Hoffman A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use 1

A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use

William F. Hoffman, 737 Harteld Dr., North Aurora IL 60542-8917
E-mail: [email protected]

[Notes for a talk given at PGSAs Fall Conference, October 4, 2002]

I dont think anyone here believes for a moment that I can teach you Polish in 90 minutes. I
cant even teach you how to pronounce Polish in 90 minutes! So what are we doing here?
As many researchers have discovered for themselves, you dont have to be uent in Polish in
order to make sense of documents and records written in it. To actually speak any language well
you need instant recall of thousands of words and forms; but to pick out the pertinent facts in a
document you need only recognize a few hundred words, or know where to nd them quickly.
You can do quite well if youre familiar with the most basic terms that show up again and again,
especially if youve developed some facility for recognizing and applying the basic patterns we
call grammar. Its only tough if you have to look up every single word in a dictionary; every
third word may be time-consuming, but its tolerable. And the more you work with the language,
the more words you recognize and dont have to look up.
The idea behind this talk is simple: to concentrate on certain terms, forms, and phrases that
tend to show up a lotespecially ones you may have trouble nding in a dictionary. I have gone
through the translation guide Jonathan Shea and I wrote, In Their Words Volume I: Polish
(sorry, but I had to plug my book!), and I copied sections that discussed terms and forms you are
especially likely to run into. I also added a few items that struck me as potentially useful. Of
course, our book offers much more than this; but even if you have the book, this handout might
be useful in that it gives you some basics to concentrate on. (And if you dont have the book, this
will show you what youre missing. Insidious, aint I?).

The Chopping Block

Lets start with an item we call the Chopping Block, designed to help you cope with
grammar. (We will pause for a moment as everyone in the room screams in horror, Grammar!
Oh, God, no!).
Now I admit, some folks have no talent for grammar at all. If youre one of them, perhaps
youll want to ignore this.
Still, the idea here isnt to teach you grammar; its to help you recognize endings added to
nouns and adjectives. Forms with those endings dont usually appear in dictionaries, and the in-
ability to recognize those forms is one of the main causes of frustration for researchers. All the
Chopping Block does is help you spot endings and point you toward the forms you will nd in
your dictionary. In other words, you wont nd ksigach in most dictionaries; the Chopping
Block is meant to help you recognize the nominative form that you will nd: ksiga.
There are seven so-called cases in Polish, one of which, the Vocative, seldom plays any
signicant role in texts a researcher is likely to deal with. The other cases, and the abbreviations
used for them in the Chopping Block, are: N(ominative), G(enitive), D(ative), A(ccusative),
I(nstrumental), and L(ocative). If you can, its a good idea to learn how these cases are used. But
the main thing to know is that they cause endings to be added to words according to how theyre
used in a sentence. Once you recognize a words form, you can usually gure out what it means.
Other abbreviations used in the Chopping Block are: sing. singular, pl. plural, masc. mascu-
line, fem. feminine, neut. neuter, and adj., adjective.
Hoffman A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use 2
The Chopping Block

Ending Case(s) Part of speech Example Replace with Result
-a G/A masc. sing. noun syn Jana nothing Jan
G neut. sing. do mieszkania -e mieszkanie
nazwa miasta -o miasto
N/A neut. pl. pola -e pole
ciaa -o ciao
- A/I fem. sing. noun/adj. Kwaniewsk -a Kwaniewska
-ach L pl. noun w dokumentach nothing dokument
w ksigach -a ksiga
w Uhercach -e Uherce
w Stawiskach -i Stawiski
w miastach -o miasto
w Borzymach -y Borzymy
-ami I pl. noun materiaami nothing materia
cyframi -a cyfra
zebraniami -e zebranie
midzy Rudnikami -i Rudniki
sowami -o sowo
za Borzymami -y Borzymy
- A fem. sing. noun Ann -a Anna
-(i)e D/L sing. noun w Krakowie nothing Krakw
N/A pl. w Warszawie -a Warszawa
crce* -a* crka
w Wesoowie -o Wesoowo
A sing./pl. adj. dobre -y dobry
-ego G/A sing. adj. (also if syn Antoniego Dbskiego nothing Antoni Dbski
masc./neut. used as noun) z Porytego -e Poryte
wonego -y wony
-(i)ej G/D/L fem. sing. adj. (also if Olszewskiej -a Olszewska
used as noun) w Korczowej -a Korczowa
-em I sing. masc./neut. noun midzy Janem nothing Jan
L sing. masc./neut. adj. w Zakopanem -e Zakopane
-emu D sing. masc./neut. adj. (also if Antoniemu nothing Antoni
used as noun) Alojzemu -y Alojzy
-i G/D/L fem. sing., noun w odzi nothing d
G sing./pl., N/A pl. syn Jadwigi -a Jadwiga
z Pogorzeli -e Pogorzele
-ich G/A/L pl. adj. z Chrzanowskich -i or -a Chrzanowski
-im I/L sing., adj. (also if z Antonim Dbskim delete m Antoni Dbski
D pl. used as noun) Grskim delete m Grski
-imi I pl. adj. dalekimi delete mi daleki
-om D pl. noun Nowakom nothing Nowak
Wasom -a Wasa
polom -e pole
Stawiskom -i Stawiski
Moniuszkom -o Moniuszko
Borzymom -y Borzymy
* see Consonant Alternations, page 4
Hoffman A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use 3
-w G/A masc. pl. noun z Charanw nothing Charan
z Maciorw -a Maciora
z Mikaszw -e Mikasze
z Krysiakw -i Krysiaki
z Moodziejkw -o Moodziejko
z Mynw -y Myny
-owi D masc. sing. noun Janowi nothing Jan
-owie N masc. pl. noun panowie, Zarbowie nothing, -a, -o pan, Zarba
-u G/D/L sing., noun w Toruniu nothing Toru
masc./neut. w Zaskrodziu -e Zaskrodzie
w Ryszczewku -o Rzyszczewko
-y G/D/L fem. sing., noun w Bydgoszczy nothing Bydgoszcz
N/G/A pl. syn Karoliny -a Karolina
-ych G/A/L pl. adj. w Starych Gutach -e Stare Guty
-ym I/L sing., D pl. adj. (also if w Starym Miecie -e Stare Miasto
used as noun) o Wincentym -y Wincenty
-ymi I pl. adj. midzy innymi -y inny

