Science 7

Module
Cell Structure and Function
Smiling Grass Cell
Philippine Normal University
Taft Ave., Manila
College of Education
Department of field Study and Student Teaching
Certificate of Teaching Program
(CTP)
AbouttheCover
(Photonotmine,creditstotheowner)
A cross section of the leaf of marram grass
Ammophila arenaria, a species of dune grass thats
primarily responsible for trapping windblown sand
and building the dune systems around our coast.
Marram grass survives by rolling up its leaves during
long periods of drought, minimizing water loss. This
cross section of a partially rolled leaf has been
stained with fluorescent dyes to light up different cell
types within the leaf, with the outside surface of the leaf at the bottom of the picture
(smooth,curvedsurface)andtheinnerconvolutedsurfaceatthetop.
(http://beyondthehumaneye.blogspot.com/2009/06/dunebuilder.html)
CopyrightPage
Science7
Module
CellStructureandFunction
by
JohnDanielP.Gumban
to
Dr.LenardA.Tabaranza
October2013
Module
Cell Structure and Function
What this module is about
This module will help you gain knowledge about cell: the basic unit of all living
matter. It is the unit of structure and function of which all plants and animals are
composed. The cell is the smallest unit in the living organism that is capable of integrating the
essential life processes. The cell is the key to biology because it is at this level that life truly
springs. As you read this, you will learn more about the activities of the cell, the structures and
thematerialoflifethatfillsthem.Lateron,youwilldiscoverwhatalivingmatterismadeof.
Thismodulehasthefollowinglessons:
Lesson1CellTheory
Lesson2Cell:TheBasisofLife
Lesson3CellTypes
What are you expected to learn
Aftergoingthismodule,youareexpectedto:
Identifythedifferentpartsofthecell
Differentiateplantcellsfromanimalcell
Differentiateunicellularorganismsfrommulticellularorganisms
Differentiateprokaryoticfromeukaryoticcells
Appreciatecellasahighlyorganizedstructure.
How to learn from this module
Iknowyouwanttostarttolearnaboutcells.Soyoumustfollowthesesteps
andinstructionstobeabletoachievetheobjectivesofthismodule.
Readandfollowtheinstructionscarefully.
Answerthepretestbeforeyoustartthelesson.
Takenoteandrecordpointforclarification.
Trytoachieveatleast75%levelofproficiencyinthetests.
Workdiligentlyandhonestly.
Answertheprotest.
What to do before (Pretest)
To start off, you have to answer the pretest for you to measure how much
youknowaboutthetopic.Youcanstartnow.
There are 20 questions. Each question has ONLY ONE CORRECT
ANSWER. Choose the one you believe to be best. Each question is worth 2
points.Readeachquestionfullyandcarefully.Takeyourtime.GOODLUCK!
1. A cell is observed to contain a nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts. From this
informationyoucanconcludethatthecellis:
a. aplantcell c.abacteriacell
b. ananimalcell d.aprokaryoticcell
2. A cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles is known as a (an)
______________cell.
a. plant c.eukaryote
b. animal d.prokaryote
3. A cell with relatively few energy needs will probably have a relatively small
numberof________________.
a. ribosomes c.mitochondria
b. lysosomes d.chromosomes
4. Digestiveenzymesorhydrolyticenzymesaretermsassociatedwith_________.
a. ribosomes c.golgiapparatus
b. lysosomes d.smoothendoplasmicreticulum
5. Inwhichofthefollowingitemswouldyouexpecttofindcells?
a. strawberry c.silverdollar
b. eyeglasses d.plasticflower
6. Organismswhosecellsdonothaveanucleusarecalled_______________.
a. plants c.eukaryotes
b. organelles d.prokaryotes
7. Plantcellsoftenhaveaboxlikeshapebecauseofthe________________.
a. nucleus c.cytoplasm
b. cellwall d.cellmembrane
8. The site of ATP production and the site of photosynthesis are the
_______________and_________________.
a. ribosomesandvacuoles c.mitochondriaandchloroplast
b. chloroplastsandlysosome d.Golgicomplexandchloroplast
9. Whatistheoutermostboundaryofananimalcell?
a. thecellwall c.thecellmembrane
b. thecytoplasm d.thenuclearenvelope
10. Whatsiteregulateswhatgoesinandoutofthecell?
a. cellwall c.cellmembrane
b. vacuole d.nuclearmembrane
11. What type of cell has these characteristics: contains DNA but no nucleus,
containsflagella,ribosomes,cytoplasm,andacellmembrane.
a. plant c.animal
b. fungi d.bacteria
12. Whereisthesiteofproteinsynthesis?
a. nucleus c.ribosome
b. lysosome d.mitochondria
13. Whichisthebrainofthecell?
a. nucleus c.golgibodies
b. chloroplast d.mitochondria
14. Whichofthefollowingformsoflifeisnoteukaryotic?
a. abacteriacell c.aplantcelllikegumamela
b. protistsuchasamoeba d.ahumancellsuchasRedBloodCell
15. Whichofthefollowingisfoundinthenucleus?
a. vacuoles c.mitochondria
b. chloroplasts d.chromosomes
c.
