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UNIT

Polynomials

What Youll Learn

Recognize, write, describe, and classify polynomials.
Represent polynomials using tiles, pictures, and algebraic expressions.
Add and subtract polynomials.
Multiply and divide a polynomial by a monomial.

Why Its Important

Polynomials are used by
homeowners to calculate mortgage and car payments
computer technicians to encode information, such as PIN numbers for ATM
machines and debit cards

Key Words
term
variable term
constant term
variable
coefficient of the variable
polynomial
degree of a polynomial

monomial
binomial
trinomial
simplify a polynomial
like terms
unlike terms
distributive property

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5.1 Skill Builder

Modelling Expressions
We can use algebra tiles to model an expression.
One
represents 1. One
represents 1.
One

represents any variable, such as x or n.

One

represents x or n.

There are 2

They represent 2x.

There is 1
It represents

1.

So, the tiles represent the expression 2x 1.

There are 3

They represent 3a.

There are 2

We can use any

letter as the
variable.

They represent 2.

So, the tiles represent the expression 3a 2.

Check
1. Which expression does each set of tiles represent?
a)

_____________

b)

_____________

c)

_____________

d)

_____________

2. Sketch algebra tiles to model each expression.

a) s 4
b) 5b 3

c) 4n 5

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d) 6w 1

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5.1 Modelling Polynomials

FOCUS Model, write, and classify polynomials.
Some expressions contain x2 terms.

We use

to represent x2.

We use

to represent x2.

When the variable is n,

the tile is called the n2-tile.

For the expression 4x2 3x 1:

4x 2

3x 1

Variable terms

Constant term

In the term 3x, the variable is x and the coefficient of the variable is 3.
3x
coefficient
variable
An algebraic expression like this one is also called a polynomial.

Example 1

Modelling Polynomials with Algebra Tiles

Use algebra tiles to model each polynomial.

a) 4t2

b) 2n 5

Solution

a) To represent 4t2, use 4

b) To represent 2n, use 2

To represent 5, use 5

.
.

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Check
1. Sketch algebra tiles to model each polynomial.
a) 3

b) 2x 3

c) 2e2 e 2

d) 3d2 2d 5

Example 2

Recognizing the Same Polynomials in Different Variables

Which of these polynomials can be represented by the same algebra tiles?

a) 2x2 7x 4

b) 4 2b2 7b

c) 7s 4 2s2

Solution
Select the tiles that match each term.
a) 2x2 7x 4

b) 4 2b2 7b

c) 7s 4 2s2

The variable used to name a tile does not matter.

In parts a and c, the same algebra tiles are used.
Since 2x2 7x 4 and 7s 4 2s2 can be represented
by the same tiles, the expressions represent the same polynomial.

182

The order in
which the terms
are written does
not matter.

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Check
1. Which of these polynomials can be represented by the same algebra tiles?
a) 3s2 2s 5

b) 5 3a2 2a

c) 2c 5 3c2

The same tiles are used in parts ______ and ______.

So, ____________________ and ____________________ represent the same polynomial.

There are different types of polynomials, depending on the number of terms.

The degree of a polynomial tells you the greatest exponent of any term.
Type

Number of Terms

Example

Monomial

2s2

2n

x2 3

2a 1

2b2 3b

c2 4c 2

Binomial

Trinomial

Model

Degree

A monomial
has 1 type of tile.

A constant term
has degree 0.

A binomial has
2 different types
of tiles.

A trinomial has
3 different types
of tiles.

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An algebraic expression that contains a term with a variable in the denominator, such as , or the
n
square root of a variable, such as n, is not a polynomial.

Practice
1. Sketch algebra tiles to model each polynomial.
a) a2 6

b) y2 y 3

__________________________________
c) 2m2 3m 4

__________________________________

_______________________________________
d) 2x2 5x 4

_______________________________________

2. Is the polynomial a monomial, binomial, or trinomial?

a) 7t

The polynomial has ___ term, so it is a _________________________.

b) 8d2 7

The polynomial has ___ terms, so it is a _______________________.

c) s2 5s 6

The polynomial has ___ terms, so it is a _______________________.

d) 4t 12

The polynomial has ___ terms, so it is a _______________________.

e) 15

The polynomial has ___ term, so it is a ________________________.

3. Name the degree of each polynomial.

a) 5a2 3a 6 The term with the greatest exponent is 5a2.
It has exponent ______.
So, the polynomial has degree ______.
b) 4b 6

The term with the greatest exponent is ______.

It has exponent ______.
So, the polynomial has degree ______.

c) 4d2 3d

The term with the greatest exponent is ______.

It has exponent ______.
So, the polynomial has degree ______.

d) 4

4 can be written as 4x____.

So, the polynomial has degree ______.

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4. Write the polynomial represented by each set of tiles.

a) Use the variable f.
__________________
b) Use the variable n.
__________________
c) Use the variable p.
__________________

5. Choose a set of tiles from question 4.

Write another polynomial that can be represented by the same set of tiles.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Identify the polynomials that can be represented by the same set of algebra tiles.

a) x2 3x 1

, _____

, and _____

b) 4r2 5r 9

c) 9 4z2 5z

d) 3s 1 s2

Parts _____ and _____ use the same algebra tiles.