In the genitive plural of many nouns (mainly feminine and neuter), grammar calls for no
endings. To get the nominative form, one must add an ending, rather than delete one:

ze Stawisk Stawiski z Kielc Kielce ze dziar dziary

In similar environments one may need to delete a ll or epenthetic vowel. This is a vowel
inserted in some formsusually between two consonants at the end of a word, to make the word
easier to pronouncethat drops out in other forms.

z Borek Borki z Ejszyszek Ejszyszki

Conversely, ll vowels may have to be restored when deleting endings from nouns containing
certain sufxes, notably iec or ec and -ek.

z Myszyca (genitive) Myszyniec w Myszycu (locative) Myszyniec
z Sielca (genitive) Sielec z Ugorka (genitive) Ugorek
z Rynku (genitive) Rynek z Mazurkw (genitive) Mazurek

Dropping the Kreska
No, this isnt an obscure Polish folk custom. The kreska is the accent placed over the conso-
nants , , , and . When a noun ends with a kreska consonant, and grammar calls for adding an
ending, the kreska is dropped and an i- is inserted before the ending:
Staro + ending w Staroniw Pozna + ending u Poznaniu
Krzywo + ending w Krzywosiw o + ending a osia
When you encounter such a name with an ending in the text of a document, you must delete both
the ending and the inserted i-, and restore the kreska, to arrive at the nominative form, the one
that appears in a dictionary or gazetteer, or on a map.

Vowel Shifts and Alternations
The only feature of this complicated phonetic phenomenon likely to affect the researcher is
the shift of the vowel to simple o when endings are attached. This will most often be encoun-
Hoffman A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use 4
tered when dealing with the common place name ending w: Krakw w Krakowie,
Chrzanw w Chrzanowie
Other possibilities, less frequently encountered, are a e , , and /o e:

a e: Wierzchlas w Wierzchlesie
: m o mu
/o e: koci w kociele or jezioro o jezierze

Consonant Alternations
Besides dealing with removing endings and substituting others, researchers also need to be
aware of consonant alternations in the stems of nouns when certain endings are attached, espe-
cially in the locative singular case. Thus after prepositions such as w and na (among others) that
indicate a location or status in which something is taking place (as opposed to change of location
or status), nouns have locative case endings. Researchers need to recognize this because the pho-
netic shape of place names in documents may need to be altered one more time, even after the
endings are removed, to arrive at the form of a place name given on a map or in a gazetteer. The
most common of these alternations are:
Map name Name in Locative
ch sz Birwicha w Birwisze
d dzi Piwoda w Piwodzie
g dz Praga w Pradze
k c Adamwka w Adamwce
l Pia w Pile
r rz Wara w Warze
s l Jaso w Jale
sn ni Krosno w Kronie
st cie Nowe Miasto w Nowym Miecie
t ci Huta w Hucie
zd dzi Gniazdo w Gniedzie (note the a e vowel change)
zn ni Pilzno w Pilnie

EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND DATES

The following expressions, denoting parts of the day and the like, immediately follow the
hour:

po pnocy after midnight wieczorem in the evening
po poudniu after noon w nocy at night
przed pnoc before midnight o pnocy at midnight
przed poudniem before noon w poudniu at noon
rano morning

So o godzinie trzeciej po poudniu is literally at the 3rd hour after midday, in other words, at 3
p.m. Record keepers sometimes chose different styles to express the same thought, so that you
may see o pitej godzinie rano, at ve oclock in the morning, or o pitej godzinie po pnocy,
at ve oclock after midnight, to designate 5 a.m.
Hoffman A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use 5
Other time expressions:

dzi or dzisiaj today przedwczoraj the day before yesterday
onegdaj two days ago wczoraj yesterday

A variant of the above was to use the preposition w or na plus the word for day (dzie) in the
locative case form dniu plus an adjectival form of the time expressions noted in the list above.
This produces such expressions as:

w dniu dzisiejszym today, literally in the day of today
w dniu wczorajszym yesterday
w dniu przedwczorajszym the day before yesterday
w dniu onegdajszym two days ago

Another way of expressing the same thing was to use the genitive singular of dzie, day, plus
the genitive masculine forms of the adjectives just shown, with no preposition, e. g., dzisiejszego
dnia, today, and wczorajszego dnia, yesterday.