16. Whichofthefollowingisnottrueofchloroplasts?
a. Theysynthesizesugar c.Theyareonlyfoundinplants.
b. Theycontainpigments d.Theyappeargreenbecauseofchlorophyll
17. Whichofthefollowingorganellestransportsmaterialsinsidethecell?
a. lysosome c.mitochondria
b. chloroplast d.endoplasmicreticulum
18. Whichofthefollowingstatementsisalwaystrue?
a. Allcellshaveacellwall. c.Allcellscontainchloroplast.
b. Allcellscontainnucleus. d.Allcellshavecellmembrane.
19. Whichofthefollowingstructuresarecommontobotheukaryoticandprokaryoticcells?
a. nucleus c.bothbandc
b. ribosomes d.cellmembrane
20. Whichorganellehasnomembrane?
a. vacuole c.ribosome
b. lysosome d.chloroplast
Lesson1.CellTheory
The cell theory, or cell doctrine, states that all organisms are composed of
similar units of organization, called cells. The concept was formally articulated in
1839 by Schleiden and Schwann and has remained as the foundation of modern
biology. The idea predates other great paradigms of biology including Darwins
theory of evolution (1859), Mendels laws of inheritance (1865), and the
establishmentofcomparativebiochemistry(1940).
FactFile
The average human being is composed of around 100 Trillion individual
cells. It would take as many as 50 cells to cover the area of a dot on
theletteri.
FirstCellsSeeninCork
I took a good clear piece of Cork and with a Penknife sharpend as keen as a razor
cut off an exceeding thin piece of it, and placing it on a balck object Plate and casting the
light on it with a deep planoconvex Glass, I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all
perforated and porous these pores, or cells, were not very deep, but consisted of a great
many little Boxes, separated out of one continued long pore by certain Diaphragms Nor is
this kind of texture peculiar to Cork only for upon examination with my Microscope, I have found
that the pith of an Elder, or almost any other Tree, the inner pul or pith of the Cany hollow stalks
of several other Vegetables: as of Fennel, Carrets, Daucus, Burdocks, Teasels, Fearn & c.
havesomuchkindofSchematisme,asIhavelatelyshownthatofCork.
RobertHooke(firstreportontheexistenceofcell,1665)fromMicrophagia
WhiletheinventionofthetelescopemadetheCosmos
accessibletohumanobservation,themicroscopeopenedupsmaller
worlds,showingwhatlivingformswerecomposedof.Thecellwas
firstdiscoveredandnamedbyRobertHookein1665.Heremarked
thatitlookedstrangelysimilartocellulaorsmallroomswhichmonks
inhabited,thusderivingthename.HoweverwhatHookeactuallysaw
wasthedeadcellwallsofplantcells(cork)asitappearedunderthe
microscope.Hookesdescriptionofthesecellswaspublishedin
Micrographia.ThecellwallsobservedbyHookegavenoindicationof
thenucleusandotherorganellesfoundinmostlivingcells.
Figure1.1Thecells
observedbyHookinthe
honeycombstructureof
acorktissue
Using handcrafted microscopes, Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to
observe and describe single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules
(which we now refer to as microorganisms). He was also the first to record and observe muscle
fibres,bacteria,spermatozoaandbloodflowincapillaries(smallbloodvessels).
FactFile
In 1681, Anton van Leeuwenhoek examined his own stool samples
during times of diarrhea. In his runny stool, he found little animals.
Leeuwenhoek described Giardia being a slow moving animal, but able
to make quick motions with their paws. Today, we know this is a
helicalmotionthatiscausedbyflagella.
FormulationofCellTheory
In 1838, Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden were enjoying afterdinner coffee and
talking about their studies on cells. It has been suggested that when Schwann heard Schleiden
describe plant cells with nuclei, he was struck by the similarity of these plant cells to cells he had
observed in animal tissues. The two scientists went immediately to Schwanns lab to look at his
slides. Schwann published his book on animal and plant cells (Schwann 1839) the next year, a
treatise devoid of acknowledgments of anyone elses contribution, including that of Schleiden
(1838).