So, _____________________ and _____________________ both represent
the same polynomial.

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5.2 Skill Builder

Modelling Integers
One
One
One

represents +1.
represents 1.
and one
combine to model 0.
1
We call this a zero pair.
1

We can model any integer in many ways.

Each set of tiles below models +3.
Each pair of 1
and 1
makes a zero pair.

Check
1. Write the integer modelled by each set of tiles.
a)
____________
b)
____________
c)
____________
d)
____________

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5.2 Like Terms and Unlike Terms

FOCUS Simplify polynomials by combining like terms.
These are all zero pairs:
and

and

We can use zero pairs to simplify algebraic expressions.

Example 1

Combining Like Tiles and Removing Zero Pairs

Simplify this tile model.

Write the polynomial that the remaining tiles represent.

Solution

Group like tiles.

Matching tiles have the
same size and shape.

Remove zero pairs.

0
0

The tiles that remain are:

When there is only 1 of
a type of tile, we omit
the coefficient 1.

They represent: x2 x 2

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Check
1. Simplify each tile model.
Write the polynomial that the remaining tiles represent.
a)

Remaining tiles: _________________________________

Polynomial: ________________________

Remaining tiles: _________________________________

Polynomial: ________________________

Remaining tiles: __________________________________

Polynomial: ________________________

b)

c)

Terms that can be represented by matching tiles are called like terms.
Like terms:
Unlike terms:

x2 and 2x2
3s and s2

4s and s
2x and 5

6 and 2
3d2 and 7

We can simplify a polynomial by adding the coefficients of like terms.

To simplify 5x 2x, add the integers: 5 2 3
So, 5x 2x 3x

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5w and w

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Simplifying a Polynomial Symbolically

Simplify:
a) 3a 6 a 4

b) x2 4x 5 3x2 4x 1

Solution
a) 3a 6 a 4
3a 1a 6 4
4a 2

Group like terms.

Add the coefficients of like terms.

b) x2 4x 5 3x2 4x 1
x2 3x2 4x 4x 5 1
2x2 0x 4
2x2 4

Group like terms.

Add the coefficients of like terms.
We omit a term when
its coefficient is 0.

Check
1. Simplify each polynomial.
a) 5d 2 3d 1
5d 3d 2 1
______d ______

Group like terms.

Add the coefficients of like terms:
5 3 _____ and 2 (1) _____

b) 2a2 3a 5a2 7a
_______________________________
_______________________________

Group like terms.

c) x2 4x 5 2x2 x 3
_______________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________

Add the coefficients of like terms:

______ ______ ______ and ______ ______ ______

We omit the coefficient

when it is 1.

d) 2x2 6x 7 2x2 7x 11
_______________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________

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Practice
1. What is the coefficient of each term?
a) 2x2

______

b) 6w

______

c) 3x

______

d) 7t

______

e) b

______

f) s

______

2. a) Which of these terms are like 3z2?

5z
9
6z
2z2
11
z2
2
3z has variable ______ and exponent ______.

4z2

Find all terms with the same variable and exponent: ____________________
b) Which of these terms are like 5x?
4x
3x2
2
7x
5x2
8
5x has variable ______ and exponent ______.

5t

Find all terms with the same variable and exponent: ____________________

3. Simplify each tile model.

Write the polynomial that the remaining tiles represent.
a)

Remaining tiles: ____________________

Polynomial: ____________________

Remaining tiles: ____________________

Polynomial: ____________________

Remaining tiles: ____________________

Polynomial: ____________________

b)

c)

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4. Add integers to combine like terms.

a) 3c 5c
3 5 ______
3c 5c ______
c) 2x2 7x2

______ ______ ______

_______________________

5. Simplify each polynomial.

a) 5m 7 2m 1
____________________________________
____________________________________
b) 7c2 6c 4c2 c
____________________________________
____________________________________
c) 11 9v v2 2 v
____________________________________
____________________________________

b) 4s s

4 (1) ______
4s s ______

d) 8e2 8e2

________________
________________

Group like terms.

Add the coefficients of like terms.

Group like terms.

Add the coefficients of like terms.

_______________________________________

We usually write a
polynomial so the exponents
of the variable decrease from
left to right.

d) 7f 2 12f 2 3f 2 3f 5
____________________________________
____________________________________

A polynomial in simplified
form is equal to the original
polynomial.

6. Identify and explain any errors you find.

a) 3x 2 5x
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
b) 5s 3s 8s2

_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________

c) x2 x2 0

_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________

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5.3 Skill Builder

Adding Integers
To add two integers: 3  (4)
We can model each integer with tiles.
Circle zero pairs.
3:
4:

There are 3 zero pairs.

There is 1 tile left.
It models 1.
So, 3  (4)  1

This is an addition sentence.

Check
1. Sketch tiles to show the sum of each pair of integers.
Write an addition sentence each time.
a)

4:
5:

____________________________

6:
2:

____________________________

c) 3:
5:

____________________________

b)

d)

e)

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3:
3:

____________________________

5:
8:

____________________________

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5.3 Adding Polynomials

FOCUS Use different strategies to add polynomials.

