5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

SCIENCE
GCE ORDINARY LEVEL
5116 SCIENCE (PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY)
5117 SCIENCE (PHYSICS, BIOLOGY)
5118 SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY)

AIMS
These are not listed in order of priority.

The aims are to:

1. provide, through well designed studies of experimental and practical science, a worthwhile
educational experience for all students, whether or not they go on to study science beyond
this level and, in particular, to enable them to acquire sufficient understanding and knowledge
to

1.1 become confident citizens in a technological world, able to take or develop an

informed interest in matters of scientific import;

1.2 recognise the usefulness, and limitations, of scientific method and to appreciate its
applicability in other disciplines and in everyday life;

1.3 be suitably prepared for studies beyond Ordinary Level in pure sciences, in applied
sciences or in science-dependent vocational courses.

2. develop abilities and skills that

2.1 are relevant to the study and practice of science;

2.2 are useful in everyday life;

2.3 encourage efficient and safe practice;

2.4 encourage effective communication.

3. develop attitudes relevant to science such as

3.1 accuracy and precision;

3.2 objectivity;

3.3 integrity;

3.4 enquiry;

3.5 initiative;

3.6 inventiveness.

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4. stimulate interest in and care for the environment.

5. promote an awareness that

5.1 the study and practice of science are co-operative and cumulative activities, and are
subject to social, economic, technological, ethical and cultural influences and
limitations;

5.2 the applications of science may be both beneficial and detrimental to the individual,
the community and the environment;

5.3 science transcends national boundaries and that the language of science, correctly
and rigorously applied, is universal;

5.4 the use of information technology is important for communications, as an aid to

experiments and as a tool for implementation of experimental and theoretical results.

ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES
A Knowledge with Understanding

Students should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding in relation to:

1. scientific phenomena, facts, laws, definitions, concepts, theories;
2. scientific vocabulary, terminology, conventions (including symbols, quantities and units
contained in ‘Signs, symbols and systematics 16-19’, Association for Science Education,
2000);
3. scientific instruments and apparatus, including techniques of operation and aspects of safety;
4. scientific quantities and their determination;
5. scientific and technological applications with their social, economic and environmental
implications.
The subject content defines the factual material that candidates need to recall and explain. Questions
testing these objectives will often begin with one of the following words: define, state, describe,
explain or outline. (See the Glossary of Terms)

B Handling Information and Solving Problems

Students should be able – in words or by using other written, symbolic, graphical and numerical forms
of presentation – to:
1. locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources;
2. translate information from one form to another;
3. manipulate numerical and other data;
4. use information to identify patterns, report trends and draw inferences;
5. present reasoned explanations for phenomena, patterns and relationships;
6. make predictions and hypotheses;
7. solve problems.

These assessment objectives cannot be precisely specified in the subject content because questions
testing such skills may be based on information, which is unfamiliar to the candidate. In answering
such questions candidates are required to use principles and concepts that are within the syllabus
and apply them in a logical, deductive manner to a novel situation. Questions testing these objectives
will often begin with one of the following words: predict, suggest, calculate, or determine. (See the
Glossary of Terms.)

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C Experimental Skills and Investigations

Students should be able to:

1. follow a sequence of instructions;
2. select and use techniques, apparatus and materials;
3. make and record observations, measurements and estimates;
4. interpret and evaluate observations and experimental results;
5. plan investigations, select techniques, apparatus and materials;
6. evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements.

Weighting of Assessment Objectives

Theory Papers (Papers 1, 2, 3 and 4)

A Knowledge with Understanding, approximately 60% of the marks with approximately 30%
allocated to recall.
B Handling Information and Solving Problems, approximately 40% of the marks.

Practical Assessment (Paper 5)

Paper 5 is designed to test appropriate skills in C, Experimental Skills and Investigations.

In one or more of the questions in Paper 5, candidates will be expected to suggest a modification or
an extension, which does not need to be executed. Depending on the context in which the
modification/extension element is set, the number of marks associated with this element will be in the
range of 10% to 20% of the total marks available for the practical test.

SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT
Candidates are required to enter for Paper 1, Paper 5 and two of Papers 2, 3 and 4.

Paper Type of Paper Duration Marks Weighting

1 Multiple Choice 1h 40 20.0%

2 Structured and Free Response (Physics) 1 h 15 min 65 32.5%
3 Structured and Free Response (Chemistry) 1 h 15 min 65 32.5%
4 Structured and Free Response (Biology) 1 h 15 min 65 32.5%
5 Practical Test 1 h 30 min 30 15.0%

Science (Physics, Chemistry), Syllabus 5116

Paper 1 will be based on the Physics and Chemistry sections of the syllabus.
Paper 2 will be based on the Physics section of the syllabus.
Paper 3 will be based on the Chemistry section of the syllabus.
Paper 5 will be based on the Physics and Chemistry sections of the syllabus.

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 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

Science (Physics, Biology), Syllabus 5117

Paper 1 will be based on the Physics and Biology sections of the syllabus.
Paper 2 will be based on the Physics section of the syllabus.
Paper 4 will be based on the Biology section of the syllabus.
Paper 5 will be based on the Physics and Biology sections of the syllabus.

