Chapter 19

The general term for the manipulation of organisms to create products or cure disease is ________.
Top of Form
gene cloning.

recombinant DNA technology.

biotechnology.

plasmid-mediated transformation.
Bottom of Form

Many identical copies of genes cloned in bacteria are produced as a result of ________.
Top of Form
plasmid replication.

bacterial cell replication.

Southern blotting.

plasmid and bacterial cell replication.

plasmid and bacterial cell replication, together with Southern blotting.

Bottom of Form

Which of following sequences is most likely to be cut by a restriction enzyme?

Top of Form
AATTCT
TTAAGA
AATCGT
TTACGA
AAAATT
TTTTAA
ACTACT
TGATGA
AATATT
TTATAA
Bottom of Form

Imagine that you've isolated the complete human growth hormone gene directly from the human genome.
After running through all the steps described in Chapter 19 for cloning and gene expression in bacteria,
you find that no human growth hormone is expressed. What is the most likely explanation?
Top of Form
Bacteria cannot translate human mRNA coding sequences.

Human DNA can be maintained in cloned form only for brief periods in bacteria.

Human DNA cannot be cloned in a bacterium.

Bacteria lack a nucleus for proper transcription of eukaryotic genes.

Bacteria cannot carry out splicing.

 Bottom of Form

If mRNAs could be ligated and replicated within plasmids, what enzyme commonly used in recombinant
DNA technology would no longer be needed?
Top of Form
reverse transcriptase

DNA polymerase

restriction enzymes

Taq polymerase

DNA polymerase
Bottom of Form

How does a gene library differ from a gene clone?

Top of Form
A gene library is sequence information stored in a computerized database; a gene clone is an actual
sequence of DNA.
A gene library is a much longer DNA sequence than a gene clone.
A gene library contains many different cloned DNA sequences; a gene clone contains one type of
DNA sequence.
A gene library is a much shorter DNA sequence than a gene clone.
A gene library contains one type of cloned DNA sequence; a gene clone contains many different
DNA sequences
Bottom of Form

A bacterial cell that has taken up plasmid DNA is ________.

Top of Form
a library.

a cDNA.

transformed.

ligated.

a vector.
Bottom of Form

Plasmids are used as cloning vectors in genetic engineering. This means that plasmids allow for
________.
Top of Form
carrying of RNA into a cell and RNA replication.

infection of cells.

carrying of DNA into a cell and DNA replication.

DNA replication outside rather than inside cells.

Bottom of Form

Which of the following is a gene library?

 Top of Form
a collection of DNAs cut by a restriction enzyme

a collection of different DNA fragments ligated into plasmids

a collection of plasmids cut by a restriction enzyme

a collection of PCR-amplified DNAs

a collection of genes that have been sequenced from a particular organism

Bottom of Form

How can an amino acid sequence be used to design a gene-specific hybridization probe?
Top of Form
A portion of a polypeptide chain can be synthesized based on the amino acid sequence of the full
protein.
A protein can be purified, digested with proteases that cleave it at specific sites, and one of the
peptide fragments can be used as a probe.
All possible nucleotide sequences that could encode a portion of the polypeptide can be synthesized
and used as probes.
Bottom of Form

What is a primary difference between PCR and traditional cloning procedures such as those used to
clone the human growth hormone gene?
Top of Form
PCR is more time-consuming, but the purity of the obtained DNA clone is much higher than in
traditional cloning.
PCR eliminates the need for restriction enzymes, vectors, and cells.

PCR and traditional cloning make use of different types of vectors.

PCR uses plasmid vectors, whereas traditional cloning uses bacteria.

PCR and traditional cloning make use of different types of bacteria.

Bottom of Form

What information is critical to the success of PCR itself?

Top of Form
The complete DNA sequence of the DNA to be amplified must be known.

The DNA sequence of the ends of the DNA to be amplified must be known.

The sequence of restriction enzyme recognition sites in the DNA to be amplified must be known.
The sequence of restriction enzyme recognition sites in the DNA to be amplified and in the plasmid
where the amplified DNA fragment will be cloned must be known.
Bottom of Form

Which of the following is in the correct order for one cycle of PCR?
Top of Form
Extend primers; anneal primers; denature DNA.

Denature DNA; anneal primers; extend primers.

Denature DNA; add fresh enzyme; anneal primers; add dNTPs; extend primers.

Anneal primers; denature DNA; extend primers.

 Add fresh enzyme; denature DNA; anneal primers; add dNTPs; extend primers.

Bottom of Form

In a single PCR cycle consisting of 15 seconds at 94°C, 30 seconds at 50°C, and 1 min at 72°C, what is
happening in the step run at 50°C?
Top of Form
DNA polymerase is extending new DNA from the primers.

The DNA to be amplified is being denatured.

DNA polymerase is being inactivated.