Example 1

Adding Polynomials with Algebra Tiles

Use algebra tiles to model (3s2  2s  6)  (s2  2s  1).

Write an addition sentence.

Solution
Model each polynomial.
3s2  2s  6

s2  2s  1

Combine the tiles.

Group matching tiles.

Remove zero pairs.

0
0

The remaining tiles are:

They represent: 2s2  5

The addition sentence is: (3s2  2s  6)  (s2  2s  1)  2s2  5

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Check
1. Sketch algebra tiles to model each sum.
Then write the sum.
a) (6p  4)  (2p  1)

Remaining tiles: ____________________________________

So, (6p  4)  (2p  1)  _________________
b) (2x2  x  1)  (x2  3)

Remaining tiles: ____________________________________

So, (2x2  x  1)  (x2  3)  _________________
c) (3e2  6e  5)  (4e2  3e  8)

Remaining tiles: ____________________________________

So, (3e2  6e  5)  (4e2  3e  8)  _________________

Algebra tiles are not always available.

To add polynomials without tiles:
remove the brackets
add the coefficients of like terms

Example 2

coefficient
term
3c2

Adding Polynomials Symbolically

Add: (3c2  5c 6)  (2c2  3c  4)

Solution

Group like terms.

 3c2  2c2  5c  3c 6  4

Add the coefficients of like terms.

194

5c2

 3c2  5c 6  2c2  3c  4

Remove the brackets.

(3c2  5c 6)  (2c2  3c  4)

2c

2

3c2 and 2c2 are

like terms.

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Check
1. Add.
a) (7g  8)  (3g  1)
 7g  8  3g  1
 7g  3g  8  1

Remove the brackets.

Group like terms.
Add the coefficients of like terms.

 ___________________________
b) (2a2  9a)  (5a2  12a)
 ___________________________
 ___________________________
 ___________________________

7  3  _____ and 8  1  _____

Remove the brackets.
Group like terms.
Add the coefficients of like terms.
_____  _____  _____ and _____  _____  _____

c) (c2  11c  3)  (4c2  5)

 ___________________________
 ___________________________
 ___________________________

Recall: c2 has coefficient 1.

We can also add 2 polynomials by aligning like terms vertically.

Example 3

Adding Polynomials Vertically

Add: (2m  9)  (3m2  m  14)

Solution
To add the polynomials, remove the brackets and
align like terms vertically.
In 3m2  m  14, the term m has coefficient 1,
so write m as 1m.
2m  9
 3m2  1m  14

Add the coefficients of like terms.

0
3
3

2
1
3

9
(14)
5

3m2  3m  5
So, (2m  9)  (3m2  m  14)  3m2  3m  5

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Check
1. Add vertically.
a) (2x  3)  (4x  8)
2x  3
 4x  8
_____ x  _____

b) (5p2  12)  (2p2  3p  7)

 12
5p2
2
 2p  3p  7
_____________________

c) (6b2  2b  8)  (9b  b2  19)

______________________
______________________
______________________

Practice
1. Write the addition sentence modelled by each set of tiles.
Use the variable x.
a)
+

________________________________________________

b)
+

________________________________________________
2. Sketch algebra tiles to model each sum.
Then write the sum.
a) (5w  8)  (7w  3)  ____________

Remaining tiles: _________________________

b) (6t2  3t  2)  (4t2  t  1)  ______________________

Remaining tiles: ___________________________________

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3. Add horizontally.
a) (2r  3)  (3r  1)
 2r  3  3r  1
 2r  3r  3  1
 _____r  _____
b) (7h2  2h)  (4h2  9h  4)
 _______________________________
 _______________________________
 _______________________________
4. Add vertically.
a) (9r  7)  (2r  3)
9r  7
 2r  3
____
_ r _____

Remove the brackets.

Group like terms.
Add the coefficients of like terms.
2  3  _____ and 3  (1)  _____
c) (2y2  6y  1)  (2y2  6y  5)
 _______________________________
 _______________________________
 _______________________________

b) (a2  4a)  (3a2  2a  5)

1a2  4a
 3a2  2a  5
__________________

c) (8v  2v2  3)  (9  6v2  10v)

_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
5. Find the perimeter of this triangle.
s+2

2s + 3

Perimeter is the distance around

a shape. To find the perimeter,
add the side lengths.

2s + 5

Perimeter  _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________

Remove the brackets.

Group like terms.
Add coefficients of like terms.

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5.4 Skill Builder

Subtracting Integers Symbolically
To subtract an integer without tiles, we add the opposite integer.
3 and 3, 6 and 6, and 15 and 15 are opposite integers.
To subtract: (4)  (3)
Add the opposite integer.
The opposite of 3 is 3.
And, (4)  3  1
So, (4)  (3)  1
We can use algebra tiles to check:
Model 4:

We omit the  sign when the

integer is positive.

Take away 3:

3

One
remains.
So, (4)  (3)  1

Check
1. Subtract.
a) 6  (2):

The opposite of 2 is _____.

