Constitutional Law -- POL 3323

Summer Law School Preparation Academy 2009

Professor: Richard Gambitta, Ph.D.
Office: UTSA Downtown Campus - BV 4.356, Institute for Law & Public Affairs
Class: MTWRF 1245-215 Room: ! FS 2.532
Office Hours: MTW 11-113" # 25"-4"", appo$ntm%nts an&t$m%' Phones: 45(-2))"*56"( Fax: -2))3
E-mail: richard.ambitta!utsa.edu - p+%as% w,$t% p,o-%sso, at t.$s %ma$+ a//,%ss ,at.%, t.an $n W%0CT %ma$+
"ebsites: D,. 1am0$tta .ttp**2o+-a.utsa.%/u*us%,s*,3am0$tta*
Institute for Law and Public Affairs: .ttp**utsa.%/u*$+pa*
WebC! https://webct.utsa.edu/webct/ticket/ticketLogin?action=print_login&request_uri=/webct/homearea/homearea%3F
ro!essor #ambitta designed this course in constitutional law !or students enrolled in the $ummer Law $chool reparation %cadem&.
'he course incorporates a rigorous e(amination o! constitutional law) anal&sis) and interpretation) relating these to go*erning. 'he
course requires *oluminous) care!ul) and critical comprehensi*e reading b& all students. 'he course is oriented towards students
wishing to go to law school or graduate school. 'here!ore) it is intense.
Attendance in class is mandatory. Failure to attend class is not acceptable and will result in a lower grade+i.e. !or each une(cused
absence o*er two) &ou recei*e a deduction o! two points !rom &our class a*erage. 'his polic& attempts to sa*e students !rom getting
poor grades. ,ou cannot learn adequatel& unless &ou attend) participate) and learn through interaction in class.
'he course pro*ides the opportunit& !or students to hone anal&tical) critical-reading) and communication skills. .oing well in this
course demands high moti*ation) consistent concentration) sustained dedication) and active participation. Students must be
prepared to present and discuss the analysis o" caselaw in each class# Lac$ o" preparation is unacceptable# /n this course)
students must ha*e not onl& a thorough understanding o! the cases) law) and 0udicial rationale) but also anal&1e the law) re!lect on
legal and empirical implications o! the holdings) appreciate concurrences and dissents) e(plore contingencies) ,ou should question
what &ou read and hear. ,ou should *iew precedence both retrospecti*el&) in terms o! consistenc& with past precedence) and
prospecti*el&) in terms o! the consequences o! the holdings and rationales related to possible !uture !act patterns. 'he pro!essor will
call on students whether or not the& *olunteer to answer. 2ther students should bene!it !rom &our comments and questions in class.
'his is a collecti*e enterprise) so contribute+otherwise &ou are not pulling &our load. ,ou are gi*en a grade !or class participation.
'he course has an electronic syllabus) designed to !acilitate student access to in!ormation. ,ou ha*e access to an incredible amount
o! material through this s&llabus.
'he pro!essor will use di!!erent modes o! teaching ranging !rom lecture to discussion) to $ocratic method) to !acilitating student
interaction) to reacti*e challenge) etc. 3ach student should pa& attention to what is said each da& in class) both to and !rom students.
$tri*e to do better each class period that &ou speak or write.
/n this course) students e(amine the 4.$. 5onstitution through detailed anal&ses o! constitutional caselaw) the histor& and politics o!
litigation) and the polic& impact o! 0udicial decisions. 6e e(amine !ederal and state statutor& law as the& pertain to selected cases.
6e !ocus on se*eral 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 7ustices) their decisions and opinions) 0udicial and political philosophies) and beha*ior)
also. 'he ob0ecti*es o! this course include ha*ing students: 8a9 gain a sophisticated understanding o! the modes o! constitutional
interpretation in the 4.$. s&stem o! go*ernment: 8b9 learn the constitutional powers and limitations associated with the three
branches o! go*ernment: 8c9 understand the respecti*e powers o! the states and the national go*ernment: 8d9 assess the nature)
e(tent) and importance o! the rights possessed b& indi*iduals which go*ernments are not to abridge: 8e9 stud& the important political
and social conte(t o! 0udicial decision-making and the impact o! court decisions in the ongoing polic& processes o! the 4.$.: and 8!9
anal&1e arguments) critici1e arguments) create arguments) draw reasoned conclusions) and communicate di*erse positions
e!!ecti*el&. 'his is not too much to ask o! students that actuall& desire an education.