DATES AND NUMERALS

In modern Polish dates are usually given in the following order: day/month/year. But in 19th-
century records the year is in rst position, almost always written out in words, followed by the
day and then the month (or vice versa), all with the appropriate case endings. The year is almost
always marked by use of roku or w roku, meaning in the year of...

Names of the Months

Nominative/Genitive English Nominative/Genitive English
I stycze, stycznia January VII lipiec, lipca July
II luty, lutego February VIII sierpie, sierpnia August
III marzec, marca March IX wrzesie, wrzenia September
IV kwiecie, kwietnia April X padziernik, padziernika October
V maj, maja May XI listopad, listopada November
VI czerwiec, czerwca June XII grudzie, grudnia December

Numerals

Cardinal Ordinal Cardinal Ordinal
1 jeden (masc.), jedna pierwszy
(fem.), jedno (neut.)
2 dwa, dwie drugi
3 trzy trzeci
4 cztery czwarty
5 pi pity
6 sze szsty
7 siedem or siedm sidmy
8 osiem or om smy
9 dziewi dziewity
10 dziesi dziesity
11 jedenacie jedenasty
12 dwanacie dwunasty
13 trzynacie trzynasty
14 czternacie czternasty
15 pitnacie pitnasty
16 szesnacie szesnasty
17 siedemnacie siedemnasty
18 osiemnacie osiemnasty
19 dziewinacie dziewitnasty
20 dwadziecia dwudziesty
21 dwadziecia jeden dwudziesty pierwszy
22 dwadziecia dwa dwudziesty drugi
23 dwadziecia trzy dwudziesty trzeci
24 dwadziecia cztery dwudziesty czwarty
25 dwadziecia pi dwudziety pity
Hoffman A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use 6
26 dwadziecia sze dwudziesty szsty
27 dwadziecia siedem dwudziesty sidmy
28 dwadziecia osiem dwudziesty smy
29 dwadziecia dziewi dwudziesty dziewity
30 trzydzieci trydziesty
31 trzydzieci jeden trzydziesty pierwszy
40 czterdzieci czterdziesty
50 pidziesit pidziesity
60 szedziesit szedziesity
70 siedemdziesit siedemdziesity
80 osiemdziesit osiemdziesity
90 dziewidziesit dziwidziesity
100 sto setny
200 dwiecie dwusetny
300 trzysta trzechsetny
400 czterysta czterechsetny
500 piset pisetny
600 szeset szesetny
700 siedemset siedemsetny
800 osiemset osiemsetny
900 dziewiset dziewisetny
1000 tysic tysiczny
1600 tysic szeset tysic szesetny
1700 tysic siedemset tysic siedemsetny
1800 tysic osiemset tysic osiemsetny
1900 tysic dziewiset tysic dziewisetny

Dates in the records are usually quoted in the genitive case and employ ordinal numbers for
the last two digits of the year, as well as the day. The rst two digits of the year are usually car-
dinal numbers with no case endings, although some record keepers converted these, too, into or-
dinal numbers with case endings. Thus the date November 28, 1869 would be written out as fol-
lows (genitive endings are emphasized in boldface type):

...roku tysic omset szedziesitego dziewitego dnia dwudziestego smego
miesica listopada...

Note the following terms:

rok, genitive roku, plural forms lata, lat year
dzie, genitive singular dnia, locative singular dniu day
miesic, genitive miesica, genitive plural miesicy month

So a word-by-word, literal translation of the phrase above would be of the year [one] thousand
eight hundred sixty-ninth, of the day twenty-eighth, of the month of November. Or as wed say,
On November 28, 1869.

Days of the Week

English Dictionary form On __ [accusative case]
Sunday niedziela w niedziel
Monday poniedziaek w poniedziaek
Tuesday wtorek we wtorek
Wednesday roda w rod
Thursday czwartek w czwartek
Friday pitek w pitek
Saturday sobota w sobot

TERMS FOR FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

To make this list a little easier for you to use, these terms are alphabetized according to the
order English-speakers would expect, which can differ substantially from the order in which one
would nd them in a Polish dictionary. All nouns are given with indication of gender (m. = mas-
culine, f. = feminine, n. = neuter) and with the genitive singular form, to help you recognize the
Hoffman A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use 7
stem from which cases other than the nominative are formed; in a few instances where there is a
form one would not expect, it is also given. When expressions with an adjective and noun have a
particular meaning not readily obvious from analysis of the components, the genitive form is
given with the noun; thus for cioteczny brat see brat.

