(! $i$!.
T(! '#$ si'ua'i#& is "all!d la#i(ar 0o+.
a&d '(! l#/! is %urbule(% 0o+.
#""ui&g /(!& '(! f#/ is su>"i!&'l+
sl#/ a&d )as'. !s$!"'iv!l+.
=& lami&a f#/ '(! m#'i#& #) '(! fuid
$a'i"l!s is v!+ #d!l+ /i'( all $a'i"l!s
m#vi&g i& s'aig(' li&!s $aall!l '# '(!
$i$! /all. T(!! is !ss!&'iall+ &# mi*i&g
#) &!ig(%#i&g fuid $a'i"l!s.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
=& s(a$ "#&'as'. mi*i&g is v!+
sig&i@"a&' i& 'u%ul!&' f#/. i& /(i"( fuid
$a'i"l!s m#v! (a$(aGadl+ i& all
di!"'i#&s. =' is '(!!)#! im$#ssi%l! '#
'a"! m#'i#& #) i&dividual $a'i"l!s i&
'u%ul!&' f#/.
I(!'(! '(! f#/ is lami&a # &#'
d!$!&ds #& '(! J!+&#lds &um%!.
A&d i' (as %!!& d!m#&s'a'!d
!*$!im!&'all+ '(a'
J! \2.555 lami&a f#/
E!'/!!& 2.555 a&d 4.555
'a&si'i#&al f#/
] 4.555 'u%ul!&' f#/

d )
4e


) . =d!&si'+. = <is"#si'+.
= B!"'i#&-m!a& d=
diam!'! #) $i$!
v!l#"i'+
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
)" Flo+ ,isuali5a%io(
T(!! a! )#u diR!!&' '+$!s li&!s '(a' ma+
(!l$ '# d!s"i%! a f#/ fi!d2
i. B'!amli&!
ii. B'!a,li&!
iii. ?a'(li&!
iv. Tim!li&!
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
i" S%rea#li(es
=' is a li&! '(a' is !v!+
/(!! 'a&g!&' '# '(!
v!l#"i'+ a' a giv!& i&s'a&' #)
'im!.

1# f#/ a"#ss a s'!amli&!

=) '(! f#/ is s'!ad+. &#'(i&g

a' a @*!d $#i&' "(a&g!s /i'(
'im!. s# '(! s'!amli&!s a!
@*!d li&!s i& s$a"!.

3# u&s'!ad+ f#/s '(!

s'!amli&!s ma+ "(a&g!
s(a$! /i'( 'im!.

B'!amli&!s a! #%'ai&!d
a&al+'i"all+ %+ i&'!ga'i&g
'(! !qua'i#&s d!@&i&g li&!s
'a&g!&' '# '(! v!l#"i'+ @!ld.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
3# '/# dim!&si#&al f#/s '(! sl#$! #) '(!
s'!amli&!. d+/d*. mus' %! !qual '# '(!
'a&g!&' #) '(! a&gl! '(a' '(! v!l#"i'+ v!"'#
ma,!s /i'( '(! * a*is
=) '(! v!l#"i'+ @!ld is ,&#/& as a )u&"'i#& #)
* a&d +. '(is !qua'i#& "a& %! i&'!ga'!d '#
giv! '(! !qua'i#& #) s'!amli&!s.
I(!& fuid is f#/i&g $as' a s#lid %#u&da+.
!.g.. '(! su)a"! #) a& a!#)#il # '(! /all #) a
$i$!. fuid #%vi#usl+ d#!s &#' f#/ i&'# # #u'
#) '(! su)a"!. B# v!+ "l#s! '# '(! %#u&da+
/all '(! f#/ di!"'i#& mus' %! $aall!l '# '(!
%#u&da+. =& )a"'. '(! boundary wall i's!l) is
als# a s'!amli&! %+ d!@&i'i#&.
u
)
d+
dy

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
ii" S%reaEli(e
A s'!a,li&! is a&
i&s'a&'a&!#us li&! /(#s!
$#i&'s a! #""u$i!d %+
$a'i"l!s /(i"( (av! !ali!
$ass!d '(#ug( a $!s"i%!d
$#i&' i& s$a"!. A s'!a,li&!
is (!&"! a& i&'!ga'!d
$a''!&. A s'!a,li&! "a& %!
)#m!d %+ i&Q!"'i&g d+!
"#&'i&u#usl+ i&'# '(! fuid a'
a @*!d $#i&' i& s$a"!. As
'im! ma"(!s #&. '(!
s'!a,li&! g!'s l#&g! a&d
l#&g!. a&d !$!s!&'s a&
i&'!ga'!d (is'#+ #) '(! d+!
s'!a,.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

1trea/lines can be obtained by ta/ing

instantaneous photographs of mar/ed
particles that all passed through a given
location in the ,ow 2eld at some earlier
time.

Using dye or smo/e at a 23ed location in

space to identify all ,uid particles pass
through this point.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
iii" Pa%-li(e
4t is the actual path
traversed by a given
(mar/ed) ,uid particle. +
pathline is hence also an
integrated pattern. +
pathline represents an
integrated history of where
a ,uid particle has been.
Using dye or smo/e to
identify a ,uid particle at a
given instant, and then ta/e
a long e3posure photograph
of its subse5uent motion.
The line traced out by the
particle is a pathline.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
i," Ti#eli(e
A 'im!li&! is a s!' #) fuid
$a'i"l!s '(a' )#m a li&!
s!gm!&' a' a giv!& i&s'a&' #)
'im!. A 'im!li&! is als# a&
i&'!ga'!d $a''!&. 3#
!*am$l!. "#&sid! sim$l!
s(!a f#/ %!'/!!& $aall!l
$la'!s. A 'im!li&! )#ll#/s '(!
l#"a'i#& #) a li&! #) fuid
$a'i"l!s. /(i"( "a& %! a
s'aig(' li&! i&i'iall+. Tim!li&!s
#) la'! 'im! a! "#m$#s!d #)
'(! sam! $a'i"l!s. a&d /ill
"#&'i&uall+ dis'#' /i'( 'im!.
as s(#/& i& '(! s,!'"(. 1#'i"!
'(! &#-sli$ "#&di'i#& i& a"'i#&.
T(! '#$ a&d '(! %#''#m #) '(!
'im!li&!s s'a+ i& '(! sam!
l#"a'i#& a' all 'im!s. %!"aus!
'(! %#u&dai!s a! &#'
m#vi&g.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

3# s'!ad+ f#/. s'!amli&!s.

s'!a,li&!s. a&d $a'(li&!s a! all
id!&'i"al.

3# u&s'!ad+ f#/. '(!s! '(!! f#/

$a''!&s "a& %! qui'! diR!!&'.

=& a s'!ad+ f#/. all $a'i"l!s $assi&g

a giv!& $#i&' /ill "#&'i&u! '# 'a"! #u'
'(! sam! $a'( si&"! &#'(i&g "(a&g!s
/i'( 'im!; (!&"! '(! $a'(li&!s a&d
s'!a,li&!s "#i&"id!.

=& addi'i#&. '(! v!l#"i'+ v!"'# #) a

$a'i"l! a' a giv!& $#i&' /ill %!
'a&g!&' '# '(! li&! '(a' '(! $a'i"l! is
m#vi&g al#&g; '(us '(! li&! is als# a
s'!amli&!.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
C" Ele#e(%ar& Equa%io(s of Mo%io(
T(!! a! '/# a$$#a"(!s '# a&al+G! fuid
m#'i#&2
1. B!!,i&g '# d!s"i%! '(! de%ailed 0o+
$a%%er( a' !v!+ $#i&' 8*.+.G9 i& '(!
@!ld. #
2. I#,i&g /i'( a F(i%e re/io(. ma,i&g a
%ala&"! #) f#/ i& v!sus f#/ #u'. a&d
d!'!mi&i&g g#ss f#/ !R!"'s su"( as
'(! )#"!. # '#qu! #& a %#d+. # '(!
'#'al !&!g+ !*"(a&g!.
T(! s!"#&d a$$#a"( is '(! Aco(%rol>
@olu#eA m!'(#d a&d is '(! su%Q!"' #) '(is
s!"'i#&. T(! @s' a$$#a"( is '(!
Adi.ere(%ialA a$$#a"( a&d /ill %! "#v!!d
i& a (ig(! l!v!l fuid m!"(a&i"s "#us!.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
=& '(is s!"'i#& /! s(all d!iv! '(! '(!! %asi"
"#&'#l-v#lum! !la'i#&s i& fuid m!"(a&i"s2
i.T(! $ri(ci$le of co(ser@a%io( of
#ass. )#m /(i"( '(! "#&'i&ui'+ !qua'i#&
is d!v!l#$!d;
ii.T(! $ri(ci$le of co(ser@a%io( of
e(er/&. )#m /(i"( '(! !&!g+ !qua'i#&
is d!iv!d;
iii.T(! $ri(ci$le of co(ser@a%io( of
li(ear #o#e(%u#. )#m /(i"(
!qua'i#&s !valua'i&g d+&ami" )#"!s
!*!'!d %+ f#/i&g fuids ma+ %!
!s'a%lis(!d.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
1" Co(%rol ,olu#e
=' is a @&i'! !gi#&. "(#s!&
"a!)ull+ %+ '(! a&al+s' )# a
$a'i"ula $#%l!m. /i'( #$!&
%#u&dai!s '(#ug( /(i"(
mass. m#m!&'um. a&d
!&!g+ a! all#/!d '# "#ss.
T(! a&al+s' ma,!s a %udg!'.
# %ala&"!. %!'/!!& '(!
i&"#mi&g a&d #u'g#i&g fuid
a&d '(! !sul'a&' "(a&g!s
/i'(i& '(! "#&'#l v#lum!.
T(!!)#! #&! "a& "al"ula'!
'(! /ross $ro$er%ies 8(e%
force3 %o%al $o+er ou%$u%3
%o%al -ea% %ra(sfer. !'".9
/i'( '(is m!'(#d.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

Ii'( '(is m!'(#d. (#/!v!.

/! d# &#' "a! a%#u' '(!
d!'ails i&sid! '(! "#&'#l
v#lum! 8=& #'(! /#ds /!
"a& '!a' '(! "#&'#l
v#lum! as a A%la", %#*.A9

3# '(! sa,! #) '(! $!s!&'

a&al+sis. l!' us "#&sid! a
"#&'#l v#lum! '(a' "a& %!
a 'a&,. !s!v#i # a
"#m$a'm!&' i&sid! a
s+s'!m. a&d "#&sis's #)
s#m! d!@&i'! #&!-
dim!&si#&al i&l!'s a&d
#u'l!'s. li,! '(! #&! s(#/&
i& '(! @gu!2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
L!' us d!&#'! )# !a"( #) '(! i&l!'s a&d #u'l!'s.
6 7 velocity of ,uid in a stream
+ 7 sectional area of a stream
p 7 pressure of the ,uid in a stream
= d!&si'+ #) '(! )luid
T(!&. '(! @olu#e 0o+ ra%e3 or disc-ar/e 8v#lum! #)
f#/ "#ssi&g a s!"'i#& $! u&i' 'im!9 is giv!& %+
Bimilal+. '(! #ass 0o+ ra%e 8mass #) f#/ "#ssi&g a
s!"'i#& $! u&i' 'im!9 is giv!& %+
T(!&. '(! #o#e(%u# 0u;3 d!@&!d as '(! m#m!&'um
#) f#/ "#ssi&g a s!"'i#& $! u&i' 'im!. is giv!& %+ "
3# sim$li"i'+. /! s(all )#m (!! #& "#&sid! s%ead&
a(d i(co#$ressible f#/s #&l+.
2 )A %
)
) %
)
)A 2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
2" Co(%i(ui%& Equa%io(
E+ s'!adi&!ss. '(! '#'al mass #) fuid
"#&'ai&!d i& '(! "#&'#l v#lum! mus' %!
i&vaia&' /i'( 'im!. T(!!)#! '(!! mus' %!
a& !*a"' %ala&"! %!'/!!& '(! '#'al a'! #)
f#/ i&'# '(! "#&'#l v#lum! a&d '(a' #u' #)
'(! "#&'#l v#lum!2
T#'al Mass Tu'f#/ = T#'al Mass
=&f#/
/(i"( 'a&sla'!s i&'# '(! )#ll#/i&g
ma'(!ma'i"al !la'i#&
I(!! M is '(! &um%! #) i&l!'s. a&d 1 is
'(! &um%! #) #u'l!'s.

3
i
#ut i i i
M
i
in i i i
A ) A )
1 1
% # % #
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
=) '(! d!&si'+ #) fuid is
"#&s'a&'. "#&s!va'i#&
#) mass als# im$li!s
"#&s!va'i#& #)
v#lum!. 7!&"! )# a
"#&'#l v#lum! /i'(
#&l+ #&!-dim!&si#&al
i&l!'s a&d #u'l!'s.
#

3
i
#ut i i
M
i
in i i
A ) A )
1 1
% # % #

3
i
#ut i
M
i
in i
2 2
1 1
% # % #
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
3# !*am$l!. i& a $i$! #)
va+i&g "#ss s!"'i#&al a!a.
'(! "#&'i&ui'+ !qua'i#&
!qui!s '(a'. i) '(! d!&si'+
is "#&s'a&'. %!'/!!& a&+ '/#
s!"'i#&s 1 a&d 2 al#&g '(!
$i$!
="#&s'a&'
A&#'(! !*am$l! i&v#lvi&g
'/# i&l!'s a&d #&! #u'l!' as
s(#/& '(! @gu!.
2 2 1 1
A ) A ) 2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
8) )er(oulli a(d e(er/& equa%io(s
L!' us @s' d!iv! '(! E!&#ulli !qua'i#&. /(i"( is
#&! #) '(! m#s' /!ll-,&#/& !qua'i#&s #) m#'i#& i&
fuid m!"(a&i"s. a&d +!' is #)'!& misus!d. =' is '(us
im$#'a&' '# u&d!s'a&d i's limi'a'i#&s. a&d '(!
assum$'i#&s mad! i& '(! d!iva'i#&.
T(! assum$'i#&s "a& %! summaiG!d as )#ll#/s2

=&vis"id f#/ 8id!al fuid. )i"'i#&l!ss9

B'!ad+ f#/ 8u&s'!ad+ E!&#ulli !qua'i#& /ill

&#' %! dis"uss!d i& '(is "#us!9

Al#&g a s'!amli&!

0#&s'a&' d!&si'+ 8i&"#m$!ssi%l! f#/9

1# s(a)' /#, # (!a' 'a&s)!

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Illus%ra%io( of re/io(s of @alidi%& a(d i(@alidi%&
of %-e )er(oulli equa%io(< (a) %u((el #odel3
(b) $ro$eller3 (c) c-i#(e&"
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(! E!&#ulli !qua'i#& is
%as!d #& '(! a$$li"a'i#&
#) 1!/'#&Zs la/ #) m#'i#&
'# a fuid !l!m!&' #& a
s'!amli&!.
L!' us "#&sid! '(! m#'i#&
#) a fuid !l!m!&' #)
l!&g'( ds a&d "#ss-
s!"'i#&al a!a dA m#vi&g
a' a l#"al s$!!d <. a&d *
is a (#iG#&'al a*is a&d G
is $#i&'i&g v!'i"all+
u$/ad. T(! )#"!s a"'i&g
#& '(! !l!m!&' a! '(!
$!ssu! )#"!s $dA a&d
8$Kd$9 dA. a&d '(! /!ig('
/ as s(#/&. Bummi&g
)#"!s i& '(! di!"'i#& #)
m#'i#&. '(! s-di!"'i#&.
'(!! !sul's
I(!! a
s
is '(!
a""!l!a'i#& #) '(!
!l!m!&' i& '(! s-di!"'i#&.
s
dsdAa gdsdA dA dp p pdA + cos % #
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Bi&"! '(! f#/ is s'!ad+. #&l+ "#&v!"'iv! a""!l!a'i#&
!*is's
Als#. i' is !as+ '# s!! '(a' . T&
su%s'i'u'i&g a&d dividi&g '(! !qua'i#& %+
. /! "a& #%'ai& -ul!Ms !qua'i#&2
1#'! '(a' -ul!Ms !qua'i#& is valid als# )#
"#m$!ssi%l! f#/.
1#/ i) /! )u'(! assum! '(a' '(! f#/ is
i&"#m$!ssi%l! s# '(a' '(! d!&si'+ is "#&s'a&'. /! ma+
i&'!ga'! -ul!Zs !qua'i#& '# g!'
"#&s'a&'
T(is is '(! E!&#ulli !qua'i#&. "#&sis'i&g #) '(!!
e(er/& -eads"
ds
d)
) a
s

gdA
0 + + d)
g
)
d!
g
dp

+ +
g
)
!
g
p
2
2

ds
d!
cos
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
E(er/& Heads
?!ssu! (!ad. /(i"( is '(! /#, d#&! '#
m#v! fuid agai&s' $!ssu!
H
-l!va'i#& (!ad. !$!s!&'i&g '(! $#'!&'ial
!&!g+; - can be measured above any
reference datum
<!l#"i'+ (!ad. !$!s!&'i&g '(! ,i&!'i"
!&!g+
g
p

g
)
2
2

A -ead "#!s$#&ds '# !&!g+ $! u&i' /!ig(' #)

f#/ a&d (as dim!&si#&s #) l!&g'(.

Pie5o#e%ric -ead 4 $ressure -ead G

ele@a%io( -ead3 /(i"( is '(! l!v!l !gis'!!d %+ a
$i!G#m!'! "#&&!"'!d '# '(a' $#i&' i& a $i$!li&!.