$tudents are to conduct themsel*es pro!essionall& at all times. 'he success!ul teaching o! this class requires e(tensi*e classroom
interaction. $tudents are to treat others respect!ull& at all times) especiall& when critici1ing others; *iewpoints. $tudents must adhere
to the highest standards o! honor in all matters related to scholarship. 'he pro!essor condemns and prohibits an& !orm o! plagiarism)
cheating) or other un!air) unethical conduct and will prosecute occurrences according to 4'$% rules 8see /n!ormation bulletin9:
<$cholastic dishonest&= includes) but is not limited to) cheating) plagiarism) collusion) !alsi!&ing academic records) and
an& act designed to gi*e un!air ad*antage to the student 8such as) but not limited to) submission o! essentiall& the same
written assignment !or two courses without the prior permission o! the instructor) pro*iding !alse or misleading in!ormation
in an e!!ort to recei*e a postponement or an e(tension on a test) qui1) or other assignment9) or the attempt to commit such
an act.= UTSA Information Bulletin) p >?@) $ec. ?A3.

$tudents are to re!er to the 6eb5' site to secure in!ormation pertinent to class. $tudents are e(pected to e-correspond with the
pro!essor and other students) and seek assistance when needed. $tudents are to contact the pro!essor at richard.gambittaButsa.edu
instead o! the 6eb5' email.
1
$tudents should prepare to discuss all cases listed on the s&llabus) but the !ocus in class and emphasis on e(ams will be on those
cases with one or two asterisks 8i.e.) C or CC9. #enerall&) the pro!essor will conduct e(tensi*e $ocratic interactions on cases with two
asterisks 8CC9) discuss cases with one asterisk 8C9) and ma& re!er man& times to cases without asterisks. Students are responsible
"or e%ery case with one or two asteris$s and e%ery case discussed or mentioned in class# 'he pro!essor has gi*en students
multiple citations to cases in the electronic s&llabus. $tudents will !ind abridgements o! the cases in the casebook. 5ases ha*e
citations to the 4.$. Deports or equi*alents and to !indlaw.com or www.o&e1.org/o&e1/!rontpage. &" you are readin' this syllabus
"rom a computer that is lin$ed to the &nternet( you can mo%e directly "rom the e-syllabus citation to the sites containin' the
"ull opinions( oral ar'uments( syllabi( abstracts( or articles by clic$in' the acti%e hot-lin$ed citations# Ean& $upreme 5ourt
Deporters and 4.$. Deports are housed in our librar&;s re!erence room. Fote that !indlaw.com and www.o&e1.org/o&e1/!rontpage are
interacti*e. 'he pro!essor will make numerous assignments !rom websites as the course progresses. 'he pro!essor will bring oral
arguments to class and assign Gthinking assignments.G 5ases !rom the ?AAH-I and ?AA@-J terms ma& be included without notice
throughout the course) though the s&llabus contains some o! them alread&. Dead &our emails e*er&da& and check !or new messages
on 6eb5' e*er& two da&s. $tudents who do not en0o& speaking in class ma& comment on 6eb5') pro*iding insights or questions
!or e*er&one to share. Kui11es will be gi*en when the pro!essor belie*es participation lags. lagiarism will not be tolerated) will be
disco*ered) and will be prosecuted. $tudents are on the highest honor s&stem. 6e pursue a moralit& o! aspiration and reach new
heights in achie*ement.
'he pro!essor ma& cut cases where time demands it) entirel& !or the bene!it o! student sanit&. Le will add cases when he !inds them
rele*ant or necessar& to illumination o! concepts) methods) or substance. 'he order o! case discussions is not set in concrete) but) in
general) students should be prepared ahead o! the instructor b& !i*e cases with asterisks. Pro"essor may shi"t the order o" cases or
sections "or peda'o'ical purposes) also) but will gi*e due notice to students. 6e start slow) but build speed and momentum. E&
goal is bring out the best in &ou) what resides in &ou) alread&. Let;s ha*e a great semester o! learning. 'he good in education resides
in both the 0ourne& and the culmination.
#alue444
Course Re$uirements: 5u$66%s, 0,$%-s, # %ssa&s 7$n 2+ass o, ta8%-.om%9 2":
F$,st %;am, pap%, 2":
F$na+ <;am$nat$on 5":
C+ass =a,t$2$pat$on 71,a/%s A to F9 1":
Att%n/an2% an/ p,%pa,at$on -o, 2+ass p,$2%+%ss
Course %exts & Re$uired Readins:
.ucat) 5raig Constitutional Interpretation 8@
th
or Jth edition9
Findlaw Project) !indlaw.com or better http://www.!indlaw.com/casecode/supreme.html. 'his gi*es the !ull opinion o! court
decisions) plus &ou can track statutes) oral arguments) brie!s) etc.
Te !ye" Project# U.S. Supreme Court $ultimedia %atabase& www.o&e1.org/o&e1/!rontpage
'ustia& ttp#((supreme.justia.com( Mer& good site !or all sources about cases.
%ll readings placed onto or linked through 6eb5' or D# 6ebsite or placed on reser*e !or this class.
%ll readings assigned to particular students b& the pro!essor
'e(tbook and C book8s9 below) placed on reser*e.