babcia, babci: (f.) grandmother (a more af-
fectionate term than babka)
babka, babki (dat. sing. babce): (f.) grand-
mother; stryjeczna babka: paternal great
aunt
bezdzietny: (adj.) childless
bezmna: (adj.) unmarried (female)
bliniaczka, bliniaczki: (f.) twin (female)
bliniak, bliniaka: (m.) twin (male)
blinita, blinit: twins (plural)
bracia brat
brat, brata (dat. sing. bratu, loc. sing. bracie,
nom pl. bracia, gen. pl. braci, instr. pl.
brami): (m.) brother; brat cioteczny:
cousin, son of your mothers sister; brat
przyrodni: half brother, stepbrother; brat
rodzony: full brother (not a stepbrother);
brat stryjeczny: cousin, son of your fa-
thers brother; brat wujeczny: cousin, son
of your mothers brother
bratanek, bratanka: (m.) nephew, brothers
son
bratanica, bratanicy: (f.) niece, brothers
daughter
bratowa, bratowej (declined as a fem. adj.):
(f.) sister-in-law, brothers wife
busia, busi: (f.) colloquial term for grand-
mother (rare in Poland, more common
in the U. S.)
chopiec, chopca (dat. sing. chopcu, nom.
pl. chopcy): (m.) boy
chrzeniaczka, chrzeniaczki: (fem.)
goddaughter
chrzeniak, chrzeniaka (nom. pl.
chrzeniacy): (m.) godson
chrzestna matka, chrzestnej matki: (f.)
godmother (also often seen with the
words inverted, matka chrzestna)
chrzestny: adj. from chrzest, baptism;
(used as a noun) chrzestny, chrzestnego:
godfather, chrzestna, chrzestnej
godmother, chrzestni, godparents;
rodzice chrzestni: godparents
chrzestny ojciec, chrzestnego ojca: (m.)
godfather
ciocia, cioci: (f.) dim. of ciotka, aunt
cioteczny, adj. from ciotka, aunt; cioteczna
babka: great aunt; cioteczna siostra:
cousin, daughter of your mothers sister;
cioteczny brat, cousin, son of your
mothers sister; cioteczny dziadek: great-
uncle
ciotka, ciotki (dat. sing. ciotce): (f.) aunt
creczka, creczki: (f.) dim. of crka, little
daughter
crka, crki: (f.) daughter
czonek, czonka: (m.) member
czonkini, czonkini: (f.) member
druh, druha: (m.) best man
druhna, druhny (dat. sing. druhnie, gen. pl.
druhen): (f.) bridesmaid
dziadek, dziadka: (m.) grandfather;
stryjeczny dziadek: paternal great uncle
dziadu, dziadusia: (m.) affectionate dim. of
dziadek, grandfather
dzieci, dziecicia: (n.) child
dziecko, dziecka (nom pl. dzieci): (n.) child;
dziecko nielubne: child born out of
wedlock
dziewczyna, dziewczyny (dat. sing.
dziewczynie): (f.) girl, maiden
dziewczynka, dziewczynki (dat. sing.
dziewczynce): (f.) girl, little girl (dim.
of dziewczyna)
dziewica, dziewicy: (f.) virgin, maiden
(generally referring to a bride)
familia, familii: (f.) family
familijny: (adj.) family
kawaler, kawalera: (m.) bachelor
kmotr, kmotra: (m.) dialect = kum
Hoffman A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use 8
kobieta, kobiety: (f.) woman
krewny: (adj.) related; (used as a noun)
krewna, krewnej (f.), female relative;
krewni, krewnych (pl.): relatives; krewny,
krewnego: (m.) male relative
kum, kuma (nom. pl. kumowie): (m.)
originally godfather, in modern usage
distant relative
kumoter, kumotra: (m.) a dialect variant of
kum, q. v.
kuzyn, kuzyna: (m.) cousin (male)
kuzynka, kuzynki (dat. sing. kuzynce): (f.)
cousin (female)
macocha, macochy (dat. sing. macosze): (f.)
stepmother
maoletni: (adj.) minor, under age; used as
nouns, maoletnia (f.) and maoletni (m.)
mean minor child
maonek, maonka: (m.) spouse (male)
maonka, maonki: (f.) spouse (female)
maonkowie, maonkw: (m. pl.) married
couple (plural of maonek)
mamusia, mamusi: (f.) affectionate dim. of
matka, mommy
matka, matki: (f.) mother
m, ma: (m.) husband; z pierwszego
ma: by [her] rst husband
matka, matki: (f.) married woman
modzian, modziana: (m.) young man (often
referring to a bridegroom)
modzieniec, modzieca: (m.) young man
narzeczeni, narzeczonych: (m. pl. adj. used
as a noun) the engaged couple
narzeczona, narzeczonej: (f. adj. used as a
noun) ance, bride, betrothed
narzeczony, narzeczonego: (m. adj. used as a
noun) anc, groom
niekrewny: (adj.) non-relative; can be used as
a noun (masc. niekrewny, fem.
niekrewna, plur. niekrewni)
nieletni: (adj.) not of age; used as nouns,
