This document discusses various topics related to adolescent development, including:
1. Differential diagnoses of premature and atypical puberty including benign premature adrenarche, central nervous system lesions, and exogenous sex hormones.
2. Requirements for growth hormones, thyroid hormones, parathyroid hormones, prolactin, and insulin during adolescence and their effects on growth, metabolism, and sexual development.
3. Nutritional needs for adolescents including calorie, protein, mineral and vitamin requirements and how they increase during this growth period.
4. Stages of psychosocial development according to Freud which focuses on sexual drives and personality development.
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Pemicu 3: Siklus Hidup 2014
This document discusses various topics related to adolescent development, including:
1. Differential diagnoses of premature and atypical puberty including benign premature adrenarche, central nervous system lesions, and exogenous sex hormones.
2. Requirements for growth hormones, thyroid hormones, parathyroid hormones, prolactin, and insulin during adolescence and their effects on growth, metabolism, and sexual development.
3. Nutritional needs for adolescents including calorie, protein, mineral and vitamin requirements and how they increase during this growth period.
4. Stages of psychosocial development according to Freud which focuses on sexual drives and personality development.
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pemicu 3
Siklus Hidup 2014
Fransiska Marshia Tarius 405120076 LO1 Tumbuh kembang remaja sec fisik & masalah tumbuh kembang http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0701/p209.html Perkmbgn/kedewasaan yg cpt http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0701/p209.html http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0701/p209.html DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 1. Benign premature adrenarche 2. Benign premature telarche 3. Benign premature menarche 4. Benign Gynecomastia of Adolescence. 5. Constitutional and Idiopathic Precocious Puberty. 6. Central Nervous System and Pituitary Lesions. 7. Gonadotropin-Secreting Tumors. 8. Peripheral Precocious Puberty. 9. McCune-Albright Syndrome. 10. Exogenous Sex Hormones 11. Contrasexual Development. http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0701/p209.html Benign Premature Adrenarche occurring before six years of age that is characterized by the appearance of pubic and, occasionally, axillary hair, increased sebaceous activity and adult-type body odor but no sexual development. Benign Premature Thelarche. can occur in girls as young as 18 months and is characterized by premature limited breast development without progression to a mature breast contour. Other signs of puberty do not occur, with a bone age appropriate for chronologic age. Benign Premature Menarche
This is a rare and poorly understood disorder similar to benign premature thelarche. may be attributed to exposure to exogenous estrogens of either a medical (such as oral contraceptives) Benign Gynecomastia of Adolescence Familial gynecomastia is a fairly common heterogenous disorder transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait or a sex-limited dominant trait causing limited breast development around the time of puberty. It requires no further evaluation in an otherwise normal boy unless associated with hypogonadism.Those with severe gynecomastia may require cosmetic surgery.
Pathologic gynecomastia occurs in cases of Klinefelter's syndrome and prolactin-secreting adenomata, and in response to a wide variety of drugs (e.g., marijuana, phenothiazines). Constitutional and Idiopathic Precocious Puberty. these conditions have premature but otherwise normal-appearing pubertal development. Girls develop breasts and have an early growth spurt. This causes them to be taller than their peers, but epiphyseal closure occurs early and they mature into short adults. The goal of medical treatment is to return the patient to a prepubertal pattern of growth and development, which is accomplished with the use of one of the GnRH analogs, such as long-acting injectable leuprolide (Lupron) or short-acting intranasal nafarelin (Synarel). These agents desensitize the anterior pituitary gland to the normal pulsatile stimulation of hypothalamic GnRH. Central Nervous System and Pituitary Lesions These conditions may cause a clinical picture similar to idiopathic precocious puberty but may be associated with neurologic problems (e.g., visual field defects). Gonadotropin-Secreting Tumors These tumors are uncommon but typically secrete the 3 subunit of hCG(hCG = human chorionic gonadotropin) or, in rare cases, the subunit. In boys, this produces a clinical syndrome of incomplete precocious puberty. Girls do not demonstrate premature sexual development from hCG alone; FSH priming is required for estradiol production by the ovaries. Tumors that secrete hCG include hepatomas or hepatoblastomas; teratomas or chorioepitheliomas of the gonads, The treatment is usually surgical. Peripheral Precocious Puberty. Development occurs despite low or prepubertal levels of FSH and LH. Ovarian or adrenal androgens may produce virilization in girls McCune-Albright Syndrome. Patients with this disorder present with the classic triad of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, and precocious puberty.
