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Sample Formula Sheet For Thermodynamics

This formula sheet provides key equations and concepts for thermodynamics. It includes equations for: 1) Closed and open systems mass balance, energy balance, and entropy balance. 2) Definitions of enthalpy, specific heat, and ideal gas properties. 3) Equations for phase changes, thermodynamic cycles, and performance of common thermodynamic devices. 4) Conversion factors and physical constants like the gas constant R.

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microp_aras
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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15K views

Sample Formula Sheet For Thermodynamics

This formula sheet provides key equations and concepts for thermodynamics. It includes equations for: 1) Closed and open systems mass balance, energy balance, and entropy balance. 2) Definitions of enthalpy, specific heat, and ideal gas properties. 3) Equations for phase changes, thermodynamic cycles, and performance of common thermodynamic devices. 4) Conversion factors and physical constants like the gas constant R.

Uploaded by

microp_aras
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sample FORMULA SHEET for Test 2

System Closed Open


𝑉 𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝐴𝑉
Mass Constant 𝑚= = 𝑚− 𝑚 𝑚=
𝑣 𝑑𝑡 𝑣
𝐼𝑁 𝑂𝑈𝑇
𝑑𝐸𝐶𝑉 𝑉2 𝑉2
Energy 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = 𝑄𝐼𝑁 − 𝑊𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 𝑄𝐼𝑁 − 𝑊𝑂𝑈𝑇 + 𝑚 𝑕 + 𝑔𝑧 + − 𝑚 𝑕 + 𝑔𝑧 +
𝑑𝑡 2 2
𝐼𝑁 𝑂𝑈𝑇
𝑄𝐼𝑁 𝑑𝑆𝐶𝑉 𝑄𝐼𝑁
𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = +𝜎 = + 𝑚𝑠 − 𝑚𝑠 + 𝜎𝐶𝑉
𝑇𝐵 𝑑𝑡 𝑇𝑏
𝐼𝑁 𝑂𝑈𝑇
Entropy Reversible: 𝜎=0 Reversible: 𝜎𝐶𝑉 = 0
Irreversible: 𝜎>0 Irreversible: 𝜎𝐶𝑉 > 0
Impossible: 𝜎<0 Impossible: 𝜎𝐶𝑉 < 0
𝑣2 𝑝2
𝑊 𝑊
= 𝑝𝑑𝑣 =− 𝑣𝑑𝑝
Only If 𝑚 𝑣1 𝑚 𝑝1
Reversible 𝑠2
𝑄 𝑠2
𝜎=0 𝑄
= 𝑇𝑑𝑠 = 𝑇𝑑𝑠
𝑚 𝑠1 𝑚 𝑠1

Enthalpy is defined as 𝑕 = 𝑢 + 𝑝𝑣.

Substance 𝒗 𝚫𝒖 𝚫𝒉 𝚫𝒔
Liquid/Solid Constant 𝐶Δ𝑇 𝐶Δ𝑇 + 𝑣Δ𝑝 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝐶 ln⁡(𝑇2 /𝑇1 )
𝑅𝑇/𝑝 𝐶𝑉 Δ𝑇 𝐶𝑃 Δ𝑇
𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝐶𝑃 ln 𝑇2 /𝑇1 − 𝑅 ln 𝑃2 /𝑃1
Ideal Gas 𝑅 𝑘𝑅
𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 = 𝑅, 𝑘 = 𝐶𝑝 /𝐶𝑣 , 𝐶𝑣 = , 𝐶𝑃 = 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝐶𝑉 ln 𝑇2 /𝑇1 + 𝑅 ln 𝑣2 /𝑣1
𝑘−1 𝑘−1

Phase Change TABLES


(Water) Quality: 𝑥 = (𝜙 − 𝜙𝑓 )/(𝜙𝑔 − 𝜙𝑓 ) = (𝜙 − 𝜙𝑓 )/𝜙𝑓𝑔 where 𝜙 is any of 𝑣, 𝑢, 𝑕, or 𝑠

CYCLE POWER HEAT PUMP/REFRIGERATION

Energy
𝑈2 = 𝑈1

Entropy 𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐶 𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐶
0= − + 𝜎𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙 𝑒 0=− + + 𝜎𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑆2 = 𝑆1 𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶 𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶
Reversible 𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐶 𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐶
= =
(At best) 𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶 𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶
𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐶 𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐶
Irreversible < >
𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶 𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶
Heat Pump Refrigeration
Performance 𝜂 = 𝑊𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙 𝑒 /𝑄𝐻
𝛾 = 𝑄𝐻 /𝑊𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝛽 = 𝑄𝐶 /𝑊𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
Sample FORMULA SHEET for Test 2

Device Performance Notes


Turbine 𝜂 𝑇 = 𝑊𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 /𝑊𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 Produces work

Compressor/Pump 𝜂𝐶 = 𝜂𝑃 = 𝑊𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 /𝑊𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 Consumes work


2 2
Nozzle 𝜂𝑁 = 𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 /𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 Work is always zero (increases velocity)
Causes pressure drop
Throttling Valve Not applicable
Work and Heat transfer are always zero.

Isentropic process = Adiabatic (Q = 0) & Reversible process

Ideal Gas 𝑃2 𝑃2 𝑃𝑟2 𝑣2 𝑣𝑟2


𝑠2𝑜 = 𝑠1𝑜 + 𝑅 ln = =
(Tables) 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟1 𝑣1 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑟1

Ideal Gas
𝐶𝑃 𝑅 𝑘−1 𝑅
𝑃2 𝑣1 𝑣1 𝑘 𝑇2 𝑣1 𝑣1 𝑘−1
Const. 𝐶𝑣 𝑇2 𝑃2 𝐶𝑝 𝑃2 𝑘 𝐶𝑣
Specific = = = = = =
𝑃1 𝑣2 𝑣2 𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑇1 𝑣2 𝑣2
Heat

v=constant
s=constant
T P=constant P

T=constant

s v

Units/Conversions/Constants/Properties/Formulas
o
0 C = 273.15 K 0oF = 459.67 R
2
1 Pa = 1 N/m 1 HP = 550 ft-lbf/s = 0.746 kW
1 W = 1 J/s 1 lbf = 32.174 lb-ft/s2
1 bar = 105 Pa 1 J = 1 N-m = 1 kg-m2 /s2
1 Btu = 778.17 ft-lbf 1 N = 1 kg-m/s2
2
g = 9.8 m/s = 32.174 ft/s 2
1m3 = 1000 liters
R = 8.314 kJ/kmol-K = 1545 ft-lbf/lbmol-R=1.986 BTU/lbmol-R;

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