nieletnia (f.) and nieletni (m.) mean
minor child
niemowl, niemowlcia (nom pl. niemowlta,
gen. pl. niemowlt): (n.) infant
nielubny: (adj.) illegitimate, born out of
wedlock; used as a noun, nielubny,
nielubnego (m.) and nielubna,
nielubnej (f.) mean illegitimate child
niewiadomy: (adj.) unknown
niezamna, niezamnej: (f. adj. used as a
noun) unmarried female
nieonaty: (adj., can be used as a noun)
unmarried male
nowozalubiony: (adj.) newly-married; (as
nouns) nowozalubiona, nowozalubionej
(f.) bride, nowozalubiony,
nowozalubionego (m.) groom
nowoeniec, nowoeca: (m.) bridegroom;
(pl.) nowoecy newlyweds
ojciec, ojca (dative ojcu, nom. pl. ojcowie):
(m.) father
ojczym, ojczyma: (m.) stepfather
opiekun, opiekuna: (m.) guardian
opiekunka, opiekunki: (f.) guardian
panna, panny (dat. sing. pannie, gen. pl.
panien): (f.) unmarried woman, bride
pasierb, pasierba: (m.) stepson
pasierbica, pasierbicy: (f.) stepdaughter
potomek, potomka: (m.) descendant
potomstwo, potomstwa: (n.) descendants
(used collectively)
pra-: = great in English, see prababka
prababka, prababki: (f.) great-grandmother
pradziadek, pradziadka: (m.) great-
grandfather
prawnuczka, prawnuczki: (f.) great-
granddaughter
prawnuk, prawnuka: (m.) great-grandson
przyrodni: adj. used in expressions przyrodni
brat, stepbrother, and przyrodnia siostra,
stepsister
rd, rodu: (m.) clan, family, line
rodzestwo, rodzestwa: (n.) siblings,
brothers and sisters collectively
rodzic, rodzica (m.) parent; seldom used in
the singular, more often seen in the pl.
rodzice, rodzicw, parents; rodzice
chrzestni: godparents; rodzice
niewiadomi: parents unknown
Hoffman A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use 9
rodzina, rodziny: (f.) family
rodzony brat
rozwiedziony: (participle used as adj.)
divorced; as a noun, rozwiedziona,
rozwiedzionej, (f.), divorce;
rozwiedziony, rozwiedzionego (m.),
divorc
rozwdka, rozwdki (dat. sing. rozwdce):
(f.) divorce
rozwodnik, rozwodnika: (m.) divorc
sierota, sieroty (dat. sing. sierocie): (f.)
orphan
siostra, siostry (dat. sing. siostrze): (f.) sister;
siostra cioteczna: cousin, daughter of
mothers sister; siostra przyrodnia:
stepsister; siostra rodzona: full sister (not
a half-sister); siostra stryjeczna: cousin,
daughter of fathers brother; siostra
wujeczna: cousin, daughter of your
mothers brother
siostrunia, siostruni: (f.) dim. of siostra,
little sister
siostrzenica, siostrzenicy: (f.) niece, sisters
daughter
siostrzeniec, siostrzeca: (m.) nephew,
sisters son
siostrzyczka, siostrzyczki: (f.) dim. of siostra,
little sister
stryj, stryja: (m.) paternal uncle
stryjeczny, adj. from stryj, q. v., see also
babka, brat, dziadek, siostra
stryjenka, stryjenki: (f.) dim. of stryjna
stryjna, stryjny: (f.) aunt on fathers side,
usually by marriage
syn, syna (loc. sing. synu, nom. plur.
synowie): (m.) son
synek, synka: (m.) little son
synowa, synowej: (f., declined as an adj.)
daughter-in-law, sons wife
synu, synusia: (m.) little son
szwagier, szwagra: (m.) brother-in-law
szwagierka, szwagierki (dat. sing.
szwagierce): (f.) sister-in-law
tata, taty: (m.) dad
tatu, tatusia: (m.) daddy
te, tecia: (m.) father-in-law
teciowa, teciowej: (f., declined as an adj.)
mother-in-law
trojak, trojaka: (m.) triplet
wdowa, wdowy (dat. sing. wdowie): (f.)
widow
wdowiec, wdowca: (m.) widower
wnuczek, wnuczka: (m.) dim. of wnuk,
grandson
wnuczka, wnuczki (dat. sing. wnuczce): (f.)
granddaughter
wnuk, wnuka: (m.) grandson
wuj, wuja: (m.) maternal uncle
wujeczny, adj. from wuj; wujeczna babcia:
maternal great aunt; wujeczna siostra:
maternal cousin (female); wujeczny brat:
maternal cousin (male); wujeczny
dziadek: maternal great uncle
wujek, wujka: (m.) dim. of wuj, uncle
wujenka, wujenki: (f.) dim. of wujna, q. v.
wujna, wujny: (f.) aunt by marriage, wife of
your mothers brother
zamna, adj., unmarried (applied only to
women); used as a noun, zamna,
zamnej, married woman, wife
zi, zicia: (m.) son-in-law
znajda, znajdy: (m., despite its feminine
ending and declension) foundling
znajdek, znajdka: (m.) foundling
ona, ony: (f.) wife
onaty: (adj.) married (said of men)