Primers are annealing to the DNA to be amplified.

Primers are being denature

Bottom of Form

Since dideoxy sequencing is based on the chain termination, why are normal deoxynucleotides also
included in the reaction?
Top of Form
to provide a substrate for DNA polymerase

to create DNA synthesis products long enough to allow running a gel

to enhance the chain termination ability of the deoxynucleotides

to produce a range of DNA synthesis products that terminate at every occurrence of a particular base
Bottom of Form

Why is it essential that genetic markers used in mapping disease genes be polymorphic?
Top of Form
If the marker isn't polymorphic, it cannot be physically linked to a gene associated with human
disease.
If the marker isn't polymorphic, its position cannot be known.

If the marker isn't polymorphic, then it will not be inherited in any predictable manner.
If the marker isn't polymorphic, then it's impossible to use genetic mapping techniques to establish an
association between the marker and the disease gene.
Bottom of Form

Transgenic mice ________.

Top of Form
often provide valuable animal models of human disease.

are now used in place of bacteria for cloning human genes.

were instrumental in pinpointing the location of the huntingtin gene.

are essential for mapping human genes.

Bottom of Form

For applications in gene therapy, what is the most favorable characteristic of retroviruses?
Top of Form
 Retroviruses have an RNA genome.

DNA copies of retroviral genomes become integrated into the genome of the infected cell.

Retroviruses cause many serious diseases, including AIDS and cancer.

Retroviruses possess reverse transcriptase.

Bottom of Form

To create a viral vector for delivery of genes into mammalian cells, the virus must be engineered to
________.
Top of Form
remove viral coat proteins.
remove the viral genome and coat proteins and replace them with recombinant plasmids carrying the
mammalian genes to be delivered.
remove all viral genes, replacing them with the mammalian genes to be delivered.

remove viral genes involved with virus replication and add mammalian genes to be delivered.
Bottom of Form

Genetically engineered crops in the United States ________.

Top of Form
are the only types of crops now being planted.

have seen some limited commercial success.

are widespread for many major crop species.

are currently available only for rice.

may soon be ready for commercial planting.

Bottom of Form

Chapter 20

An early step in shotgun sequencing is to ________.

Top of Form
randomly select DNA primers and hybridize these to random positions of chromosomes in
preparation for sequencing.
map the position of cloned DNA fragments.

break genomic DNA at random sites.

Bottom of Form

The bulk of the sequence data in whole genome sequencing comes from ________.
Top of Form
whole chromosomes obtained without cloning.

relatively small (~ 1000 base-pair) sequences cloned into plasmids.

whole chromosomes cloned into plasmids.

 relatively large (~ 160 kb) sequences cloned into BACs.
Bottom of Form

The discipline that manages, analyzes, and interprets the vast amounts of sequence data generated from
whole genome sequencing is ________.
Top of Form
evolutionary genomics.

functional genomics.

bioinformatics.

proteomics.
Bottom of Form

The goal of annotating a whole genome sequence is to ________.

Top of Form
establish the nucleotide sequence.

learn how gene products interact to produce phenotypes.

learn the number of nucleotides contained within the genome.

identify genes and their positions within the genome.

Bottom of Form

Homologous DNA sequences are similar sequences in two organisms that ________.
Top of Form
code for identical proteins.

are related by chance mutations.

are related by descent from a common ancestor.

code for identical RNAs.

are related because of convergent evolution

Bottom of Form

If the sequence of a cDNA matches a DNA sequence in the genome, then this genomic DNA is likely to
________.
Top of Form
code for a tRNA.

code for a rRNA.

be part of an intron.

be a regulatory sequence.

code for a protein.

Bottom of Form

In what sense are studies by 19th-century naturalists and those by early 21st-century genomic biologists
similar?
Top of Form
 Both focus on observing and describing what exists in their realms of investigation.

Both constantly strive to create theoretical frameworks in which to understand their findings.

Both use evolutionary theory to guide their work.

Both focus narrowly on the underlying mechanisms of biology.

Both take a reductionist approach by studying only one small part of a complex system.
Bottom of Form

One surprising discovery from the analysis of bacterial genomes is that ________.
Top of Form
there is only one copy of each gene present within a bacterial genome.

very few species contain plasmids.

there are many genes of unknown function.

there is almost no difference between the genomes of diverse bacteria.

bacterial genomes are always contained on a single circular chromosome.

Bottom of Form

Imagine that you've sequenced the genome of a human pathogenic bacterium. In the early stages of
analysis, you discover a stretch of DNA that has a significantly different GC content (the proportion of
bases that are G and C). Further examination of this region shows there are roughly one dozen protein-
coding regions. These are not found in the genome of a previously sequenced and related bacterium.
These sequences do, however, predict protein products strikingly similar to those of another bacterial
pathogen that is not closely related to the organism you're studying. You immediately suspect ________.
Top of Form
convergent evolution.

a low rate of mutation.

lateral gene transfer.

that the DNA sequence analysis is in error.

a high rate of mutation.