It appears to be a heterogeneous syndrome with multiple types of inheritance patterns and may be associated with hyperthyroidism Treatment includes medical and orthopedic management. Berkembang dgn cpt Exogenous Sex Hormones. Ingestion of sex hormones by prepubertal children causes the development of secondary sexual features in conjunction with suppressed FSH and LH levels. Girls who take estrogens (oral contraceptives) may develop dark-brown breast areolae that are not usually associated with endogenous types of precocious puberty, and those who have not begun natural puberty will lack pubic hair. Contrasexual Development. Premature and Atypical Puberty http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0701/p209.html hCG = human chorionic gonadotropin CNS = central nervous system) menilai Delayed Sexual Development All children with delayed sexual development, which is usually associated with short stature. In girls, delayed sexual development is defined as lack of any breast development by 14 years of age or when more than five years pass between initial growth of breast tissue and menarche. In boys, delayed sexual development is defined as no testicular enlargement by 14 years of age or the passing of five years http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0701/p209.html DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 1. Constitutional Delay 2. Hypopituitarism 3. Chromosomal Abnormalities http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0701/p209.html Constitutional Delay Typically these children have a normal length and weight at birth and appear to grow normally for a few years but then fall below the fifth percentile on standard growth curves, at which time growth velocity returns to a normal rate and continues along a low percentile curve. Hypopituitarism. Caused by a variety of diseases that affect the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Treatment is directed at the underlying cause and includes initiation of hormone replacement therapy. Chromosomal Abnormalities. In girls, the most common is Turner's syndrome (about one case in 3,000 live female births). In these cases, patients may present with only growth failure and pubertal delay
In boys, the most common abnormality is Klinefelter's syndrome (about one case in 700 live male births); patients typically are tall, with a eunuchoid body (i.e., long legs and relatively short arms, a height:arm-span ratio greater than 1.0). The testes are small but firm, and gynecomastia is often present Delayed Puberty LO2 Pengaruh hormon trhdp tumbuh kembang Growth Hormone Fungsi: - meningkatkan pembelahan sel - meningkatkan sintesis protein - pertumbuhan tulang - ptumbuhan pascanatal + metabolisme KH, lipid, serta mineral
Sekresi fisiologis diatur oleh GHRH dan GHIH Menginduksi pelepasan modulator somatomedin Irama diurnal: siang hari rendah dan meningkat pada 1 jam setelah tidur pada malam hari.
Efek Growth Hormone Hati: - IGF I - Glukoneogenesis - Sintesis glikogen Tulang - proliferasi sel tulang rawan di lempeng epifisis sehingga tulang bertambah panjang Jaringan adiposa - lipolisis Otot - penyerapan glukosa - sintesis protein Hormon Metabolik Tiroid (TSH) Terdiri dari T3 dan T4 Fungsinya : Meningkatkan transkripsi sejumlah besar gen Efeknya pada pertumbuhan hipertiroidisme pertumbuhan tulang berlebihan lebih tinggi tulang matang lebih cepat umur muda epifisisnya menutup pertumbuhan lamanya lebih singkat tinggi badan dewasa lebih pendek Efek pada fungsi seksual Pria (-) = libido (+) =impotensi Wanita (-) atau (+) = menorogia,polimenore,oligomenore,amenore HORMON PARATIROID Fungsinya : menimbulkan absorbsi garam garam kalsium dalam tulang. Mengurangi ekskresi kalsium pada ginjal Meningkatkan ekskresi fosfat dari ginjal Kalsitriol : merangsang absorbsi Ca dan P di usus, memperkuat kerja PTH untuk penyerapan Ca di ginjal Kalsitonin : memacu pengendapan kalsium di dalam tulang sehingga menurunkan konsentrasi kalsium dalam cairan ekstraselular
