APPENDIX C WSSC Design Criteria for Sewer Systems SEWER DESIGN GUIDELINES

2008 Appendix C-1

APPENDIX C

WSSC Design Criteria for Sewer Systems

a. System Requirements

1) General

a) Design the flow capacity of sewers and the flow through the associated manholes and junction
structures (especially for trunk sewers) to convey the ultimate flow within the area tributary to the
sewer, unless the WSSC determines that a lesser requirement is suitable.

b) Determine wastewater flow from the tributary area based upon development plans and the most
current master plan information.

(1) Master Planning Areas can be obtained by accessing the Maryland-National Capital Park and
Planning Commissions web site.

(2) Sewer service in master planning areas is determined by the corresponding County Ten-Year
Water and Sewerage Plan. In order to obtain public sewer service from WSSC, the property
or area in question must be in the appropriate service category for sewer service. Otherwise,
an applicant/property owner must petition the appropriate county to approve, amend, and
change the propertys sewer category for public service. Private systems (those not
connecting to the WSSC system, with the exception of private site utility system (on-site)
private sewer mains serving commercial and some large residential properties in the WSSC
service area) are regulated and approved by the appropriate County.

c) Whenever feasible, design sewers to function by means of open channel gravity flow.
Wastewater pumping stations, force mains, grinder pump systems, and pressure sewers may be
used only when deemed appropriate and approved by WSSC.

(1) Grinder pump systems must meet standards by the WSSC Grinder Systems Policy and
Guidelines (WSSC SP ENG 04-10, approved J anuary 26, 2005). See Part Two, Section 25
(Grinder Pump, Pressure Sewer System) for design guideline.

(2) Wastewater Pumping Stations (WWPS) and force mains must meet design guidelines set by
those in the WSSC Design Manual (DG-07& DG-08).

(3) The design flow for a WWPS is based on the amount of flow projected in 20 years, rather
than the flows from ultimate build out of the area.

2) Flows

a) Design the sewers to have a scour velocity of 2.5 ft/sec at half flow capacity, see Table "19" for
minimum slope of sewer pipes.

(1) Size the sewers to convey the design flow (DF) (as derived in 3-d) and determine the sewer
capacity using Manning's equation with n =0.013 and the slope of the sewer.

(2) Ensure, where practical, that the proposed design will attain scouring velocities at the initial
peak flow condition at the beginning of the design period. Where this is not practical, present
calculations to WSSC demonstrating that it is impractical and describing how the proposed
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design will address deposition of solids and the generation of hydrogen sulfide.

(3) Design sewers with some reserve capacity. This will ensure the functionality of the design
and allow for future reductions in conveyance efficiencies, possible increases in
infiltration/inflow (I/I), unanticipated maintenance problems, and limited land
use/development changes. The reserve capacity will be attained by use of a factor of safety
as shown in 3-d below.

b) Give consideration to the potential for hydrogen sulfide generation and release as result of the
proposed design. Design the sewer systems to minimize the production and release of hydrogen
sulfide in the sewer lines, see the Part Two, Section 28 (Hydrogen Sulfide (H
2
S) Control) for
design considerations.

TABLE "19"
Minimum Slope of Sewer Pipelines
Sewer
Diameters
Minimum
Slope
Capacity at
Minimum Slope
Sewer
Diameters
Minimum
Slope
Capacity at
Minimum Slope
8-inch 0.60% 0.60 mgd 21-inch 0.14% 3.80 mgd
10-inch 0.46% 0.95 mgd 24-inch 0.12% 5.00 mgd
12-inch 0.34% 1.32 mgd 27-inch 0.11% 6.60 mgd
15-inch 0.24% 2.02 mgd 30-inch 0.10% 8.50 mgd
18-inch 0.19% 3.00 mgd 36-inch 0.07% 10.60 mgd


b. Determining Flows

1) Design Flows (DF).

a) Design the sewers to convey the Design Flow (DF) that will originate from the area tributary to
the sewer.

b) Estimate the design Base Sanitary Flow (BSF) for specific development using the factors in
Tables "19a", "19b" and "19c".


