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Transmission Line Theory: Microwave Engineering

This document discusses transmission line theory and outlines key concepts: 1. It introduces transmission line theory and how it is used to model signal propagation at microwave frequencies when the wavelength becomes comparable to transmission line length. 2. The telegrapher's equation is derived to model voltage and current on a transmission line as a function of position and time. 3. Key transmission line parameters are defined, including characteristic impedance, propagation constant, phase velocity, and time constant. 4. Wave reflection at mismatches is analyzed using reflection coefficients, and how this leads to standing wave patterns on the line.

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Dai Thang Tran
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32 views

Transmission Line Theory: Microwave Engineering

This document discusses transmission line theory and outlines key concepts: 1. It introduces transmission line theory and how it is used to model signal propagation at microwave frequencies when the wavelength becomes comparable to transmission line length. 2. The telegrapher's equation is derived to model voltage and current on a transmission line as a function of position and time. 3. Key transmission line parameters are defined, including characteristic impedance, propagation constant, phase velocity, and time constant. 4. Wave reflection at mismatches is analyzed using reflection coefficients, and how this leads to standing wave patterns on the line.

Uploaded by

Dai Thang Tran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 1

TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY

Phan Hong Phuong

OUTLINE
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. INTRODUCTION
2. TELEGRAPHERS EQUATION
3. PARAMETERS OF TRANSMISSION LINE
4. WAVE REFLECTION
5. STANDING WAVE
6. LINE IMPEDANCE

Phan Hong Phuong

1. INTRODUCTION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Low frequency

High frequency

Z = R + jL
Phan Hong Phuong

Multiport Microwave Network


Dimension ~

Circuit
Theory

Transmission Line Theory


1-D Wave Theory

ElectroMagnetics
Theory

Maxwell equations
in special cases

Extended
Circuit Theory
Phan Hong Phuong

1. INTRODUCTION (cont.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A signal is distributed in time and space that causes phase


delay while propagating from the source to the load;
At low
l frequencies
f
i (the
(th wavelength
l
th is
i much
h greater
t than
th
the line length >> l ) the line can be considered as short;
When l the phase delay must be taken into account;
At microwave frequencies

<< l the phase delay becomes

sognificant.

Phan Hong Phuong

1. INTRODUCTION (cont.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Phan Hong Phuong

2. TELEGRAPHERS EQUATION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i(x , t ) i( x+x , t )

Source

v( x, t )

Z0

R x L x

Load

v( x+x , t )

ZL

G x
x x+x

C x

x+ x

R [/m] - Losses in metal


G [S/m] - Losses in dielectric
L [H/m] - induction of metal caused by
magnetic field in the line structure
C [F/m] - capacitance in the line structure

Phan Hong Phuong

Solution of the telegraphers equation:


V(x) = V+ e x + V-e x
I(x) = I + e x + I-e x
Z0 =

I(x) =

R + jL
G + j C

: Characteristic impedance

V
V
Z0 = + =
I+
I

Lossless transmission line:

V(z) = V+ e jx + V-e jx
V
V
I(z) = + e jx e jx
Z0
Z0

1
[V+ e x V-e x ]
Z0

= + j = j LC

vp =

= f

Z0 =

= LC
2
2
=0
=
=
LC
1

vp = =
Phan Hong Phuong

LC

L
C

3. Transmission line parameters

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Propagation constant:

() = ( R + jL)(G + jC) = + j
() - Attenuation constant [Neper/m], () - Phase constant[rad/m]

2. Characteristic impedance:
Z0 =

R + jL
G + jC

3. Phase velocity:
4. Time constant:

[]
v =

[m/s]

1
[s/m]
=
v

Phan Hong Phuong

4. WAVE REFLECTION

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Reflection coefficient of voltage:


g v ( x ) =

V e x

V+ e x

V 2 x
e
V+

x
Reflection coefficient of current: i ( x ) = I e = v ( x)
I + e x
Phan Hong Phuong

10

4. WAVE REFLECTION
--------------------------------------------------------------At load

x=l ;

L =

(l ) = L =

V 2 l
e
V+

Z L Z 0 Y0 YL
=
Z L + Z 0 Y0 + YL

( x ) = L e 2 d

Lossless or low loss transmission line:

Z0 R 0
ZL = R 0

L =

ZL R0
ZL + R 0

L = 0

Impedance matching
Phan Hong Phuong

11

5. STANDING WAVE

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bien o song

Song ti

Song phan xa
0

VSWR =

e x

e x
l x

Vmax 1+ | |
=
Vmin 1 | |

Distance between two maxima is /2;


Distance between two minima /2;
Distance between a maximum and a minimum is /4;
Phan Hong Phuong

12

6. LINE IMPEDANCE (1)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Z( x ) =

Z( x ) = Z 0
Lossless transmission line:

Z( x ) = R 0

V( x)
I( x )

Z L + Z 0 th( d )
Z 0 + Z L th( d )

Z L + jR 0 tg( d )
R 0 + jZ L tg( d )

Phan Hong Phuong

13

6. LINE IMPEDANCE (2)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Impedance matching: ZL= R0, (x)=0


Z( x ) = R 0

d = 2 d = 3 / 2

d =

d= /2

Short circuit Z L = 0
|| = 1

3 4

X(x)

Z( x ) = jR 0 tg (d ) = jX (d )

Phan Hong Phuong

14

6. LINE IMPEDANCE (3)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Open circuit Z L =
|| = 1

Z( x ) = jR 0 ctg( x )
d = 2

d = 3 / 2

d =

Reactive load
Z L = jX L

d= /2

X(x)

u
i

3 4

X + R 0 tg
g( d )

Z( x ) = j R 0 L
R 0 + X L tg( d )

|| = 1
Phan Hong Phuong

15

Phan Hong Phuong

16

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