Bottom of Form

Why are transposable elements considered to be selfish genes?

Top of Form
They produce products that prevent cooperation between cells.

They produce products toxic to the host.

They spread rapidly throughout the genome.

They replicate outside of the chromosome.

They replicate using the host's resources without direct benefit to the host.
 Bottom of Form

Imagine that your goal is to isolate mouse mutants that stabilize microsatellite repeat sequences (i.e.,
lower the frequency at which their repeat number changes). Which of the following mutations would you
predict to have this stabilizing effect?
Top of Form
a mutation that reduces the rate of transcription

a mutation that increases the rate of DNA synthesis

a mutation that reduces the rate of translation

a mutation that inactivates reverse transcriptase and/or integrase

a mutation that reduces the occurrence of homologous recombination

Bottom of Form

Although transposable elements and simple tandem repeats (STRs) are both repetitive DNAs, they differ
in that ________.
Top of Form
the repeated unit in STRs is clustered one after another; transposable element repeats are scattered
throughout the genome.
the repeated unit in STRs is much larger than the repeated unit of transposable elements.

STRs occur within exons; transposable elements occur within introns.

STRs occur within introns; transposable elements occur within exons.

variation in STR repeat number comes from STR movement in the genome; variation in transposable
element repeat number comes from errors in DNA replication.
Bottom of Form

Forensic DNA fingerprinting often involves recovery of minute quantities of DNA from a crime scene.
What is a concern in analyzing this DNA?
Top of Form
Suspects may not agree to provide a sample of their DNA.

Even with these tiny amounts of DNA, there may be too much DNA for efficient PCR.

There is seldom enough DNA to allow PCR amplification.

It is critical to avoid the introduction of contaminating human DNA unrelated to the crime.

Restriction enzymes may not work efficiently on the PCR-amplified DNA.

Bottom of Form

In eukaryotes, the major mechanism of introducing new genes into the genome is ________.
Top of Form
pseudogene creation.

lateral gene transfer.

unequal crossing over at microsatellite repeats.

 pseudogene restoration.

duplication and divergence.

Bottom of Form

The figure above compares the proportion of genes devoted to various functions in a set of model
organisms. Based on this figure, which one of the following statements is false?
Top of Form
Drosophila is unusual in having so few genes devoted to protein folding and degradation.

Humans have the highest proportion of genes devoted to defense and immunity.
A relatively small but similar proportion of genes are devoted to transcription and translation in all
these organisms.
The function of roughly half of eukaryotic genes is unknown.

The mustard plant and yeast have a small fraction of genes devoted to cell communication.
Bottom of Form

If one wished to test the hypothesis that humans and chimps differ due to differences in the expression of
a large set of shared genes, the technique to use would be ________.
Top of Form
PCR.

DNA sequencing.

DNA microarray analysis.

Southern blotting.

protein-protein interaction assays

Bottom of Form

A DNA microarray is a tool that owes its existence to earlier genomics investigations. What essential
contribution of genomics makes microarrays possible?
Top of Form
 The concept that hybridization between single-stranded nucleic acids can be used as a means of
identifying any DNA sequence.
recently improved RNA sequencing technologies

more efficient techniques for cDNA synthesis

continuously improving methods of gene cloning

knowledge of which DNA sequences to synthesize for the array

Bottom of Form

What is the main goal of obtaining a detailed human haplotype map?

Top of Form
to locate genes associated with disease

to develop more effective vaccines

to locate regulatory elements

to locate virulence genes

to locate introns
Bottom of Form

Environmental genomics aims to learn the diversity of organisms, particularly microbes, that inhabit
natural environments. J. Craig Venter, a key figure in the race to obtain the human genome sequence,
and his colleagues pioneered this approach in a study that analyzed DNA obtained from microbes
collected from the Sargasso Sea, an intensively studied, nutrient-impoverished part of the Caribbean lying
to the southeast of Bermuda. (C. J. Venter, K. Remington, J. F. Heidelberg, A. L. Halpern, D. Rusch, J. A.
Eisen, D. Wu, I. Paulsen, K. E. Nelson, W. Nelson, D. E. Fouts, S. Levy, A. H. Knap, M. W. Lomas, K.
Nealson, O. White, J. Peterson, J. Hoffman, R. Parsons, H. Baden-Tillson, C. Pfannkock, Y.-H. Rogers,
and H. O. Smith. 2004. Environmental genome shotgun sequencing of the Sargasso
Sea. Science 304:66-74.)