To%al -ead 4 $ie5o#e%ric -ead G @eloci%&

-ead"
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
=' )#ll#/s '(a' )# id!al s'!ad+ f#/ '(! '#'al
!&!g+ (!ad is "#&s'a&' al#&g a s'!amli&!.
%u' '(! "#&s'a&' ma+ diR! i& diR!!&'
s'!amli&!s. 83# '(! $a'i"ula "as! #)
i#'a'i#&al f#/. '(! E!&#ulli "#&s'a&' is
u&iv!sal '(#ug(#u' '(! !&'i! f#/ @!ld.9
A$$l+i&g '(! E!&#ulli !qua'i#& '# a&+ '/#
$#i&'s #& '(! sam! s'!amli&!. /! (av!
T(!! is similai'+ i& )#m %!'/!!& '(!
E!&#ulli !qua'i#& a&d '(! !&!g+ !qua'i#&
'(a' "a& %! d!iv!d di!"'l+ )#m '(! @s' la/
#) '(!m#d+&ami"s.
g
)
!
g
p
g
)
!
g
p
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
+ + + +

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Ii'(#u' g!''i&g i&'# '(! d!iva'i#&. '(!
!&!g+ !qua'i#& )# a "#&'#l v#lum! /i'(
#&l+ #&! i&l!' 8s!"'i#& 19 a&d #&! #u'l!'
8s!"'i#& 29 "a& %! /i''!& as
I
s
is s-af% +orE # '(! a'! #) /#,
'a&smi''!d %+ #'a'i#& s(a)'s 8su"( as '(a'
#) a $um$ # 'u%i&!9; $#si'iv! i) #u'$u' '# a
'u%i&!. &!ga'iv! i) i&$u' %+ a $um$9 '(a'
a! "u' %+ '(! "#&'#l su)a"!. a&d (. "all!d
'(! (!ad l#ss. is '(! sum #) !&!g+ l#ss!s
!qui!d '# #v!"#m! vis"#us )#"!s i& '(!
fuid 8dissi$a'!d i& '(! )#m #) '(!mal
!&!g+9 a&d '(! (!a' 'a&s)! a'!.

- s
h .
g
)
!
g
p
g
)
!
g
p
+ + + + + +
)
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2 2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
=& '(! a%s!&"! #) '(!s! '/# '!ms. '(!
!&!g+ !qua'i#& is id!&'i"al '# '(! E!&#ulli
!qua'i#&. I! mus' !m!m%! (#/!v! '(a'
'(! E!&#ulli !qua'i#& is a m#m!&'um
!qua'i#& a$$li"a%l! '# a s'!amli&! a&d '(!
!&!g+ !qua'i#& a%#v! is a$$li!d %!'/!!&
'/# s!"'i#&s #) a f#/. T(! !&!g+ !qua'i#&
is m#! g!&!al '(a& '(! E!&#ulli !qua'i#&.
%!"aus! i' all#/s )# 819 )i"'i#&. 829 (!a'
'a&s)!. 839 s(a)' /#,. a&d 849 vis"#us /#,
8a&#'(! )i"'i#&al !R!"'9.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
6) Mo#e(%u# equa%io(
T& a$$l+i&g 1!/'#&Zs s!"#&d la/ #)
m#'i#& '# '(! "#&'#l v#lum! s(#/&
i& '(! @gu!. /! g!'
T(is !qua'i#&2

3#ll#/s )#m '(! $i&"i$l! #)

"#&s!va'i#& #) li&!a m#m!&'um2
!sul'a&' )#"! #& '(! "#&'#l
v#lum! is %ala&"!d %+ '(! &!'
a'! #) m#m!&'um fu* 8i.!.. 9
#u' '(#ug( '(! "#&'#l su)a"!

is a v!"'# !qua'i#&.
Co#$o(e(%s #) '(! )#"!s a&d
'(! v!l#"i'i!s &!!d '# %!
"#&sid!!d.

3
i
in i i i i
M
i
#ut i i i i
) A ) ) A ) F
1 1
% # % #

3
i
in i
i
M
i
#ut i
i
) % ) %
1
)
1
)
% # % #

) %
)
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(! !qua'i#& "a& %! us!d '#
"al"ula'! '(! mag&i'ud! a&d
di!"'i#& #) '(! im$a"' )#"!
!*!'!d #& '(! "#&'#l
v#lum! %+ i's s#lid %#u&da+.
3u'(! "#&sid! a s'!ad+-
f#/ si'ua'i#& i& /(i"( '(!!
is #&l+ #&! !&'a&"! 8s!"'i#&
19 a&d #&! !*i' 8s!"'i#& 29
a"#ss /(i"( u&i)#m $#@l!s
"a& %! assum!d. E+
"#&'i&ui'+
mass f#/ a'!
T(! m#m!&'um !qua'i#&
&#/ !du"!s '#
2 % %
2
)
1
)

,
_

1 2
) ) 2 F
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
=& '!ms #) '(!i "#m$#&!&'s i& 8*.+.G9
"##di&a'!s
I(!! is '(! *-"#m$#&!&' #) '(! v!l#"i'+ a'
s!"'i#& 1. a&d s# #&.
!$!s!&'s all forces ac%i(/ o( %-e
co(%rol @olu#e. i&"ludi&g

Bu)a"! )#"!s !sul'i&g )#m '(! su#u&di&g

a"'i&g #& '(! "#&'#l v#lum!2

=m$a"' )#"!. /(i"( is usuall+ '(! u&,&#/& '#

%! )#u&d. #& '(! "#&'#l su)a"! i& "#&'a"'
/i'( a s#lid %#u&da+

?!ssu! )#"! #& '(! "#&'#l su)a"! /(i"(

"u's a f#/ i&l!' # !*i'. J!m!m%! '(a' '(!
$!ssu! )#"! is al/a+s a "#m$!ssiv! )#"!.

E#d+ )#"! '(a' !sul's )#m gavi'+.

( ) ( ) [ ]
1 2 + + +
) ) 2 F

( ) ( ) [ ]
1 2
y y y
) ) 2 F

( ) ( ) [ ]
1 2 ! ! !
) ) 2 F

( )
1 +
)

F
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Si/( of %-e @ec%or @ariables
I(!& $luggi&g i&'# '(! !qua'i#&s. #&!
s(#uld %! "a!)ul a%#u' '(! sig& #) '(! )#"!
a&d v!l#"i'+ "#m$#&!&'s. T(!s! qua&'i'i!s
s(#uld "a+ a $#si'iv! 8&!ga'iv!9 sig& /(!&
'(!+ a! i& '(! sam! 8#$$#si'!9 s!&s! as
'(a' #) '(! "#!s$#&di&g "##di&a'!.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
A$$lica%io(s of %-e )er(oulli a(d
Mo#e(%u# Equa%io(s
1) Pi%o% %ube
=) a s'!am #) u&i)#m v!l#"i'+ f#/s
i&'# a %lu&' %#d+. '(! s'!amli&!s
'a,! a $a''!& simila '# '(#s!
s(#/& i& '(! @gu!.
1#'! (#/ s#m! m#v! '# '(! l!)' a&d
s#m! '# '(! ig('. Eu' #&!. i& '(!
"!&'!. g#!s '# '(! 'i$ #) '(! %lu&'
%#d+ a&d s'#$s. =' s'#$s %!"aus! a'
'(is $#i&' '(! v!l#"i'+ is G!# - '(!
fuid d#!s &#' m#v! a' '(is #&!
$#i&'. T(is $#i&' is ,&#/& as '(!
s%a/(a%io( $oi(%"
3#m '(! E!&#ulli !qua'i#& /! "a&
"al"ula'! '(! $!ssu! a' '(is $#i&'.
A$$l+ E!&#ulli !qua'i#& al#&g '(!
"!&'al s'!amli&! )#m a $#i&'
u$s'!am /(!! '(! v!l#"i'+ is <
1
a&d '(! $!ssu! $
1
'# '(!
s'ag&a'i#& $#i&' #) '(! %lu&' %#d+
/(!! '(! v!l#"i'+ is G!#. <
2
=5.
Als# . G
1
=G
2
.
B'!amli&!s a#u&d %lu&'
%#di!s
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(is i&"!as! i& $!ssu!. /(i"( %i&gs '(!
fuid '# !s'. is "all!d '(! d&(a#ic $ressure.
S+&ami" $!ssu!
T"#&v!'i&g '(is '# (!ad 8usi&g 9
S+&ami" (!ad
T(! '#'al $!ssu! is ,&#/ as '(! stagnation
pressure (or total pressure)
B'ag&a'i#& $!ssu!
T i& '!ms #) (!ad.
B'ag&a'i#& (!ad
2
2
1
)

g
p
h

g
)
2
2
1

2
2
1
1
)
p

+
g
)
g
p
2
2
1 1
+

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(! %lu&' %#d+ s'#$$i&g '(! fuid
d#!s &#' (av! '# %! a s#lid. ='
"#uld %! a s'a'i" "#lum& #) fuid.
T/# $i!G#m!'!s. #&! as &#mal
a&d #&! as a ?i'#' 'u%! /i'(i&
'(! $i$! "a& %! us!d i& a&
aa&g!m!&' s(#/& %!l#/ '#
m!asu! v!l#"i'+ #) f#/.
Nsi&g '(! a%#v! '(!#+. /! (av!
'(! !qua'i#& )# $
2
,
/(i"( is a& !*$!ssi#& )#
v!l#"i'+ #%'ai&!d )#m '/#
$!ssu! m!asu!m!&'s a&d '(!
a$$li"a'i#& #) '(! E!&#ulli
!qua'i#&.
A $i!G#m!'! a&d a
$i'#' 'u%!
2
2
1
1 2
)
p p

+
( ) h * g )
)
gh g* + 2
2
2

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(is !qua'i#& is )# id!al f#/
#&l+. T# a""#u&' )# !al fuid
!R!"'s. '(! !qua'i#& "a& %!
m#di@!d i&'# 8
9, where is 8
v
the
coe9cient of velocity to be
determined empirically.
( ) h * g " )
v
2
A $i'#' 'u%! us!d '#
m!asu! v!l#"i'+ #) f#/ i&
a "(a&&!l
A $i'#' 'u%! u&d!&!a'( '(!
/i&g #) a& ai"a)'
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
2) Pi%o% s%a%ic %ube
T(! &!"!ssi'+ #) #&! $i!G#m!'!
a&d #&! ?i'#' 'u%! a&d '(us '/#
!adi&gs ma,! '(is aa&g!m!&' a
li''l! a/,/ad.
0#&&!"'i&g '(! '/# 'u%!s '# a
ma&#m!'! /#uld sim$li)+ '(i&gs
%u' '(!! a! s'ill '/# 'u%!s. T(!
Pi%o% s%a%ic %ube "#m%i&!s '(!
'u%!s. a&d '(!+ "a& '(!& %! !asil+
"#&&!"'!d '# a diR!!&'ial
ma&#m!'!.
T(! (#l!s #& '(! sid! #) '(! 'u%!
"#&&!"' '# #&! sid! #) a
ma&#m!'! a&d !gis'! '(!
s%a%ic -ead. 8(
1
9. /(il! '(!
"!&'al (#l! is "#&&!"'!d '# '(!
#'(! sid! #) '(! ma&#m!'! '#
!gis'!. as %!)#!. '(!
s%a/(a%io( -ead 8(
2
9. T(!
diR!!&"! #) '(! '/# (!ads. %!i&g
'(! d&(a#ic -ead. is &#/
m!asu!d di!"'l+ %+ '(!
diR!!&'ial ma&#m!'!.
Close>u$ of a Pi%o%
s%a%ic %ube
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
0#&sid! '(! $!ssu!s #& '(! l!v!l #) '(!
"!&'! li&! #) '(! ?i'#' s'a'i" 'u%! a&d usi&g
'(! '(!#+ #) '(! ma&#m!'!.
Eu'
T
=' is ,&#/& '(a' . 7!&"!
a&d
T(! ?i'#'/?i'#'-s'a'i" 'u%!s giv! v!l#"i'i!s a' $#i&'s i&
'(! f#/. =' d#!s &#' giv! '(! #v!all dis"(ag! #) '(!
s'!am. /(i"( is #)'!& /(a' is /a&'!d. =' als# (as '(!
da/%a", '(a' i' is lia%l! '# %l#", !asil+. $a'i"ulal+
i) '(!! is sig&i@"a&' d!%is i& '(! f#/.
( )
( ) gh P P
P P
gh h 4 g P P
g4 P P
%an
' A
%an '
A

+ +
+
1 2
1
2
2
2
1 2
)
p p

+
( )

%an
ideal
gh
)
2
ideal v a&tual
) " )
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
8) riFce a(d @e(a co(%rac%a
0#&sid! '(! f#/ )#m a 'a&,
'(#ug( a (#l! i& '(! sid! "l#s! '#
'(! %as!. T(! g!&!al
aa&g!m!&' a&d a "l#s!-u$ #) '(!
(#l! a&d s'!amli&!s a! s(#/& i&
'(! @gu!
T(! s(a$! #) '(! (#l!s !dg!s a!
as '(!+ a! 8s(a$9 '# mi&imiG!
)i"'i#&al l#ss!s %+ mi&imiGi&g '(!
"#&'a"' %!'/!!& '(! (#l! a&d '(!
liquid - '(! #&l+ "#&'a"' is '(! v!+
!dg!.
Ta&, a&d s'!amli&!s #)
f#/ #u' #) a s(a$-!dg!d
#i@"!
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
L##,i&g a' '(! s'!amli&!s +#u
"a& s!! (#/ '(!+ "#&'a"' a)'!
'(! #i@"! '# a mi&imum "#ss
s!"'i#& /(!! '(!+ all %!"#m!
$aall!l. a' '(is $#i&'. '(!
v!l#"i'+ a&d $!ssu! a!
u&i)#m a"#ss '(! Q!'. T(is
"#&v!g!&"! is "all!d '(! @e(a
co(%rac%a 8)#m '(! La'i&
Z"#&'a"'!d v!i&Z9.
=' is &!"!ssa+ '# ,&#/ '(!
am#u&' #) "#&'a"'i#& '# all#/
us '# "al"ula'! '(! f#/.
B'!amli&!s #) f#/ #u'
#) a s(a$-!dg!d #i@"!
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
1#/ E!&#ulli !qua'i#&
/ill %! us!d '# $!di"' '(!
v!l#"i'+ a' '(! #i@"!.
A$$l+ i' al#&g '(!
s'!amli&! Q#i&i&g $#i&' 1
#& '(! su)a"! '# $#i&' 3
a' '(! "!&'! #) '(! v!&a
"#&'a"'a.
A' '(! su)a"! v!l#"i'+ is
&!gligi%l! 8<
1
=59 a&d '(!
$!ssu! a'm#s$(!i"
8$
1
=59. Tu'sid! '(! #i@"!
'(! Q!' is #$!& '# '(! ai
s# agai& '(! $!ssu! is
a'm#s$(!i" 8$
3
=59. =) /!
'a,! '(! da'um li&!
'(#ug( '(! #i@"! '(!&
G
1
=( a&d G
3
=5. l!avi&g
g
)
h
2
2
3
gh ) )
ideal
2
3

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(is is '(! %-eore%ical @alue #) v!l#"i'+.
N&)#'u&a'!l+ i' /ill %! a& #v!-!s'ima'! #) '(! !al
v!l#"i'+ %!"aus! )i"'i#& l#ss!s (av! &#' %!!& 'a,!&
i&'# a""#u&'. T# i&"#$#a'! )i"'i#& "#!>"i!&' #)
v!l#"i'+ is us!d '# "#!"' '(! '(!#!'i"al v!l#"i'+.
-a"( #i@"! (as i's #/& coeHcie(% of @eloci%& 0
v
.
/(i"( usuall+ li!s i& '(! a&g! #) 9"IJ>9"II.
T# "al"ula'! '(! dis"(ag! '(#ug( '(! #i@"! '(! a!a
#) '(! Q!' /ill %! mul'i$li!d %+ '(! v!l#"i'+. T(! a"'ual
a!a #) '(! Q!' is '(! a!a #) '(! v!&a "#&'a"'a &#' '(!
a!a #) '(! #i@"!. T(is a!a /ill %! #%'ai&!d %+ usi&g
a "#!>"i!&' #) "#&'a"'i#& 0
"
)# '(! #i@"!2
B# '(! dis"(ag! '(#ug( '(! #i@"! is giv!& %+
I(!! 0
d
is '(! "#!>"i!&' #) dis"(ag!. a&d 0
d
=0
"
0
v
ideal v a&tual
) " )
#ri/i&e & a&tual
A " A
A) 2
gh A " ) A " " ) A 2
#ri/i&e d ideal #ri/i&e v & a&tual a&tual a&tual
2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T+$i"al f#/ $a''!&s a&d "#&'a"'i#& "#!>"i!&'s )#
vai#us #u&d !*i' "#&@gua'i#&s
2

,
_

h
1
h
1
&
d
d
A
A
"
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
6) ,e(%uri3 (o55le a(d
oriFce #e%ers
T(!s! a! '(!! simila
'+$!s #) d!vi"!s )#
m!asui&g dis"(ag! i& a
$i$!.
T(! <!&'ui m!'! "#&sis's
#) a a$idl+ "#&v!gi&g
s!"'i#&. /(i"( i&"!as!s '(!
v!l#"i'+ #) f#/ a&d (!&"!
!du"!s '(! $!ssu!. ='
'(!& !'u&s '# '(! #igi&al
dim!&si#&s #) '(! $i$! %+ a
g!&'l+ div!gi&g ZdiRus!Z
s!"'i#&. E+ m!asui&g '(!
$!ssu! diR!!&"!s '(!
dis"(ag! "a& %!
"al"ula'!d. T(is is a
$a'i"ulal+ a""ua'!
m!'(#d #) f#/
m!asu!m!&' as !&!g+
l#ss!s a! v!+ small.
B"(!ma'i" aa&g!m!&'s )# '(!!
'+$!s #) d!vi"!s m!asui&g f#/-a'!
i& a $i$!
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(! &#GGl! m!'! # f#/
&#GGl! is !ss!&'iall+ a <!&'ui
m!'! /i'( '(! "#&v!g!&' $a'
!$la"!d %+ a &#GGl! i&s'all!d
i&sid! '(! $i$! a&d '(!
div!g!&' $a' #mi''!d. T(!
#i@"! m!'! is a s'ill sim$l!
a&d "(!a$! aa&g!m!&' %+
/(i"( a s(a$-!dg!d #i@"! is
@''!d "#&"!&'i"all+ i& '(!
$i$!.
T(! /#,i&g )#mula! a!
simila )# '(! '(!! d!vi"!s.
L!' us )# illus'a'i#& s(#/ '(!
#&! )# '(! <!&'ui m!'!.
A$$l+i&g '(! E!&#ulli !qua'i#&
al#&g '(! s'!amli&! )#m $#i&'
1 '# $#i&' 2 i& '(! &a#/
throat of the 6enturi meter,
A <!&'ui m!'! i& la%#a'#+.
g
)
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g
p
g
)
!
g
p
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
+ + + +