'uested Readins, (istenins, and Research %ools
General: #oldman) 7err& Te Supreme Court)s *reatest +its 8%udio) 5omputer 5.9
CLall) Nermit 8ed.9 !,ford Companion to te Supreme Court of te United States 8on reser*e9
Lall) Nermit 8ed.9 !,ford Companion to U.S. Supreme Court %ecisions
Lall) Nermit Sapin- 'ustice 8audio 5.s9
)orn *oo$s! Fowak) Dotunda) ,oung 8eds.9 Constitutional .aw
'ribe) Lawrence American Constitutional .aw
eltason) 7ack Understandin- te Constitution
&nterpretation+ 5arter) Lei! Constitutional Interpretation
'ribe) L. !n /eadin- te Constitution
.or!) E. Constitutional .aw Stories
,esearch and bac$'round assi'nments throu'h the "ollowin' websites -become "amiliar with them now./!
Articles of Confederation 0 U.S. Constitution& http://www.usconstitution.net/articles.html
+istory of Constitutional Convention& .ibrary of Con-ress& http://lcweb?.loc.go*/ammem/bdsds/
U.S. Constitution) http://www.access.gpo.go*/congress/senate/constitution/toc.html
4.$. 5onstitution 8search b& word9 http://www.usconstitution.net/const.html
U.S. Constitution& http://www.law.emor&.edu/F3.3D%L/conpict.html
Court Systems# Federal Courts http://public.!indlaw.com/librar&/legal-s&stem/!ederal-courts.html
Constitutional .aw Center& http://supreme.!indlaw.com/
2
U.S. Supreme Court 'ustice& http://www?.c&berne(.net/O*analst/supreme.html
Federalist Paper& http://www.law.emor&.edu/F3.3D%L/
Federalist Papers http!00lcweb2#loc#'o%0const0"ed0"edpapers#html
Anti1Federalist Paper& http://www.constitution.org/a!p/a!p.htm
Federalism .in2& http://www.in!idels.org/Onap/inde(.!ederalism.html
U.S. Supreme Court !pinions& U.S. Code& Appellate Court %ecision& http://!indlaw.com/
Te !ye" Project# U.S. Supreme Court $ultimedia %atabase www.o&e1.org/o&e1/!rontpage
.e-al Information Institute& Cornell University http://www.law.cornell.edu/inde(.html
Avalon Project of 3ale .aw Scool& istorical .ttp**www.&a+%.%/u*+aww%0*a>a+on*a>a+on..tm
.e-al Information Institute4s Current U.S. Supreme Court Awareness http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/
..I 5ye on Courts http://www.law.cornell.edu/!ocus/liie&e.htm
'amail Center for .e-al /esearc& Tarlton .aw .ibrary) 4' $chool o! Law http://www.law.ute(as.edu
Te,as .e-al $aterials http://www.law.ute(as.edu/te(as/ or http://www.law.cornell.edu/states/te(as.htmlPopinions
State Constitutions http://www.louis*ille.edu/librar&/ekstrom/go*pubs/goodsources/histor&/constitution/stateconstitution.html
Understandin- te Federal Courts http://www.uscourts.go*/understanding_courts/@JJ_toc.htm
'ustice *insber- on Supreme Court Procedures http://gos.sbc.edu/g/ginsburg.html
Con-ressional Statutes passed since 6789 http://thomas.loc.go*/home/thomas?.html
Center for te Study of Federalism http://www.temple.edu/!ederalism/
Tarlton .ibrary :Te,as; Constitutions http://www.law.ute(as.edu/constitutions/inde(?.html
Te,as +andboo2 !nline http://www.tsha.ute(as.edu/handbook/online
<otin- /i-ts http://www.usdo0.go*/crt/*oting/
$y Capitol.com provides lin2s to Te,as 0 U.S. .e-islatures& etc. http://www.m&capitol.com
Te Civil /i-ts Project& +arvard University http://www.har*ard.edu/groups/ci*ilrights/
Center for Individual /i-ts http://www.cir-usa.org
American Civil .iberties Union http://www.aclu.org
Federalist Society http://www.!ed-soc.org/ublications/readinglist/readinglist.htm
Continued! ,esearch and bac$'round assi'nments throu'h the "ollowin' websites
Federalist Society Conservative .ibertarian Pre1.aw /eadin- .ist http://www.!ed-soc.org/ublications/readinglist/readinglist.htm
International +umanitarian .aw :.aw !f =ar; http://news.!indlaw.com/legalnews/lit/iraq/laws.html
Te Supreme Court +istorical Society http://www.supremecourthistor&.org/
Touro .aw 5ducation .ibrary ttp#((www.tourolaw.edu(library>uscoa>?nd>circuit(internet>resources(le-al.asp@courts
Te Center for Information .aw and Policy ttp#((www.infoctr.edu(fwl(
Te Federal =eb .ocator :F=.; ttp#((www.infoctr.edu(fwl(
F=. Auic2 .in2s .ocator# ttp#((www.infoctr.edu(fwl(@jumps 'urist
.e-al Intelli-ence for an 5ducated Society :Univ. of Pittsbur- Scool of .aw;
ttp#((jurist.law.pitt.edu(inde,.pp
'urist ..I. Paper Case :Contemporary Bews on .aw; ttp#((jurist.law.pitt.edu(papercase(inde,.tm
'urist ..I. .in2s to .aw /eviews http://0urist.law.pitt.edu/lawre*.htm
'urist ..I. .in2s to .e-al <ideo ttp#((jurist.law.pitt.edu(live.tm
Peoples /epublic of Cina4s Constitution& Comparative ttp#((www.usconstitution.net(cina.tml
he Constitution 1 2udicial ,e%iew( Powers( and Limits
First %ssignment: 'he 4.$. 5onstitution 8Dead it in one sittingQ 'hen re-read it and re-read itR9
/n general) read 5hapter >) pages >-IS. ro!essor #ambitta will !ocus on the !ollowing cases)
somewhat in this order 8!amous last words.9 /n general) read the te(tbook sections which deal with the
cases !or each week below. 'he pro!essor e(pects &ou to know <e*er&thing= associated with the
readings about these cases. 'he pro!essor will ask questions on the cases) and &ou should know the
!acts leading to the case) the issue) holding) rationale) and signi!icant concurring or dissenting opinions.