The approach reported in this paper is bold in its technological reach but simple in concept: Collect
random samples of microbes from a particular environment; extract DNA; fragment and clone the DNA in
preparation for sequencing; sequence millions of randomly selected clones; store this information on
computer and apply algorithms to assemble overlapping sequences from single species; analyze such
features as the total number of genes and the number and identity of newly discovered genes; and
estimate the total number of microbial species. This method is also known as metagenomics.

In the Venter et al. paper, slightly more than 1 billion base pairs of nonredundant sequence was analyzed.
The authors reported the identification of 1800 microbial species in their samples, including 148 unknown
species. Additionally, 1.2 million formerly unknown genes were discovered - all from an area of ocean that
is an "oceanic desert."
It's not hard to imagine that there were significant technical problems in this study. One was in sequence
assembly. This task involves identifying which of the millions of randomly generated sequences come
from the same organism. The first step of this procedure involves searching for sequence overlaps from
different clones. The algorithms typically used for sequence assembly ignore repeated sequences.
However, this turns out to be a problem in environmental genomics.

Why would any sequence assembly program be written so as to ignore repeated sequences?
Top of Form
These sequences are too short to be useful for assembly.

These sequences are too unreliable to consider.

These sequences are difficult to place within an assembly.

These sequences are too hard to obtain to justify the effort.

Bottom of Form

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question.

Environmental genomics aims to learn the diversity of organisms, particularly microbes, that inhabit
natural environments. J. Craig Venter, a key figure in the race to obtain the human genome sequence,
and his colleagues pioneered this approach in a study that analyzed DNA obtained from microbes
collected from the Sargasso Sea, an intensively studied, nutrient-impoverished part of the Caribbean lying
to the southeast of Bermuda. (C. J. Venter, K. Remington, J. F. Heidelberg, A. L. Halpern, D. Rusch, J. A.
Eisen, D. Wu, I. Paulsen, K. E. Nelson, W. Nelson, D. E. Fouts, S. Levy, A. H. Knap, M. W. Lomas, K.
Nealson, O. White, J. Peterson, J. Hoffman, R. Parsons, H. Baden-Tillson, C. Pfannkock, Y.-H. Rogers,
and H. O. Smith. 2004. Environmental genome shotgun sequencing of the Sargasso
Sea. Science 304:66-74.)

The approach reported in this paper is bold in its technological reach but simple in concept: Collect
random samples of microbes from a particular environment; extract DNA; fragment and clone the DNA in
preparation for sequencing; sequence millions of randomly selected clones; store this information on
computer and apply algorithms to assemble overlapping sequences from single species; analyze such
features as the total number of genes and the number and identity of newly discovered genes; and
estimate the total number of microbial species. This method is also known as metagenomics.

In the Venter et al. paper, slightly more than 1 billion base pairs of nonredundant sequence was analyzed.
The authors reported the identification of 1800 microbial species in their samples, including 148 unknown
species. Additionally, 1.2 million formerly unknown genes were discovered - all from an area of ocean that
is an "oceanic desert."
It's not hard to imagine that there were significant technical problems in this study. One was in sequence
assembly. This task involves identifying which of the millions of randomly generated sequences come
from the same organism. The first step of this procedure involves searching for sequence overlaps from
different clones. The algorithms typically used for sequence assembly ignore repeated sequences.
However, this turns out to be a problem in environmental genomics.

The following table from the Venter et al. paper presents the numbers of different types of genes
discovered in this study.

TIGR Role Category Total Genes

Amino acid biosynthesis 37,118
Biosynthesis of cofactors, prosthetic groups, and carriers 25,905
Cell envelope 27,883
Cellular processes 17,260
Central intermediary metabolism 13,639
DNA metabolism 25,346
Energy metabolism 69,718
Fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism 18,558
Mobile and extrachromosomal element functions 1,061
Protein fate 28,768
Protein synthesis 48,012
Purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, and nucleotides 19,912
Regulatory functions 8,392
Signal transduction 4,817
Transcription 12,756
Transport and binding proteins 49,185
Unknown function 38,067
Miscellaneous 1,864
Conserved hypothetical 794,061
Total number of roles assigned 1,242,230
TOTAL NUMBER OF GEN 1,214,207

If practical applications arise from this or similar metagenomic studies, what might these be?
Top of Form
Species discovered in the Sargasso Sea may also be found to inhabit less-remote waters.

New genes with useful properties may be identified and ultimately put to use.
An increased knowledge of the diversity of marine ecosystems could lead to increased appreciation
of diversity in all ecosystems.
New microbial species could be isolated from seawater.
Bottom of Form
Chapter 21

Gastrulation is an important event in early embryonic development. Which of the following is not a result
of this process?
Top of Form
movement and alignment of many embryonic cells

determination of cell types as a result of cell - cell interactions

formation of three embryonic cell layers

formation of specialized plant tissues

Bottom of Form

When is a cell considered differentiated?