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
E+ usi&g '(! "#&'i&ui'+ !qua'i#& /! "a&
!limi&a'! '(! v!l#"i'+ <
2
. ^=A
1
<
1
=A
2
<
2
T <
2
=A
1
<
1
=A
2
<
2
.
Bu%s'i'u'i&g '(is i&'# a&d !aa&gi&g '(!
E!&#ulli !qua'i#& i' /ill %!
T# g!' '(! '(!#!'i"al dis"(ag! '(is is mul'i$li!d
%+ '(! a!a. T# g!' '(! a"'ual dis"(ag! 'a,i&g i&
'# a""#u&' '(! l#ss!s du! '# )i"'i#&. a "#!>"i!&'
#) dis"(ag! /ill %! i&"lud!d
1
2
2
2
1
2 1
2 1
1

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1
]
1

A
A
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p p
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A
! !
g
p p
g
A " ) A " 2 " 2
d d ideal d a&tual

5
1 1
) A 2
ideal

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Bu$$#s! a diR!!&'ial
ma&#m!'! is "#&&!"'!d
%!'/!!& 819 a&d 829. T(!&
'(! '!ms i&sid! '(! squa!
%a",!'s "a& %! !la'!d '#
'(! ma&#m!'! !adi&g ( as
giv!& %+
T(us '(! dis"(ag! "a& %!
!*$!ss!d i& '!ms #) '(!
ma&#m!'! !adi&g2

,
_

+ + +
1
% #
2 1
2 1
2 2 1 1

%an
%an
h ! !
g
p p
h ! g gh p g! p
1
1 2
2
2
1
1

,
_

,
_

A
A
gh
A " 2
%an
d a&tual

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

T(! !*$!ssi#& d#!s &#' i&"lud! a&+ '!ms )# '(!

ele@a%io( or orie(%a%io( 8G
1
# G
2
9 #) '(! <!&'ui
m!'!. T(is m!a&s '(a' '(! m!'! "a& %! a' a&+
"#&v!&i!&' a&gl! '# )u&"'i#&.

T(! $u$#s! #) '(! diRus! i& a <!&'ui m!'! is '#

assu! gadual a&d s'!ad+ d!"!l!a'i#& a)'! '(!
'(#a'. T(is is d!sig&!d '# !&su! '(a' '(! $!ssu!
is!s agai& '# s#m!'(i&g &!a '# '(! #igi&al valu!
%!)#! '(! <!&'ui m!'!.

T(! a&gl! #) '(! diRus! is usuall+ %!'/!!& P a&d V

d!g!!s. Iid! '(a& '(is a&d '(! f#/ mig('
s!$aa'! )#m '(! /alls !sul'i&g i& i&"!as!d
)i"'i#& a&d !&!g+ a&d $!ssu! l#ss. =) '(! a&gl! is
l!ss '(a& '(is '(! m!'! %!"#m!s v!+ l#&g a&d
$!ssu! l#ss!s agai& %!"#m! sig&i@"a&'. T(!
!>"i!&"+ #) '(! diRus! #) i&"!asi&g $!ssu! %a",
'# '(! #igi&al is a!l+ g!a'! '(a& V5;.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

=' s(#uld %! &#'!d '(a' i& d!ivi&g a )#mula )# a

dis"(ag! m!asui&g d!vi"! 8<!&'ui. &#GGl!. #i@"!
m!'!s. !'"9. assum$'i#&s a! 'a,!& '# sim$li)+ '(!
si'ua'i#&s s# '(a' '(! E!&#ulli !qua'i#& "a& %!
a$$li!d. 3# !*am$l!. '(!! is &# !&!g+ l#ss a&d
'(! f#/ is s'!ad+.

Eu' as '(! assum$'i#&s a! &#' !*a"'l+ 'u!. '(!s!

s#lu'i#&s )ail '# a""#u&' )# '(! !al si'ua'i#&s.
-m$ii"al "#!>"i!&'s su"( as 0v. 0d a! '(!!)#!
i&'#du"!d '# all#/ )# '(!s! !#s. T(! @&al
)#mula /ill %! a& a&al+'i"al s#lu'i#& m#di@!d %+ a&
!m$ii"al "#!>"i!&'.

T& '(! #'(! (a&d. '(! valu! #) '(! !m$ii"al

"#!>"i!&' "a& als# !f!"' '(! Qus'i@"a'i#& #) usi&g
'(! id!al a$$#a"(. 0
d
)# #i@"! m!'! is )a %!l#/
u&i'+ 85.P-5.P69. /(il! 0
d
)# &#GGl!s a&d v!&'ui
m!'!s a! "l#s! '# #&! 8a$$#*ima'!l+ 5.9V9. ='
s(#/s '(a' !&!g+ l#ss is a'(! su%s'a&'ial i& a&
#i@"! m!'!. as is !*$!"'!d )#m i's a%u$'
"#&@gua'i#&.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
7) Force o( a $i$e (o55le
0#&sid! s!v!al
a$$li"a'i#&s #) '(!
m#m!&'um !qua'i#&s.
A sim$l! a$$li"a'i#& is '#
@&d '(! )#"! #& '(! &#GGl!
a' '(! #u'l!' #) a $i$!.
E!"aus! '(! fuid is
"#&'a"'!d a' '(! &#GGl!
)#"!s a! i&du"!d i& '(!
&#GGl!. A&+'(i&g (#ldi&g '(!
&#GGl! 8!.g. a @!ma&9 mus'
%! s'#&g !&#ug( '#
/i'(s'a&d '(!s! )#"!s.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
B'!$s i& a&al+sis2
1.Sa/ a "#&'#l v#lum!
2.S!"id! #& a "##di&a'!-a*is s+s'!m
3.0al"ula'! '(! '#'al )#"!. giv!& %+ '(!
a'! #) "(a&g! #) m#m!&'um a"#ss
'(! "#&'#l v#lum!
4.0al"ula'! '(! $!ssu! )#"! $3
6.0al"ula'! '(! %#d+ )#"! E3
P.0al"ula'! '(! !sul'a&' !a"'i#& )#"!
J3
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
S%e$ 1 K 2. 0#&'#l v#lum! a&d "#-#di&a'!
a*is a! s(#/& i& '(! @gu! %!l#/.
1#'i"! (#/ '(is is a #&!-dim!&si#&al s+s'!m
/(i"( g!a'l+ sim$li@!s ma''!s.
S%e$8" 0al"ula'! '(! '#'al )#"!
( )
1 2
) ) 2 F

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
E+ "#&'i&ui'+. . s#
S%e$ 62 0al"ula'! '(! $!ssu! )#"! 8!d
a#/s9
3
$
=$!ssu! )#"! a' 1 - $!ssu! )#"!
a' 2=$
1
A
1
-$
2
A
2
E!&#ulli !qua'i#& /ill %! us!d '# "al"ula'!
'(! $!ssu!
Bi&"! '(! &#GGl! is (#iG#&'al. G
1
= G
2
. a&d '(!
$!ssu! #u'sid! is a'm#s$(!i". $
2
= 5. a&d
/i'( "#&'i&ui'+ '(! E!&#ulli !qua'i#& giv!s
2 2 1 1
) A ) A 2

,
_

1 2
2
1 1
A A
2 F
g
)
!
g
p
g
)
!
g
p
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
+ + + +

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
S%e$7. 0al"ula'! '(! %#d+ )#"!
T(! #&l+ %#d+ )#"! is '(! /!ig(' du! '# gavi'+ i&
'(! +-di!"'i#& - %u' /! &!!d &#' "#&sid! '(is as '(!
#&l+ )#"!s /! a! "#&sid!i&g a! i& '(! *-di!"'i#&.
S%e$L. 0al"ula'! '(! !a"'i#& )#"! '(a' '(! &#GGl!
a"'s #& '(! fuid 8g!!& a#/9
Bi&"! '(! i&di"a'!d di!"'i#& #) '(! !a"'i#& )#"! is
#$$#si'! '# *-a*is. a &!ga'iv! sig& is i&"lud!d

,
_

,
_

2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
A A
A 2
F
A A
2
P
p

B# '(! @!ma& mus' %! a%l! '# !sis' '(! )#"! #) 3

J
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
L) Force due %o a %+o>
di#e(sio(al Me% -i%%i(/ a(
i(cli(ed $la(e
0#&sid! a '/#-dim!&si#&al
8i.!.. v!+ /id! i& '(! s$a& /is!
di!"'i#&9 Q!' (i''i&g a fa' $la'!
a' a& a&gl! F. 3# sim$li"i'+
gavi'+ a&d )i"'i#& a!
&!gl!"'!d )#m '(is a&al+sis.
T(! !a"'i#& )#"! &#mal '#
'(! $la'! /ill %! d!'!mi&!d s#
'(a' '(! a*is s+s'!m /ill %!
"(#s!& su"( '(a' i' is &#mal '#
'(! $la&!.
A %+o>di#e(sio(al Me% -i%%i(/ a( i(cli(ed $la%e"
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
A' '(is s'ag! '(! v!l#"i'i!s #) f#/ i& !a"( di!"'i#& is
&#' ,&#/&. T(us '# @&d v!l#"i'i!s #) f#/ E!&#ulli
!qua'i#& "a& %! a$$li!d.
T(! (!ig(' diR!!&"!s a! &!gligi%l! i.!.. G
1
=G
2
=G
3
.
a&d '(! $!ssu!s a! all a'm#s$(!i" = 5. B#
<
1
=<
2
=<
3
=<
E+ "#&'i&ui'+
^
1
=^
2
K^
3
<
1
A
1
=<
2
A
2
K<
3
A
3
A
1
=A
2
KA
3
g
)
!
g
p
g
)
!
g
p
g
)
!
g
p
2 2 2
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
+ + + + + +

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Ii'( '(is '(! )#"!s "a& %! "al"ula'!d i& '(! sam! /a+
as %!)#!.
1" Calcula%e %-e %o%al force i( %-e ;>direc%io(.
J!m!m%! '(a' '(! "#-#di&a'! s+s'!m is &#mal '#
'(! $la'!.
%u' <
2*
=<
3*
=5 as '(! Q!'s a! $aall!l '# '(! $la'! /i'(
&# "#m$#&!&' i& '(! *-di!"'i#&. a&d <
1*
=<"#sF. s#
2" Calcula%e %-e $ressure force
All G!# as '(! $!ssu! is !v!+/(!! a'm#s$(!i".
8" Calcula%e %-e bod& force
As '(! "#&'#l v#lum! is small. (!&"! '(! /!ig(' #)
fuid is small. /! "a& ig&#! '(! %#d+ )#"!s.
( ) [ ]
+ + + +
) 2 ) 2 ) 2 F
1 1 3 3 2 2
+

cos
1
) 2 F
+

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
4. 0al"ula'! '(! !sul'a&' !a"'i#& )#"!
I(i"( is '(! )#"! !*!'!d #& '(! fuid %+ '(! $la'!
T(! am#u&' #) dis"(ag! '(a' g#!s al#&g i& !a"(
di!"'i#& #& '(! $la'! /ill &#/ %! @&d #u' as )#ll#/s.
Al#&g '(! $la'!. i& '(! +-di!"'i#&. '(! '#'al )#"! mus'
%! G!#. _3
+
=5. si&"! )i"'i#& is ig&#!d.
Als# i& '(! +-di!"'i#&2 s#
B!''i&g '(is '# G!#
/ / / sin
3 2 1
) ) ) ) ) )
y y y

( ) [ ]

+
y y y y
) 2 ) 2 ) 2 F
1 1 3 3 2 2

[ ] [ ] sin sin
1 3 2
2
1 3 2
A A A ) 2 2 2 )
sin 0
1 3 2
A A A
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
a&d as )#u&d !ali! /! (av! A
1
= A
2
K A
3
.
s# #& s#lvi&g
E+ /(i"( i' is !adil+ #%'ai&!d as2
B# (#/ '(! dis"(ag! is divid!d %!'/!!& '(!
'/# Q!'s l!avi&g '(! $la'! /ill %! ,&#/&.

,
_

sin 1
sin 1
3 2
A A
( )/ sin 1
2
1
1
2
+
2
2
( ) sin 1
2
1
1
1
3

2
2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
J) Flo+ $as% a $i$e be(d
0#&sid! '(! $i$! %!&d
s(#/&. L!' us @s' da/ a
)!! %#d+ diagam )# '(!
"#&'#l v#lum! /i'( '(!
)#"!s2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
?a+i&g du! !gad '# '(! $#si'iv! * a&d + di!"'i#&s.
'(! summa'i#& #) )#"!s i& '(!s! '/# di!"'i#&s2 /ill
%! /i''!& as )#ll#/s2
J!la'i&g '(!s! "#m$#&!&'s '# '(! &!' "(a&g! #)
m#m!&'um fu* '(#ug( '(! i&l!' a&d !*i' su)a"!s
`-di!"'i#&
[-di!"'i#&
3#m '(!s! '/# !qua'i#&s a&d usi&g '(! "#&'i&ui'+ !qua'i#&
a&d '(! E!&#ulli !qua'i#&. /! ma+ "al"ula'! '(! '/# )#"!
"#m$#&!&'s. T(! mag&i'ud! a&d di!"'i#& #) '(! !sul'a&'
)#"! )#m '(! %!&d #& '(! fuid a!
As a !a"'i#&. '(! im$a"' )#"! #& '(! $i$! %!&d is
!qual i& mag&i'ud!. %u' #$$#si'! i& di!"'i#& '# '(!
#&! #& '(! fuid.

. A p F F
F A p A p F
y y
+ +

sin
cos
2 2
2 2 1 1

,
_

1 2 2 2 1 1
cos cos ) ) 2 F A p A p
+

,
_

0 sin sin
2 2 2
) 2 . A p F
y

,
_

+
y
y +
F
F
F F F
1
2 2
!an
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
CHAPTER F!R
,ISC!S
FL'
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
u%li(es of C-a$%er Four
L!a&i&g T%Q!"'iv!s
=&'#du"'i#&
<is"#us f#/ '(#ug( $i$!s
<is"#us f#/ %!'/!!& '/# $aall!l
$la'!s
?#/! a%s#%!d i& vis"#us f#/
=&'#du"'i#& '# %#u&da+ la+! a&d
s!$aa'i#& #) f#/
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Lear(i(/ bMec%i@es

A)'! "#m$l!'i&g '(is "(a$'!. +#u

s(#uld %! a%l! '# "#m$u'! '(!
)#ll#/i&g !la'i#&s2
i. 1hear stress distribution across a
section
ii. 6elocity distribution across a section
iii. :atio of ma3imum velocity to
average velocity
iv. ;ressure drop for a given length
3# %#'( -,iscous 0o+ %-rou/-
$i$es a&d
-,iscous 0o+ be%+ee(
%+o $arallel $la%es

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

[#u s(#uld %! a%l! '# d!'!mi&! '(!

$o+er absorbed i& vis"#us f#/
'(#ug(
a.a#u&al %!ai&gs
%.3##'-s'!$ E!ai&gs. a&d
".0#lla E!ai&gs
.
[#u s(#uld %! a%l! '# !*$lai& a
bou(dar& la&er a&d se$ara%io( of
0o+
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
I(%roduc%io(

,iscous 0o+2 =' is a f#/ #) fuids /(i"(

a! vis"#us a&d f#/i&g a' v!+ l#/
v!l#"i'+.

A' l#/ v!l#"i'+ '(! fuid m#v!s i& la+!s

-a"( la+! #) fuid slid!s #v! '(! adQa"!&'

la+!

Su! '# !la'iv! v!l#"i'+ %!'/!!& '/#

la+!s '(! v!l#"i'+ gadi!&' !*is's a&d
(!&"! a s(!a s'!ss a"'s #& '(!
la+!s.
dy
du

dy
du
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
,iscous 0o+ %-rou/-
$i$e

3l#/ '(#ug( "i"ula $i$! /ill %!

"#&sid!!d as vis"#us # lami&a
f#/.i.!. J!+&#lds &um%! is l!ss '(a&
2555.

3# '(is "as! '(! )#ll#/i&g !la'i#&s

/ill %! d!'!mi&!d 2
i.1hear stress distribution across a
section
ii.6elocity distribution across a section
iii.:atio of ma3imum velocity to average
velocity
iv.;ressure drop for a given length
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
i"S-ear s%ress
dis%ribu%io(
0#&sid! a (#iG#&'al $i$! #) adius R as
s(#/& %!l#/.
Fi/ure 6"1
3# '(is "as! l!' us "#&sid! a fuid
!l!m!&' #) adius . slidi&g i& a "+li&di"al
fuid !l!m!&' #) 8Kd9.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

L!' '(! l!&g'( #) fuid !l!m!&' %! .=)

b$M is '(! i&'!&si'+ #) $!ssu! #& '(!
)a"! AE. '(!& '(! i&'!&si'+ #) $!ssu!
#& )a"! 0S /ill %! . T(!& '(!
)#"!s a"'i&g #& '(! fuid !l!m!&' a!2
1. T(! $!ssu! )#"!. #&
)a"! AE.
2. T(! $!ssu! )#"!.
#& )a"! 0S.
3.T(! s(!a )#"!. #& '(!
su)a"! #) fuid !l!m!&'.