'he cases with two and three asterisks will be discussed in class. 5ases with a single asterisk ma& be discussed in class and students are
to be prepared on both t&pes.
CCC Earbur& *. Eadison) T 4.$. 8> 5ranch9 >3I 8>@A39 p S/S
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=T&page=>3I
Earbur& *. Eadison) T 4.$. >3I 8>@A39) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
http://www.landmarkcases.org/marbur&/home.html
8see statute on 6eb5'- 7udiciar& %ct o! >I@J) U >39
Desponse b& 'homas 7e!!erson through correspondence to Earshall;s arguments in Earbur&:
http://www.landmarkcases.org/marbur&/0e!!erson.html
C 3akin *. Daub) >? $ & Dawle 8enns9 Valternate interpretation to Earbur&W p >3/>S
3
C $an!ord *. $cott) HA 4.$. 8>J Low.9 3J3 8>@TI9 V?nd e(ercise o! 0ud. re*. o*er !ederal statuteW
8C#2#aney 3ecision only9 p ?H) JH
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=HA&page=3J3
.red $cott *. $and!ord) HA 4.$. 3J3 8>@TI9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CCC $chenck *. 4.$.) ?SJ 4.$. SI 8>J>J9 Vsustaining a !ederal statute & designing a legal <test=W p I@>/I@S
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=?SJ&page=SI
$chenck *. 4nited $tates) ?SJ 4.$. SI 8>J>J9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
VCW Fletcher *. eck) >A 4.$. 8H 5ranch9 @I 8>@>A9 V"ed ct# 4ud# re%# o%er state le'# actW p S>T/S>?
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=>A&page=@I
Fletcher *. eck) >A 4.$. @I 8>@>A9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
VCW 'rustees o! .artmouth 5ollege *. 6oodward) >I 4.$. T>@ 8>@>J9 8.3F3D ./$54$$/2F9 p S>I/S>S
VCW Eartin *. LunterXs Lessee) >S 4.$. 8__ 6heat.9 3AS 8>@>H9 V"ed ct# re%# o%er state ci%il ct# actionW
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=>S&page=3A@ p >J/>J
Eartin *. LunterXs Lessee) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
VCW 5ohens *. Mirginia) >J 4.$. 8__ 6heat.9 ?HS 8>@?>9 V"ed ct# 4ud# re%# o%er state crim# ct# actionW
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=>J&page=?HS
5ohens *. Mirginia) >J 4.$. ?HS 8>@?>9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
VCW 5ooper *. %aron) 3T@ 4.$. > 8>JT@9 V"ed ct# 4ud# re%# o%er state e5ecuti%e actionW p >>3@/>>S?
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=3T@&page=>
5ooper *. %aron) 3T@ 4.$. > 8>JT@9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
C 4.$. *. 5arolene roducts) 3AS 4.$. >SS 8>J3@9 V!ocus on !ootnote S o! decision) onlyW p J>/@H
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=3AS&page=>SS
4nited $tates *. 5arolene roducts 5o.) 3AS 4.$. >SS 8>J3@9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
VCW 3( arte Ec5ardle) IS 4.$. TAH 8>@HJ9 Vappellate 4urisdiction o" Supreme CourtW p ?S/?3
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=IS&page=TAH
3( parte Ec5ardle) IS 4.$. TAH 8>@HJ9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
7ustice #insberg on $upreme 5ourt rocedures) http://gos.sbc.edu/g/ginsburg.html
Eodes o! 5onstitutional /nterpretation addressed preliminaril&.
CCDead Landout or %ssignment on 7udicial $el! Destraints.
VCW Euskrat *. 4.$.) ?>J 4.$. 3SH 8>J>>9 Vcase & contro*ers&) ad*isor& opinions & necessar& ad*ersenessW
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=?>J&page=3SH p SA/S>
VCW .e Funis *. 2degaard) S>H 4.$. 3>? 8>JIS9 8mootness9 p 3J)S3) SS
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=S>H&page=3>?