TABLE "19a"
Development Flow Factors By Dwelling Type
By Dwelling Type BSF/DU (gpd) AWF/DU (gpd)
Single-family Detached 210 300
Townhouses 130 185
SFDU (composite) 180 260
Garden Apartments 130 185
High-Rise Apartments 120 170
MFDU (composite) 130 180
Household (composite) 142 205

DU=Dwelling Unit

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TABLE "19b"
Development Flow Factors By Employee Type
By Employment Type BSF/Employee (gpd) AWF/Employee (gpd)
Bi-county (WSSD) 28 40
Montgomery County 20 30
Prince George's County 40 60

TABLE "19c"
Development Flow Factors By Specific Use
By Specific Use Unit BSF/Unit (gpd) AWF/Unit (gpd)
Airport passenger 5 7.2
Assembly Halls seat 2 2.88
Auto Dealerships gross sq. ft. 0.078 0.112
Bakery gross sq. ft. 0.15 0.216
Banks gross sq. ft. 0.044 0.063
Barber Shop gross sq. ft. 0.20 0.288
Car Wash without recycle gross sq. ft. 4.9 7.056
Carry-out except major chains gross sq. ft. 0.20 0.288
Carry-out major chain number of seats 10 14.4
Church number of seats 4 5.76
Dept. Store without lunch counter gross sq. ft. 0.04 0.057
Dept. Store with lunch counter gross sq. ft. 0.08 0.115
Drug Stores gross sq. ft. 0.13 0.187
Dry Goods Stores gross sq. ft. 0.048 0.069
Garage (auto & truck repair) gross sq. ft. 0.014 0.02
Hospitals number of beds 346 498
Hotels gross sq. ft. 0.256 0.368
Laundries & Cleaners gross sq. ft. 0.31 0.446
Laundromats gross sq. ft. 3.68 5.29
Laboratory/Office Facilities gross sq. ft. 0.167 0.24
Library gross sq. ft. 0.10 0.144
Medical Office Building gross sq. ft. 0.62 0.892
Motels gross sq. ft. 0.224 0.322
Nursing Homes number of beds 130 187
Office Building in CDB/Transit Area gross sq. ft. 0.20 0.288
Office Building gross sq. ft. 0.093 0.133
Pool without hot showers number of members 4 5.76
Pool with hot showers number of members 6 8.64
Racket or Tennis Club number of courts 300 432
Restaurants number of seats 24.2 34.8
Retail Stores gross sq. ft. 0.048 0.069
Schools, Elementary capita 15 21.6
Schools, Middle capita 20 28.8
Schools, High capita 25 36
Shopping Centers gross sq. ft. 0.172 0.247
Service Stations gross sq. ft. 0.18 0.259
Supermarkets gross sq. ft. 0.20 0.288
Theaters number of seats 1 1.44
Warehouses gross sq. ft. 0.021 0.03

APPENDIX C WSSC Design Criteria for Sewer Systems SEWER DESIGN GUIDELINES

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2) Future Flows.

a) Estimate future flow from other parcels tributary to the sewer that may be developed based on
the current zoning of those parcels. For zoning flow factors see Tables "19d", "19e", "19f" and
"19g".


TABLE "19d"
Non-Residential Flow Factors By Zoning For Montgomery County
By Montgomery County Zone BSF/Acre (gpd) AWF/Acre (gpd)
C-O Commercial Office 7,500 10,800
C-1 Convenience Commercial 2,000 2,880
C-2 General Commercial 6,000 9,216
C-3 Highway Commercial 7,000 10,080
C-I Country Inn 2,000 2,880
C-P Commercial Office Park 2,000 2,880
C-T Commercial Transition 2,000 2,880
I-1 Light Industrial 2,000 2,880
I-2 Heavy Industrial 4,000 5,760
I-3 Industrial Park 4,000 5,760
O-M Office Building moderate density 2,000 2,880




TABLE "19e"
Non-Residential Flow Factors By Zoning For Prince George's County
By Prince George's County Zone BSF/Acre (gpd) AWF/Acre (gpd)
C-O Commercial Office 7,500 10,800
C-1 Local Commercial, Existing 2,000 2,880
C-2 General Commercial, Existing 6,400 9,216
C-A Ancillary Commercial 2,000 2,080
C-C Community Commercial, Existing 6,400 2,880
C-G General Commercial, Existing 2,000 9,216
C-H Highway Commercial, Existing 2,000 2,880
C-M Commercial, Miscellaneous 4,200 2,880
C-S-C Commercial Shopping Center 4,200 6,048
E-I-A Employment and Institutional Area 4,000 5,760
I-1 Light Industrial 8,000 11,520
I-2 Heavy Industrial 4,000 5,760
I-3 Planned Industrial/Employment Park 4,000 5,760
I-4 Low-Intensity Industrial 4,000 5,760