,
_

+ +
+
p
p
2
r p
2
r +
+
p
p

,
_

+
+ r 2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

3# s'!ad+ a&d u&i)#m f#/. '(!! is &#

a""!l!a'i#& a&d (!&"! '(! summa'i#& #) all
)#"!s i& '(! di!"'i#& #) f#/ mus' %! G!# =.!.

8-q 4.1.9

T(! s(!a s'!ss a"#ss a s!"'i#& vai!s /i'(

bM as a"#ss a s!"'i#& is "#&s'a&'. 7!&"!
s(!a s'!ss dis'i%u'i#& a"#ss a s!"'i#& is
li&!a as s(#/& i& '(! &!*' slid!.
0 2
2 2

,
_

+ + r r +
+
p
p r p
0 2
2

+ r r +
+
p

0 2
2

r
+
p
2
r
+
p

+
p

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Fi/ure 6"2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
ii" ,eloci%& Dis%ribu%io(

<!l#"i'+ dis'i%u'i#& a"#ss a s!"'i#&

/ill %! d!'!mi&!d su%s'i'u'i&g '(!
s(!a s'!ss valu! i& !q
84.19.
Eu' i& '(! !la'i#& is
m!asu!d )#m '(! $i$! /all. 7!&"!
a&d
Bu%s'i'u'i&g '(is valu! i& 84.19. /! g!'
#
dy
du

y
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du
/
r R y
dr dy
dr
du
dr
du

2
r
+
p
dr
du

r
+
p
dr
du

2
1
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

=&'!ga'i&g '(is a%#v! !qua'i#& /..'.. bM.

/! g!'

!q 84.29
I(!! 0 is '(! "#&s'a&' #) i&'!ga'i#& a&d
i's valu! is #%'ai&!d )#m '(! %#u&da+
"#&di'i#& '(a' a' =J. u=5.
" r
+
p
u +

2
4
1

2
2
4
1
4
1
0
R
+
p
"
" R
+
p

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

Bu%s'i'u'i&g '(is valu! #) 0 i& !q84.29. /!

g!'

!q
84.39
=& '(is !qua'i#& valu!s #) a&d J a! "#&s'a&'.
/(i"( m!a&s '(!
v!l#"i'+. vai!s /i'( '(! squa! #) . T(us
!q84.39 is a& !qua'i#& #) $aa%#la. T(is s(#/s
'(a' '(! v!l#"i'+ dis'i%u'i#& a"#ss '(! s!"'i#&
#) a $i$! is $aa%#li". T(is v!l#"i'+ dis'i%u'i#&
is s(#/& i& '(! $!vi#us slid! 8%9.
[ ]
2 2
2 2
4
1
4
1
4
1
r R
+
p
u
R
+
p
r
+
p
u

+
p

/
u
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
iii" Ra%io of #a;i#u# @eloci%& %o
a@era/e @eloci%&

T(! v!l#"i'+ is ma*imum. /(!& =5 i&

!q84.39. T(us ma*imum v!l#"i'+. .
is #%'ai&!d
Y..4.4

T(! av!ag! v!l#"i'+ . . is #%'ai&!d %+

dividi&g '(! dis"(ag! #) '(! fuid a"#ss '(!
$i$! %+ '(! a!a #) '(! $i$! . T(!
dis"(ag! 8^9 a"#ss '(! s!"'i#& is #%'ai&!d
%+ "#&sid!i&g '(! f#/ '(#ug( a "i"ula
i&g !l!m!&' #) adius a&d '(i",&!ss d as
s(#/& i& @g.4.1.
2
ma6
4
1
R
+
p
u

ma6
u
u
% #
2
R
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

T(! fuid f#/i&g $! s!"#&d '(#ug( '(is

!l!m!&'a+ i&g is giv!& %+2
d^= <!l#"i'+ a' adius a!a #) i&g
!l!m!&'
[ ] rdr r R
+
p
rdr u

2
4
1
2
2 2

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rdr r R
+
p
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0
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0
2
4
1

[ ]

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rdr r R
+
p
0
2 2
2
4
1

[ ]

,
_

R
dr r r R
+
p
0
3 2
2
4
1

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

4 2
2
4
1
4 2
2
4
1
4 4
0
4 2 2
R R
+
p r r R
+
p
R

4
4
8 4
2
4
1
R
+
p R
+
p

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T(!!)#!. av!ag! v!l#"i'+.

Y..4.6
2
4
4
8
1
8
R
+
p
u
R
R
+
p
Area
2
u

,
_

,
_

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Sividi&g !qua'i#& 84.49 %+ !qua'i#&
84.69.
Ja'i# #) ma*imum v!l#"i'+ '# av!ag!
v!l#"i'+= 2.5.
0 ) 2
8
1
4
1
2
2
ma6

,
_

R
+
p
R
+
p
u
5

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
2
8
1
R
+
p
u

,
_

2
8
R
u
+
p

,
_

d+
R
u
dp


1
2
2
1
2
8
[ ] [ ]
1 2
2
2 1
8
+ +
R
u
p p

[ ] -
R
u
p p
2
2 1
8

{ } - + +
1 2

[ ]
( )
-
6
u
p p
2
2 1
2
8

[ ] -
6
u
p p
2
2 1
32

(iii) Dro$ of $ressure for a /i@e(
Le(/%- (L) of a $i$e
3#m -q.84.6. /! (av! 9
T
=&'!ga'i&g '(! a%#v! !qua'i#& /..'. *. /! g!'
/(!! $
1
-$
2
is '(! d#$ #) $!ssu!
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
g
p p

2 1

2
2 1
32
g6
- u
h
g
p p
/

L#ss #) $!ssu! (!ad

YY84.P9
-qua'i#& 84.P9 is "all!d Ha/e( Poiseuille
For#ula
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
b" ,iscous 0o+ i( (o(>circular
duc%s($arallel $la%es)
=& a Bimila /a+ '# '(a' #) vis"#us
f#/ i& $i$!s. '(! )#ll#/i&g
!la'i#&s /ill %! d!'!mi&!d 2
i. 6elocity distribution across a
section
ii. :atio of ma3imum velocity to
average velocity
iii. ;ressure drop for a given length
iv. 1hear stress distribution
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
0#&sid! '/# $aall!l $la'!s a' a dis'a&"! b'M
a$a' as s(#/& '(! @g %!l#/. A vis"#us fuid
is f#/i&g %!'/!!& '(!s! '/# $la'!s )#m l!)'
'# ig('. 0#&sid! a fuid !l!m!&' #) l!&g'(
a&d '(i",&!ss
a' a dis'a&"! + )#m '(! l#/! @*!d $la'!.
=) $ is '(! i&'!&si'+ #) $!ssu! #& '(! )a"!
AE #) '(! fuid !l!m!&' '(!& i&'!&si'+ #)
$!ssu! #& '(! )a"! 0S /ill %! .

,
_

+ +
+
p
p
+
y
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
L!' is '(! s(!a s'!ss a"'i&g #& '(! )a"!
E0 '(!& '(! s(!a s'!ss #& '(! )a"! AS
/ill %! . =) '(! /id'( #) '(! !l!m!&'
i& '(! di!"'i#& $!$!&di"ula '# '(! $a$!
is u&i'+ '(!& '(! )#"!s a"'i&g #& '(! fuid
!l!m!&' a!2
1. T(! $!ssu! )#"!. #& )a"!
AE
2. T(! $!ssu! )#"!. #& )a"!
0S
3. T(! s(!a )#"!. #& )a"!
E0
4. T(! s(!a )#"!. #& )a"! AS

,
_

+ y
y

,
_

+ + y
y

1 y p
1

,
_

+ y +
+
p
p
1 +
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
3# s'!ad+ a&d u&i)#m f#/. '(!! is &#
a""!l!a'i#& a&d (!&"! '(! !sul'a&' )#"! i&
'(! di!"'i#& #) f#/ is G!#.
=0
Sividi&g %+

84.79
1

,
_

+ + y
y

1 y p
1

,
_

+ y +
+
p
p 1 +

+
0

y +
p
y +
p

# + y
y
y +
+
p

y +
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
i" ,eloci%& dis%ribu%io(
T# #%'ai& '(! v!l#"i'+ dis'i%u'i#&
a"#ss a s!"'i#&. '(! valu! #) s(!a
s'!ss )#m 1!/'#&Ms la/ #)
vis"#si'+ )# lami&a f#/ is su%s'i'u'!d
i& !qua'i#& 4.P.


=&'!ga'i&g '(! a%#v! !qua'i#& /..'. +. /!
g!'
=&'!ga'i&g agai& 84.V9
dy
du

2
2
dy
u
dy
du
y +
p

,
_

+
p
dy
u

1
2
2
1
1
" y
+
p
y
u
+

2 1
2
2
1
" y "
y
+
p
u + +

'

t is&#ns
+
p
!an
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
I(!! 0
1
a&d 0
2
a! "#&s'a&'s #) i&'!ga'i#&s.
T(!i valu!s a! #%'ai&!d )#m '(! '/#
%#u&da+ "#&di'i#&s '(a' is 8i9 a' +=5. u=5 a+
+='. u=5.
T(! su%s'i'u'i#& #) a' +=#. u=5 i& !qua'i#&
84.V9 giv!s 5=5K0
1
U5K0
2
# 0
2
=5
T(! su%s'i'u'i#& #) a' +='. u=5 i& !qua'i#&
84.V9 giv!s
Bu%s'i'u'i&g '(! valu!s #) 01 a&d 02 i&
!qua'i#& 84.V9
0
2
1
0
1
2
+ +

t "
t
+
p

t
+
p
t
t
+
p
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2
1
2
1
2
1

,
_

t
+
p
y y
+
p
u
2
1
2
1
2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
4.9
=& '(! a%#v! !qua'i#& a&d ' a!
"#&s'a&'s. =' m!a&s u vai!s /i'( '(! squa!
#) +. 7!&"! !qua'i#& 84.99 is a& !qua'i#& #)
$aa%#la. 7!&"! v!l#"i'+ dis'i%u'i#& a"#ss
a s!"'i#& #) '(! $aall!l $la'! is $aa%#li".
T(is v!l#"i'+ dis'i%u'i#& is s(#/& i& @gu!
%!l#/.
3ig.4.7. <!l#"i'+ dis'i%u'i#& a&d s(!a s'!ss
dis'i%u'i#& a"#ss a s!"'i#& #) $aall!l $la'!s
[ ]
2
2
1
y ty
+
p
u

+
p

/
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
ii" Ra%io of Ma;i#u# ,eloci%& %o
A@era/e ,eloci%&

T(! v!l#"i'+ is ma*imum /(!& +='/2.

Bu%s'i'u'i&g '(is valu! i& !qua'i#& 84.99. /! g!'
84.159

T(! av!ag! v!l#"i'+ . . is #%'ai&!d %+ dividi&g

'(! dis"(ag! 8^9 a"#ss '(! s!"'i#& %+ '(! a!a
#) '(! s!"'i#& 8'Ul9. A&d '(! dis"(ag! ^ is
#%'ai&!d %+ "#&sid!i&g '(! a'! #) f#/ #) fuid
'(#ug( '(! s'i$ #) '(i",&!ss d+ a&d i&'!ga'i&g
i'. T(! a'! #) f#/ '(#ug( s'i$ is
1
]
1

,
_

2 2 2
1
2
ma6
t t
t
+
p
5

2
2 2 2
8
1
4 2
1
4 2 2
1
t
+
p t
+
p t t
+
p

1
]
1

u
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
d^=<!l#"i'+ a' a dis'a&"! +UA!a #)
s'i$
[ ] 1
2
1
2

dy y ty
+
p

[ ]

t t
dy y ty
+
p
d2 2
0 0
2
2
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

3 2 2
1
3 2 2
1
3 2
0
3 2
t t
+
p y ty
+
p
2
t

3
3
12
1
6 2
1
t
+
p t
+
p

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
2
3
12
1
1
12
1
t
+
p
t
t
+
p
Area
2
u

84.119
Sividi&g !qua'i#& 84.159 %+ !qua'i#&
84.119. /! g!'
84.129
2
3
8
12
12
1
8
1
2
2
ma6

t
+
p
t
+
p
u
5

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
iii" Pressure dro$ for a /i@e(
le(/%-

3#m !qua'i#& 84.119. /! (av!

#
=&'!ga'i&g /..' *. /! g!'
=) (
)
is '(! d#$ #) $!ssu! (!ad. '(!&
84.139

2
12
1
t
+
p
u

2
12
t
u
+
p

d+
t
u
dp


1
2
2
1
2
12
[ ] [ ]
1 2
2
2 1
2
2 1
12 12
+ +
t
u
+ +
t
u
p p

-
t
u
p p
2
2 1
12

[ ] - + +
1 2
2
2 1
12
gt
- u
g
p p
h
/

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
(i@) S-ear s%ress dis%ribu%io(

=' is #%'ai&!d %+ su%s'i'u'i&g '(! valu! #) u
)#m !qua'i#& 84.99 i&'#
YY..84.149
=& !qua'i#& 84.149. a&d ' a! "#&s'a&'. 7!&"!
vai!s li&!al+ /i'( . T(! s(!a s'!ss dis'i%u'i#& is
s(#/& i& @g. 4.7 8%9. B(!a s'!ss is ma*imum /(!&
# ' .'(a' is .a' '(! /alls #) '(! $la'!s. B(!a
s'!ss is G!# /(!& '(a' is a' '(! "!&'!
li&! %!'/!!& '(! '/# $la'!s. Ma*. s(!a s'!ss 8 9
is giv!& %+
y
u

( ) ( )
1
]
1

1
]
1

y t
+
p
y ty
+
p
y
u
y
u
2
2
1
2
1
2

+
p

t
+
p
#

2
1

y
[ ] y t
+
p
2
2
1

2 7 t y
0 y
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
C" Po+er absorbed I( @iscous
0o+

Til is us!d )# '(! lu%i"a'i#& #) ma"(i&! $a's.

3l#/ #) #il i& %!ai&gs is a& !*am$l! #) vis"#us
f#/.

=) a (ig(l+ vis"#us #il is us!d )# lu%i"a'i#& #)

%!ai&gs. i' /ill #R! g!a' !sis'a&"! a&d '(us
a g!a' $#/! l#ss /ill 'a,! $la"!.

Eu' i) a lig(' #il is us!d. a !qui!d @lm

%!'/!!& '(! #'a'i&g $a' a&d s'a'i#&a+
m!'al su)a"! /ill &#' %! $#ssi%l!.

7!&"!. '(! +ear #) '(! '/# su)a"! /ill 'a,!

$la"!. 7!&"! a& #il "#!"' vis"#si'+ s(#uld %!
us!d )# lu%i"a'i#&.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

T(! $#/! !qui!d '#

#v!"#m! '(! vis"#us
!sis'a&"! i& '(! )#ll#/i&g
"as!s /ill %! d!'!mi&!d2
1",iscous resis%a(ce of
?our(al )eari(/s
2",iscous resis%a(ce of
Foo%>s%e$ beari(/s
8",iscous resis%a(ce of
collar )eari(/s
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
1" ,iscous Resis%a(ce of
?our(al )eari(/s
0#&sid! a s(a)' #) diam!'! S #'a'i&g i& a
Q#u&al %!ai&g. T(! "l!aa&"! %!'/!!& '(!
s(a)' a&d Q#u&al %!ai&g is @ll!d /i'( a vis"#us
#il. T(! #il @lm i& "#&'a"' /i'( '(! s(a)' #'a'!s
as '(! sam! s$!!d as '(a' #) s(a)' /(il! '(! #il
i& "#&'a"' /i'( Q#u&al %!ai&g is s'a'i#&a+.
T(us vis"#us !sis'a&"! /ill %! #R!!d %+ '(! #il
'# '(! #'a'i&g s(a)'.
L!' 1= B$!!d #)
s(a)' i& .$.m
'='(i",&!ss #) #il @lm
L=L!&g'( #) #il @lm
A&gula s$!!d #) '(!
s(a)'.
60
2 3
w

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Ta&g!&'ial s$!!d #) '(! s(a)'= #
T(! s(!a s'!ss i& '(! #il is giv!& %+.
7!&"!
B(!a )#"! # vis"#us !sis'a&"!= A!a #) su)a"!
#) s(a)'

R w
60 2 60
2 63 6 3
)


dy
du

t
63
t
)
t
)
dy
du

60
0
t
63

60

t
3- 6
6-
t
63
60 60
2 2

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T#qu! !qui!d '# #v!"#m! '(! vis"#us
!sis'a&"!
T=<is"#us J!sis'a&"!
?#/! a%s#%!d i& #v!"#mi&g '(! vis"#us
!sis'a&"!