Add the opposite: 6  _____  _____
So, 6  (2)  _____

b) 3  (4):

The opposite of 4 is _____.

Add the opposite: _________________________
So, 3  (4)  _____

c) (8)  (5):

The opposite of 5 is _____.

Add the opposite: _________________________
So, _________________________

d) (9)  (4):

The opposite of 4 is _____.

Add the opposite: _________________________
So, _________________________

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5.4 Subtracting Polynomials

FOCUS Use different strategies to subtract polynomials.
To subtract a polynomial, we subtract each term of the polynomial.

Example 1

Subtracting Polynomials with Algebra Tiles

Use algebra tiles to model (3b2  2b  1)  (2b2  b  2).

Write a subtraction sentence.

Solution
Model: 3b2  2b  1

To subtract 2b2  b  2, take away 2

,1

, and 2

There are no
or
to take away.
So, add 2 zero pairs of each tile:

So, these tiles also model 3b2  2b  1.

Take away the tiles for 2b2  b  2.

2
b

2b2

The remaining tiles represent: 5b2  b  3

The subtraction sentence is: (3b2  2b  1)  (2b2  b  2)  5b2  b  3

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Check
1. Use algebra tiles to model each difference.
Sketch the tiles that remain, then write the difference.
a) (4p  3)  (2p  1)

Remaining tiles: _____________________________

So, (4p  3)  (2p  1)  _______________
b) (5t  1)  (2t  3)

Remaining tiles: _____________________________

Remember to add zero pairs

when there are not enough tiles
to subtract.

So, (5t  1)  (2t  3)  ________________

c) (3e2  2e  4)  (4e2  3e  2)

Remaining tiles: _____________________________

So, (3e2  2e  4)  (4e2  3e  2)  ________________

To subtract integers without tiles, we can add the opposite integer.

To subtract polynomials without tiles, we can add the opposite terms.

Example 2

Subtracting Polynomials Symbolically

Subtract: (5k2  2k  6)  (3k2  4k  1)

Solution
(5k2  2k  6)  (3k2  4k  1)
 5k2  2k  6  (3k2  4k  1)
 5k2  2k  6  (3k2  4k  1)
 5k2  2k  6  3k2  4k  1
 5k2  3k2  2k  4k  6  1
 8k2  6k  7

200

Remove the brackets from the first term.

Add the opposite of each term in brackets.
Remove the brackets.
Group like terms.
Add the coefficients of like terms.

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Check
1. Subtract.
a) (8f  3)  (7f  5)
 ____________  (7f  5)

 8f  3  __________________
 ___________________________
 ___________________________
 ___________________________
b) (2







Remove the brackets from the first term.

The opposite of 7f is: _______
The opposite of 5 is: _______
Add the opposites.
Remove the brackets.
Group like terms.
Add the coefficients of like terms.

 5g  7g2)  (9g  4g2  2)

Remember to write the
polynomial in descending order.

__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________

Practice
1. Write the subtraction sentence modelled by each set of tiles.
a)

b)

___________________

____________________________________

___________________

____________________________________

2. Use algebra tiles to model each difference.

Sketch the tiles that remain, then write the difference.
a) (3r  2)  (2r  3)

Remaining tiles: ___________________

So, (3r  2)  (2r  3)  ___________

b) (4v2 + 5v 1) (3v2  4v 2)

Remaining tiles: ___________________

So, (4v2 + 5v 1) (3v2  4v 2)
 __________________

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3. Write the opposite of each term.

a) 9: _____

b) 3r: _____

c) 2s2: _____

d) t: _____

4. Subtract.
a) (4p  1)  (p  10)
 ____________  (p  10)

Remove the brackets from the first term.

The opposite of p is: _____
The opposite of 10 is: _____
Add the opposites.

 4p  1  _______________________ Remove the brackets.

 _________________________________ Group like terms.
 _________________________________ Add the coefficients of like terms.
 _________________________________
b) (3h2  5h  4)  (h2  4h  6)
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________

Remove the brackets from the first term.

Add the opposites.
Remove the brackets.
Group like terms.
Add the coefficients of like terms.

c) (4q2  3)  (3q  q2  3)
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
5. Check each solution. Identify any errors and correct them.
a) (7x2  3x  7)  (3x2  4)
 7x2  3x  7  3x2  4
 7x2  3x2  3x  7  4
 4x2  3x  3

(7x2  3x  7)  (3x2  4)
 ___________________________
 ___________________________
 ___________________________

b) (3a2  2a  4)  (2a2  3)
 3a2  2a  4  2a2  3
 3a2  2a2  2a  4  3
 a2  2a  3

(3a2  2a  4)  (2a2  3)
 ___________________________
 ___________________________
 ___________________________

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CHECKPOINT

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Can you
Recognize, write, describe, and classify polynomials?
Represent polynomials using tiles, pictures, and algebraic expressions?
Simplify polynomials by combining like terms?
Add and subtract polynomials?