These discoveries of Schleiden and Schwann introduced the cell theory. This theory
statesthat:
1. Alllivingthingsaremadeupofoneormorecells.
2. Thecellisthefundamental,structuralandfunctionalunitofalllivingorganisms.
In1855,thirdstatementonthecelltheorywasaddedbyRudolfVirchow.Itstatesthat:
3. Alllivingcellscomefrompreexistingcells,bydivision.
This ability of cells to divide and form new cells is the reason for the reproduction and
growthofallorganisms.
ThemodernprinciplesoftheCellTheoryincludethefollowing:
1. Alllivingthingsaremadeupofoneormorecells.
2. Thecellisthefundamental,structuralandfunctionalunitofalllivingorganisms.
3. Alllivingcellscomefrompreexistingcells,bydivision.
4. Theactivityofanorganismisthetotalactivityoftheindependentcellsoftheorganism.
5. Allenergyflowoflifeoccurswithinthecell.
6. The cells contain hereditary information and is passed from one to another during cell
division.
7. Thechemicalcompositionofcellarebasicallythesameinorganismsofsimilarspecies.
Table1.1LandmarksintheStudyofCellBiology
1595 HansandZachariasJansencreditedwith1stcompoundmicroscope.
1626 FrancescoRedipostulatedthatlivingthingsdonotarisefromspontaneousgeneration.
1655 RobertHookedescribedcellsincork.
1674 AntonVanLeeuwenhoekdiscoveredprotozoa.Hesawbacteriasome9yearslater.
1833 RobertBrowndescribedthecellnucleusincellsoftheorchid.
1840 AlbrechtvonRoellikerrealizedthatspermcellsandeggcellarealsocells.
1856 NathanaelPringsheimobservedhowaspermcellpenetratedaneggcell.
1858 RudolfVirchow(physician,pathologistandanthropologist)expoundshisfamous
conclusion:omniscellulaecellula,thatiscellsdeveloponlyfromexistingcells
(cellscomefrompreexistingcells)
1857 AlbertvonKllikerdescribedmitochondria.
1869 JohannesFriedrichMiescherisolatedDNAforthefirsttime.
1879 WaltherFlemmingdescribedchromosomebehaviorduringmitosis.
1833 Germcellarehaploid,chromosometheoryofheredity.
1898 Golgidescribedthegolgiapparatus.
1926 TheodorSvedbergdevelopedthefirstanalyticalultracentrifuge.
1938 PeterBehrensuseddifferentialcentrifugationtoseparatenucleifromcytoplasm.
1939 Siemensproducedthefirstcommercialtransmissionelectronmicroscope,
1941 AlbertCoonsusedfluorescentlabeledantibodiestodetectcellularantigens.
1952 GeorgeOttoGeyandcoworkersestablishedacontinuoushumancellline.
1953 FrancisCrick,MauriceWilkinsandJamesWatsonproposedstructureofDNA
doublehelix.
1955 HarryEaglesystematicallydefinedthenutritionalneedsofanimalcellsinculture.
1957 MatthewMeselson,FranklinStahlandJeromeVinograddevelopeddensitygradient
centrifugationincesiumchloridesolutionsforseparatingnucleicacids.
1965 RGHamintroducedadefinedserumfreemedium.CambridgeInstrumentsproduced
thefirstcommercialscanningelectronmicroscope.
1976 RizzinoSatoandcolleaguespublishpapersshowingthatdifferentcelllinesrequire
differentmixturesofhormonesandgrowthfactorsinserumfreemedia.
1981 Transgenicmiceandfruitfliesareproduced.Mouseembryonicstemcellline
established.
1987 Firstknockoutmousecreated.
1998 Miceareclonedfromsomaticcells.
2000 HumangenomeDNAsequencedraft.
2001 Cellcycleregulation(cyclins).
2002 Mousegenomesequenced.
2004 Ratgenomesequenced.
2006 AndrewFireandCraigMellodescribedmethodofRNAinterference(RNAi)with
singlestrandedRNA.
Prior to 1931 when the first electron microscope was developed, magnification of
microscopes was limited to about 2000 times. The small cell structures did not show up well or
remained invisible. The electron microscope not only showed more detail of previously known
parts of the cell but also revealed new parts. Cells and cell structures can now be examined at
magnificationsofupto500000timesandmore.
FactFile
The shape and appearance of a cell depends on what job it does. Cells
consist of jellylike cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane. Nutrients
pass through this membrane and substances produced by the cell
leave.