2
6

t
3- 6 6
t
3- 6
120 2 60
3 2 2 2


t
3- 6 3 3T
P
120 60
2
60
2
3 2


)
60 60
2 3 3
.atts
t
- 3 6
P

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
2" ,iscous Resis%a(ce of Foo%>
S%e$ )eari(/
3ig. 4.11. s(#/s '(! )##'-s'!$
%!ai&g. i& /(i"( a v!'i"al s(a)'
is #'a'i&g. A& #il @lm %!'/!!& '(!
%#''#m su)a"! #) '(! s(a)' a&d
%!ai&g is $#vid!d. '# !du"! '(!
/!a a&d '!a. T(! vis"#us
!sis'a&"! is #R!!d %+ '(! #il '#
'(! s(a)'. =& '(is "as! '(! adius
#) '(! su)a"! #) '(! s(a)' i&
"#&'a"' /i'( #il is &#' "#&s'a&' as
i& '(! "as! #) '(! Q#u&al %!ai&g.
7!&"!. vis"#us !sis'a&"! i& )##'-
s'!$ %!ai&g is "al"ula'!d %+
"#&sid!i&g a& !l!m!&'a+
"i"ula i&g #) adius a&d
'(i",&!ss d as s(#/& i& @g. 4.11.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
L!' 1=s$!!d #) '(! s(a)'
T= '(i",&!ss #) #il @lm
J=adius #) '(! s(a)'
A!a #) '(! !l!m!&'a+ i&g=
1#/ s(!a s'!ss is giv!& %+
I(!! < is '(! 'a&g!&'ial v!l#"i'+ #) s(a)' a'
adius a&d is !qual '#
B(!a )#"! #& '(! i&g a!a #) !l!m!&'a+ i&g
rdr 2
t
)
dy
du

r
3
r w
60
2
dr
t
3r
rdr
t
r 3
2 2
15
2
60
2

dF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T#qu! !qui!d '# #v!"#m! '(! vis"#us
!sis'a&"!.
Y.84.19A9
T#'al '#qu! !qui!d '# #v!"#m! '(! vis"#us
!sis'a&"!.
Y.84.199
r dF dT
dr 3r
t
r dr 3r
t
3 2 2 2
15 15

R R
dr 3r
t
dT T
0
3 2
0
15

4 15 4 15 15
4
2
0
4
2
0
3 2
R
3
t
r
3
t
dr r 3
t
R
R

1
]
1

4 2
60
3R
t

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
?#/! a%s#%!d.
84.259
60
2 3T
p

t
R 3
3R
t
3
30 60 60 60
2
4 2 2
4 2

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
8" ,iscous Resis%a(ce of Collar
)eari(/
3ig. 4.12 s(#/s '(! "#lla
%!ai&g. /(!! '(! )a"!
#) '(! "#lla is s!$aa'!d
)#m %!ai&g su)a"! %+
a& #il @lm #) u&i)#m
'(i",&!ss.
L!' 1 = B$!!d #) '(!
s(a)' i& .$.m
J
1
==&'!&al adius #)
'(! "#lla
J
2
= -*'!&al adius
#) '(! "#lla
' = T(i",&!ss #) #il
@lm
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
0#&sid! a& !l!m!&'a+ "i"ula i&g #) adius
bM a&d /id'( d #) '(! %!ai&g su)a"!. T(!&
'(! '#qu! 8dT9 !qui!d '# #v!"#m! '(!
vis"#us !sis'a&"! #& '(! !l!m!&'a+ "i"ula
i&g is '(! sam! as giv!& %+ !qua'i#& 84.14A9
#
T#'al '#qu!. !qui!d '# #v!"#m! '(! vis"#us
!sis'a&"!. #& '(! /(#l! "#lla is
84.219
dr 3r
t
dT
3 2
15

2
1
2
1
2
1
4 15 15
4
2 3 2
R
R
R
R
R
R
r
3
t
dr 3r
t
dT T
1
]
1

[ ] [ ]
4
1
4
2
2 4
1
4
2
2
60 4 15
R R 3
t
R R 3
t

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
?#/! a%s#%! i& #v!"#mi&g vis"#us
!sis'a&"!
84.229
[ ]
4
1
4
2
2
60 60
2
60
2
R R 3
t
3 3T
p

[ ]
4
1
4
2
2 3
30 60
R R
t
3

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Loss of -ead due %o fric%io( i(
@iscous Flo+
T(! l#ss #) $!ssu! (!ad.(
)
i& a $i$! #) diam!'!
S. i& /(i"( a vis"#us fuid #) vis"#si'+ is
f#/i&g /i'( a v!l#"i'+ is giv!& %+ Ha/e(
Poiseuille )#mula i.! %+ !qua'i#& 84.P9 as
8i9
I(!! L= l!&g'( #) $i$!
T(! l#ss #) (!ad du! '# )i"'i#& is giv!& %+
8ii9
c<!l#"i'+ i& $i$! is al/a+s av!ag! v!l#"i'+. <=
d
2
32
g6
- u
h
/

u
g 6
u - /
g 6
) - /
h
/
2
4
2
4
2
2

u
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
I(!! )="#!>"i!&' #) )i"'i#& %!'/!!& '(!
$i$! a&d fuid
-qua'i&g 8i9 a&d 8ii9. /! g!'
I(!! a&d J
!
=J!+&#ld &um%!=
84.239
g 6
u - /
g6
- u
2
4 32
2
2

6 u
6 g u - /
g 6 - u
/

16
4
2 32
2
2
e
R )6
1
16 16

e
R )6
1

)6
e
R
/
16

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

I(!& a !al fuid f#/s $as'

a %#u&da+. '(! fuid
imm!dia'!l+ i& "#&'a"' /i'(
'(! %#u&da+ /ill (av! '(!
sam! v!l#"i'+ as '(!
%#u&da+.

T(! v!l#"i'+ #) su""!ssiv!

la+!s #) fuid /ill i&"!as!
as /! m#v! a/a+ )#m '(!
%#u&da+.

=) '(! s'!am #) fuid is

imagi&!d '# %! #) i&@&i'!
/i'( $!$!&di"ula '# '(!
%#u&da+. a $#i&' /ill %!
!a"(!d %!+#&d /(i"( '(!
v!l#"i'+ /ill a$$#*ima'! '#
'(! )!! s'!am v!l#"i'+.
a&d '(! dag !*!'!d %+
'(! %#u&da+ /ill (av! &#
!R!"'.
d" )ou(dar& la&er a(d se$ara%io(
of 0o+
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(! $a' #) '(! f#/
adQ#i&i&g '(! %#u&da+ i&
/(i"( '(is "(a&g! #)
v!l#"i'+ #""us is ,&#/&
as '(! %#u&da+ la+!.
=& '(is !gi#&. s(!a
s'!ss!s a! d!v!l#$!d
%!'/!!& la+!s #) fuid
m#vi&g /i'( diR!!&'
v!l#"i'i!s as a !sul' #)
viscosity a&d '(!
interchange of
momentum du! '#
'u%ul!&"! "ausi&g
$a'i"l!s #) fuid '# m#v!
)#m #&! la+! '#
a&#'(!.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
)ou(dar& la&er

=' is a !gi#& #) fuid

"l#s! '# '(! su)a"!
imm!s!d i& '(!
f#/i&g fuid.

T(! fuid i& "#&'a"'

/i'( '(! $la'!
su)a"! (as G!#
v!l#"i'+. M&# sli$M

A v!l#"i'+ gadi!&'
!*is's %!'/!!& '(!
fuid i& '(! )!!
s'!am a&d '(!
$la'! su)a"!

B(!a s'!ss is
d!@&!d as2
y
u

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
)ou(dar&
%-icE(ess 8 9
=' is d!@&!d as '(!
dis'a&"! )#m '(!
%#u&da+ a' /(i"( '(!
v!l#"i'+ %!"#m!s !qual
'# 99 $! "!&' #) '(! )!!
s'!am v!l#"i'+.
Tu'sid! '(is %#u&da+
la+!. i& a !al fuid. '(!
!R!"' #) '(! s(!a
s'!ss!s du! '# '(!
%#u&da+ "a& %! ig&#!d
a&d '(! fuid "a& %!
'!a'!d as i) i' /!! a&
id!al fuid. /(i"( is
assum!d '# (av! &#
vis"#si'+ a&d i& /(i"(
'(!! a! &# s(!a
s'!ss!s.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

Al#&g '(! l!&g'( #) '(!

s#lid %#d+. '(!
'(i",&!ss #) '(!
%#u&da+ la+!
i&"!as!s

T(! fuid la+!

adQa"!&' '# '(! s#lid
su)a"! (as '# d# /#,
agai&s' su)a"! )i"'i#&
a' '(! !*$!&s! #) i's
,i&!'i" !&!g+.

T(is l#ss #) '(! ,i&!'i"

!&!g+ is !"#v!!d
)#m '(! imm!dia'!
fuid la+! i& "#&'a"'
/i'( '(! la+! adQa"!&'
'# s#lid su)a"!
'(#ug( m#m!&'um
!*"(a&g! $#"!ss.
Se$ara%io( of bou(dar& la&er
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

T(us '(! v!l#"i'+ #) '(! la+! g#!s #& d!"!asi&g.

Al#&g '(! l!&g'( #) s#lid %#d+. a' a "!'ai& $#i&' a

s'ag! ma+ "#m! /(!& '(! %#u&da+ la+! ma+ &#'
%! a%l! '# ,!!$ s'i",i&g '# '(! s#lid i) i' "a&&#'
$#vid! ,i&!'i" !&!g+ '# #v!"#m! '(! !sis'a&"!
#R!!d %+ '(! s#lid %#d+.

=& #'(! /#ds. '(! %#u&da+ la+! /ill %!

s!$aa'!d )#m '(! su)a"!. T(is $(!&#m!&#& is
"all!d '(! bou(dar& la&er se$ara%io(. T(! $#i&'
#& '(! %#d+ a' /(i"( '(! %#u&da+ la+! is #& '(!
v!g! #) s!$aa'i#& )#m '(! su)a"! is "all!d
$oi(% of se$ara%io("
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

=) '(! $ressure
decreases i& '(!
d#/&s'!am di!"'i#&.
'(!& '(! %#u&da+
la+! '!&ds '# %!
!du"!d i& '(i",&!ss.
a&d '(is "as! is '!m!d
a )av#ua%l! $!ssu!
gadi!&'.

=) '(! $ressure
i(creases i& '(!
d#/&s'!am di!"'i#&.
'(!& '(! %#u&da+
la+! '(i",!&s a$idl+;
'(is "as! is !)!!d '#
as a& adv!s! $!ssu!
gadi!&'.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(is adv!s! $!ssu! gadi!&'. '#g!'(! /i'( '(!
a"'i#& #) '(! s(!a )#"!s d!s"i%!d i& '(!
%#u&da+ la+!. i) '(!+ a"' )# a su>"i!&' l!&g'(.
/ill %i&g '(! %#u&da+ la+! '# !s' a&d '(! 0o+
se$ara%es )#m '(! su)a"!. T(is f#/ s!$aa'i#&
(as s!i#us "#&s!qu!&"!s i& '(! d!sig& #)
a!#)#ils. as. #&"! '(! f#/ %!a,s a/a+ )#m '(!
su)a"!. all li)' is l#s'.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
La#i(ar 0o+

La+!s #) /a'! f#/

#v! #&! a&#'(! a'
diR!!&' s$!!ds /i'(
vi'uall+ &# mi*i&g
%!'/!!& la+!s.

T(! f#/ v!l#"i'+

$#@l! )# lami&a
f#/ i& "i"ula $i$!s
is $aa%#li" i& s(a$!.
/i'( a ma*imum f#/
i& '(! "!&'! #) '(!
$i$! a&d a mi&imum
f#/ a' '(! $i$! /alls.

T(! av!ag! f#/

v!l#"i'+ is
a$$#*ima'!l+ #&!
(al) #) '(! ma*imum
v!l#"i'+.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Turbule(% 0o+

T(! f#/ is
"(aa"'!iG!d %+ '(!
i!gula m#v!m!&'
#) $a'i"l!s #) '(!
fuid.

T(! f#/ v!l#"i'+

$#@l! )# 'u%ul!&'
f#/ is )ail+ fa'
a"#ss '(! "!&'!
s!"'i#& #) a $i$! a&d
d#$s a$idl+
!*'!m!l+ "l#s! '#
'(! /alls.

T(! av!ag! f#/

v!l#"i'+ is
a$$#*ima'!l+ !qual
'# '(! v!l#"i'+ a' '(!
"!&'! #) '(! $i$!.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
CHAPTER
FI,E
FL'
MEAS!REME
NTS
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
4he most common types of !o- meters are0
a8Ori+ce Plates
b8Flo- 9o==les
c86enturi 4ubes
d86ariable ,rea/5otameters
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
')Or$;- P#'!s
.ith an ori+ce plate) the !uid
!o- is measured through the
di'erence in pressure from the
upstream side to the do-nstream
side of a partially obstructed
pipe% 4he plate obstructing the
!o- o'ers a precisely measured
obstruction that narro-s the pipe
and forces the !o-ing !uid to
constrict%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

4he ori+ce plates are

simple) smaller physical si=e

&heap

Fleibility to change throat to pipe diameter

ratio to measure a larger range of !o- rates
and

can be delivered for almost any application in

any material%

4heir accuracy are poor at lo- !o- rates%

, high accuracy depend on an ori+ce plate in good

shape) -ith a sharp edge to the upstream side%
.ear reduces the accuracy%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(!! is a lag!
$!ssu! d#$ mu"( #)
/(i"( is &#'
!"#v!a%l!. T(is "a&
%! a s!v!! limi'a'i#&
/(!& "#&sid!i&g us!
#) a& #i@"! m!'!.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
c) ,e(%uri Tube

Su! '# sim$li"i'+ a&d

d!$!&da%ili'+. '(! <!&'ui
'u%! f#/ m!'! is #)'!&
us!d i& a$$li"a'i#&s /(!!
i'Zs &!"!ssa+ /i'(.l#/!
$!ssu! d#$s. '(a& '(!
#i@"! $la'! "a& $#vid!.

=& '(! <!&'ui Tu%! '(! fuid

f#/ a'! is m!asu!d %+
!du"i&g '(! "#ss s!"'i#&al
f#/ a!a i& '(! f#/ $a'(.
g!&!a'i&g a $!ssu!
diR!!&"!. A)'! '(!
"#&s'i"'!d a!a. '(! fuid is
$ass!s '(#ug( a $!ssu!
!"#v!+ !*i' s!"'i#&. /(!!
u$ '# V5; #) '(! diR!!&'ial
$!ssu! g!&!a'!d a' '(!
"#&s'i"'!d a!a. is
!"#v!!d.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
=& '(! v!&'ui m!'!
v!l#"i'+ is i&"!as!d a&d
'(! $!ssu! d!"!as!d i&
'(! u$s'!am "#&!. T(!
$!ssu! d#$ )#m $#i&'s
3 '# = "a& %! us!d '#
m!asu! '(! a'! #) f#/
'(#ug( '(! m!'!.
<!&'ui m!'!s a! m#s'
"#mm#&l+ us!d )#
liquids. !s$!"iall+ /a'!.
Ii'( $#$!
i&s'um!&'a'i#& a&d f#/
"ali%a'i&g. '(! <!&'ui
Tu%! f#/ a'! "a& %!
!du"!d '# a%#u' 15; #)
i's )ull s"al! a&g! /i'(
$#$! a""ua"+.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Bi&"! )i"'i#& "a&&#' %!
!limi&a'!d i& '(! v!&'ui
m!'! a $!ma&!&' l#ss i&
$!ssu! #""us. E!"aus!
#) '(! small a&gl! #)
div!g!&"! i& '(! !"#v!+
"#&!. '(! $!ma&!&'
$!ssu! l#ss is !la'iv!l+
small 8a%#u' 15; #) '(!
v!&'ui diR!!&'ial $
a
L$
%
9.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
0#m$ais#&
,e(%uri riFce
7ig( 0a$i'al 0#s' L#/ 0a$i'al 0#s'
L#/ T$!a'i&g 0#s'
8g##d $ !"#v!+9
7ig( T$!a'i&g
0#s'
8$## $ !"#v!+9
1#' 3l!*i%l!
8 @*!d9
M#! 3l!*i%ili'+
8i&'!"(a&g!a%l!9
Lag! ?(+si"al BiG! 0#m$a"'
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
d)Flo+ (o55les
3l#/ &#GGl!s a! #)'!&
us!d as m!asui&g
!l!m!&'s )# ai a&d gas
f#/ i& i&dus'ial
a$$li"a'i#&s.
T(! f#/ &#GGl! is !la'iv!
sim$l! a&d "(!a$. a&d
availa%l! )# ma&+
a$$li"a'i#&s i& ma&+
ma'!ials.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T-e So(ic No55le > Cri%ical (C-oEed) Flo+
No55le

I(!& a gas a""!l!a'! '(#ug( a &#GGl!. '(!

v!l#"i'+ i&"!as! a&d '(! $!ssu! a&d '(! gas
d!&si'+ d!"!as!. T(! ma*imum v!l#"i'+ is
a"(i!v!d a' '(! '(#a'. '(! mi&imum a!a. /(!! i'
%!a,s Ma"( 1 # s#&i". A' '(is $#i&' i'Zs &#'
$#ssi%l! '# i&"!as! '(! f#/ %+ l#/!i&g '(!
d#/&s'!am $!ssu!. T(! f#/ is "(#,!d.

T(is si'ua'i#& is us!d i& ma&+ "#&'#l s+s'!ms '#

mai&'ai& @*!d. a""ua'!. !$!a'a%l! gas f#/ a'!s
u&aR!"'!d %+ '(! d#/&s'!am $!ssu!.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Bourdon tube
B"(!ma'i" #) a %#ud#&'u%! d!vi"! )# m!"(a&i"al
m!asu!m!&' #) (ig( $!ssu!s.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
e),ariable Area Flo+#e%er or
Ro%a#e%er

T(! #'am!'! "#&sis's #) a

v!'i"all+ #i!&'!d glass 8#
$las'i"9 'u%! /i'( a lag! !&d a'
'(! '#$. a&d a m!'!i&g f#a'
/(i"( is )!! '# m#v! /i'(i& '(!
'u%!. 3luid f#/ "aus!s '(! f#a'
'# is! i& '(! 'u%! as '(! u$/ad
$!ssu! diR!!&'ial a&d
%u#+a&"+ #) '(! fuid #v!"#m!
'(! !R!"' #) gavi'+.

T(! f#a' is!s u&'il '(! a&&ula

a!a %!'/!!& '(! f#a' a&d 'u%!
i&"!as!s su>"i!&'l+ '# all#/ a
s'a'! #) d+&ami" !quili%ium
%!'/!!& '(! u$/ad diR!!&'ial
$!ssu! a&d %u#+a&"+ )a"'#s.
a&d d#/&/ad gavi'+ )a"'#s.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

T(! (!ig(' #) '(! f#a' is a& i&di"a'i#& #) '(!

f#/ a'!. T(! 'u%! "a& %! "ali%a'!d a&d
gadua'!d i& a$$#$ia'! f#/ u&i's.