Top of Form
when a cell first becomes irreversibly committed to a particular fate

when a cell manufactures proteins that are specific to a particular cell type

when a cell is part of recognizable tissues or organs

when a cell begins its pattern formation

Bottom of Form

Cellular differentiation is usually produced by ________.

Top of Form
differences in gene expression.

differences in gene copy numbers.

differences in DNA sequences.

morphogenesis.
Bottom of Form

Communication within and between cells of an embryo can include all of the following except ________.
Top of Form
increased concentration of signaling molecules.

changes in gene transcription.

changes in binding to regulatory sequences.

changes in gene sequences.

Bottom of Form

Which of the following would constitute evidence that differentiated cells retain all the genes of developing
cells?
Top of Form
Nuclei from mature cells can direct the development of an entire individual.

Developing cells have many mRNA transcripts that can hybridize with DNA from mature cells.
 Differentiated cells lose their polarity if removed from the organism.

Differentiated cells generally synthesize a specific group of proteins.

Bottom of Form

Cloning of plants from cuttings demonstrates that ________.

Top of Form
genetic information is retained in mature plant cells.

plants can reverse the differentiation process.

genetic information is lost during plant development.

differentiated cells may contain embryonic mRNAs.

Bottom of Form

Modern cloning techniques have demonstrated that the vast majority of differentiated cells are genetically
equivalent to developing cells in the embryo. What is an exception to this finding?
Top of Form
In the immune system, sequences of DNA may rearrange to permit response to new pathogens.

In the brain, DNA sequences may change with learned behavior.

Nerve cells are often limited in their mitotic activity.

The lining of the digestive system is frequently replaced. Some of these cells may show repeats of
certain DNA sequences
Bottom of Form

Gene expression in developing organisms is regulated on several different levels. In many developing
animals, regulation of gene expression is influenced by the action of Hox genes. Which of the following
regulatory elements are produced by many Hox genes?
Top of Form
cell surface molecules for cell-cell interactions
signals from maternal cytoplasm, such
as bicoid
mRNA processing factors

transcriptional factors
Bottom of Form

When the Bicoid protein is expressed in Drosophila, the embryo is still syncytial (divisions between cells
are not yet fully developed). This helps to explain which observation by Nüsslein-Volhard and
Wieschaus?
Top of Form
Bicoid protein determines the dorsoventral axis of the embryo.

Bicoid protein diffuses throughout the embryo in a concentration gradient.

Bicoid protein serves as a transcription regulator.

mRNA from the egg is translated into the Bicoid protein.

 Bottom of Form

The protein of the bicoid gene in Drosophila determines ________.

Top of Form
the number of segments in the embryo.

the ventral-lateral axis of the embryo.

the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo.

the medial-lateral axis of the embryo.

Bottom of Form

In combination, what do the products of gap genes, pair-rule genes, and segmentation polarity genes of
fruit flies do?
Top of Form
They direct cell movements during differentiation.

They set up the back-to-belly axis of the larval body.

They trigger the reorganization of the larval body into an adult body.

They define the segmented body plan of the embryo

Bottom of Form

During Drosophila development, there is a regulatory cascade of gene activation. The proper sequence
for this cascade is ________.
Top of Form
bicoid, segment-polarity genes, gap genes, and pair-rule genes.

bicoid, pair-rule genes, gap genes, and segment polarity genes.

bicoid, gap genes, pair-rule genes, and segment polarity genes.

bicoid, gap genes, segment polarity genes, and pair-rule genes.

Bottom of Form

What is common to gap genes, segment-polarity genes, and homeotic genes?

Top of Form
They are unique to Drosophila embryos.

They can be activated at any time during development.

They code for transcription regulatory factors.

They act independently of one another.

Bottom of Form

Suppose you found several Drosophila mutants that possessed additional legs growing out of the head
segments. The probable mutation would be found in ________.
Top of Form
pair-rule genes.

segment-polarity genes.
 gap genes.

homeotic genes.
Bottom of Form

Suppose there was a mutation in the segment-polarity genes of Drosophila. What do you suppose might
be the outcome?
Top of Form
Legs will appear in the place of antennae.

Several segments of the embryo will be missing.

Every other segment of the embryo will be missing.

Antennae will appear in a different part of their usual segment

Bottom of Form

Suppose the protein specified by bicoid were injected into Drosophila embryos, so that a high
concentration was present everywhere in the embryo. What might be the result of such an experiment?
Top of Form
The embryos would halt their development.

The embryos would grow larger than normal.

The embryos would show no development of posterior regions.

The embryos would show no development of anterior regions.