APPENDIX C WSSC Design Criteria for Sewer Systems SEWER DESIGN GUIDELINES

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TABLE "19f"
Residential Flow Factors By Zoning For Montgomery County
By Montgomery County
Residential Zone
Dwelling
Unit/Acre
BSF/Acre
(gpd)
AWF/Acre
(gpd)
R-10 Multi-family High Density 43.50 5,220 7,520
R-150 One-family Detached 2.60 550 790
R-20 Multi-Family Medium Density 21.70 2,820 4,060
R-200 One-Family Detailed 2.00 420 600
R-30 Multi-Family Low Density 14.50 1,890 2,720
R-40 Semi-Detached and Two-Family 8.50 1,100 1,590
R-4plex Four-plex 12.50 1,625 2,340
R-60 Single Family 5.00 1,100 1,500
R-90 Single family 3.60 750 1,080
R-CBD Multi-Family, CBD 290.00 34,800 50,112
R-D-T Rural Density Transfer 0.04 8 12
R-H Multi-Family, High-Rise Planned 43.50 5,220 7,520
R-M-H Mobile Home Development 7.00 910 1,310
R-C Rural Cluster 0.20 42 60
RE-1 Residential Estate 1.00 210 300
RE-2 Residential Townhouse 0.40 84 120
RT-10 Residential Townhouse 10.00 1,300 1,870
RT-12.5 Residential Townhouse 12.50 1,625 2,340
RT-6 Residential Townhouse 6.00 780 1,120
RT-8 Residential Townhouse 8.00 1,040 1,500
Rural Rural Zone .020 42 60
























APPENDIX C WSSC Design Criteria for Sewer Systems SEWER DESIGN GUIDELINES

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TABLE "19g"
Residential Flow Factors By Zoning for Prince George's County
By Prince George's County
Residential Zone
Dwelling
Unit/Acre
BSF/Acre
(gpd)
AWF/Acr
e (gpd)
M-X-T Mixed Use - Transportation
Oriented
7,800 11,232
O-S Open Space 0.20 42 60
R-10 Multi-family High Density 48.00 5,760 8,300
R-18 Multi-Family Medium Density 20.00 2,600 3,744
R-20 One-Family Triple Attached 16.33 2,123 3,057
R-30 Multi-Family Low Density 12.00 1,560 2,250
R-35 One-Family Semi-Detailed 12.44 1,620 2,330
R-55 One-Family Detailed 6.70 1,400 2,030
R-80 One-Family Detailed 4.50 945 1,360
R-A Residential - Agriculture 0.50 105 150
R-E Residential - Estate 1.08 230 330
R-H Multi-Family, High-Rise Apartment 48.40 5,810 8,370
R-L Residential Low Development 1.50 315 450
R-M Residential Middle Development 7.90 1,660 2,390
R-M-H Planned Mobile Home Community 7.00 910 1,310
R-P-C Planned Community 8.00 1,680 2,400
R-R Rural Residential 2.17 455 655
R-S Residential Suburban Development 3.50 735 1,050
R-T Townhouse Three-Family 12.20 1,560 2,250
R-U Residential Urban Development 16.00 2,080 3,000
V-L Village Low Development 1.30 280 390
V-M Village Medium Development 2.00 420 600


3) Type of Flows.

a) Base Sanitary Flow (BSF). Flow that is expected to be returned by the customer to the
wastewater collection system.

b) Average Wastewater Flow (AWF). Base sanitary flow plus an allowance for infiltration and
inflow. The current Sewage Flow Factor Analysis calculates the AWF using the following
equation.
AWF = 1.44 x BSF**

** The equation shown above shall be used to provide a minimum allowance for infiltration and
inflow. Additional allowance for infiltration and inflow may be made upon verification of
evidence or approval of operational data or flow measurement.

c) Peak Wastewater Flow (PWF). Is used to evaluate available capacity in existing sewers as well
as a step in determining the Design Flow for new sewers. It is the flow that can be expected
during a 10-year storm. The Maryland Peaking Equation (See page 1-7 Design Guidelines for
Sewerage Facilities, Technical Bulletin M-DM HH-EHA-S-001, 1978, Environmental Health
APPENDIX C WSSC Design Criteria for Sewer Systems SEWER DESIGN GUIDELINES

2008 Appendix C-7
Administration, Department of Health and State of Maryland) is used to calculate the PWF as
follows:

PWF = (4 * AWF), where the AWF < 0.25 mgd

PWF = [3.2 * (AWF)
5/6
]

where the 0.25 mgd <AWF <16 mgd

PWF = (2 * AWF) where the AWF > 16 mgd

The middle equation shown above must be in units of million gallons per day.

d) Design Flow (DF). Is used to design new sewers. It includes the Peak Wastewater Flow, the
reserve capacity which will be attained by a factor of safety to cover any future land use
changes, plus a pool flow if applicable. The Pool Flow allowance is currently 0.1 mgd to cover
the surge in flow when swimming pool filters are backwashed. The Pool Flow should be
omitted where no swimming pools are located upstream from the sewer. Where two or more
pools are located upstream of the sewer, it should be assumed that only one pool would be
backwashed at any time. This flow should be added to DF if applicable. Design Flow should
be calculated using following equations.