5.1

1. Is the polynomial a monomial, binomial, or trinomial?

a) 9

The polynomial has _____ term, so it is a ___________________.

b) 3f  5

The polynomial has _____ terms, so it is a _____________.

c) 2s2  s  1

The polynomial has _____ terms, so it is a _____________.

d) a2  2a

The polynomial has _____ terms, so it is a _____________.

2. Write the polynomial represented by each set of tiles.

a) Use the variable g.
________________
b) Use the variable r.
________________
c) Use the variable w.
________________
5.2

3. Simplify each tile model.

Write the polynomial that the remaining tiles represent.
a)

Remaining tiles: __________________

Polynomial: __________________

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b)

Remaining tiles: __________________

Polynomial: __________________

4. Simplify each polynomial.

a) 8e  9  5e  4
 _________________
 _________________

Group like terms.

Add the coefficients of like terms.

b) 4d2  3d  11  d2  5d  13
 ________________________________
 ________________________________
5.3

5. Sketch tiles to model each sum.

Then write the sum.
a) (4v  4)  (2v  7)

Remaining tiles: _______________________

So, (4v  4)  (2v  7)  __________
b) (6u2  5u  7)  (3u2  3u  7)

Remaining tiles: _________________________________

So, (6u2  5u  7)  (3u2  3u  7)  __________
6. Add.
a) (3t  11)  (7t  4)
3t  11
 7t  4
___t  ____

b) (10y2  9)  (3y2  4y  2)
10y2
 9
2
 3y  4y  2
_________________

7. Find the perimeter of this rectangle.

Perimeter  _________________________________________
 _________________________________________
 _________________________________________
 _________________________________________

204

3s + 4
4s 5

4s 5
3s + 4

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8. Use algebra tiles to model each difference.

Sketch the tiles that remain, then write the difference.
a) (5n  6)  (n  3)

Remaining tiles: _______________________

So, (5n  6)  (n  3)  __________
b) (v2  3v  5)  (v2  4v  2)

Remaining tiles: _______________________

So, (v2  3v  5)  (v2  4v  2)  __________
9. Subtract.
a) (11h  3)  (9h  2)
 _________  (9h  2)
 _________  (_________)
 _____________________________
 _____________________________
 _____________________________

Remove the brackets from the first term.

Add the opposites.
Remove the brackets.
Group like terms.
Add the coefficients of like terms.

b) (7j2 11j 7) (12j2 8j 3)

 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________

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5.5 Skill Builder

The Distributive Property
We can use this diagram to model 5  24.

20

5 20 = 100

5 4 = 20

This diagram shows:

5  24  5  (20  4)
 (5  20)  (5  4)
 100  20
 120

We multiply the term outside the

brackets by each term inside the
brackets, then find the sum.

This shows the distributive property of multiplication.

Check
1. How does each diagram show the distributive property?
10

a)

____________________________
____________________________

30

b)

____________________________

2. Use the distributive property to multiply.

a) 7  21  7  (20  1)
 (7  20)  (7  1)
 ___________________
 ___________________

206

b) 8  43  8  (40  3)
 ___________________
 ___________________
 ___________________

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Multiplying and Dividing Integers

When multiplying or dividing 2 integers, look at the sign of each integer:
When the integers have the same sign,
their product or quotient is positive.
/
()
()
()
()
()
When the integers have different signs,
()
()
()
their product or quotient is negative.
7  (4)
7  (4)  28

These 2 integers have different signs,

so their product is negative.

(12)  (3)
(12)  (3)  4

These 2 integers have the same

sign, so their quotient is positive.

When one number is

divided by another
number, the result is
called the quotient.

Check
1. Will the product be positive or negative?
a) 9  5 _____________

b) 8  (3) _____________

c) (12)  5 _____________

d) (7)  (6) _____________

2. Multiply.
a) 6  5  _____________

b) 4  (10)  _____________

c) (7)  3  _____________

d) (8)  (6)  _____________

e) 12  (5)  _____________

f) (4)  (8)  _____________

3. Will the quotient be positive or negative?

a) 18  3

_____________

c) 72  (9)

_____________

b) (36)  6 _____________
d) (48)  (8) _____________

4. Divide.
a) (49)  7  _____________

b) (56)  (8)  _____________

c) 48  6  _____________

d) 81  (9)  _____________

e) (27)  (3)  _____________

f) (42)  7  _____________

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5.5 Multiplying and Dividing a Polynomial

by a Constant
FOCUS Use different strategies to multiply and divide a polynomial by a constant.
To multiply 2(4x) with algebra tiles:
Model 2 rows of 4
x

.
x

Recall: 2(4x)  2  4x

There are 8 x-tiles. So, 2(4x)  8x

Example 1

Using Algebra Tiles to Multiply a Polynomial by a Constant

Find the product: 3(2b2  2b  1)

Solution
3(2b2  2b  1)

Model 3 rows of 2
,2
, and 1
2
These tiles represent: 6b  6b  3.
So, 3(2b2  2b  1)  6b2  6b  3

Check
1. Sketch algebra tiles to multiply. Write the product each time.
a) 3(4p  3)  ______________

208

b) 2(s2  s  3)  ________________

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When working symbolically, remember the rules for integer multiplication and division.