Bottom of Form

Evolutionary theory has until recently stressed genetic mutations that alter protein amino acid sequences
as the major source of variation that leads to speciation. Evo-devo (evolutionary developmental biology)
offers a different understanding of the role of genetic change in evolution. Which of the following
statements best summarizes this understanding?
Top of Form
Genetic mutations are not as important in evolutionary change as the environment in which the
organism develops.
Similar genes are found in most developing animal bodies; changes in the times and places they are
expressed can lead to phenotypic variation.
Greater numbers of genes, rather than the ways in which they are regulated, leads to the
development of more complex animals over time.
Changes in cell - cell interactions in a parent's body can lead to phenotypic change in offspring.
Bottom of Form

In snake populations, rare individuals are found that have well-developed hind limbs. They are normal in
all other respects. This finding shows that ________.
Top of Form
snakes retain the genes for hindlimb pattern formation, even though the genes are usually not
activated during development.
some snakes may lack the regulatory inhibitors necessary for normal limbless development.

some snakes have mutations in Hox genes that permit development of limbs.
 all of the above might explain this rare condition.
Bottom of Form

Many different lineages of animals share similar pattern-formation gene complexes. The study of how
these shared complexes function in evolution is termed ________.
Top of Form
conservative evolution.

regulatory evolution.

evo-devo (evolutionary developmental biology).

convergent evolution.
Bottom of Form

All of the following are true of embryonic stem cells except ________.
Top of Form
they retain the potential to become different types of cells.

they can be found in human blastocysts.

they are terminally differentiated.

they continue to undergo mitosis when most cells have stopped dividing.
Bottom of Form

Chapter 22

Which of the following directors of embryonic development can be found in the unfertilized egg?
Top of Form
proteins in the organizer region

mRNAs from embryonic genome

tissue-specific proteins

proteins in the gray crescent

cytoplasmic determinants
Bottom of Form

Many amphibian species release their sperm and eggs directly into a watery environment. All of the
following mechanisms might ensure species-specific fertilization in these populations except ________.
Top of Form
specific protein binding between sperm and egg.

complex coverings of the egg.

fertilization envelopes.

blocking of non-species-specific mRNA sequences.

acrosomal complexes in sperm.

Bottom of Form
The function of the acrosomal complex during fertilization is ________.
Top of Form
to nourish the sperm mitochondria.

to dissolve the coating of the egg.

to permit maximum sperm motility.

to block polyspermy.
Bottom of Form

The allele D codes for right-handed coiling in a species of snail. The allele d codes for left-handed coiling.
Assuming a maternal effect in phenotype, if a ddfemale mates with a Dd male, what percentage of
offspring will show left-handed coiling?
Top of Form
0%

25%

50%

75%

100%
Bottom of Form

One difference between early development in humans and in Xenopus is that ________.
Top of Form
in humans, blastocysts implant into the uterine wall; there is no implantation in Xenopus.
in humans, neurulation occurs immediately after cleavage; in Xenopus, neurulation is delayed until
after gastrulation.
in humans, there is no formation of the blastula; in Xenopus, the blastula is a critical stage in early
embryogenesis.
in humans, the yolk sac is much smaller than that seen in Xenopus.
in humans, gastrulation is delayed as the egg moves along the fallopian tube; in Xenopus,
gastrulation takes place immediately after blastula formation
Bottom of Form

What is a major difference between the development of Drosophila or Xenopus and that of humans?
Top of Form
In Drosophila and Xenopus the notochord remains; in humans, it disappears.

Drosophila and Xenopus do not undergo blastula formation; humans do.

Drosophila and Xenopus do not undergo gastrulation; humans do.

Drosophila and Xenopus undergo metamorphosis; humans do not.

Drosophila and Xenopus do not show development of germ layers; humans do

Bottom of Form

What happens during gastrulation?

Top of Form
 Massive movements of cells make the primary body axes visible and organize the three embryonic
tissues.
The neural tube - precursor of the spinal cord and brain - forms.

Basal and apical cells - precursors of the suspensor and embryo, respectively - form.

The fertilized egg divides without growth occurring, forming a ball of cells
Bottom of Form

What happens during cleavage?

Top of Form
The neural tube - precursor of the spinal cord and brain - forms.

Basal and apical cells - precursors of the suspensor and embryo, respectively - form.
Massive movements of cells make the primary body axes visible and organize the three embryonic
tissues.
The fertilized egg divides without growth occurring, forming a ball of cells.
Bottom of Form

Scientists using RNA hybridization techniques found that a transcription factor called macho-1 localized to
some cells during early cleavage, but not others. Descendents of these cells produce mesodermal
derivatives. Which structures might not be found in embryos depleted of macho-1?
Top of Form
digestive system

somites

neural tube

skin
Bottom of Form

During gastrulation in amphibians, the presumptive mesoderm moves into the interior of the embryo by
following fibrils of fibronectin. The fibronectin is probably secreted by which cells?
Top of Form
mesodermal cells that develop on the inside of the blastocyst

ectodermal cells that line the inside of the blastocoel

endodermal cells on the exterior of the embryo

endodermal cells that migrate to the inside of the blastoceol

Bottom of Form

Chordin is an organizer protein found only in the dorsal regions of Xenopus laevis embryos. An antibody
to chordin might disrupt the determination of which structure?
Top of Form
kidneys

digestive system

lungs
 central nervous system
Bottom of Form

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question.