Kalsitriol + Kalsitonin Hormon Prolaktin (PRL) Disintesis laktotrop Reseptor = GH Terlibat dalam proses mengawali dan mempertahankan laktasi pada manusia Hormon Insulin Mekanisme : Meningkatkan sintesis protein sehingga mendorong pertumbuhan. LO3 Asupan & masalah gizi remaja Kebutuhan Kalori pada Remaja Penentuan kebutuhan zat gizi pada remaja secara umum didasarkan pada Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA). Untuk tepatnya, RDA harus ditentukan secara per orangan berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari pemeriksaan klinis, biokimiawi,antropometris, diet, aktivitas, serta psikososial (kronologis) Kebutuhan Kalori pada Remaja Sebagai penentuan kebutuhan kalori yang lebih baik, dapat berpatokan pada perbandingan kkal per cm tinggi badan Perkiraan energi untuk: Remaja putra 11-18tahun = 13-23kkal/cm Remaja putri 11-18tahun = 10-19kkal/cm Kebutuhan Protein pada Remaja Penghitungan energi protein berdasarkan pada pola tumbuh, bukan usia kronologis Sehingga penghitungan kebutuhan energi protein berpatokan pada perbandingan dengan tinggi badan: Remaja putra = 0,29-0,32 gr protein/cm Remaja putri = 0,27-0,29 gr protein/cm
Kebutuhan pada Remaja MINERAL Kebutuhan semua jenis mineral akan meningkat Peningkatan kebutuhan yang paling mencolok adalah besi dan kalsium karena berperan dalam pembentukan tulang dan otot Asupan kalsium yang dianjurkan sebesar 800mg- 1200mg VITAMIN Peningkatan kebutuhan energi dan zat gizi tntu menigkatkan kebutuhan kebutuhan vitamin seperti: Thiamin, rhiboflavin, niacin = berperan dalam proses pelepasan energi dari karbohidrat B6, B12, asam folat = berperan dalam sintesis DNA dan RNA Vitamin A, C, E = berperan dalam regenerasi sel dan jaringan
LO4 Tahap perkembangan psikososial Freud: - Perkembangan -> sexual drive - Perkembangan kepribadian-> 5 tahun pertama
Erikson: - Perkembangan-> aspek sosial - Perkembangan-> seumur hidup Psikososial (Erikson) Erik Erickson 8 tahap perkembangan psikososial: 1. Trust x Mistrust (hope) 2. Autonomy x Shame (will) 3. Initiative x Guilt (purpose) 4. Industry x Inferiority (competence) 5. Identify x Identify confussion (fidelity) 6. Intimacy x Isolation (love) 7. Generativity x Self absorption (care) 8. Integrity x Despair (wisdom)
Fase 1 Infancy (0-1 thn) - Tahun pertama kelahiran - Smw dsekelilingnya adalah miliknya -> trust - Gangguan: mistrust - Orang bermakna: ibu/ayah/penggantinya - Trust vs mistrust
Tahap-Tahap Psikosos Remaja (Erikson) Fase 1a: - Anak frustasi - Berekspresi sesuai keinginannya - Blm mampu mmbwt pertimbangan - Sangat tergantung pd ibu
Fase 1b: Anak bermain sesukanya, mainan rusak terus Anak blm mengetahui bahaya sekitar Anak sering ngompol, bab Kata kunci: Mutual recognition vs autistic isolation Time perspective vs time confusion Lanjutan fase 1: Merasakan dirinya py kekuasaan ->autonomy Larangan, hukuman -> shame & doubt Orang bermakna: ortu Autonomy vs shame & doubt Kata kunci: - Firm but reasurring - Law & order - Self awareness vs self confused