Hoffman A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use 10
SOME SAINTS NAMES AND RELIGIOUS EVENTS OFTEN USED IN CHURCH NAMES

B. abbr. of Bogosawiony, Blessed
Boe Ciao Corpus Christi, Body of Christ
Chrystus Krl Christ the King
MB Anielska Our Lady of the Angels
MB Bolesna Our Lady of Sorrows
MB Czstochowska Our Lady of Czstochowa
MB Krlowa Polski Our Lady, Queen of Poland
MB Miosierdzia Our Lady of Mercy
MB Nieustajcej Pomocy Our Lady of Perpetual Help
MB Ostrobramska Our Lady of Ostrobrama
MB Pocieszenia Our Lady of Consolation
MB Racowa Our Lady of the Rosary
MB Szkaplerzna Our Lady of Mt. Carmel
MB Wspomoenia Wiernych Our Lady Help of Christians
MB Zwyciska Our Lady of Victory
Naj. abbr. of Najwitszy, Most Holy, Most Sacred
Naj. Ciaa i Krwi Chrystusa Holy Body and Blood of Christ
Naj. Imi Holy Name
Najwitsze Serce Jezusa Sacred Heart of Jesus
Narodzenie Nativity
Nawiedzenie Visitation
Niepokalane Poczcie Immaculate Conception
Niepokalane Serce NMP Immaculate Heart of Mary
NMP abbr., Blessed Virgin Mary
NMP Krlowa Polski Our Lady, Queen of Poland
Opatrzno Boa Divine Providence
Przemienienie Paskie Transguration
w. Cyryl i Metody Sts. Cyril and Methodius
w. Agnieszka St. Agnes
w. Duch Holy Spirit
w. Jan Nepomucen St. John Nepomucene (a Bohemian saint)
w. Jan Chrzciciel St. John the Baptist
w. Kazimierz St. Casimir
w. Krzy Holy Cross
w. Mikoaj St. Nicholas
w. Rodzina Holy Family
w. Stanisaw, B. i M. St. Stanislaus, Bishop and Martyr
w. Trjca Holy Trinity
Trzej Krlowie Three Kings
Wniebowstpienie Ascension
Wniebowzicie Assumption
Wszyscy wici All Saints
Zmartwychwstanie Resurrection
Hoffman A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use 11
A FEW POINTS ABOUT OBITUARIES

Often obituaries begin with formulaic expressions, such as Wszystkim krewnym i
znajomym donosimy t smutn wiadomo, i X zmar ..., To all relatives and acquaint-
ances we announce the sad news that X has died. The name of the deceased, normally
set off and in bold print, is the subject of zmar, died, and thus appears in the nomina-
tive case, the form most familiar to us. Occasionally, however, the phrasing is such that it
reports the death of someone, so the name appears in the genitive, e. g. Jana
Kowalskiego, of Jan Kowalski, or Agnieszki Kowalskiej, of Agnieszka Kowalska.
Married women are usually given with their married names, and their maiden names are
often indicated with the expression z domu, from the house of, thus: Agnieszka
Kowalska, z domu Nowak, Agnieszka Kowalska, ne Nowak. Also common is an ex-
pression with the preposition z, of, from, plus the genitive plural of her maiden name:
Agnieszka Kowalska z Nowakw, Agnieszka Kowalska ne Nowak, or Anna Piotrzak z
Kwaniewskich, Anna Piotrzak ne Kwaniewska.
Surviving spouses often remarried. For women, this was indicated by expressions such as
z pierwszego ma, by her rst husband, z drugiego ma, by her second husband,
followed by that husbands surname.
Obituaries seldom give anything precise on the cause of death; it was considered un-
seemly and morbid to go into such details.
Information for obituaries generally came from the family of the deceased, who were too
grief-stricken to check facts carefully. Thus mistakes were common, and we often see an
initial obituary, followed a day or two later by a second version with more reliable data.
Sometimes, instead of reprinting the full obituary, a notice of Sprostowanie, correction,
was printed. It is always wise to search a few days before and after the date of death
you never know what you may nd.
Besides actual obituaries, other notices connected with deaths appeared. A death might be
announced with the heading Zawiadomienie, Announcement; from that point on the
death notice generally follows a recognizable format. After the funeral the family might
print a notice of Podzikowanie, thanks, expressing gratitude to all who offered con-
dolences. Boxed-off notices In memoriam or In memorium, In memory, were some-
times published near the anniversary of the death. Such notices seldom add much to the
information the original obituary provided, but they sometimes provided an opportunity
to correct errors in the original obituary. Of course, sometimes they also produced new
errors. Still, the meticulous researcher may nd such notices worth looking for.
Finally, in many obituaries the name of the deceased is followed by information on
organizations he or she belonged to. This may lead you to organizational records with
more data on the deceased, especially if he or she belonged to fraternals such as the ZNP
(Zwizek Narodowy Polski, Polish National Alliance) or ZPRK (Zjednoczenie Polskie
Rzymsko-Katolickie w Ameryce, the Polish Roman Catholic Union of America, which
necessarily kept records on death benet claims. Other organizations included Zwizek
Polek w Ameryce, Polish Womens Alliance of America and Sokolstwo, Falcons.
For more help with the kind of terms you see in obituary, you can visit the Dziennik
Chicagoski Obituary Translation page on the PGSA Website at this address:
http://www.pgsa.org/dzieneng.htm.
Hoffman A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use 12
CEMETERY INSCRIPTIONS