During rotation of the fertilized frog egg, there is a major shift in the cytoplasmic contents of the zygote.
This shift is immediately preceded by the formation of microtubule networks. Microtubules begin to
coalesce shortly after fertilization; they arise from a single "aster" formation (E. Houliston and R. P.
Elinson. 1991. Patterns of microtubule polymerization relating to cortical rotation in Xenopus
laevis eggs. Development 112:107-17).

Cytoplasmic contents in the fertilized egg move along microtubule networks. What kinds of proteins would
you predict would facilitate these movements?
Top of Form
enzymes

kinesins

tubulins

keratins

collagens
Bottom of Form

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question.

During rotation of the fertilized frog egg, there is a major shift in the cytoplasmic contents of the zygote.
This shift is immediately preceded by the formation of microtubule networks. Microtubules begin to
coalesce shortly after fertilization; they arise from a single "aster" formation (E. Houliston and R. P.
Elinson. 1991. Patterns of microtubule polymerization relating to cortical rotation in Xenopus
laevis eggs. Development 112:107-17).

If microtubule formation were disrupted experimentally by the use of drugs, the effects might include all of
the following except ________.
Top of Form
failure of organizer formation in the fertilized egg.

failure of cytoplasmic RNAs to be translated into zygote proteins.

failure of transcription of tissue-specific mRNAs.

failure of gastrulation of the embryo.

Bottom of Form
During organogenesis, the first organ system to begin forming in animal embryos is ________.
Top of Form
the nervous system.

the digestive system.

the circulatory system.

the excretory system.

the endocrine system.

Bottom of Form

Sperm-egg interactions are species-specific in sea urchins, but not in mammals. What might be one
reason for this difference?
Top of Form
Sperm have evolved to become more selective in mammals.

Other kinds of signals serve similar functions in mammals.

Sperm-egg recognition relies on egg cytoplasmic components in mammals.

Sea urchin fertilization occurs in open ocean.

Bottom of Form

Which of the following is the correct sequence in the development of specialized cells?
Top of Form
pattern formation, morphogenesis, determination, differentiation

differentiation, pattern formation, morphogenesis, determination

differentiation, determination, morphogenesis, pattern formation

pattern formation, determination, morphogenesis, differentiation

pattern formation, morphogenesis, differentiation, determination

Bottom of Form

The cells of the somites are determined to become all of the following tissues except ________.
Top of Form
skin tissue.

muscle tissue.

connective tissue.

bone tissue.

nervous tissue.
Bottom of Form

During early cleavage in animal embryos, minimal growth of the embryo is observed, even though rapid
cell division is taking place. How might this lack of growth be most easily measured without destroying the
embryo?
Top of Form
 vital dye uptake measurements

oxygen uptake measurements

measurements of embryo movement

counting the number of nuclei in the embryo

Bottom of Form

The allele D codes for right-handed coiling in a species of snail. Assuming no material effect, what
percentage of offspring from the cross of a dd female with aDd male will show left-handed coiling?
Top of Form
0%

25%

50%

75%

100%
Bottom of Form

Chapter 23

One unique feature of fertilization in flowering plants compared with animals is that ________.
Top of Form
multiple ovules exist in the ovary.

the process involves double fertilization.

the gametes are diploid, not haploid.

plant sperm are motile.

nuclear fusion does not take place.

Bottom of Form

All of the following statements are true of the endosperm except that ________.
Top of Form
it may be likened to the yolk of an animal egg.

it is formed from equal contributions of both parents.

it is used as a food source by the embryo.

it is the major energy source for germination.

it is a triploid tissue.
Bottom of Form

Of the following developmental processes, which is not undergone by plant embryos?

Top of Form
 fertilization

organogenesis

cleavage

embryogenesis

gastrulation
Bottom of Form

Many flowering plant species have elaborate mechanisms to prevent an individual's pollen from fertilizing
its own egg cells. Why?
Top of Form
to prevent cross-species fertilization and the production of dysfunctional hybrid offspring

to prevent double fertilization and the formation of endosperm

to prevent inbreeding

to prevent polyspermy
Bottom of Form

In flowering plants, an event known as double fertilization occurs when ________.

