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Functional Groups

The document discusses various classes of functional groups including: 1) Straight chain and branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic groups. 2) Functional groups that contain oxygen atoms like alcohols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides. 3) Other functional groups containing nitrogen, sulfur, halogens, and multiple functional groups in single molecules. Numerous examples are provided to illustrate each class of functional groups.

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ManofMiracles89
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87 views

Functional Groups

The document discusses various classes of functional groups including: 1) Straight chain and branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic groups. 2) Functional groups that contain oxygen atoms like alcohols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides. 3) Other functional groups containing nitrogen, sulfur, halogens, and multiple functional groups in single molecules. Numerous examples are provided to illustrate each class of functional groups.

Uploaded by

ManofMiracles89
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Classes of Functional groups

Straight chain alkanes


CH4 CH3CH3

methane ethane propane butane pentane

hexane heptane octane

Branched alkanes
- has 1 or more branching points from longest chain
- 8 total C's, not in a continuous chain

isooctane

Cycloalkanes (alkanes with ring structures)

cyclopentane

Alkenes or Alkynes (alkanes with double or triple bonds)

alkene alkyne

or (i.e., H3C C C H )

propene propyne

Aromatic groups (or arenes)

- cyclic alkanes with alternating double and single bonds

benzene
Alcohols OH

HO - called hydroxy or alcohol groups


O

alcohol
HO OH

α-D-glucose
OH

Amines
amine
NH2
HO3S
taurine

(related) Ammonium compounds

ammonium group (specifically a trimethylammonium group)


N
O

acetyl choline

Alkyl halides usually means


halide (Cl, Br, I)

alkyl chloride **common notation: R-CH2-X


S
Cl Cl
rest of molecule
(normal) mustard

Ethers
- oxygen atoms attached to two carbon chains

OH
H

H
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
O
ether
Carbonyl functionality
- two forms: ketones and aldehydes
O
aldehyde
O ketone
H

acetone benzaldehyde

-ketones have 2 C's attached to the C of the C=O


-aldehydes have at least 1 H attached to the C of the C=O

Carboxylic acids and derivatives


O
ester O
amide
O O

carboxylic acid N

OH

acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) DEET

Thiols and sulfides sulfide


S
SH

2-butene-thiol diallyl sulfide

thiol

**Learn ALL functional groups in table 2-3** (including ones not covered here)
amide sulfide
H
N
S

penicillin G (antibiotic)
O N

arene amide OH
O carboxylic acid

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