The nal memorials of our ancestors, their cemetery monuments, were often carved in their
native language. This is especially true if they died a short while after coming to the U. S., for
the ties to the old country and its language were stronger.
The limited vocabulary found on stones can be quickly mastered, but the researcher should
be aware of certain factors which will help make sense of mystifying or inconsistent items on the
stones. We should remember that in the very early days of many Polish settlements, a merchant
and professional class was yet to emerge; thus there were few stone-cutters who spoke or under-
stood Polish. The Yankee stone-carver in a small Massachusetts or Connecticut town was puz-
zled by the or of the Polish alphabet, and this could lead to mistakes, e. g., mistaking for t,
etc. Thus we will nd items such as yta and urodzita si on stones instead of the correct ya and
urodzia si. At other times it seems that the data to be carved on the stones was conveyed orally,
and the results reect this fact badly misspelled words in a quasi-Anglicized phonetic
rendition.
The material that follows should enable you to make your next information-gathering trip to
a cemetery more protable linguistically.

Introductory Phrases

If they appear at all, the following phrases may begin an epitaph; but in many cases only the
names are recorded, without any preliminaries.

Ku pamici To the memory of. Since the memory of expresses a relationship normally
rendered in Polish with the genitive case, one should expect case endings on names that fol-
low: Ku pamici Jzefa Jaworskiego, To the memory of Jzef Jaworski. More common,
actually, is the simple expression witej pamici, of sacred memory, commonly abbrevi-
ated . p. Names following . p. are generally in the nominative case.
Tu spoczywa/spoczywaj Here lies/lie..., from spoczywa, to rest. This phrase, often ab-
breviated Tu sp., is followed by the name(s) of the deceased, or may contain additional ex-
pressions, e. g.: Tu spoczywaj zwoki, here lies the body [of]; Tu spoczywaj miertelne
szcztki, Here lie the mortal remains [of]; Tu spoczywaj prochy, Here lie the ashes [of].
The last three expressions naturally tend to end with of, so the names following them will
be in the genitive case: Tu spoczywaj prochy Jzefa Jaworskiego i jego ony Katarzyny,
Here lie the ashes of Jzef Jaworski and his wife Katarzyna.
Za dusze: for the souls of. The word dusze is accusative plural of dusza, spirit, soul after the
preposition za, which can mean, among other things, for, on behalf of.

Phrases Referring to Death

By far the most common word here is simply zmar (referring to a male) or zmara (referring
to a female), abbreviated zm., meaning he/she died. We also see umar/umara, abbreviated
um. For some, however, those expressions may have seemed a bit too blunt, and thus euphe-
misms were used. They include:

Poleca/polecaa ducha Bogu: commended his/her soul to God. The term ducha is from duch,
spirit or soul (not the same word as dusza, which we saw above, but from the same lin-
guistic root). Bogu is the dative singular of Bg, God.
Hoffman A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use 13
Przenis/przeniosa si do wiecznoci has passed on to eternity, from the verb przenie
si, to move on, pass, literally to carry oneself.
Przenis/przeniosa si do wiecznego spoczynku has passed on to eternal rest. Here
wiecznego is the masculine genitive singular form of wieczny, eternal, and modies
spoczynku, the genitive singular form of spoczynek, rest, repose.
Spocz/spocza w Panu has come to rest in the Lord. Panu is the locative singular form
(and also the dative singular) of Pan, Lord.
Zakoczy/zakoczya ycie ended his/her life (but not in the sense of killing oneself!).
Zasn/Zasna w Bogu or w Panu or na wieki fell asleep in God or in the Lord or for
the ages.
Zgin/Zgina perished. The manner of death may be given with mierci, the instrumental
form of mier, death, plus an adjective, e. g., Zgin mierci bohatersk, He died a he-
roic death, mierci mordersk, a murderous death, mierci tragiczn, a tragic death
(or tragically).
Zosta zabity was killed. In the case of accidents, some details may be provided on the
tombstone, e. g., zosta zabity w majnach, he was killed in the mines. Note the Anglicized
w majnach, in the mines standard Polish would be w kopalniach. One might also see
expressions such as utona w rzece, She drowned in the river.

Phrases Referring to Age

Most ways of expressing age involve a form of verbs such as y, to live, przey, to live
[through, for a stated period], or liczy, to count, number. There are also a few prepositional
phrases that can be applied. All these expressions are usually followed by the number of days,
months, or years lived, e. g. y 5 dni, he lived ve days, ya 3 miesice, she lived three
months, y 49 lat, he lived 49 years. Here are other possibilities:

liczc _ lat literally numbering _ years.
liczy/liczya _ lat: literally He/she numbered _ years.
majcy _ lat literally having _ years. Forms of mie, to have, are often used with numbers
to give age.
mia/miaa _ lat literally He/she had _ years. The forms mia and miaa are past-tense mas-
culine and singular forms of that same verb mie, to have.
po przeyciu _ lat after having lived _ years or, less literal but equally accurate, at the age
of _ years. The preposition po takes the locative case when it means after, and przeyciu is
locative of przeycie, [the act of] having lived, survival, experience.
przey/przeya _ lat he/she lived _ years.
przeywszy _ lat having lived _ years; przeywszy is a participle but does not change ending
to indicate gender.
w wieku _ lat at the age of _ years.