Mag&!'i" f#a's "a& %! us!d )# alam a&d

sig&al 'a&smissi#& )u&"'i#&s.

J#'am!'!s a! !*'!m!l+ sim$l!. #%us'

d!vi"!s '(a' "a& m!asu! f#/ a'!s #) %#'(
liquids a&d gass!s.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(!! '+$!s #) )#"!s mus' %!
a""#u&'!d )# /(!& a&al+Gi&g
#'am!'! $!)#ma&"!2

3l#/

:avi'+

Eu#+a&"+
8(o9
B"oyancy
:a;i!y
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
f) @eloci%& 0o+ #e%er

=& a v!l#"i'+ f#/ m!'! '(!

f#/ is "al"ula'!d %+
m!asui&g '(! s$!!d i& #&!
# m#! $#i&'s i& '(! f#/.
a&d i&'!ga'i&g '(! f#/
s$!!d #v! '(! f#/ a!a.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
/)Pi%o% %ube

T(! $i'#' 'u%! a! #&! '(! m#s'

us!d 8a&d "(!a$!s'9 /a+s '#
m!asu! fuid f#/. !s$!"iall+ i&
ai a$$li"a'i#&s as v!&'ila'i#& a&d
7<A0 s+s'!ms. !v!& us!d i&
ai$la&!s )# '(! s$!!d
m!asu!&'.

T(! $i'#' 'u%! m!asu!s '(! fuid

f#/ v!l#"i'+ %+ "#&v!'i&g '(!
,i&!'i" !&!g+ #) '(! f#/ i&'#
$#'!&'ial !&!g+.

T(! us! #) '(! $i'#' 'u%! is

!s'i"'!d '# $#i&' m!asui&g.
Ii'( '(! Aa&&u%aA. # mul'i-
#i@"! $i'#' $#%!. '(! d+&ami"
$!ssu! "a& %! m!asu!d a"#ss
'(! v!l#"i'+ $#@l!. a&d '(!
a&&u%a #%'ai&s a& av!agi&g
!R!"'.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
-) Calori#e%ric Flo+ #e%er

T(! "al#im!'i" $i&"i$l! )# fuid

f#/ m!asu!m!&' is %as!d #& '/#
'!m$!a'u! s!&s#s i& "l#s!
"#&'a"' /i'( '(! fuid %u' '(!mal
i&sula'!d )#m !a"( #'(!.

T&! #) '(! '/# s!&s#s is "#&s'a&'l+

(!a'!d a&d '(! "##li&g !R!"' #) '(!
f#/i&g fuid is us!d '# m#&i'# '(!
f#/a'!. =& a s'a'i#&a+ 8&# f#/9
fuid "#&di'i#& '(!! is a "#&s'a&'
'!m$!a'u! diR!!&"! %!'/!!& '(!
'/# '!m$!a'u! s!&s#s. I(!& '(!
fuid f#/ i&"!as!s. (!a' !&!g+ is
da/& )#m '(! (!a'!d s!&s# a&d
'(! '!m$!a'u! diR!!&"! %!'/!!&
'(! s!&s#s a! !du"!d. T(!
!du"'i#& is $#$#'i#&al '# '(! f#/
a'! #) '(! fuid.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

J!s$#&s! 'im!s /ill va+ du! '(! '(!mal

"#&du"'ivi'+ #) '(! fuid. =& g!&!al l#/!
'(!mal "#&du"'ivi'+ !qui! (ig(! v!l#"i'+
)# $#$! m!asu!m!&'.

T(! "al#im!'i" f#/m!'! "a& a"(i!v!

!la'iv!l+ (ig( a""ua"+ a' l#/ f#/ a'!s.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
i)Turbi(e Flo+ #e%er

T(!! a! ma&+ diR!!&'

ma&u)a"'ui&g d!sig& #) 'u%i&!
f#/ m!'!s. %u' i& g!&!al '(!+
a! all %as!d #& '(! sam! sim$l!
$i&"i$l!2

=) a fuid m#v!s '(#ug( a $i$!

a&d a"'s #& '(! va&!s #) a
'u%i&!. '(! 'u%i&! /ill s'a' '#
s$i& a&d #'a'!. T(! a'! #) s$i& is
m!asu!d '# "al"ula'! '(! f#/.

T(! 'u&d#/& a'i#s ma+ %! m#!

'(a& 15521 i) '(! 'u%i&! m!'! is
"ali%a'!d )# a si&gl! fuid a&d
us!d a' "#&s'a&' "#&di'i#&s.
A""ua"+ ma+ %! %!''! '(a& K/-
5.1;.

M!asu! %+ d!'!mi&i&g J?M #)

'u%i&! 839 via s!&s# 8P9. Tu%i&!
m!'!s a""ua'! %u' )agil!.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
M) ,or%e; Flo+ Me%er

<#'!* f#/ m!'!s. als#

,&#/ as v#'!* s(!ddi&g
f#/ m!'!s # #s"illa'#+
f#/ m!'!s. m!asu! '(!
vi%a'i#&s #) '(!
d#/&s'!am v#'!*!s
"aus!d %+ a %ai! i& '(!
m#vi&g s'!am.

A& #%s'u"'i#& i& a fuid f#/

"!a'!s v#'i"!s i& a
d#/&s'!am f#/. -v!+
#%s'u"'i#& (as a "i'i"al
fuid f#/ s$!!d a' /(i"(
v#'!* s(!ddi&g #""us.
<#'!* s(!ddi&g is '(!
i&s'a&"! /(!! al'!&a'i&g
l#/ $!ssu! G#&!s a!
g!&!a'!d i& '(!
d#/&s'!am.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(!s! al'!&a'i&g l#/ $!ssu! G#&!s "aus!
'(! #%s'u"'i#& '# m#v! '#/ads '(! l#/
$!ssu! G#&!. Ii'( s!&s#s gaugi&g '(!
v#'i"!s '(! s'!&g'( #) '(! f#/ "a& %!
m!asu!d.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
E) Coriolis Me%ers
I(!& fuid is
$ass!d '(#ug( a
N-%!&d. i' im$#s!s
a )#"! #& '(! 'u%!
/all $!$!&di"ula
'# '(! f#/
di!"'i#& 80#i#lis
)#"!9. T(!
d!)#ma'i#& #) '(!
N-'u%! is
$#$#'i#&al '# '(!
f#/ a'!. 0#i#lis
m!'!s a!
!*$!&siv! %u'
(ig(l+ a""ua'!.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
l) $e( C-a((el Flo+ #e%ers
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
'eirs > Flo+ Ra%e Measure
'eirs a! s'u"'u!s
"#&sis'i&g #) a&
#%s'u"'i#& su"( as a
dam # %ul,(!ad
$la"!d a"#ss '(! #$!&
"(a&&!l /i'( a s$!"iall+
s(a$!d #$!&i&g #
&#'"(. T(! /!i !sul's
a& i&"!as! i& '(!
/a'! l!v!l. # (!ad.
/(i"( is m!asu!d
u$s'!am #) '(!
s'u"'u!. T(! f#/ a'!
#v! a /!i is a
)u&"'i#& #) '(! (!ad #&
'(! /!i.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

I!is "a& %! us!d )# m!asui&g f#/ a'!s i&

#$!& "(a&&!ls a&d iv!s "#mm#& i&
"#&&!"'i#& '# /a'! su$$l+ a&d s!/ag!
$la&'s

0#mm#& /!i "#&s'u"'i#&s a! '(!

!"'a&gula /!i. '(! 'ia&gula # v-&#'"(
/!i. a&d '(! %#ad-"!s'!d /!i. I!is a!
"all!d s(a$-"!s'!d i) '(!i "!s's a!
"#&s'u"'!d #) '(i& m!'al $la'!s. a&d %#ad-
"!s'!d i) '(!+ a! mad! #) /id! 'im%! #
"#&"!'!.

J!"'a&gula /!is a&d 'ia&gula # v-&#'"(

/!is a! #)'!& us!d i& /a'! su$$l+.
/as'!/a'! a&d s!/ag! s+s'!ms. T(!+
"#&sis' #) a s(a$ !dg!d $la'! /i'( a
!"'a&gula. 'ia&gula # v-&#'"( $#@l! )#
'(! /a'! f#/.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

E#ad-"!s'!d /!is "a& %! #%s!v!d i& dam

s$ill/a+s /(!! '(! %#ad !dg! is %!&!a'(
'(! /a'! su)a"! a"#ss '(! !&'i! s'!am.
3l#/ m!asu!m!&' i&s'alla'i#&s /i'( %#ad-
"!s'!d /!is /ill m!!' a""ua"+
!qui!m!&'s #&l+ i) '(!+ a! "ali%a'!d.

T'(! availa%l! /!is a! '(! 'a$!G#idal

80i$#ll!''i9 /!i. Bu'# 8$#$#'i#&al9 /!i a&d
"#m$#u&d /!is 8"#m%i&a'i#& #) '(!
$!vi#usl+ m!&'i#&!d /!i s(a$!s9.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Rec%a(/ular 'eir
T(! f#/ a'! m!asu!m!&' i& a !"'a&gula /!i is
%as!d #& '(! E!&#ulli -qua'i#& $i&"i$l!s a&d "a& %!
!*$!ss!d as2
q = 2/3 "
d
% 82 g9
1/2
(
3/2

/(!!
q = f#/ a'! 8m
3
/s9
( = (!ad #& '(! /!i 8m9
% = /id'( #) '(! /!i 8m9
g = 9.V1 8m/s
2
9 - gavi'+
"
d
= dis"(ag! "#&s'a&' )# '(! /!i - mus' %!
d!'!mi&!d
"
d
mus' %! d!'!mi&!d %+ a&al+sis a&d "ali%a'i#&
'!s's. 3# s'a&dad /!is - "
d
- is /!ll d!@&!d #
"#&s'a&' )# m!asui&g /i'(i& s$!"i@!d (!ad a&g!s.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Tria(/ular or @>(o%c- +eir
3# a 'ia&gula # v-&#'"( /!i '(! f#/
a'! "a& %! !*$!ss!d as2
q = V/16 "
d
82 g9
1/2
'a&8F/29 (
6/2

/(!!
F = v-&#'"( a&gl!
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
)road>cres%ed +eir
3# '(! %#ad-"!s'!d /!i
'(! f#/ a'! "a& %!
!*$!ss!d as2
q = "
d
(
2
% 8 2 g 8(
1
-
(
2
9 9
1/2

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Measuri(/ %-e Le@els
3# m!asui&g '(! f#/ a'! i'Zs #%vi#usl+
&!"!ssa+ '# m!asu! '(! f#/ l!v!ls. '(!&
us! '(! !qua'i#&s a%#v! )# "al"ula'i&g. ='Zs
"#mm#& '# m!asu! '(! l!v!ls /i'(2

ul'as#&i" l!v!l 'a&smi''!s. #

$!ssu! 'a&smi''!s
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

Nl'as#&i" l!v!l 'a&smi''!s a! $#si'i#&!d

a%#v! '(! f#/ /i'(#u' a&+ di!"' "#&'a"'
/i'( '(! f#/. Nl'as#&i" l!v!l 'a&smi''!s
"a& %! us!d )# all m!asu!m!&'s. B#m! #)
'(! 'a&smi''!s "a& !v!& "al"ula'! a li&!a
f#/ sig&al - li,! a $uls! sig&al # 4 - 25 mA
sig&al - %!)#! 'a&smi''i&g i' '# '(! "#&'#l
s+s'!m.

?!ssu! 'a&smi''!s "a& %! us!d )# '(!

s(a$-"!s'!d /!is a&d )# '(! @s'
m!asu! $#i&' i& %#ad-"!s'!d /!i. T(!
$!ssu! 'a&smi''! #u'$u's a li&!a l!v!l
sig&al - 4 - 25 mA - a&d '(! f#/ mus' i&
g!&!al %! "al"ula'!d i& '(! "#&'#l s+s'!m.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
CHAPTE" SIH
T4O DIMENSIONAL
IDEAL FLUID FLO4
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
13 "OTATIONAL AND I""OTATIONAL
FLO4
"o!'!$on'# F#o@1 It is the type of !o- in
-hich the !uid particles
-hile !o-ing along stream/
lines) also rotate about their
o-n ais%
Irro!'!$on'# F#o@1 It is the type of !o- in
-hich the !uid particles -hile
!o-ing along stream/lines) do
not rotate about their o-n
ais%
F#o@ -#'ss$;-'!$on o% !@o
,$6ns$on'# $,'# Do@
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
2asically) there are t-o types of motion0
translation and rotation%
&onsidering a solid body
4he t-o may eist independently or
simultaneously) in -hich case they may be
considered as one super/imposed on the
other%
Fi#ure +'&: ,ure translation
or ,ure rotation
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
9o- considering the s#uare to represent a
!uid element) it may be subjected to
deformation% 4his can be either linear or
angular%
Fi#ure +'*: -inear and
n#ular deformation
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
&onsidering a motion of a !uid in -hich
rotation of !uid element is superimposed on
their translation%
In time dt) then) point , on the !uid element
a,b moves to ,W and the element assumes
position aW,WbW) as sho-n in Fig% X%1%
Fi#ure +'.: /otation0 Translation and
n#ular deformation
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
4he t-o angles of rotation Y and Z -ill not
be the same if deformation ta$es place and)
therefore) the average rate of rotation in
time dt -ill be
2ut) for small values and ta$ing
anticloc$-ise rotation as positive)
and
( )
/
2
1 1
2 dt dt

+

+

/
1
dt
+
v
d+
d+dt
+
v
Radius
Ar&
y y

/
1
dt
y
v
dy
dydt
y
v
+ +

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
4he rate of rotation about the = ais is)
therefore)
4he epression in brac$ets)
is called the <or!$-$!/ and is denoted by I%
4hus)
I 7 2J
K
.
-here [
=
is the angular velocity of the !uid
elements about their mass centre in the \y
plane% In three/dimensional !o-) [
=
-ould
represent only one of three components of
the angular velocity [ and vorticity -ould
be e#ual to G[%
")uation
+'*
")uation
+'&

,
_

,
_

y
v
+
v
dt
dt
y
v
dt
+
v
+
y
+
y
!
2
1 1
2
1

,
_

y
v
+
v
+
y
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

4he epression 7X%18 -as obtained by

stipulating rotation of !uid elements to eist
and to be superimposed on their translation%
Such a !o- is $no-n as rotational%

It follo-s) therefore) that if there is no

rotation) the epression 7X%18 and) hence) the
vorticity must be e#ual to =ero% 4hus) if the
motion of particles is purely translational and
the distortion is symmetrical) the !o- is
irrotational and the condition -hich it must
satisfy is
")uation
+'.
0 2

,
_

!
+
y
y
v
+
v

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
23 CI"CULATION AND +O"TICITY
&onsider a !uid element ,2&" in rotational
motion%
Let the velocity components along the sides
of the element be as sho-n in +gure X%K%
Fi#ure +'1:
Circulation
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Since the element is rotating) being part of
rotational !o-) there must be a ]resultant>
peripheral velocity%
Ho-ever) since the centre of rotation is not
$no-n) it is more convenient to relate rotation
to the sum of products of velocity and distance
around the contour of the element% Such a sum
is) of course) the line integral of velocity
around the element and it is called
circulation) denoted by ^% 4hus)
&irculation is) by convention) regarded as
positive for anticloc$-ise direction of
integration% 4hus) for the element ,2&")
starting from side ,")
")uation
+'1
) /

ds v n "ir&ulati#
s
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
for t-o/dimensional !o- in the \y plane
and) therefore) is the vorticity of the
element about the = ais) _
=
% 4he product d
dy is the area of the element d,% 4hus)

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

+ +
y
v
+
v
$ut
d+dy
y
v
+
v
dyd+
y
v
d+dy
+
v
dy v d+ dy
y
v
v dy d+
+
v
v d+ v
+
y
+
y
+
y
y
+
+
y
y + A'"6
/
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
It is seen) therefore) that the circulation
around a contour is e#ual to the sum of the
vorticities -ithin the area of the contour%
4his is $no-n as Sto$es> theorem and may
be stated mathematically) for a general case
of any contour & 7Fig% X%`8) as
")uation
+'2
/ dA d+dy
y
v
+
v
!
+
y
A'"6

,
_

A
"
dA ds v cos
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
4he concept of circulation is very important
in the theory of lifting surfaces such as
aerofoils) hydrofoils and blades of
rotodynamic machines%
4he above considerations indicate that) for
irrotational !o-) since vorticity is e#ual to
=ero) the circulation around a closed
contour through -hich !uid is !o-ing must
be e#ual to =ero%
Fi#ure +'2: Circulation
and vorticit!
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
, streamline is the one -hich is a purely
theoretical line in space) de+ned as being
tangential to instantaneous velocity vectors%
From this de+nition of a streamline) it
follo-s that there can be no !o- across it)
simply because a line cannot be tangential
to a velocity vector -hich at the same time
crosses it%
?3 ST"EAMLINES AND ST"EAM
FUNCTION
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
&onsider) in a t-o/dimensional case) the
velocity and displacement vectors of a !uid
at a point) together -ith their orthogonal
components) as sho-n in Fig% X%X%
Since) by de+nition of a streamline) dsaav) it
follo-s that
4hus) the velocity triangle and the
displacement triangle are similar and)
therefore)
Fi#ure +'+: Velocit! and
displacement Components
")uation
+'+
This constitutes the e)uation of a
streamline'
+ + y y
v d and v d
y +
v
dy
v
d+