What you will do
Activity1.1
TheStreetSweepers
Theairwebreatheisfilledwithdust,smoke,andevensmallbacteria.
Howcomeallthesematerialsdonotaccumulateinthelungsandclogtheir
passageways?
What you will do
SelfTest1.1
Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.
1. What contributions did van Leeuwenhoek, Hook, Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow make
tothedevelopmentofthecelltheory?
2. Whatroledidtheinventionofthemicroscopeplayinthedevelopmentofthecelltheory?
Lesson2.Cell:TheBasisofLife
Have you tried check leaves and observe its surface? Have you tried to exam the wings
of insects? Have you ever observed the skin of the onion? Such curiosity led early scientist to
examine living things in the hope of getting a better view of their structure. Little by little, they
discovered that all living things are made of cells. Cell is the fundamental, structural and
functional unit of all living organisms such as the birds you watch, the cork trees and so on are
madeoflivingcells.
Figure2.1Alllivingorganismsarecomposedofoneormorecells.
http://www.deshow.net/animal/binganimalwallpaper846.html
FactFile
Cellsneedfood,oxygenandawateryenvironmentinordertosurvive.
Foodandwateraresuppliedbythebloodandotherbodyfluids,which
alsocarryawaywastes.Bloodalsocontainsallofthefoodsubstances
andchemicalsneededbythecell.
THESTRUCTUREOFTHECELL
Cellshavethreemajorparts:
1. Nucleusservesasthecontrolcenterofthecell
2. Cytoplasmisthematerialbetweenthenucleusandtheouterboundarywhere
organellesarefound
3. CellMembraneservesastheouterboundaryofthecellandorganellesthe
passageofmaterialstoandfromthecell.
CellMembrane
Thecellmembraneisathinsemipermeable
membranethatsurroundsthecytoplasmofacell,
enclosingitscontents.Itsfunctionistoprotectthe
integrityoftheinteriorofthecellbyallowingcertain
substancesintothecell,whilekeepingothersubstances
out.Italsoservesasabaseofattachmentforthe
cytoskeletoninsomeorganismsandthecellwallin
others.Thusthecellmembranealsoservestohelp
supportthecellandhelpmaintainitsshape.
Figure2.2
CellMembrane
FindOut
Breakachickeneggintoadish,andlookattheyolk.Howlargedoyouthinkisit?
Estimate its width. Then use a metric ruler to measure the width of your chicken
yolk cell. With a hand lens, observe the yolk closely. Other cells that can be seen
easilyarelargefisheggs.
Feedback: Most cells are too small to be seen without the help of a microscope. Luckily, there
areafewcellsthatcanbeseenwithyournakedeyes.
FactFile
Thelargestcellinhumanbodyistheeggcellorovum,whichmaybe
fertilizedbyaspermcellandgrowintoababy.
CytoplasmStructures
Thecytoplasmconsistsofallofthecontentsoutsideofthenucleusandenclosedwithin
thecellmembraneofacell.Thisincludesmitochondria,endoplasmicreticulum,ribosome,golgi
bodies,lysosomes,andvacuole.
Mitochondria are commonly called the power houses of the
cell. They trap the energy that results when food is broken down. Just
as a power plant supplies energy to a business, mitochondria provide
energy for the cell. Some types of cells are more active than others,
thatswhytheycanhavemoremitochondria.
Figure2.3
Mitochondria
AnalyzeThis
Whymightamusclecellhavemoremitochondriathanothercells?
Feedback: Muscle cells are always undergoing some type of movement. Muscles are also the
onesexposedtostrenuousactivitieslikedoingsomehouseholdchores,running,walking,etc.
Endoplasmic reticulum are network of canals extends from the nucleus to the cell
membrane and takes up quite a lot of space in some cells. It moves material from one place to
another place inside the cell.
There are two regions of the
endoplasmic reticulum that
differ in both structure and
function. One region is called
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
because it has ribosomes
attached to the cytoplasmic
side of the membrane. The
other region is called Smooth
Endoplasmic Reticulum
because it lacks attached
ribosomes. Typically, the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
is a tubule network and the
rough endoplasmic reticulum
isaseriesofflattenedsacs.
Figure2.4
EndoplasmicReticulum
Ribosomes are the tiny dots you see
on the edges of some of the endoplasmic
reticulum. Some cells may contain millions
of ribosomes. Ribosomes are cell organelles
that consist of RNA and proteins. They are
responsible for assembling the proteins of
the cell. Depending on the protein production
level of a particular cell, ribosomes may
numberinthemillions.