Fase 2 Toodler (1-3 thn) Blm masuk sekolah Mulai mengenal dunia sosial Mulai bs bertanggungjawab atas dirinya, mainanny, bgmn shrsnya bersikap Frustasi akibat inisiatif tdk brkmbg -> guilty Orang berpengaruh: keluarga Kata kunci: - Anticipation of role vs role inhibition - Role eksperiment vs role fixation - Inisiative vs Guilt Fase 3 Early Childhood (3-6 thn) Masa sekolah (kontak sos dgn teman sekolah) Menyelesaikan PR drumah Berimaginasi Keinginan baik: industry Hambatan: inferiority Orang bermakna: sekolah, lingk. Kata kunci: - Task identification vs self futility - Apparenticeship vs work paralysis Industry vs inferiority Fase 4 Middle Childhood (6-12 thn) Anak menyadari siapa dirinya, tujuan hidup Anak menyadari: identity Ortu memaksakan kehendakanak: identity confusion reign Orang bermakna: teman sebaya,orang panutan pimpinan Kata kunci: - Integrasi dari fase sebelumnya Identity vs identity confusion Fase 5 Adolescent (12-18 thn) Remaja Tertarik dgn lawan jenis Orang bermakna: pasangan hidup Menemukan jati diri: intimacy Blm menemukan: isolasi Intimacy vs isolasi Fase 6 Young Adulthood (18-40 thn) Fase 7 Generativity x Self-Absorption Dewasa Menikah, bekerja secara produktif & kreatif (menafkahi keluarga)
Fase 8 Integrity x Despair Menikmati akhir hidup dengan kebahagiaan bermain dg anak dan cucu. X Kemuakan 1. Perubahan biologis & psikologis 2. Ortu kurang siap mendidik u/ memberikan info yg tepat waktu & benar 3. Kawin muda (pedesaan) 4. Membaiknya sarana komunikasi & transportasi akibat kemajuan teknologi-> membanjirnya arus info dari luar yg sulit diseleksi 5. Industrialisasi->urbanisasi->Lapangankerja bagi remaja-> frustasi-> jalan pintas negatif 6. Kurangnya pemanfaatan penggunaan sarana u/ Menyalurkan gejolak remaja, co:OR Faktor penyebab masalah remaja Masalah remaja-> masa yg penuh resiko trhdp penyakit & tingkah laku - R telah terjadi perubahan yg sangat dramatis, meliputi: kematangan biopsikososial & lingkungan - Penelitian: 75% kematian masa R akibat: faktor perilaku penyakit mslh perilaku (kecelakaan, kehamilan R, penyakit sesual yg ditularkan, gangguan makan, penyalahgunaan obat narkotika, merokok, masalah emosi,dll) Masalah Perilaku LO5 Deteksi dini(tanner,antropometri) http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0701/p209.html http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0701/p209.html LO6 Siklus mens & faktor yg mempengaruhi Umumnya siklus menstruasi terjadi secara periodik setiap 28 hari (ada pula setiap 21 hari dan 30 hari Pada hari 1 sampai hari ke-14 terjadi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan folikel primer yang dirangsang oleh hormon FSH. Pada saat tersebut sel oosit primer akan membelah dan menghasilkan ovum yang haploid. Saat folikel berkembang menjadi folikel Graaf yang masak, folikel ini juga menghasilkan hormon estrogen yang merangsang keluarnya LH dari hipofisis. Estrogen yang keluar berfungsi merangsang perbaikan dinding uterus yaitu endometrium yang habis terkelupas waktu menstruasi, selain itu estrogen menghambat pembentukan FSH dan memerintahkan hipofisis menghasilkan LH yang berfungsi merangsang folikel Graaf yang masak untuk mengadakan ovulasi yang terjadi pada hari ke-14, waktu di sekitar terjadinya ovulasi disebut fase estrus. Selain itu, LH merangsang folikel yang telah kosong untuk berubah menjadi badan kuning (Corpus Luteum). Badan kuning menghasilkan hormon progesteron yang berfungsi mempertebal lapisan endometrium yang kaya dengan pembuluh darah untuk mempersiapkan datangnya embrio. Periode ini disebut fase luteal selain itu progesteron juga berfungsi menghambat pembentukan FSH dan LH, akibatnya korpus luteum mengecil dan menghilang, pembentukan progesteron berhenti sehingga pemberian nutrisi kepada endometriam terhenti, endometrium menjadi mengering dan selanjutnya akan terkelupas dan terjadilah perdarahan (menstruasi) pada hari ke-28. Fase ini disebut fase perdarahan atau fase menstruasi. Oleh karena tidak ada progesteron, maka FSH mulai terbentuk lagi dan terjadilan proses oogenesis kembali
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