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

Since the streamlines in a !o- pattern

describe it) it is useful to label them by
some numerical system%

Furthermore) it is possible to relate the

numerical labels to the !o- rate of the
pattern -hich is being described%

4hus) let aa and bb be t-o streamlines in a

!o- bounded by solid boundaries ,, and
22 in Fig% X%:%
Fi#ure +'3: The
stream function
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
If the streamline aa is denoted by ba) -hich
-ill be labelled by a numerical value
representing the !o- rate per unit depth
bet-een ,, and the streamline aa) then)
b
a
A *
Oc
and) similarly) if
b
b
A *
Oe)
it follo-s that
db A b
b
c b
a
A *
ce
)
so that
db A v

d! c v
!
dx
and b) -hich is called the stream
function) is given by
and b )-hich is called the stream
function
")uation
+'3
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
4hus) the stream function depends upon
position coordinates)
and) hence) the total derivative0
&omparing e#uations 7:%J8 and 7:%:8) the
relationships bet-een the stream function
and the velocity components are obtained0
d+ v d+ v
y +


b A f 7) y8
")uation
+'4
")uation
+'5
")uation
+'&6
dy
y
d+
+
d

+
v and
y
v
y +

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
No!1 the sign convention adopted
here is for the !o- to be positive
from left to right%8 Since the
value of a stream function
represents the !o- rate bet-een
a given streamline described by
the stream function and a
reference boundary) it follo-s
that it must be constant for the
given streamline in order to
satisfy the continuity e#uation
combined -ith the re#uirement
of no !o- across a streamline%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
In some curved !o-s) it is more
convenient to use the polar
coordinates in mathematical
analysis% In these) since
Fi#ure +'4: Stream function in
polar coordinates
b A f 7r ) d8)
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
by di'erentiation)
4he sign convention in polar
coordinates is that the tangential
velocity is positive in the direction of
positive d) i%e% anticloc$-iseI the
radial velocity is positive in the
out-ard direction%
")uation
+'&&

d dr
+
d

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
&onsider) no-) t-o curved streamlines b
a

and b
b
) as sho-n in Fig% X%<% ,ssuming that
,2 A dr -hen dd A B and applying the
continuity e#uation) the follo-ing
relationship is obtained0
v
r
7r dd8 c v
d
dr A db%
&omparing e#uations 7:%118 and 7:%1G8) the
follo-ing relationships are deduced0
")uation
+'&*
")uation
+'&.

r
v and d+
r
v
r
1
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
In connection -ith !o- nets mentioned
earlier) an important concept is that of the
velocity potential% It is de+ned as
-here , and 2 are t-o points in a potential
+eld and vs is the velocity tangential to
the elementary path s%
L3 +ELOCITY POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL
FLO4

'
A
s
ds v
")uation
+'&1
Fi#ure +'5: Di7erent paths in
the potential 8eld
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
4o understand the above concept) it is
necessary to appreciate the meaning of the
term ]potential>) so often used in mechanics
as -ell as in other situations -hich satisfy
the same speci+c conditions%
&onsider) for eample) points P and PW in a
gravitational +eld% If PW has a greater
potential than P) the di'erence in their
potential e. is de+ned as the -or$ re#uired
to move a particle from P to PW against the
gravitational force% If the distance bet-een
the points is es and the force re#uired is F
then
e. A Fes)

<
p
p
Fds . #r
")uation
+'&2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

&learly) the -or$ done in such a case is

independent of the path ta$en in doing the
-or$) and this property is a characteristic
of potential +elds only% In any other case)
say against friction) the -or$ done -ould
depend upon the path ta$en% 4herefore)
not all +elds are potential) but only those
in -hich the path ta$en is immaterial%

5eturning to our velocity +eld) if points ,

and 2 in Fig% :%J belong to some potential
+eld) then the integral

'
A
vds
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
is independent of the path ta$en%
4herefore)
From the analogy -ith the
gravitational +eld) it is apparent that
the condition of e#uation 7:%1X8 -ill
only be satis+ed if the +eld is
potential% Fluid !o- in such a +eld is
$no-n as potential fow%


'
A
n
'
A
%
ds v ds v ")uation
+'&+
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
&onsider) no-) the circulation around
,n2m0
2ut) for the !o- to be potential) the
t-o integrals in e#uation 7:%1:8 must
be e#ual and) therefore) ^
,n2m
A B% If
the circulation is e#ual to =ero) it
follo-s that vorticity must also be
e#ual to =ero and) therefore) the
condition for potential !o- is



+
'
A
%
'
A
n
A
'
%
'
A
n An'%
ds v ds v
ds v ds v
")uation
+'&3
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
-hich is identical -ith the condition for
irrotational !o-% 4hus) potential !o- is
irrotational and vice versa%
In irrotational 7potential8 !o-) therefore)
the function 7:%1K8
eists) from -hich it follo-s that) if v

and v
y

are the orthogonal components of v
s
) then)
")uation
+'&4

'
A
s
ds v
")uation
+'&5
/ 0

y
v
+
v
+
y
y
v and
+
v
y +

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
so that
Similarly) in polar coordinates) if v
d
and v
r

are tangential and radial components of) v
s

then
from -hich

+ dy v d+ v
y +
")uation
+'*6

+ rd v dr v
r r
")uation
+'*&
")uation
+'**

r
v and
r
v
r
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
It is no- appropriate to consider the
implications of potential !o- to the
applicability of 2ernoulli>s e#uation% In
some curved !o-s the 2ernoulli
constant 7or total head8) de+ned as
varies across streamlines) the
variation in general being governed by
the follo-ing e#uation)

,
_

+
dr
dv
r
v
g
v
dr
d*
g
v
!
g
p
*
2
2
+ +

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Ho-ever) in some !o-s the 2ernoulli
constant is the same for all streamlines) so
that 2ernoulli>s e#uation may be applied to
any points in the !o- +eld% &learly) for this to
happen dHHdr must be e#ual to =ero% One
such obvious case is -hen dr f g) i%e% in the
case of straight line !o-s% 4he other
possibility is for the epression in brac$ets to
be e#ual to =ero) i%e%
Fi#ure +'&6: Circulation in
polar Coordinates
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Let us eamine such a case by considering
an element of !uid in a curved !o-) as
sho-n in Fig% :%1B% 4he circulation around
the element ,2&" is
9eglecting in+nitesimals of the third order)
this reduces to
2ut the area of the element is red dr ) so
that the vorticity is given by
")uation
+'*.
0 +
dr
dv
r
v
( ) ( ) rdv dvdr vdr dr r dv v vr
A'"6
+ +
rdv vdr
A'"6

dr r
rdv vdr
Area

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
-hich is the same as the left/hand side of
e#uation 7:%G;8% 4hus) if the vorticity is
=ero) there is no variation of the 2ernoulli
constant% 4his condition applies to
irrotational 7potential8 !o-%
In potential !o-) then) 2ernoulli>s e#uation
applies to the -hole !o- +eld and is not
limited to individual streamlines%
")uation
+'*1

,
_

+
dr
dv
r
v
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
&omparing e#uations 7X%1B8 and 7X%1J8)
from 7X%1B8
From 7X%1J8
4hus) e#uating for v
x
and v
!
) -e obtain
53 "ELATIONSHIP )ET4EEN ST"EAM
FUNCTION AND +ELOCITY POTENTIAL3
FLO4 NETS
+
v and
y
v
y +

y
v and
+
v
y +

+ y
and
+ y

")uation
+'*2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
4hese e#uations are $no-n as C'u-&/M
"$6'nn e#uations and they enable the
stream function to be calculated if the
velocity potential is $no-n and vice versa in
a potential !o-%
It is no- possible to return to the condition
for potential !o- and to restate it in terms
of the stream function% 4he condition is
y
v and
+
v $ut
y
v
+
v
+ y
+
y

0
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
So that) by substitution)
4his is the Laplace e#uation for the stream
function) -hich must be satis+ed for the !o- to
be potential%
0
0
2
2
2
2

,
_

,
_

y +
and
y y + +


")uation
+'*+
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
It is also interesting to note that the
Laplace e#uation for the velocity potential
must also be satis+ed% 4his follo-s by
substitution of e#uations 7X%1J8 into the
continuity e#uation for steady)
incompressible) t-o/dimensional !o-%
Substituting)no-) for v
x
and v
!
from
e#uations 7X%1J8
So that
0

y
v
+
v
y
+
0

,
_

,
_

y y + +
0
2
2
2
2

y +
")uation
+'*3
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
4hus) the Laplace e#uation for the velocity
potential must also be satis+ed%
4he fact that) for potential !o-) both the
stream function and the velocity potential
satisfy the Laplace e#uation indicates that
b and h are interchangeable 7&auchy\
5iemann e#uations8 and that the lines of
constant b) i%e% streamlines) and the lines of
constant h) called equipotential lines) are
mutually perpendicular% 4his means that) if
streamlines are plotted) points can be
mar$ed on them -hich have the same value
of h and can be joined to form
e#uipotential lines% 4hus) a !o- net of
streamlines and e#uipotential lines is
formed%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
.hen the streamlines converge) the velocity
increases and) therefore) for a given
increment of e b) the distance bet-een the
e#uipotential lines -ill also decrease%
4he method of dra-ing a !o- net consists
of dra-ing by eye streamlines e#uispaced
at e b at some section -here the !o- is
rectilinear) such as ,3 or "E in Fig% X%11)
-hich sho-s an eample of a net-or$
dra-n for a rather unusual converging
section) of -hich the upper half constitutes
a sudden contraction but the lo-er half
provides a smooth transition%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
4he number of streamlines dra-n) or rather)
the si=e of intervals bet-een them) depends
upon the accuracy re#uired% 4he more
streamlines one uses) the more accurate -ill
be the result) but) e#ually) the time spent in
dra-ing the net -ill be greater% 4he set of
e#uipotential lines is dra-n net at intervals
eh A eb and in such a -ay that they cross
each streamline at right angles% 4hus a set of
]s#uares> is obtained% 4he process is done by
eye and re#uires a series of successive
adjustments to both streamlines and
e#uipotential lines until a satisfactory
net-or$ of ]s#uares> is achieved% ,s a +nal
chec$) diagonals through the ]s#uares> may
be dra-n% 4hey) too) should be smooth lines
and should form a net of s#uares% , pair of
such diagonals from ,W to FW is sho-n in Fig%
X%11%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
.here abrupt changes of the outer boundary
occur) such as at points 2 and &) it can be seen
that the streamline ,,W" cannot follo- the
contour and separates from the boundary% ,t 2)
-here the streamline turns to-ards the !uid)
the velocity at the separation area -ill be =ero
and the !uid trapped there -ill be stagnant% ,t
point &) the streamline turns a-ay from the
!uid) indicating high velocity in the separation
bubble%
Fi#ure +'&& "xample of a (ow net
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
4his velocity is spent in rotation of
considerable vigour% &ertainly) therefore) the
assumption of irrotational !o- is not valid
there% In general) then) -herever the
streamlines diverge or converge abruptly)
separation may occur% 2ecause 3FE is smooth
and converging) no separation -ill occur
there% Should) ho-ever) the !o- direction be
reversed) although the !o- net -ould remain
the same) separation might be epected
do-nstream of F due to the divergence of
!o-% Separation phenomena are discussed
fully in &hapter 11 in connection -ith
boundary layer%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
&onstructing !o- nets is a useful eercise
-hich re#uires a lot of patience and
eperience% 4he alternative is to use precise
mathematical epressions for stream
function and velocity potential describing
the !o- from -hich a !o- net can be
plotted eactly% 4he follo-ing sections of
this chapter deal -ith such mathematical
epressions for some basic !o-s -hich may
then be combined to represent more
comple !o- patterns%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
"o!'!$on1 It is de+ned as the movement of
a !uid element in such a -ay that
both of its aes 7Hori=ontal as -ell
as vertical8 rotates in the same
direction%
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
CHAPTER
SE,EN
DIMENSINAL
ANAL=SIS
A(d
SIMILIT!DE
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
A)'! "#m$l!'i&g '(is "(a$'!. +#u s(#uld %!
a%l! '#2

N&d!s'a&d dim!&si#&s. u&i's. a&d

dim!&si#&al (#m#g!&!i'+

N&d!s'a&d %!&!@'s #) dim!&si#&al

a&al+sis

A$$l+ '(! Ja+l!ig(Ms a&d Eu",i&g(am $i

'(!#!ms.

Sis"uss '(! us! #) dim!&si#&l!ss

vaia%l!s i& da'a a&al+sis.

S!v!l#$ a s!' #) dim!&si#&l!ss

vaia%l!s )# a giv!& f#/ si'ua'i#&.

3i&d '(! !la'i#&s(i$ %!'/!!& vaia%l!s

aR!"'i&g a $(!&#m!&#&

e&#/ (#/ '# us! '(! m!'(#d #)

!$!a'i&g vaia%l!s

N&d!s'a&d '(! "#&"!$' #) similai'+

a&d (#/ '# a$$l+ i' '# !*$!im!&'al
m#d!li&g
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Di#e(sio( a(d !(i%s
Di#e(sio(< M!asu! #) a $(+si"al
qua&'i'+. !.g.. l!&g'(. 'im!. mass
!(i%s< Assig&m!&' #) a &um%! '# a
dim!&si#&. !.g.. 8m9. 8s!"9. 8,g9
J Pri#ar& Di#e(sio(s<
1. Mass m 8,g9
2. L!&g'( L 8m9
3. Tim! '
8s!"9
4. T!m$!a'u! T 8e9
6. 0u!&' = 8A9
P. Am#u&' #) Lig(' 0 8"d9
7. Am#u&' #) ma''! 1 8m#l9
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Di#e(sio(al A(al&sis
=' !)!s '# '(! $(+si"al
&a'u! #) '(! qua&'i'+ a&d
'(! '+$! #) u&i'
8Di#e(sio(9 us!d '#
s$!"i)+ i'.

Sis'a&"! (as
dim!&si#& L.

A!a (as dim!&si#&

L
2
.

<#lum! (as
dim!&si#& L
3
.

Tim! (as dim!&si#&

T.

B$!!d (as dim!&si#&

L/T
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Sim!&si#&al a&al+sis d!als /i'( '(!
dim!&si#&s #) '(! $(+si"al qua&'i'i!s
i&v#lv!d i& '(! $(!&#m!&#&.
Fi;ed di#e(sio(s<
T(! dim!&si#&s l!&g'( MLM. mass bMM a&d
'im! MTM a! "all!d @*!d dim!&si#&s. T(!s!
@*!d dim!&si#&s a! "all!d )u&dam!&'al
dim!&si#&s # )u&dam!&'al qua&'i'i!s.
Seco(dar& (deri@ed) di#e(sio(s<
^ua&'i'i!s /(i"( $#ss!s m#! '(a& #&!
)u&dam!&'al dim!&si#&s a! "all!d
d!iv!d dim!&si#&s. 3# !*am$l! v!l#"i'+.
d!&si'+. a""!l!a'i#& !'".
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Di#e(sio(s of So#e
Co##o( P-&sical
Bua(%i%ies
[*]. L!&g'( L L
[m]. Mass L M
[']. Tim! L T
[v]. <!l#"i'+ L LT
-1
[a]. A""!l!a'i#& L
LT
-2
[3]. 3#"! L MLT
-2
[]. Mass S!&si'+ L
ML
-3
[?]. ?!ssu! L ML
-
1
T
-2
[E]. -&!g+ L ML
2
T
-
2
[4]. -l!"'i"
0u!&' L ^T
-1
[q]. -l!"'i"
0(a&g! L ^
[-]. -l!"'i" 3i!ld -
ML^T
-2
All are $o+ers of %-e fu(da#e(%al
di#e(sio(s<
NA(& P-&sical Bua(%i%&O 4 M
a
L
b
T
c
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
De%er#i(e %-e di#e(sio(s of %-e
qua(%i%ies /i@e( belo+<
A&gula v!l#"i'+2
A&gula a""!l!a'i#&
Sis"(ag!
ei&!ma'i" vis"#si'+
3#"!
B$!"i@" /!ig('
T
radian in angle 1
sec
) )

2
2
1

T
T
1 3
3
sec

T -
%
1 2
2
sec

T -
%
2
2
sec

M-T
%
kg
2 2
2 2
sec

T M-
%
kg
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Di#e(sio(al A(al&sis
T-eore#s
Di#e(sio(al Ho#o/e(ei%& T-eore#2

=) '(! dim!&si#&s #) !a"( '!ms #& %#'(

sid!s #) a& !qua'i#& a! '(! sam!. '(!
!qua'i#& is ,&#/& as di#e(sio(all&
-o#o/e(ous equa%io("

-v!+ addi'iv! '!m i& a& !qua'i#& mus'

(av! '(! sam! dim!&si#&s

-*am$l!2 E!&#ulli !qua'i#&

c$d = c)#"!/a!ad=cmass * l!&g'(/'im! *

1/l!&g'(
2
d = cm/8'
2
L9d

c1/2<
2
d = cmass/l!&g'(
3
* 8l!&g'(/'im!9
2
d =
cm/8'
2
L9d

cgGd = cmass/l!&g'(
3
* l!&g'(/'im!
2
* l!&g'(d
=cm/8'
2
L9d
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(! $#/! #) )u&dam!&'al dim!&si#&s
8L.M.T9 #& %#'( sid!s #) '(! !qua'i#& /ill %!
id!&'i"al )# a dim!&si#&all+ (#m#g!&#us
!qua'i#&s su"( !qua'i#&s a! i&d!$!&d!&'
#) u&i's.
A&+ $(+si"al qua&'i'+ is dim!&si#&all+ a
$#/! la/ m#&#mial - NA(& P-&sical
Bua(%i%&O 4 M
a
L
b
T
c
gh v 2
1
2
)

-T -
T
-
v
1
-T v
2
-T g
- h
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
-qua'i#& is dim!&si#&all+
(#m#g#&#us. B# i' "a& %! us!d i& a&+
s+s'!m #) u&i's.
%-er e;a#$les of di#e(sio(al
-o#o/e(ous equa%io(s<
gh v 2
g
-
t 2
g " 2
d
2
3
2