Figure2.5
Ribosome
FactFile
Cells contain thousands of ribosomes. Ribosomes are organelles that
produce amino acids and proteins in the cells. They do this by reading
RNA (ribonucleic acid), which is a process called translation. Every
second,ribosomescanadd3+aminoacidstoanewprotein.
In a manufacturing business, products are made, packaged,
and moved to loading centers to be carried away. Structures called
golgi bodies are responsible for manufacturing, warehousing, and
shipping certain cellular products, particularly those from the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Depending on the type of cell, there can
be just a few complexes or there can be hundreds. Cells that
specialize in secreting various substances typically have a high
number of Golgi bodies. are the packaging and releasing structures
ofthecell.Whensomethingisreleased,itisgivenoffbythecell.
Figure2.6
GolgiBodies
ApplyingaConcept
An animal cell contains about 10 to 20 golgi bodies, while a plant cell contains
several hundreds. Why do you think there is such a difference in the number of these
structuresineachcelltype?
Feedback: The fact that plants produce so many materials (food, oils, resins, etc.), they will be in
needofmoregolgibodiestostorethesaidmaterials.
Do you know that cells also produce wastes? In the cytoplasm, structures called
lysosomes. Lysosomes are membranous sacs of enzymes. They are made by the endoplasmic
reticulum and Golgi bodies. Lysosomes contain various
hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of digesting nucleic acid,
polysaccharides, fats, and proteins.They are active in recycling
the cell's organic material and in the intracellular digestion of
macromolecules. In addition, in many organisms, lysosomes
are involved in programmed cell death. On the other hand,
lysosomes contain chemicals that digest wastes and
wornout/damaged cell parts. When a cell dies, chemicals in
the lysosomes act to quickly break down the cell. In a healthy
cell, the membrane around the lysosome keeps it from
breakingdownthecellitself.Plantcellsdonothavelysosomes. Figure2.7
Lysosome
FactFile
There are two ways that a cell can die: necrosis and apoptosis.
Necrosis occurs when a cell is damaged by an external force, such as
poison, a bodily injury, an infection or getting cut off from the blood
supply. Apoptosis, it's when a cell commits suicide. It's sometimes
referred to as programmed cell death, and indeed, the process of
apoptosisfollowsacontrolled,predictableroutine.
Many businesses have warehouses for storing products
until they are sold. Vacuoles are storage areas in cells. A
membranebound vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell
whose function includes intracellular secretion, excretion,
storage, and digestion. It can be found in animal and plant
cells,anditcanbeespeciallyconspicuousinplantcells.
Figure2.8
Vacuole
AnalyzeThis
Inplantcells,vacuolesarebig.Inanimalcells,vacuolesaresmall.Whydoyou
thinkso?
Feedback: Plants are said to be the producers of food in the environment. They may produce
sugar,oil,nectar,etc.Theyareinneedofbiggervacuolestostoresuchmaterials.
TheNucleus
The nucleus is a membrane bound structure and act as the control center of the cell. The
nucleus contains the cell's hereditary information and controls the cell's growth and
reproduction. The nucleus is bounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope
(nuclear membrane). This membrane separates the contents of the nucleus from the
cytoplasm. The envelope helps to maintain the shape of the nucleus and assists in regulating the
flow of molecules into and out of the nucleus through nuclear pores. The nucleus contains coded
instructions for all of the cells activities. These coded instructions are stored on special
structure called the chromosomes. When a cell is
"resting" i.e. not dividing, the chromosomes are
organized into long entangled structures called
chromatin and not into individual chromosomes as we
typically think of them. The nucleus also contains the
nucleolus which helps to synthesize ribosomes. The
nucleolus contains nucleolar organizers which are parts
of chromosomes with the genes for ribosome synthesis
on them. Copious amounts of RNA and proteins can be
found in the nucleolus as well. The nucleus controls the
synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm through the use of
messenger RNA. Messenger RNA is produced in the
nucleolus of the cell and travels to the cytoplasm through
theporesofthenuclearenvelope.
Figure2.9
PartsofNucleus
FactFile
A typical DNA molecule is so long and thin that if it were the thickness of spaghetti, it
wouldbe5miles(8km)long.
Figure2.10
AnimalCell
You have just looked at the inner workings of an animal cell. Imagine now that you are
taking a microscopic tour through
the green plant cell on the side.
You will find that some structures
in this cell are quite different from
the structures in an animal cell.
Take note of them. The outer
covering of the plant cell is not soft
and thin. Instead, it is surrounded
by a rigid/tough structure called the
cell wall that supports and protects
the plant cell. Once you pass
through the cell wall, you see the
same structures you saw in the
animal cell. The dark green bodies
you see around you are
chloroplasts. Substances inside
the chloroplast help a green plant
cell trap the suns energy and then
producefood.