.eFunis *. 2degaard) S>H 4.$. 3>? 8>JIS9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
%shwander *. '.M.%.) ?JI 4.$. ?@@ 8>J3T9 8assess Yrandeis; summar& o! 0ud. restraints9 p T@/TT
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=?JI&page=?@@
%shwander *. 'ennessee Malle& %uthorit&) ?JI 4.$. ?@@ 8>J3H9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
Fational 'reasur& 3mplo&ees 4nion *. 4.$. >A> F. 3d >S?3) 4.$. 5t. o! %ppeals) .5) 8>JJH9 8ripeness9 p ST
C %llen *. 6right) SH@ 4.$. I3I 8>J@S9 8standing9 p SI/S@
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=SH@&page=I3I
%llen *. 6right) SH@ 4.$. I3I 8>J@S9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
5it& o! Los %ngeles *. L&ons) ST3 4.$. >3A@ 8>J@>9 p TS/SJ
FindLaw Z 5ases and 5odes
Los %ngeles *. L&ons) SH> 4.$. JT 8>J@39) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
.oe *. Yush 4.$. 5ourt o! %ppeals) >
st
5ircuit) 3?3 F. 3d >33 ?AA3 8Dipeness9
http://caselaw.lp.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=>st&na*b&=case&no=A3>?HH&e(act=>
C Frothingham 8 Eassachusetts 9 *. Eellon) ?H? 4.$. SSI 8>J?39 8ta(pa&er standing9 p TH
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=?H?&page=SSI
Eassachusetts *. Eellon) ?H? 4.$. SSI 8>J?39) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC Flast *. 5ohen) 3J? 4.$. @3 8>JH@9 8ta(pa&er standing master the double ne(us test9 p TH
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=3J?&page=@3
Flast *. 5ohen) 3J? 4.$. @3 8>JH@9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
6arth *. $eldin) S?? 4.$. SJA 8>JIT9 8standing9
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$chlesinger *. Deser*ists 'o $top 'he 6ar) S>@ 4.$. ?A@ 8>JIS9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
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CC 5oleman *. Eiller) 3AI 4.$. S33 8>J3J9 8political questions & amendment process9 .>3
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CC Yaker *. 5arr) 3HJ 4.$. >@H 8>JH?9 8political questions9 p HA/>?3T
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C 4.$. 'erm Limits) /nc. *. 'hornton) T>S 4.$. IIJ 8>JJT9 p >AT/>AS
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Fi(on *. 4nited $tates) TAH 4.$. ??S 8>JJ39) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
6ederalism 1 Con'ressional Powers 1 Limitations
&ntroduction o" Con'ressional Powers
2*erall Deadings !or $ection -- .ucat p IJ->T@) ?IA-?II) and assigned cases:
CC Ec5ulloch *. Ear&land) >I 4.$. 3>H 8>@>J9 p >AI/>AH
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Ec5ulloch *. Ear&land) >I 4.$. 3>H 8>@>J9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
$outh 5arolina *. Nat1enbach) 3@3 4.$. 3A> 8>JHH9 p >>3/>>?
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$outh 5arolina *. Nat1enbach) 3@3 4.$. 3A> 8>JHH9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC #ibbons *. 2gden) ?? 4.$. > 8>@?S9 p ?I@/?IS
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#ibbons *. 2gden) ?? 4.$. > 8>@?S9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
$ta!!ord *. 6allace) ?T@ 4.$. SJT 8>J??9 p ?@S/?IJ
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5hampion *. %mes) >@@ 4.$. 3?> 8>JA39) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
Yrooks *. 4.$.) ?HI 4.$. S3? 8>J?I9 p ?J?/?@I
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=?HI&page=S3?