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
=& addi'i#& '# '(!s!. '(!! a! s!v!al
!qua'i#&s i& (+dauli"s /(i"( a!
dim!&si#&all+ &#& (#m#g!&#us %u'
s'ill a! a$$li"a%l! '# f#/ s+s'!m /i'(
i& '(!i limi'!d a&g!.
8Ma&&i&g !qua'i#&9
v-<!l#"i'+ i& "(a&&!ls
J-(+dauli" m!a& d!$'(
B-%!d sli$!
(-J#ug(&!ss "#!>"i!&'
2
1
3
2
1
S R
h
v
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T& !qua'i&g LT
-1
=L
2/3
Bi&"! '(! a%#v! !qua'i#& is &#&-
(#m#g!&#us. i' "a& %! us!d !i'(! i& B= #
m!'i" s+s'!m.
A&#'(! !*am$l!2
B$!!d #) 'u%i&! 1-$m #) s$!!d
$-$#/!
7-l!&g'(
4
3
*
p
3 3
s

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Me%-ods of Di#e(sio(al
a(al&sis
1" Ra&lei/-:s #e%-od
2" )ucEi(/-a# PI T-eore#
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Ra&lei/-:s #e%-od
T(is m!'(#d is us!d '# d!'!mi&! a& !*$!ssi#&
)# a vaia%l! /(i"( d!$!&ds u$ #& ma*imum
'(!! # )#u vaia%l!s #&l+.
=) '(! &um%! #) i&d!$!&d!&' vaia%l!s %!"#m!
m#! '(a& )#u. '(!& i' is v!+ di>"ul' '# @&d
'(! !*$!ssi#& )# '(! d!$!&d!&' vaia%l!s.
L!' * is a vaia%l! /(i"( d!$!&ds #& *
1
.*
2
.*
3
vaia%l!s. T(!& a""#di&g '# Jal!ig(Ms m!'(#d *
is a )u&"'i#& *
1
.*
2
a&d *
3
.
`=, *
a
1
.*
%
2
.*
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3
/(!! ,-"#&s'a&'
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
a.% & " a! a%i'a+ $#/!s. T(! valu!s #)
a.% & " a! #%'ai&!d %+ "#m$ai&g '(!
$#/!s #) '(! )u&dam!&'al dim!&si#&s #&
%#'( sid!s. T(us '(! !*$!ssi#& is #%'ai&!d
)# d!$!&d!&' vaia%l!.
E;a#$le 1"
T(! 'im! $!i#d 8'9 #) a $!&dulum d!$!&ds
u$ #& '(! l!&g'( 8L9 #) '(! $!&dulum a&d
a""!l!a'i#& du! '# gavi'+ 8g9. S!iv! a&
!*$!ssi#& )# '(! 'im! $!i#d.
B#lu'i#&
' & Lg
'=,lg 8, is "#&s'a&'9
'=,L
a
g
%
8l m. [L] a&d g m/s
2
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] 9
l
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T=,L
a
L
%
T
-2%
M
5
L
5
T
1
=,L
a
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%
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-2%
0#m$ai&g '(! !*$#&!&'s #) '(!
)u&dam!&'al dim!&si#&s
aK%=5
1=-2% %=-1/2
a=-1/2
'=,l
-1/2
g
-1/2
g
l
k t
g
l
t
k 2
g
l
t 2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
E;a#$le 2"
3i&d '(! !*$!ssi#& )# '(! $#/! $
d!v!l#$!d %+ a $um$ /(!& $ d!$!&ds u$#&
'(! (!ad 7. '(! dis"(ag! ^ a&d s$!"i@"
/!ig(' #) '(! fuid.
Solu%io(
?=,I^7
=,I
a
^
%
7
"
3u&dam!&'al dim!&si#&s
?=I/T=I#, d#&!/B!"=3L/T
=MLLT
-2
/T=ML
2
T
-3
I=/!ig('/v#lum!=3/v=MLT
-2
/L
-3
=ML
-2
T
-1
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
^=m
3
/s!"=L
3
T
-1
M
1
L
2
T
-3
=,8[L
-2
T
-2
M]
a
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-1
]
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L
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9
M
1
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2
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-3
=,M
a
L
-2a
T
-2a
T
-2a
L
3%
T
-%
L
"
0#m$ai&g '(! !*$#&!&'s #) '(!
)u&dam!&'al dim!&si#&s
a=1.
-3=-2a-% %=1
-2aK3%K"=2
-2=2K3K" "=1
?= ,I
1
^
1
7
1
= ,I^7
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
E;ercise 1"
T(! !>"i!&"+ #) a )u& is a )u&"'i#& #) '(!
d!&si'+ . '(! d+&ami" vis"#si'+ #) '(!
fuid. '(! a&gula v!l#"i'+./. diam!'! #) '(!
#'# a&d dis"(ag! ^. -*$!ss i& '!ms #)
dim!&si#&l!ss $aam!'!s.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
)ucEi(/-a# PI T-eore#

T(! Ja+l!ig(Ms m!'(#d #) dim!&si#&al

a&al+sis %!"#m!s m#! la%#i#us i) '(!
vaia%l!s a! m#! '(a& '(! &um%! #)
)u&dam!&'al dim!&si#&s 8MLT9.

T(is di>"ul'+ is #v!"#m! %+ usi&g

Eu",i&g(am ?= T(!#!m. /(i"( s'a'!s '(a'
W=) '(!! a! & vaia%l!s 8i&d!$!&d!&' a&d
d!$!&d!&' vaia%l!s9X i& a $(+si"al
$(!&#m!&#& a&d i) '(! vaia%l!s "#&'ai&
m )u&dam!&'al dim!&si#&s 8M.LT9 '(!& '(!
vaia%l!s a! aa&g!d i&'# 8&-m9
dim!&si#&l!ss '!ms. -a"( '!ms a! "all!d
>%er#.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
L!' *
1
.*
2
.*
3
Y. *
&
a! '(! vaia%l!s i& a
$(+si"al $#%l!m. L!' *
1
%! '(! d!$!&d!&'
vaia%l! a&d *
2
.*
3
Y. *
&
a! '(!
i&d!$!&d!&' vaia%l!s #& /(i"( *
1
d!$!&ds. T(!& *
1
is a )u&"'i#& #) *
2
.*
3
Y. *
&

a&d ma'(!ma'i"all+ i' is !*$!ss!d as
*
1
=)8*
2
.*
3
Y. *
&
9--------------------------8A9
)8*
1
.*
2
.*
3
Y. *
&
9=5-------------------------8E9

T(! a%#v! dim!&si#&all+ (#m#g!&#us

!qua'i#& "#&'ai&s vaia%l!s. =) '(!! a! m
)u&dam!&'al dim!&si#&s '(!& a""#di&g '#
Eu",i&g(amMs '(!#!m. !qua'i#& 8E9 "a&
%! /i''!& i& '!ms #) &um%!s #)
dim!&si#&l!ss g#u$s # '!ms i& /(i"(
'(! &um%!s #) '!ms is !qual '# 8&-m9.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(us !qua'i#& 8E9 %!"#m!s2
)8
1
.
2
.
3
Y.
&-m
9=5-------------------------809
-a"( #) '(! '!m is dim!&si#&l!ss a&d is
i&d!$!&d!&' #) '(! s+s'!m. Sivisi#& #
mul'i$li"a'i#& %+ a "#&s'a&' d#!s &#' "(a&g!
'(! "(aa"'! #) '!ms.
-a"( '!m "#&'ai&s #G1 @ariables. /(!!
m is '(! &um%! #) )u&dam!&'al dim!&si#&s
a&d a! "all!d re$ea%i(/ @ariables"
L!' i& '(! a%#v! "as! *
2
.*
3
a&d *
4
a!
!$!a'i&g vaia%l!s. =) '(! )u&dam!&'al
dim!&si#& m8M.L.T9=3

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
T(!& !a"( '!m is /i''!& as
.
.
.
-a"( !qua'i#& is s#lv!d %+ a $i&"i$l! #)
dim!&si#&al (#m#g!&!i'+ a&d valu!s #)
a.%." a! #%'ai&!d. T(!s! valu!s #) s a!
su%s'i'u'!d i& !qua'i#& 8S9 a&d valu!s #)
. T(!s! valu!s #) s a! su%s'i'u'!d i&
!qua'i#& 8"9.

2
2
4
2
3
2
2 2
1
1
4
1
3
1
2 1
) ) )
) ) )
+ + + +
+ + + +
& $ a
& $ a

% )))))))))# )))))))))) ) ) )
% #
4
% #
3
% #
2 % #
6 + + + +
% n
% n & % n $ % n a
% n

% n
))) / /
3 2 1
0
0
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
1 ))) / / 2
1 ))) / 2
1 ))) / 2
4 2 1 3
3 1 2
3 2 1
% n
% n
% n
/
/
/

T(! @&al !qua'i#& )# '(! $(!&#m!&#& is
#%'ai&!d %+ !*$!ssi&g a&+ #&! #) '(!
'!ms as a )u&"'i#& #) #'(!s as s(#/&
%!l#/.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Me%-od of selec%i(/ %-e
re$ea%i(/ @ariables
T(! &um%! #) !$!a'i&g vaia%l!s a! !qual
'# '(! &um%! #) )u&dam!&'al dim!&si#&s #)
'(! $#%l!m. T(! "(#i"! #) !$!a'i&g
vaia%l!s a! g#v!&!d %+ '(! )#ll#/i&g
"#&sid!a'i#&s.
1.As )a as $#ssi%l!. '(! d!$!&d!&'
vaia%l! s(#uld &#' %! s!l!"'!d as
!$!a'i&g vaia%l!s
2.T(! !$!a'i&g vaia%l! s(#uld %! "(#s!&
i& su"( a /a+ '(a' #&! vaia%l! "#&'ai&s
/eo#e%ric $ro$er%& #'(! vaia%l!
"#&'ai&s 0o+ $ro$er%& a&d '(id
vaia%l! "#&'ai&s 0uid $ro$er%&.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
a9 <aia%l! /i'( g!#m!'i" $#$!'+
8L!&g'( l. diam!'! d. (!ig(' (9
%9 <aia%l! /i'( f#/ $#$!'+ 8<!l#"i'+ v.
a""!l!a'i#& a9
"9 <aia%l! /i'( fuid $#$!'+ 8S+&ami"
vis"#si'+ . d!&si'+
s$!"i@" /!ig(' /9
3 . T(! !$!a'i&g vaia%l!s s(#uld &#' )#m a
dim!&si#&l!ss g#u$
4. T(! !$!a'i&g vaia%l!s '#g!'(! mus' (av!
'(! sam! &um%! #) )u&dam!&'al dim!&si#&s
6. 1# '/# !$!a'i&g vaia%l!s s(#uld (av! '(!
sam! dim!&si#&s

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
E;a#$le 8"
T(! !>"i!&"+ 8 9 #) a )u& d!$!&ds #&
d!&si'+ . d+&ami" vis"#si'+ #) '(! fuid .
a&gula v!l#"i'+ /. diam!'! #) '(! #'# S.
a&d '(! dis"(ag! ^. -*$!ss i& '!ms #)
dim!&si#&l!ss $aam!'!s.
B#lu'i#&
1. 1um%! #) vaia%l!s. &=P
2. 1um%! #) )u&dam!&'al dim!&si#&s. m=3
3. 1um%! #) -'!ms. &-m=P-3=3
4. 1um%! #) !$!a'i&g vaia%l!s. m=3

0 % / / / / / #
% / / / / #

2 6 w /
2 6 w /

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
J!$!a'i&g vaia%l!s
a. :!#m!'+ $#$!'+ 8L.7.S9 5
%. 3luid $#$!'+ 8 . ./ 9
". 3l#/ $#$!'+ 8v.a. /9 /8a&gula
v!l#"i'+9
6. 1um%! #) vaia%l!s i& '!ms. mK1=4

2 w 6
w 6
w 6
& $ a
& $ a
& $ a
) ) )
) ) )
) ) )
3 3 3
3
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
1

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

'!m
-qua'i&g '(! $#/!s #) MLT
M2 %
1
=5 %
1
=5
L2 5=a
1
-3%
1
a
1
=5
T2 -"
1
=5 "
1
=5
1

0 0 0 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1
1
) ) )
T - M T - M - T - M
w 6
& $ $ a
& $ a

) ) )
0 0
1
#
w 6

1
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

'!m
-qua'i&g '(! $#/!s #) MLT
M2 5=%
2
K1 %
2
=-1
L2 a
2
-3%
2
-1=5 a
2
=-2
T2 -"
2
-1=5 "
2
=-1
2

1 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 0 0 0
2 2 2
2
) ) )

T - M T - M - T - M
w 6
& $ $ a
& $ a

) ) )
1 1 2
2

w 6
w 6

2
1

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

'!m
-qua'i&g '(! $#/!s #) MLT
M2 %
3
=5 %
3
=5
L2 a
3
-3%
3
-1=5 a
3
=-3
T2 -"
3
-1=5 "
3
=-1
3

1 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0
3 3 3
3
) ) )

T - T - M - T - M
2 w 6
& $ $ a
& $ a

% / #
0 % / / #
) ) )
3 2 1
3 2 1
1 0 3
3



/
/
2 w 6

% / #
3 2
w 6
2
w 6
/

w 6
2
3
3

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
E;ercise 2"
T(! $!ssu! diR!!&"! i& a $i$! #)
diam!'! S a&d l!&g'( l du! '# vis"#us f#/
d!$!&ds #& '(! v!l#"i'+ v. vis"#si'+ .
d!&si'+ . usi&g Eu",i&g(amZs '(!#!m
#%'ai& a& !*$!ssi#& )#
p

p
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
?ima+ $u$#s!s #) dim!&si#&al
a&al+sis

T# g!&!a'! &#&dim!&si#&al
$aam!'!s '(a' (!l$ i& '(! d!sig&
#) !*$!im!&'s 8$(+si"al a&d/#
&um!i"al9 a&d i& !$#'i&g #)
!sul's

T# #%'ai& s"ali&g la/s s# '(a'

$#'#'+$! $!)#ma&"! "a& %!
$!di"'!d )#m m#d!l $!)#ma&"!.

T# $!di"' '!&ds i& '(! !la'i#&s(i$

%!'/!!& $aam!'!s.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Model a(d Pro%o%&$e
Model< =' is a !$!s!&'a'i#& #) a $(+si"al
s+s'!m '(a' ma+ %! us!d '# $!di"' '(!
%!(avi# #) '(! s+s'!m i& s#m! d!si!d
!s$!"'. Ma'(!ma'i"al # "#m$u'!
m#d!ls ma+ als# "#&)#m '# '(is
d!@&i'i#&. #u i&'!!s' /ill %! i&
$(+si"al m#d!l.
Pro%o%&$e< T(! $(+si"al s+s'!m )# /(i"(
'(! $!di"'i#& a! '# %! mad!.

M#d!ls '(a' !s!m%l! '(! $#'#'+$! %u' a!

g!&!all+ #) a diR!!&' siG!. ma+ i&v#lv!
diR!!&' fuid. a&d #)'!& #$!a'! u&d!
diR!!&' "#&di'i#&s.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom

Nsuall+ a m#d!l is small! '(a& '(!

$#'#'+$!.

T""asi#&all+. i) '(! $#'#'+$! is v!+

small. i' ma+ %! adva&'ag!#us '#
(av! a m#d!l '(a' is lag! '(a& '(!
$#'#'+$! s# '(a' i' "a& %! m#!
!asil+ s'udi!d. 3# !*am$l!. lag!
m#d!ls (av! %!!& us!d '# s'ud+ '(!
m#'i#& #) !d %l##d "!lls.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Si#ili%ude
Bimili'ud! is d!@&!d as '(! similai'+
%!'/!!& '(! m#d!l a&d i's $#'#'+$! i&
!v!+ as$!"'. /(i"( m!a&s '(a'. '(! m#d!l
a&d $#'#'+$! (av! simila $#$!'i!s #
m#d!l a&d $#'#'+$! a! "#m$l!'!l+ simila.
T(!! '+$!s similai'i!s mus' !*is' %!'/!!&
'(! m#d!l a&d $#'#'+$!.
a" Geo#e%ric $ro$er%&< T(! g!#m!'+
similai'+ is said '# !*is' %!'/!!& '(!
m#d!l a&d $#'#'+$! i) '(! a'i# #) '(!
"#!s$#&di&g li(ear di#e(sio(s i& '(!
m#d!l $#'#'+$! a! !qual.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
Ci(e#a%ic si#ilari%&< =' is '(! similai'+ #)
#o%io( %!'/!!& m#d!l a&d
$#'#'+$!. T(! ,i&!ma'i"
similai'+ is said '# !*is' i) '(!
a'i# #) v!l#"i'+ a&d
a""!l!a'i#& a' '(!
"#!s$#&di&g $#i&' i& '(!
m#d!l a&d a' '(!
"#!s$#&di&g $#i&' i& '(!
$#'#'+$! a! '(! sam!.
Bi&"! '(! v!l#"i'+ a&d '(! a""!l!a'i#& a!
v!"'# qua&'i'i!s. (!&"! &#' #&l+ '(! a'i# #)
mag&i'ud! #) v!l#"i'+ a&d a""!l!a'i#& a'
'(! "#!s$#&di&g $#i&'s #& '(! m#d!l a&d
$#'#'+$! s(#uld %! '(! sam!. Eu' '(!
di!"'i#&s a' '(! "#!s$#&di&g $#i&'s i& '(!
m#d!l a&d $#'#'+$! s(#uld %! $aall!l.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
D&(a#ic si#ilari%&< =' is '(!
similai'+ #) force
%!'/!!& '(! m#d!l a&d
$#'#'+$!. T(us d+&ami"
similai'+ is said '# !*is'
%!'/!!& '(! m#d!l a&d
'(! $#'#'+$! i) '(! a'i#
#) '(! "#!s$#&di&g
)#"!s a"'i&g a' '(!
"#!s$#&di&g $#i&'s a!
!qual.
Co#$le%e Si#ilari%&< is a"(i!v!d
#&l+ i) all 3 "#&di'i#&s
a! m!'. T(is is &#'
al/a+s $#ssi%l!. !.g..
iv! (+dauli"s m#d!ls.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
By: Ashenafi Kebedom
CHAPTER EIGHT
CMPRESSI)
LE FL'