Figure2.11
PlantCell
Imagine you could take a trip into a tiny bacterial cell. Bacteria and bluebacteria are quite
different from other cells. They have fewer structures than plant or animal cells. However, they
carry out all of the life processes that other cells carry out. You can see that a bacterium has a
cell wall, a cell membrane, and cytoplasm. The chromosome material (nucleoid), which directs
thecellsactivities,floatsfreelythroughthecytoplasm.Theotherstructuresarelacking.
Figure2.12
BacterialCell
FactFile
Bacteria are tiny, singlecelled organisms. They can measure as little as
0.001 mm across and they can only be seen under a microscope. There
aremanydifferentsortsofbacteria,andmostofthemareharmless.
What you will do
Activity2.1
Challenge
Make your own model of a cell at home. Prepare a small package of gulaman and pour it into
dish. Put common foods in the gelatin to represent cell structures. You could use lettuce or
shredded carrots for endoplasmic reticulum and raisins for mitochondria. Be creative! Unmold
yourcell.Andserveittoyourfamilyforsaladordessert.
What you will do
Selftest2.1
Let us see how well you can make a summary of what you know about
the cell. Below is a table that lists the names of the cell structure(s). Now,
compare animal, plant and bacterial cells by putting a (/) if the structure is present
andan(x)ifthestructureisabsentundereachcolumn.
Structures AnimalCell PlantCell BacterialCell
1.Cellwall
2.Cellmembrane
3.Cytoplasm
4.Mitochondria
5.Ribosomes
6.EndoplasmicReticulum
7.Golgibodies
8.Lysosomes
9.Vacuoles
10.Chloroplasts
11.Nucleus
12.Chromosomes
What you will do
SelfTest2.2
ATaleofaTail
Mr. Gumbans' class studied the parts of plant and
animal cells. The class captured tiny tadpoles in a local
stream. Mr. Gumban showed the students how to care for the
tadpoles in the classroom. Gradually, as the animals grew, the
bodies were changing in shape. Back and front legs grew out.
The mouth expanded from a small hole to a large opening
capable of swallowing large insects. In addition, the tails started
to disappear. Mr. Gumban told the whole class that there would
be a bonus question about the tadpoles in the test on animals.
For a study clue, she told them to review their notes on cells.
What do changes in the body parts of the tadpoles have to do
withcells? Figure2.13
Tadpole
Thinkcritically:
Answerthebonusquestion:
Whatcellpartmakesthetadpoletailsdisappear?How?
Lesson3.CellTypes
PROKARYOTESANDEUKARYOTES
Not all organelles described in the previous section are present in all cells. Cells can be
grouped into two large categories: prokaryotes (cell without a true nucleus) and eukaryotes (cell
withatruenucleus).
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are singlecelled organisms that are the earliest and most primitive forms of
life on earth. As organized in the Three Domain System, prokaryotes include bacteria and
archaeans. Prokaryotes are able to live and thrive in various types of environments including
extreme habitats such as hydrothermal vents, hot springs, swamps, wetlands, and the guts of
animals.
FactFile
The first recorded observation were of the bacteria found in the dental plaque of two old men
whonevercleanedtheirteeth.
ProkaryoticCellStructure
Prokaryotic cells are not as complex as eukaryotic cells. They have no true nucleus as the DNA
is not contained within a membrane or separated from the rest of the cell, but is coiled up in a
region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. Prokaryotes do not have membranebound
organelles like mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. They do not possess lysosomes,
vacuoles, and Golgi bodies. Their ribosomes are small. Chlorophyll, when present, is not
containedinchloroplasts.
Figure3.1ExamplesofProkaryotes.Fromlefttoright:lactobacillus,E.coliandsalmonella.
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi and protists. Typically, eukaryotic cells are more
complex and much larger than prokaryotic cells. On average, prokaryotic cells are about 10
times smaller in diameter than eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes have welldefined nuclear membrane
and distinct nucleolus. Membranebound organelles are found in eukaryotes, such as Golgi
bodiesandmitochondria.
PlantandAnimalCells
The second cell grouping is Plants versus Animal cells. Both of these cell types are
eukaryotes. This means they have a lot of organelles in common. One organelle they dont have
in common is chloroplasts, which only plants have. Another organelle difference is the vacuoles.