C Louston) 3ast 6est '[ Dail. 5o. *. 4.$.) ?3S 4.$. 3S? 8>J>S9 p ?@H/?@>
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CC Lammer *. .agenhart) ?SI 4.$. ?T> 8>J>@9 p 3AS/?JJ
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Lammer *. .agenhart) ?SI 4.$. ?T> 8>J>@9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
VCW $chechter oultr& 5orp. *. 4.$.) ?JT 4.$. SJT 8>J3T9 p >33/>3>
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$chechter oultr& 5orp. *. 4nited $tates) ?JT 4.$. SJT 8>J3T9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
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5arter *. 5arter 5oal 5o.) ?J@ 4.$. ?3@ 8>J3H9
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5arter *. 5arter 5oal 5ompan&) ?J@ 4.$. ?3@ 8>J3H9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
FLDY *. Laughlin $teel) 3A> 4.$. > 8>J3I9
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FLDY *. 7ones & Laughlin $teel 5orp.) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC 4.$. *. .arb&) 3>? 4.$. >AA 8>JS>9 p 3?3/3>I
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6ickard *. Filburn) 3>I 4.$. >>> 8>JS?9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
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Leart o! %tlanta Eotel *. 4.$.) 3IJ 4.$. ?S> 8>JHS9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
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Nat1enbach *. Ec5lung) 3IJ 4.$. ?JS 8>JHS9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
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$teward Eachine 5ompan& *. .a*is) 3A> 4.$. TS@ 8>J3I9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
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$outh .akota *. .ole) S@3 4.$. ?A3 8>J@I9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
#regor& *. %shcro!t) TA> 4.$. ST? 8>JJ>9
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#regor& *. %shcro!t) TA> 4.$. ST? 8>JJ>9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
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#on1ales *. Daich) TST 4.$. > 8?AAT9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
'hen read !rom the te(tbook Daich *. #on1ales TAA F.?d @TA 8don;t dwell on this &et9 p IH>
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City o" *oerne %# 6lores( 92: ;#S# 90< -:99</( ;#S# Supreme Court Case Summary 1 Oral Ar'ument
C 5harles Di*er Yridge *. 6arren Yridge) 3H 4.$. S?A 8>@3I9
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5harles Di*er Yridge *. 6arren Yridge) 3H 4.$. S?A 8>@3I9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC Nelo *. 5it& o! Few London) TST 4.$. ___) Fo. AS->A@) .ecided 7une ?3) ?AAT
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C Yush * #ore) T3> 4.$. T3> 4.$. J@ 8?AAA9 p >??A->/>??J
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6
85ecuti%e *ranch Powers and Limits
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'he ri1e 5ases) HI 4.$. H3T 8>@H39) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
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3( parte Eilligan) I> 4.$. ? 8>@HH9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
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Norematsu *. 4nited $tates) 3?3 4.$. ?>S 8>JSS9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
http://www.geocities.com/%thens/@S?A/timeline.html 8'imeline with detailed research on 7apanese /nternment and
histor& o! rele*ant 66// e*ents.9
8'ape shown outside o! class on 7apanese Delocation 5enters and the impact o! the episode.9
http://www.aclunc.org/aclunews/news?J@/korematsu.html Fred Norematsu gi*en Eedal o! Freedom.
CC ,oungstown $heet and 'ube *. $aw&er) 3S3 4.$. TIJ 8>JT?9 p ?AJ/>J@
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=3S3&page=TIJ
,oungstown $heet & 'ube 5o. *. $aw&er) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
#eorge 6. Yush and the 5oncept o! the 4nilateral residenc&) et al. p ?TS-?HH
4.$. atriot %ct 8'he %ct and materials pertaining to it...9
http://www.e!!.org/ri*ac&/$ur*eillance/'errorism/?AA>>A?T_hr3>H?_usa_patriot_bill.html
http://www.epic.org/pri*ac&/terrorism/hr3>H?.html
http://www.aclu.org/$a!eandFree/$a!eandFree.c!m?/.=>?>?H&c=?AI
C Dums!eld *. adilla) TS? 4.$. S?H 8?AAS9 p 44
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Dums!eld *. adilla) TS? 4.$. S?H 8?AAS9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
C Dasul *. Yush) et al.) 542 U.S. 466 (2004)
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Dasul *. Yush) TS? 4.$. SHH 8?AAS9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
2ral argument also a*ailable through: http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/
and at rtsp://*ideo.c-span.org/pro0ect/spec/specAS?AAS_sc.rm
** Lamdi *. Dums!eld) 542 U.S. 507 (2004) p 251
http://caselaw.lp.!indlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=4$&na*b&=case&*ol=AAA&in*ol=A3-HHJH
Lamdi *. Dums!eld) TS? 4.$. TAI 8?AAS9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
'enet et al . *. .oe et u,.) TSS 4.$. >) Fo. A3->3JT.%rgued 7anuar& >>) ?AAT--.ecided Earch ?) ?AAT
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'enet *. .oe) TSS 4.$. > 8?AAT9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC Lamdan *. Dums!eld) 548 U.S. ___ (2006) p 252
http://supreme.0ustia.com/us/TS@/AT->@S/
http://caselaw.lp.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=4$&*ol=AAA&in*ol=AT->@S
Lamdan *. Dums!eld) TS@ 4.$. ___ 8?AAH9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
4.$. court o! appeals) ..5. 5ircuit ruling http://pacer.cadc.uscourts.go*/docs/common/opinions/?AATAI/AS-T3J3a.pd!