Example 2

Using the Distributive Property to Multiply a

Polynomial by a Constant

Find the product: 5(4e2  5e  3)

Solution

5(4e2  5e  3)

Multiply each term in brackets by 5.

 (5)(4e2)  (5)(5e)  (5)(3)

Multiply.

 20e2  25e  (15)

 20e2  25e  15

Check
1. Multiply.
a) 3(7s2  9)
 3(7s2)  3(9)
 _____s2  _____

Multiply each term in brackets by 3.

Multiply: 3  7  _____ and 3  9  _____

b) 4(5e2  8e)
 _________________________
 _________________________

Multiply each term in brackets by 4.

Multiply.

c) 5(2d2  3d  6)
 ____________________________________
 ____________________________________
 ____________________________________

d) 7(6y2  8y  9)
 _________________________
 _________________________
 _________________________

We can use algebra tiles to divide a polynomial by a constant.

To divide: (8x)  2
Arrange 8
x

into 2 equal rows.

x

In each row there are 4

So, (8x)  2  4x

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Using Algebra Tiles to Divide a Polynomial by a Constant

Find the quotient: (6s  9)  3

Solution
(6s  9)  3
Arrange 6

and 9

In each row, there are 2

into 3 equal rows.

and 3

So, (6s  9)  3  2s  3

Check
1. Sketch algebra tiles to divide. Write the quotient each time.
a) (3g2  12g)  3  __________________

b) (4b2  6)  2  __________________

c) (4s2  4s  8)  4  ______________

d) (6t2  9t  9)  3  ________________

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When algebra tiles are not available,

or when the divisor is negative,
we can use what we already know about division.

In the division sentence

6  3  2, the divisor is 3.

We can write 8x  4 as a fraction: 8x

4

We write the fraction as a product, then simplify each fraction.

8x
4

8x
4

2x
 2x

Example 4

Dividing a Polynomial by a Constant Symbolically

2
Find the quotient: 9v  6

Solution
9v2  6
3

Write as the sum of 2 fractions with denominator 3.

2
 9v  6

Simplify the fractions.

 9  v2  2

When 2 integers have different signs, the quotient is negative.

 3  v2  2
 3v2  2

Check
1. Divide.
2
a) 12r  8

Write as the sum of 2 fractions with denominator 4.




 r2  ________

Simplify the fractions.

When 2 integers have the same sign, the quotient is _________.

 ______________
 ______________

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2
b) 18v  6v 12

2
c) 4e  8e




6
6

 ____ 


6


6

 ____  ____

________________________________

 ________________________________

 ________________________________

 ________________________________

 ________________________________

 ________________________________

Practice
1. Which multiplication sentence does each rectangle represent?
m

a)

b)

4(m  4)  (4  ____)  (4  ____)

 _____________

________________________________
 _____________

2. Write the multiplication sentence modelled by each set of tiles.

a)

b)

________________________________

________________________________

3. Sketch algebra tiles to multiply. Write the product each time.

a) 3(6r  4)  _______________

212

b) 2(2b2  b  3)  ________________

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4. Multiply.
a) 6(4t2  3)
 6(_____)  6(_____)
 ____________________

b) 8(3k2  2k  4)
 ___________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

5. Which of these quotients is modelled by the tiles below?

a) (15x  9)  3
b) (15x  9)  3
c) (15x  9)  3
6. Sketch algebra tiles to divide. Write the quotient each time.
a) (3h2  15h)  3  ______________

b) (2a2  6a  4)  2  _______________

7. Divide.
2
a) 10z  15

2
b) 7x 7x  21

7




 z2 




 ________________________

 ___________________________

 ________________________

 ___________________________

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5.6 Skill Builder

Multiplying Monomials
The area of this square is:
4 cm

The area of this rectangle is:

4  4  16
4 cm

Area  16

6 cm

4  6  24
4 cm

cm2

Area  24 cm2

We can use the models above to help us multiply 2 monomials.

The area of this square is:
The area of this rectangle is:
n

n  n  n2
n

3s
2s

3s  2s  3  s  2  s
32ss
 6  s2
 6s2

When one or both of the monomials is negative, we cannot use an area model.
We multiply using the rules for multiplying integers.
4v  (2v)  4  v  (2)  v
 4  (2)  v  v
4 and 2 have different signs,
2
so their product is negative.
 8  v
 8v2

Check
1. Multiply.
a) b  b  ______

b) c  (c)  ______

c) (f )  (f ) ______

d) (g)  g  ______

2. Multiply.
a) 5r  6r  5  r  6  r
56rr
 ______________________
 ______________________

b) (2d)  8d  (2)  d  8  d
 (2)  8  d  d
 ______________________
 ______________________

c) 4a  (7a)  _____________________
 _____________________
 _____________________
 _____________________

d) (5v)  (9v)  (5)  v  (9)  v

 ______________________
 ______________________
 ______________________

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5.6 Multiplying and Dividing

a Polynomial by a Monomial
FOCUS Use different strategies to multiply and divide a polynomial by a monomial.
To multiply 2d(3d) with algebra tiles:
Draw 2 adjacent sides of a rectangle.
Position
tiles to show side lengths 2d and 3d.
d

d  d  d2, so use
a d2-tile.