In animal cells the vacuoles are small and plenty. In the plant cells, there is a large central
vacuole that occupies over 50% of the plant cells volume. This vacuole is filled with water and
nutrients under pressure. The pressure helps maintain the plant cells rigid shape. The rigid
shape results in plant cells looking rectangular as compared to the round like animal cells. While
both cell types have cell membranes, the plant cells rigidity is further maintained by an additional
cellwalloutsidethemembrane.
Figure3.2EukaryoticOrganisms
FactFile
DNA strands look like a twisted ladder. Sections of DNA are called
genes. All the instructions for growing a new human being are coded
intotheDNAmolecule.
Table3.1ComparisonofprokaryoticandEukaryoticCells.
CellStructure ProkaryoticCell EukaryoticCell
Cellmembrane present present
Nuclearmembrane absent present
Membraneboundorganelles absent present
Ribosomes small large
Chlorophyll when present are not found in
chloroplasts
foundinchloroplasts
Mitochondria absent present
Chromosomes singleloopofcircularDNA multipledoublehelix
FactFile
Chromosomes are tiny threads that are present in all cells apart from red
blood cells. They contain all the information for an entire person to
develop. There are 46 chromosomes in each cell. They come in 22 pairs,
plusanotherspecialpairthatdeterminethepersonssex.
What you will do
SelfTest3.1
Answerthefollowingquestions:
1. Chloroplastsarefoundinwhichtypeofcell?
2. Whatdoyoucallthebroadgroupofcellsthatlackmembraneboundedorganelles?
3. Whattypeofcell(prokaryoteoreukaryote)hasDNAthatfloatsfreelyinthecell?
4. Mushroomisaunicellularorganism.(Trueorfalse)
5. Humanisamulticellularorganism.(Trueorfalse)
Lets Summarize
1. Cells are amazing, variable, beautiful, and functionally superb. A concept of genius, they
workaloneoringroupswithequalease.
2. Cells are the basic units of life. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
Organisms that exist as single cells are called unicellular and organisms that are made
upofgroupsofcellsworkingtogetherarecalledmulticellular.
3. Because all living things are made up of cells, and because we desire to understand
ourselves and the other living things around us it makes sense to learn something about
cells.
4. All living things are divided into two major groups depending on how their cells are set up.
ThesetwogroupsaretheProkaryotesandtheEukaryotes.
5. The basic structure of plant and animal cell is almost the same except for certain
differences.Thebasicstructureofacelliscomposedofthefollowingcomponents.
a. CellMembrane
b. Cytoplasm
c. Nucleus
However in plants, a rigid "Cell wall" is present outside the cell membrane or
plasmamembrane.
6. Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of structure
andfunctioninlivingthings.Allcellscomefrompreexistingcells
Whew! At last! You have finished studying the module. But, before you completely exit from this
module,letusfindouthowmuchyoulearnedfromthismaterial.
Post-Test
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on
aseparatesheetofpaper.
1. A cell is observed to contain a nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts. From this
informationyoucanconcludethatthecellis:
a. aplantcell c.abacterialcell
b. aanimalcell d.aprokaryoticcell
2. A cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles is known as a(an)
______________cell.
a. plant c.eukaryote
b. animal d.prokaryote
3. Acellwithrelativelyfewenergyneedswillprobablyhavearelativelysmallnumberof
a. ribosomes c.mitochondria
b. lysosomes d.chromosomes
4. Digestiveenzymesorhydrolyticenzymesaretermsassociatedwith
a. ribosomes c.golgiapparatus
b. lysosomes d.smoothendoplasmicreticulum
5. Inwhichofthefollowingitemswouldyouexpecttofindcells?
a. strawberry c.silverdollar
b. eyeglasses d.plasticflower
6. Organismswhosecellsdonothaveanucleusarecalled
a. plants c.eukaryotes
b. organelles d.prokaryotes
7. Plantcellsoftenhaveaboxlikeshapebecauseofthe
a. nucleus c.cytoplasms
b. cellwall d.cellmembrane
8. The site of ATP production and the site of photosynthesis are the _______________ and
_________________.
a. ribosomesandvacuoles c.mitochondriaandchloroplasts
b. chloroplastsandlysosomes d.Golgicomplexandchloroplast
9. Whatistheoutermostboundaryofananimalcell?
a. thecellwall c.thenuclearmembrane
b. thecytoplasm d.thenuclearenvelope
10. Whatsiteregulateswhatgoesinandoutofthecell?
a. cellwall c.cellmembrane
b. vacuole d.nuclearmembrane
11. What type of cell has these characteristics: contains DNA but no nucleus, contains
flagella,ribosomes,cytoplasm,andacellmembrane.