Yackground website dedicated to +amdan v. /umsfeld case) with brie!s and links
http://www.hamdan*rums!eld.com/inde(
Eilitar& 5ommissions %ct ?AAH p ?TJ-?H3
C Youmediene *. Yush) 8?AA@9 discussed in te(t as !ed app ct opinion SIH F3d J@> p ?TS
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C E&ers *. 4.$.) ?I? 4.$. T? 8>J?H9 p >I@/>IA
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E&ers *. 4nited $tates) ?I? 4.$. T? 8>J?H9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
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Lumphre&Xs 3(ecutor *. 4nited $tates) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
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6iener *. 4nited $tates) 3TI 4.$. 3SJ 8>JT@9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
C 3lrod *. Yurns) S?I 4.$. 3SI 8>JIH9 p JAH/JA@
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7
3lrod *. Yurns) S?I 4.$. 3SI 8>JIH9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC F.,. 'imes *. 4.$.) SA3 4.$. I>3 8>JI>9 p JSA/JST
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=SA3&page=I>3
Few ,ork 'imes *. 4nited $tates) SA3 4.$. I>3 8>JI>9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC 4.$. *. Fi(on) S>@ 4.$. H@3 8>JIS9 p ???/?>>
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4nited $tates *. Fi(on) S>@ 4.$. H@3 8>JIS9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
VCW Eorrison *. 2lson) S@I 4.$. HTS 8>J@@9 p >@T/>IH
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=4$&*ol=S@I&in*ol=HTS
Eorrison *. 2lson) S@I 4.$. HTS 8>J@@9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
C 5linton *. 7ones) T?A 4.$. H@>) >>I $.5t. >H3H 8>JJI9 p ?S>/??I
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5linton *. 7ones) T?A 4.$. H@> 8>JJI9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
5hene&) M.. * 4.$. .istrict 5ourt !or the .istrict o! 5olumbia) TS? 4.$. 3HI 8?AAS9
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5hene& *. 4.$. .istrict 5ourt !or the .istrict o! 5olumbia) TS? 4.$. 3HI 8?AAS9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& &
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/F$ *. 5hadha) SH? 4.$. J>J 8>J@39) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
VCCW Yowsher *. $&nar) SI@ 4.$. I>S 8>J@H9 p >SS/>S>
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Yowsher *. $&nar) SI@ 4.$. I>S 8>J@H9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
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5linton *. 5it& o! Few ,ork) T?S 4.$. S>I 8>JJ@9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
Penumbra( the ,i'ht to Contract( Pri%acy 1 Autonomous Choices
,i'ht to Pri%acy( ,i'ht o *e Le"t Alone( ,i'ht o" Autonomous Choice
C 7acobson *. Eassachusetts) >JI 4.$.>> 8>JAT9 p 3HT/3H3
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7acobson *. Eassachusetts) >JI 4.$. >> 8>JAT9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC Lochner *. F.,.) >J@ 4.$. ST 8>JAT9 p SS>/S3T
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=>J@&page=ST
Lochner *. Few ,ork) >J@ 4.$. ST 8>JAT9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC Euller *. 2regon) ?A@ 4.$. S>? 8>JA@9 p SST/S3@
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Euller *. 2regon) ?A@ 4.$. S>? 8>JA@9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC Lo*ing *. Mirginia) 3@@ 4.$. >) @I $.5t. >@>I 8>JHI9 p IAH/I>T
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Lo*ing *. Mirginia) 3@@ 4.$. > 8>JHI9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
C $tanle& *. #eorgia) 3JS 4.$. TTI 8>JHJ9 p J@?/J@@
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$tanle& *. #eorgia) 3JS 4.$. TTI 8>JHJ9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
Eoore *. 3ast 5le*eland) S3> 4.$. SJS 8>JII9 p ITH
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Eoore *. 3ast 5le*eland) S3> 4.$. SJS 8>JII9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
\ablocki *. Dedhail) S3S 4.$. 3IS 8>JI@9
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\ablocki *. Dedhail) S3S 4.$. 3IS 8>JI@9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC Yuck *. Yell) ?IS 4.$. ?AA) SI $.5t. T@S 8>J?I9 p IAT/I>S-T
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Yuck *. Yell) ?IS 4.$. ?AA 8>J?I9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC $kinner *. 2klahoma) 3>H 4.$. T3T) H? $.5t. >>>A 8>JS?9 p IAT/I>S
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=3>H&page=T3T
8
$kinner *. 2klahoma e( rel. 6illiamson) 3>H 4.$. T3T 8>JS?9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC #riswold *. 5onnecticut) 3@> 4.$. SIJ 8>JHT9
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#riswold *. 5onnecticut) 3@> 4.$. SIJ 8>JHT9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC 3isenstadt *. Yaird) SAT 4.$. S3@ 8>JI?9
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3isenstadt *. Yaird) SAT 4.$. S3@ 8>JI?9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
5are& *. opulation $er*ices /nternational) S3> 4.$. HI@ 8>JII9
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5are& *. opulation $er*ices /nternational) S3> 4.$. HI@ 8>JII9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC Doe *. 6ade) S>A 4.$ >>3) J3 $.5t. IAT 8>JI39 p I>3/I??