DF = PWF * Factor of Safety +0.1 mgd of pool flow if applicable

DF = (PWF *1.5) + 0.1 mgd of pool flow if applicable when PWF<=3.75 mgd

DF = (PWF *1.1) + 0.1 mgd of pool flow if applicable when PWF>3.75 mgd

4) Determining Existing Flow Existing flow is needed to calculate total flow.

Total BSF =Existing BSF +Future BSF
Total AWF =Existing AWF +Future AWF

a) Existing Base Sanitary Flow can be estimated by the water usage report called "SM039". The
SM039 report shows water usage by minibasin, and within each minibasin, breaks down the
usage by development. The daily average consumption (DAC) is a weighted average and
computed based on the customers meter readings. The April DAC best represents the BSF. For
the April report the maximum influence would have been exerted by actual water consumption
during December, J anuary, February & March. All of these are months in which the
consumptive losses are expected to be at their minimum.

For small residential areas, the existing flow can be estimated by counting the parcels upstream
from a limiting capacity pipe and calculating the base sanitary flow.

b) Average Wastewater Flow for large areas can be measured by flow monitoring.

c) Once total AWF is calculated, DF can be derived using peaking factors, and factor of safety as
described above.
APPENDIX C WSSC Design Criteria for Sewer Systems SEWER DESIGN GUIDELINES

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c. Hydraulic Design

1) Gravity Flow:

a) Sewer size/capacity shall be determined using Mannings equation and with "n" value equal to
0.013.
Where:
Q = the capacity in mgd, n = the Manning n (n=.013)
D = the diameter of the pipe in inches S = the sewer slope in percent.

2) Pumped flows.

a) Includes a variety of different flows, including flows pumped from private site utility 1`system
(on-site), such as swimming pool filter backwash flows and grinder pump systems and WSSC
wastewater pumping stations.

b) Wastewater flows are calculated as follows:

Design gravity flow +instantaneous peak pump rates (when applicable)

c) Sewage pump selection: At least one (1) standby pump must be provided and available for
service at all times. Pumps must be of such capacity that with the largest unit out of service, the
remaining units will be capable of delivering the peak flow described under item (b).

d) Sewers shall be sized to carry the peak hydraulic flow at two-thirds full (i.e., the hydraulic
grade line will be at d/D =.67). Sewers with peak wastewater flows greater than 3.5 mgd shall
be sized to carry the peak hydraulic flow at 91% full.

e) Force main velocities shall be a minimum of 2.0 feet per second and a maximum of 6.0 feet per
second. The system shall be designed to minimize water hammer for normal operation
situation and unusual circumstances such as power outages. The system must be designed to
avoid column separation. Column separation is the most serious consequence of down surge
and must be avoided. Refer to Part Two, Section 24 (Force Main Design).

3) Grinder Pumps and Pressure Sewers

a) Least preferable method by WSSC for providing sewer service. Please see WSSC Standard
Procedure number ENG 04-10 for policy and guidelines. Detention time in the pressure sewer
prior to discharge to the gravity system should be less than 2 hours. Proposed systems that do
not meet these specifications will require additional information from the Applicant and further
review/assessment by the Commission.

b) Non-residential development will be allowed service via dedicated grinder systems only
when such a system is dedicated to a single customer. No other customers will be permitted to
connect to the low-pressure main.


S
D
n
.000039748
= Q
2.66666667
APPENDIX C WSSC Design Criteria for Sewer Systems SEWER DESIGN GUIDELINES

2008 Appendix C-9
c) For new grinder pump systems, applicants should follow manufacturers directions for
designing the systems. The WSSC will verify that the system is feasible and that the pumps to
be installed are of an approved manufacturer.

d) Additions to existing grinder pump systems, if permitted, must use the same make and similar
pump model to those in the existing system. Consult the WSSC for information on the
available capacity in this situation.

e) When modeling flows from grinder pump units in the downstream gravity systems, use the rate
of 11 gallons per minute for each grinder pump unit for the Environment/One brand pumps.
Please be aware that other manufacturers pumps may have different flow rates. For example, a
WSSC-approved F.E. Myers unit pumps at a rate of 20 gallons per minute or gpm.

4) Checking Downstream Capacity

a) To determine the limiting capacity of the downstream sewers, use the Sewer Model or the as
built plans. From the slope and size of the main, determine which pipe will be the limiting
capacity pipe.

b) To determine if the downstream capacity is adequate, add the report flow to the mini-basin flow
(the April DAC from SM039 report), also add the flow from other mini-basins which drain into
the mini-basin, if applicable.

c) Calculate Peak Wastewater Flow (PWF) as shown on page Appendix C-6, item 3)(c), and add
instantaneous peak pump rates (when applicable). If this number is less than the limiting
capacity, then the downstream sewers are adequate.