Then fill the rectangle with tiles.

We used 6 d2-tiles to fill the rectangle. So, 2d(3d)  6d2

Example 1

Multiplying a Binomial by a Monomial

Find the product: 3e(4e  2)

Solution
3e(4e  2)
Draw 2 adjacent sides of a rectangle.
Position tiles to show side lengths 3e and 4e  2.
e

1 1

When two tiles have the same

colour, use a positive tile in the
rectangle.
When two tiles have different
colours, use a negative tile in the
rectangle.

Fill the rectangle with tiles.

We used 12 e2-tiles and 6 e-tiles to fill the rectangle.
So, 3e(4e  2)  12e2  6e

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Check
1. Sketch algebra tiles to multiply. Write the product each time.
a) 2f(4f)
b) 3m(2m  4)

Number of f 2-tiles used: _____

So, 2f(4f )  _____f 2
3m(2m  4)  ___________________

Example 2

Multiplying a Binomial by a Monomial Symbolically

Find each product:

a) 3x(9x  4)

b) 6x(7x  5)

Solution
a) 3x(9x  4)

Use the distributive property.

Multiply each term in brackets by 3x.

 (3x)(9x)  (3x)(4)

Multiply: 3  9  27 and 3(4)  12

 27x2  (12x)
 27x2  12x
b) 6x(7x + 5)
 (6x)(7x)  (6x)(5)
 42x2  (30x)
 42x2  30x

216

Multiply each term in brackets by 6x.

Multiply: (6)(7)  42 and (6)(5)  30

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Check
1. Multiply.
a) 7x(4x  5)
 (7x)(4x)  (7x)(5)
 _____ x2  _____x

Multiply each term in brackets by 7x.

Multiply: 7  4  _____ and 7  5  _____

b) s(3s  4)
 (s)(3s)  (s)(4)
 _____________________

Multiply each term in brackets by s.

Multiply: 1  (3)  _____ and 1  4  _____

c) 9r(4r  5)
 ________________________
 ________________________

To divide a polynomial by a monomial, we use what we already know about division.

6a2

To divide: 3a
We write the fraction as a product of 2 fractions, then simplify each fraction.
6a2
3a

2
 6  aa
3

a1
 2  a
a1
2a
 2a

a is a common factor of the

numerator and the
denominator.

2
2a is the quotient of 6a .

3a

Example 3

Dividing a Binomial by a Monomial

2
Find the quotient: 8s  6s

2s

Solution
8s2  6s
2s

Write as the sum of 2 fractions each with denominator 2s.

2
 8s  6s

2s

2s

Simplify the fractions.

2
 8  ss  6  ss
2
2

 4  s  (3)  1
 4s  3

A variable divided by itself is 1.

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Check
1. Divide.
2
a) 12a

6a

Write as a product of 2 fractions.

 ____ 

a2
a

Simplify each fraction.

aa 1
a 1

 _________
 _________
2
c) 14c  21c

2
b) 9b  3b

7c

3b

3b

3b

 _______________________

 _______________________

 _______________________

 _______________________

Practice
1. Write the multiplication sentence modelled by each set of tiles.
a)

b)

_______________
____________
_

218

_______________________
______

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2. Sketch algebra tiles to multiply. Write the product each time.

a) 2s(s  4)  _____________

b) t(2t  3)  ______________________

3. Multiply.
a) 4r(5r  1)
 (4r)(____)  (4r)(____)
 ____r2  (____r)
 ___________________________

b) 7s(3s + 6)
 ___________________________
 ___________________________

c) 6t(t  3)
 ___________________________
 ___________________________

d) 8u(6u  7)
 ___________________________
 ___________________________

4. Divide.
2
a) 12v

2
b) 15w

3w

4v

 vv

v 1
 _____  v 
v
1
 _____  v

2
c) 28x

7x

 __________

 _________

 __________

 _________

 _____
5. Divide.
a)

18y 2  12y
2y

8z

2
c) 15 n  21n

3n

 _____________________

 _____________________

 ______________________

 _____________________

 _____________________

 _____________________

2y

2
b) 32z  24z

2y

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Unit 5 Puzzle
Alphabet Soup!
The table below contains 15 polynomial expressions.
Simplify each expression.
4

2x(x  3)

5x2  10x
5x
_________________

(3x  7)  (11  4x)

_________________

_________________

5
4(x2  3x  1)

7
(5x  4)  (x2  2x  1)

_________________

3(2x  1)

___________________

10

_________________

13

3x2  5  2x
 (5  3x2  2x)

8  7x  11  3x

(4x2  9x  5)
 (4x2  8x  3)

_________________

_________________

_________________

11

2
36x218x
6x

2x2  x  5  7x  5

(16x  12)  4

_________________

_________________

_________________
15

12

0
(6x  5)  (9  x)

2(2x2  6x  2)
___________________

_________________

(4x2  x  6)
 (3x2  2x  1)
___________________

Seven pairs of expressions have the same answer. Find the 7 pairs.
For each matching pair, add the numbers in the top left corner of each square.
The sum represents a letter of the alphabet.
1

G H

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
I

M N O

Write the seven letters below.