Top of Form
Two eggs are simultaneously fertilized by two sperm nuclei.
Two sperm enter the ovule; one fertilizes the egg, and the other fertilizes a 2n cell to generate
endosperm.
Two sperm cells fertilize one normal egg cell to make a 3n embryo, and the embryo later becomes
2n during a unique mitotic division.
None of the above apply.
Bottom of Form

Plant embryos cannot undergo gastrulation. What ensures the correct positioning of cells during plant
embryogenesis?
Top of Form
cell movements inside the seed coat

genetic differences among the cells

expansion of the cotyledons

cytoplasmic determinants in the cells

different cell sizes and planes of mitosis

Bottom of Form

The monopterous gene in Arabidopsis encodes a protein that is similar in its function to which animal
protein?
Top of Form
keratin in human embryos

Bicoid in fruit-fly embryos

 MyoD in frog embryos
Bottom of Form

Auxin has an effect on plant embryos much like the Bicoid protein in Drosophila. If auxin were added to a
culture of embryonic root cells, what would be the likely result?
Top of Form
Root cells would change into meristem cells.

Root cells would elongate and mature.

Root cells would halt their development.

Root cells would not respond to auxin.

Bottom of Form

The auxin produced in Arabidopsis embryos and Bicoid protein produced in Drosophila embryos have
what similar function?
Top of Form
Both establish a concentration gradient that demarcates the anterior-posterior axis.

Both are regulatory transcription factors that serve as cell-to-cell signals.

Both trigger the transcription of homeotic loci - genes that specify the types of structures produced at
a certain position.
Both are cytoplasmic determinants - they are loaded into eggs by cells in the mother or by female
reproductive tissues.
Bottom of Form

The basal cell in a plant embryo ________.

Top of Form
forms the suspensor that anchors the embryo.

develops from the root of the embryo.

differentiates after gastrulation.

divides to form cotyledons.

divides to form hypocotyls.

Bottom of Form

Meristematic tissue cells in plants are most similar to which kind of cells in animals?
Top of Form
somite cells

ectodermal cells

mesodermal cells

embryonic stem cells

Bottom of Form

If the expression of the PHAN gene is blocked in plants, what will be the likely result?
Top of Form
Plants will develop leaves in inappropriate places.
 Plants will develop more leaves than usual.

Plants will develop leaves in very simple shapes.

Plants will fail to develop leaves.

Bottom of Form

Organs in developing flowers include all of the following except ________.

Top of Form
stamens.

carpels.

sepals.

whorls.

petals.
Bottom of Form

The floral meristem in flowering plants develops from the shoot apical meristem, which usually produces
leaves. Which floral part is not a modified leaf?
Top of Form
receptacle

carpel

petal

sepal

stamen
Bottom of Form

The ABC model of flower development suggests that ________.

Top of Form
each of the three genes codes for the formation of a different flower organ.

genes may work alone or together to form different flower organs.

inactivation of genes may transform one organ into another.

genes may work alone or together to form different flower organs; inactivation of genes may
transform one organ into another.
each of the three genes codes for the formation of a different flower organ; genes may work alone or
together to form different flower organs, and inactivation of genes may transform one organ into
another.
Bottom of Form

The ABC genes in Arabidopsis are considered homeotic genes. What could be a reason for this
classification?
Top of Form
Each gene codes for proteins similar to Hox genes in mice.

Each of the three genes codes for a different flower organ.

 Each gene codes for regulatory transcription factors.

Each gene directs different kinds of morphogenesis.

Each gene is similar in sequence to homeotic genes in Drosophila

Bottom of Form

What does the ABC model of flower development attempt to explain?

Top of Form
why petals are found on the inside of the whorl of sepals instead of on the outside

why apical meristems are converted to floral meristems in response to specific cell-to-cell signals

how different combinations of gene products trigger the formation of different floral organs

why the four types of floral organs occur in whorls

Bottom of Form

Yolk and endosperm share a number of functions. Which of the following does not describe a similarity
between them?
Top of Form
Yolk and endosperm are both cellular products.

Yolk and endosperm both provide nutrition for embryos.

Yolk and endosperm both contain proteins.

Yolk and endosperm are both the result of a second fertilization process.

Bottom of Form

Plant and animal development share a number of features, but differ in major ways as well. Which of the
following best summarizes the similarities between the two forms of development?
Top of Form
Both plants and animals produce specialized tissues through irreversible processes of determination
and differentiation.
Both plants and animals produce gametes via meiosis followed by mitosis of haploid cells.

Both plants and animals develop from a process of single fertilization.

Both plant and animal development depends on precise control of gene expression in time and in
space.
Bottom of Form

Plant and animal development share a number of features, but differ in major ways as well. Which of the
following best summarizes the differences between the two forms of development?
Top of Form
Animal gametes are produced only after maturity is reached; plant gametes can be produced
throughout a plant's lifetime.
Animal development is controlled by regulatory gene sets such as Hox genes; plants have no similar
control systems.
Animal tissues are irreversibly differentiated; plant tissues retain plasticity throughout life.
Animal cells frequently undergo programmed cell death; plant cells do not.
Bottom of Form