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Doe *. 6ade) S>A 4.$. >>3 8>JI39) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
C Larris *. EcDae) SS@ 4.$. ?JI 8>J@A9 p ISS/ITA
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Larris *. EcDae) SS@ 4.$. ?JI 8>J@A9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
%kron *. %kron 5enter !or Deproducti*e Lealth) SH? 4.$. S>H) >3 $.5t. ?S@> 8>J@39 p I?>/I?J
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%kron *. %kron 5enter For Deproducti*e Lealth) SH? 4.$. S>H 8>J@39) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral
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'hornburgh *. %mer. 5oll. o! 2bst. & #&n.) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
C 6ebster *. Deproducti*e $er*ices) SJ? 4.$. SJA 8>J@J9 p I?A/I?J
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=4$&*ol=SJ?&page=SJA
6ebster *. Deproducti*e Lealth $er*ices) SJ? 4.$. SJA 8>J@J9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC lanned arenthood o! $outheastern % *. 5ase&) TAT 4.$. @33) >>? $.5t. ?IJ> 8>JJ?9 p I?3/I3?
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lanned arenthood *. 5ase&) TAT 4.$. @33 8>JJ?9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
Dust *. $ulli*an) TAA 4.$. >I3) >>> $.5t. >ITJ 8>JJ>9 p ISI/IT>
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Dust *. $ulli*an) TAA 4.$. >I3 8>JJ>9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
Ea1urek *. %rmstrong) T?A 4.$. JH@) >>I $.5t. >@HT 8>JJI9
http://www.o&e1.org/cases/case/?case=>JJA->JJJ/>JJH/>JJH_JH_>>AS
Nansas *. Lendricks) T?> 4.$. 3SH) >>I $.5t. ?AI? 8>JJI9 p TJ?/HA>
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Nansas *. Lendricks) T?> 4.$. 3SH 8>JJI9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
$chenck *. ro-5hoice Fetwork o! 6estern Few ,ork) T>J 4.$. 3TI) >>I $.5t. @@T 8>JJI9 p @3>/@3?
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$chenck *. ro-5hoice Fetwork o! 6estern Few ,ork) T>J 4.$. 3TI 8>JJI9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& &
2ral %rgument
%&otte *. lanned arenthood o! Forthern Few 3ngland) TSH 4.$. ___ 8?AAH9 .ocket Fumber: AS->>SS
http://caselaw.lp.!indlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=4$&na*b&=case&*ol=AAA&in*ol=AS->>SS
%&otte *. lanned arenthood o! Forthern Few 3ngland) TSH 4.$. ___ 8?AAH9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& &
2ral %rgument
CC #on1ales *. 5arhart) TTA 4.$. ___ 8?AAI9) >?I $.5t. >H>A 8?AAI9 p IS?
http://www.supremecourtus.go*/opinions/AHpd!/[email protected]!
#on1ales *. 5arhart) TTA 4.$. ___ 8?AAI9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
VCW .iamond *. 5hakrabart&) SSI 4.$. 3A3 8>J@A9
http://caselaw.lp.!indlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?na*b&=case&court=us&*ol=SSI&page=3A3
.iamond *. 5hakrabart&) SSI 4.$. 3A3 8>J@A9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC Yowers *. Lardwick) SI@ 4.$. >@H 8>J@H9 p ISJ/IT3
http://caselaw.!indlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=4$&*ol=SI@&in*ol=>@H
Yowers *. Lardwick) SI@ 4.$. >@H 8>J@H9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC Lawrence *. 'e(as) T3J 4.$. TT@ 8?AA39 p IT3
http://caselaw.lp.!indlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=4$&na*b&=case&*ol=AAA&in*ol=A?->A?
Lawrence and #arner *. 'e(as) T3J 4.$. TT@ 8?AA39) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
2ral %rg. 'ranscripts: http://www.supremecourtus.go*/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/A?->A?.pd!
Legal /n!ormation /nstitute Links: http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/background/A?->A?_re!.htm
6hat is sodom&? Slate http://www.slate.com/id/?AIT?I>/
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Domer *. 3*ans) T>I 4.$. H?A 8>JJH9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
C 5ru1an b& 5ru1an *. .irector) Eissouri .ept. o! ublic Lealth) SJI 4.$. ?H> 8>JJA9 p IHS/IHT
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5ru1an *. .irector) Eissouri .ept. o! Lealth) SJI 4.$. ?H> 8>JJA9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral
%rgument
'he case o! 'erri $chia*o
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/'erri_$chia*o
C 6ashington *. #lucksberg) T?> 4.$. IA?) >>I $.5t. ??T@ 8>JJI9 p IHT/IHH
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6ashington *. #lucksberg) T?> 4.$. IA? 8>JJI9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
C #on1ales *. 2regon) TSH 4.$. ?S3 8?AAH9 Vread pp II? ` IITW p II3
http://caselaw.lp.!indlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=4$&na*b&=case&*ol=AAA&in*ol=AS-H?3
#on1ales *. 2regon) TSH 4.$. ___ 8?AAH9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
CC #on1ales *. Daich) TST 4.$. > 8?AAT9 VDe!resh &our memor& !rom co*erage earlierW p 33> & IH>
http://caselaw.lp.!indlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=4$&na*b&=case&*ol=AAA&in*ol=A3->STS
#on1ales *. Daich) TST 4.$. > 8?AAT9) 4.$. $upreme 5ourt 5ase $ummar& & 2ral %rgument
10