____

____

____

____

____

____

____

Unscramble the letters to find a math word used in this unit. _____________

220

V W X

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Unit 5 Study Guide

Skill

Description

Example

Recognize the different

parts of a polynomial.

A polynomial may have

variable terms and a
constant term. The number
in front of a variable is its
coefficient.

variable term

Describe and classify

polynomials.

A polynomial can be
classified by its number of
terms and by its term with
the greatest degree.

Monomial: 3x
Binomial: 2x  5
Trinomial: x2  2x  1
degree 2

Use algebra tiles to represent

a polynomial.

We use these tiles:

x2  2x  1
1

3x2  2x  4
coefficient

constant

A pair of tiles with the same

shape and size, but different
colours forms a zero pair.
The tiles model 0.

Simplify polynomials by
combining like terms.

To simplify a polynomial, add

the coefficients of like terms.

Like terms: 4x2 and 2x2

Unlike terms: 3x and 5
4x2  2x2  2x2

Add polynomials.

To add polynomials, remove

the brackets and add the
coefficients of like terms.

(4x2  3x)  (x2  5x)

 4x2  3x  x2  5x
 4x2  x2  3x  5x
 5x2  2x

Subtract polynomials.

To subtract a polynomial,
add the opposite terms.

(3x2  5x)  (2x2  x)

 3x2  5x  (2x2  x)
 3x2  5x  2x2  x
 3x2  2x2  5x  x
 x2  6x

Multiply a polynomial by a
monomial.

To multiply a polynomial by
a monomial, use the
distributive property.

3x(6x  5)
 3x(6x)  (3x)(5)
 18x2  (15x)
 18x2  15x

Divide a polynomial by a
monomial.

To divide a polynomial by
a monomial, divide each
term of the polynomial by
the monomial.

24x 2  32x
8x

2
 24x  32x

8x

8x

 3x 4

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Unit 5 Review
5.1

1. Is the polynomial a monomial, binomial, or trinomial?

a) 3s2  11 _____________.

b) 8d _____________.

c) 2e2  9e  7 _____________.

d) 8h  1 _____________.

2. Sketch algebra tiles to model each polynomial.

a) 3k  4

5.2

b) 2m2  m  3

c) n2  5n  2

3. Simplify each polynomial.

a) 7d  4  8d  2
 ________________________________
 ________________________________

b) 3e2  8e  2e2  11e

 ________________________________
 ________________________________

c) 13  6h  2h2  7h  9
 ________________________________
 ________________________________
 ________________________________

d) 9k2  15k  8  2k2  4k  3

 ________________________________
 ________________________________

4. Identify and explain any errors you find.

5.3

a) 2x2  5x  7x2

____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________

b) 5s  7s  2s

____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________

5. Sketch algebra tiles to model each sum. Then write the sum.
a) (5e  7)  (4e  1)

Remaining tiles: _________________

So, (5e  7)  (4e  1)  __________

222

b) (6f 2  2f  5)  (4f 2  f  3)

Remaining tiles: ____________________________

So, (6f 2  2f  5)  (4f 2  f  3)
 ______________

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6. Add.
a) (7r  11)  (2r  3)
 _______________________
 _______________________
 _______________________
5.4

b) (9s2  5s)  (16s2  9s  14)

 ________________________________
 ________________________________
 ________________________________

7. Use algebra tiles to model each difference.

Sketch the tiles that remain, then write the difference.
a) (2t  5)  (5t  7)

b) (7u  2)  (u2  3u  1)

Remaining tiles: ________________

So, (2t  5)  (5t  7)  _______

Remaining tiles: ____________________

So, (7u  2)  (u2  3u  1)  _____________

8. Subtract.
a) (6v  5)  (13v  3)
 6v  5  (____________)
 _______________________
 _______________________
 _______________________
5.5

b) (10w2  7)  (2w  9w2  5)

 ________________________________
 ________________________________
 ________________________________
 ________________________________

9. Write the multiplication sentence modelled by each set of tiles.

a)

b)

______________________

_____________________________________
10. Multiply.
a) 6(7y2  1)
 6(_______)  6(_______)
 ___________________

b) 9(2z2  4z  5)
 ______________________________________
 ______________________________________
 ______________________________________

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11. Divide.
2
b) 27b  9b  36

a) 16a  40

9

 16  a  (____)

 ____________

 _______________________________

 ____________

 _______________________________

5.6 12. Sketch algebra tiles to multiply. Write the product each time.

a) 2c(c  5) ______________

b) 3d(d  4)  ______________

13. Multiply.
a) 3e(5e  2)

b) 4f(5f  2)

 (3e)(___)  (3e)(___)

 _____________________

 ___e2  (___)e

 _____________________

 ______________

 _____________________

14. Divide.
2
a) 21k

2
b) 81m  45m

9m

7k

 21  k

33n2  36n
3n

 _____  k

 ______________________

 _______________________

 __________

 ______________________

 _______________________

 _____ 

224

c)

k
kk
k1