a. plant c.animal
b. fungi d.bacteria
12. Whereisthesiteofproteinsynthesis?
a. nucleus c.ribosome
b. lysosomes d.mitochondria
13. Whichisthebrainofthecell?
a. nucleus c.golgibodies
b. chlorop[lats d.mitochondria
14. WhichofthefollowingformsoflifeisNOTeukaryotic?
a. abacterialcell c.aplantcelllikegumamela
b. protistsuchasamoeba d.ahumancellsuchasredbloodcell
15. Whichofthefollowingisfoundinthenucleus?
a. vacuole c.mitochondria
b. chloroplasts d.chromosomes
16. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofchloroplasts?
a. Theysynthesizesugar
b. Theycontainpigments
c. Theyareonlyfoundinplanta
d. Theyappeargreenbecauseofchlorophyll
17. Whichofthefollowingorganellestransportsmaterialsinsidethecell
a. lysosome c.mitochondria
b. chloroplasts d.endoplasmicreticulum
18. Whichofthefollowingstatementsisalwaystrue?
a. Allcellshaveacellwall c.Allcellscontainchloroplast.
b. Allcellscontainnucleus. d.Allcellshaveacellmembrane.
19. Whichofthefollowingstructuresarecommontobotheukaryoticandprokaryoticcells?
a. nucleus c.bothbandc
b. ribosomes d.cellmembrane
20. Whichorganellehasnomembrane?
a. vacuole c.ribosome
b. lysosome d.chloroplast
Key to Answers
Pretest
1. c 6.d 11.d 16.c
2. d 7.b 12.a 17.a
3. d 8.a 13.d 18.d
4. c 9.b 14.b 19.c
5. a 10.c 15.c 20.c
LESSON1
Activity1.1
TheStreetSweepers
Lining the passageways are special cells that release a mixture of water, carbohydrates, and
salts, called mucus. The particles of dust and dirt that are inhaled are trapped in this sticky
mucus. Underneath this layer of mucus is another group of specialized cells that have cilia. As
the cilia move, they create a sweeping action. This action keeps the most vital passageways in
thebodycleanandopenforbusiness.
SelfTest1.1
1. Leeuwenhoek:discoveredprotozoa
Hooke:describedcellsincork
Schleiden&Schwann:proposedcelltheory
Virchow:concludedthatcellscomefrompreexistingcells
2. The microscope opened up the world of the very small to biologists. It enabled scientists
todiscoverthatalllivingthingsaremadeupofcells.
LESSON2
SelfTest2.1
Structures AnimalCell PlantCell BacterialCell
1.Cellwall X / /
2.Cellmembrane / / /
3.Cytoplasm / / /
4.Mitochondria / / x
5.Ribosomes / / /
6.EndoplasmicReticulum / / x
7.Golgibodies / / x
8.Lysosomes / x x
9.Vacuoles / / x
10.Chloroplasts x / x
11.Nucleus / / x
12.Chromosomes / / /
SelfTest2.2
The body parts of the tadpoles change in response to the activity of the cells which is cell
division. When cells divide, their number increases. Growth results when cells increase in
number.
The tails of the tadpole disappear due to the lysosomal activity. The lysosome, if you will recall,
containspowerfulchemicalswhichareusedtodigestorbreakdownmaterials
LESSON3
Activity3.1
Feedback: Onecelled organisms may have fewer or different structures from plant or animal
cells. However, they carry out all of the life processes (reproduction, digestion, excretion,
respiration,etc.)thatothercellscarryout.
SelfTest3.1
1.plant
2.prokaryote
3.prokaryote
4.false
5.true
PostTest
1. c 6.b 11.b 16.c
2. d 7.a 12.a 17.a
3. d 8.c 13.d 18.d
4. b 9.c 14.b 19.c
5. c 10.d 15.a 20.c
References
Books:
AhujaM.(2006).LifeSciences.GyanPublishingHouse.pp.105109
ChancellorPress(BountyBooks)(2001).TellMeWhat?.WSPacificPublicationsInc.,Manila,
Philippines.pp.3871
ChancellorPress(BountyBooks)(2001).TellMeWhere?.WSPacificPublicationsInc.,Manila,
Philippines.pp.140173
ChancellorPress(BountyBooks)(2001).TellmeWhen?.WSPacificPublicationsInc.,Manila,
Philippines.pp.3871
Lozano,L.Sandico,P.M.(2003).ScienceandTechnologyfortheFutureII.DiwaScholastic
PressInc.pp.92104
Module:
ProjectEASE(EffectiveAlternativeSecondaryEducation).BiologyModule2.Cellstructureand
Function.BureauofSecondaryEducation,DepartmentofEducation,PasigCity.
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