Exact ages are not always givenhard as it may be for us to imagine, many immigrants did
not know how old they were. Sometimes, a general term appears, e. g., modzieniec, boy, young
man, or zmar w wionie ycia died in the spring of [his] life, or w podeszym wieku, at an
advanced age.

Hoffman A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use 14
Phrases Referring to Birthplace and Origins

The following are phrases often seen that tell of the deceaseds birthplace:

u. ur., uro., urodz. these are all abbreviations for urodzony, born.
urodzi/urodzia si w was born in. If the place of birth is given, it is usually followed by
the preposition w, in (sometimes na), plus the name of some geographical entity, in the
locative case.
urodzony w [starym] kraju born in the [old] country, i. e., Poland
urodzony w Polsce born in Poland; Polsce is locative of Polska, Poland
urodzony w Krlestwie Polskim born in the Kingdom of Poland
urodzony w Ksistwie Poznaskim born in the Duchy of Pozna
urodzony w gubernii grodzieskiej born in Grodno province
Occasionally you may see the name of a a town or village, sometimes preceded by such ex-
pressions as w miecie, from miasto, town, city; or w miasteczku, in the small town, from
miasteczko; or we wsi, in the village, from wie, village.
pochodzi z came from. The place of origin could also be expressed with the past tense of
pochodzi, to come from, to have origins in, plus the name of the geographical entity in the
genitive case. Using the same examples given above, note how the endings change or fail to
change:
pochodzi [or przyjecha] ze [starego] kraju he came from the old country
pochodzi z Polski he came from Poland
pochodzi z Krlestwa Polskiego he came from the Kingdom of Poland
pochodzi z Ksistwa Poznaskiego he came from the Duchy of Pozna
pochodzi z gubernii grodzieskiej he came from Grodno province
And in some cases a place name may be specied, perhaps preceded by z miasta, from the
city, or z miasteczka, from the small town, or ze wsi, from the village.

Other Phrases Often Seen

Boe oka mu/jej miosierdzie God, show him/her mercy.
Cze jego pamici or Cze jej pamici Honor to his/her memory.
Niech mu/jej ziemia bdzie lekka May the earth be light for him/her. Sometimes the
expression is not just ziemia but ta obca ziemia, this foreign soil, expressing a wish
that the immigrant may rest easy in this foreign land [America].
Pochowany buried, typically with details on the funeral, such as the date.
Prosi o modlitw Asking for a prayer (i. e., Please say a prayer for him/her.)
Prosi o westchnienie do Boga Asking for a sigh to God.
Prosi o Zdrowa Maryjo Asking for a Hail Mary.
Stroskani Sorrowful, woebegone, referring to the surviving relatives, e. g., a childs
gravestone may mention his stroskani rodzice, grief-stricken parents.
Wieczny odpoczynek racz mu/jej da Panie Lord, grant him/her eternal rest, pre-
sumably modeled after the rst words of the Latin Requiem Mass, Requiem aeternam
dona eis Domine, Lord, give them eternal rest.
Wieczny pokj Eternal rest.

Hoffman A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use 15
ONLINE SOURCES OF HELP

If you have spent any time online looking for assistance with your research, you know that
there is an enormous amount of material available. Indeed, tracking down the particular item you
need among the ocean of information can be quite a challenge.
One general rule of thumb cannot be repeated too often: use a good Internet search engine to
nd stuff for yourself. To be honest with you, when Im reading requests on the Polish mailing
lists, I dont even consider replying to any question that could have been answered with a simple
visit to a search engine; I gure if you cant be bothered to help yourself, why should I? The
search engine generally regarded as best these days is at http://www.google.com. It not only does
a good job of nding useful material; its home page also gives you options to search for photo-
graphs or pictures.
If you need to write a letter in Polish and have no clue how to go about it, a good letter-
writing guide is available on the PGSA Website: http://www.pgsa.org/letter_eng.htm
I considered including a list of common terms for occupations in this handout, then remem-
bered that I had such a list in a handout for a talk I gave last year. Then I remembered, that hand-
out is available on the PGSA Website, too. Youll nd it on page 12-15 at this site:
http://www.pgsa.org/TransTips.pdf
If youve received correspondence in Polish from the State Archives and need a little help
guring out what it says, this site may help: http://www.langline.com/StateArchGuide.htm
Adventurous souls whod like to try their hand at the basics of Polish pronunciation and
grammar can do so here: http://golem.umcs.lublin.pl/users/ppikuta/lessons/ex0.htm
There are, of course, many more. But then you wouldnt want me to give you all the answers
and spoil your fun, would you? Look for yourself. The sources you nd may be much better than
the ones I know about. Good luck!