Science (Chemistry, Biology), Syllabus 5118

Paper 1 will be based on the Chemistry and Biology sections of the syllabus.
Paper 3 will be based on the Chemistry section of the syllabus.
Paper 4 will be based on the Biology section of the syllabus.
Paper 5 will be based on the Chemistry and Biology sections of the syllabus.

Theory papers

Paper 1 This paper consists of 40 compulsory multiple choice questions of the direct
(1 h, 40 marks) choice type providing approximately equal coverage of the two appropriate
sections of the syllabus.
This paper will be set at the same time for all three syllabuses, 5116, 5117,
5118.

A copy of the Data Sheet will be printed as part of Paper 1 for syllabus 5116
and 5118.

Paper 2 This paper consists of two sections.

(1 h 15 min, 65 marks)
Section A will carry 45 marks and will contain a number of compulsory
structured questions of variable mark value.
Section B will carry 20 marks and will contain three questions, each of 10
marks. Candidates are required to answer any two questions.

The questions will be based on the Physics section of the syllabus.

Paper 3 This paper consists of two sections.

(1 h 15 min, 65 marks)
Section A will carry 45 marks and will contain a number of compulsory
structured questions of variable mark value.
Section B will carry 20 marks and will contain three questions, each of 10
marks. Candidates are required to answer any two questions.

The questions will be based on the Chemistry section of the syllabus.

A copy of the Data Sheet will be printed as part of this Paper.

Paper 4 This paper consists of two sections.

(1 h 15 min, 65 marks)
Section A will carry 45 marks and will contain a number of compulsory
structured questions of variable mark value.
Section B will carry 20 marks and will contain three questions, each of 10
marks. Candidates are required to answer any two questions.

The questions will be based on the Biology section of the syllabus.

Practical assessment

Paper 5 (1 h 30 min, 30 marks) consisting of one or two compulsory questions on each of the two
Sciences. The Physics question(s) will be identical in Papers 5116 and 5117. The Chemistry and the
Biology question(s) will, likewise, be common to the respective papers. This Paper will be set at the
same time for all three syllabuses, 5116, 5117, 5118.
The use of reference material, other than the Chemistry Practical Notes, is not permitted.
In one or both questions, candidates will be expected to suggest a modification or extension, which
does not need to be executed.

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PHYSICS SECTION

INTRODUCTION
The Ordinary Level Science (Physics) Syllabus provides students with a coherent understanding of
energy, matter, and their interrelationships. It focuses on investigating natural phenomena and then
applying patterns, models (including mathematical ones), principles, theories and laws to explain the
physical behaviour of the universe. The theories and concepts presented in this syllabus belong to a
branch of physics commonly referred to as classical physics. Modern physics, developed to explain
the quantum properties at the atomic and sub-atomic level, is built on knowledge of these classical
theories and concepts.

Students should think of physics in terms of scales. Whereas the classical theories such as Newton’s
laws of motion apply to common physical systems that are larger than the size of atoms, a more
comprehensive theory, quantum theory, is needed to describe systems that are very small, at the
atomic and sub-atomic scales, or that move very fast, close to the speed of light. It is at this atomic
and sub-atomic scale that physicists are currently making new discoveries and inventing new
applications.

It is envisaged that teaching and learning programmes based on this syllabus would feature a wide
variety of learning experiences designed to promote acquisition of scientific expertise and
understanding, and to develop values and attitudes relevant to science. Teachers are encouraged to
use a combination of appropriate strategies to effectively engage and challenge their students. It is
expected that students will apply investigative and problem-solving skills, effectively communicate the
theoretical concepts covered in this course and appreciate the contribution physics makes to our
understanding of the physical world.

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CONTENT STRUCTURE

SECTION Topics

I. MEASUREMENT 1. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement

II. NEWTONIAN MECHANICS 2. Kinematics

3. Dynamics

4. Mass, Weight and Density

5. Turning Effect of Forces

6. Pressure

7. Energy, Work and Power

III. THERMAL PHYSICS 8. Kinetic Model of Matter

9. Transfer of Thermal Energy

10. Thermal Properties of Matter

IV. WAVES 11. General Wave Properties

12. Light

13. Electromagnetic Spectrum

14. Sound

V. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 15. Static Electricity

16. Current of Electricity

17. D.C. Circuits

18. Practical Electricity

19. Magnetism and Electromagnetism

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SUBJECT CONTENT

SECTION I: MEASUREMENT

Overview

In order to gain a better understanding of the physical world, scientists use a process of investigation
commonly known as the “scientific method”. Galileo Galilei, one of the earliest architects of this
method, believed that the study of science had a strong logical basis that involved precise definitions
of terms and a mathematical structure to express relationships.

In this section, we examine how a small set of base physical quantities and units is used to describe
all other physical quantities. These precisely defined quantities and units, with accompanying order-
of-ten prefixes (e.g. milli, centi and kilo) can then be used to describe the interactions between objects
in systems that range from celestial objects in space to sub-atomic particles.

1. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement

Content
• Physical quantities
• SI units
• Prefixes
• Scalars and vectors
• Measurement of length and time

Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) show understanding that all physical quantities consist of a numerical magnitude and a unit
(b) recall the following base quantities and their units: mass (kg), length (m), time (s), current (A),
temperature (K)
(c) use the following prefixes and their symbols to indicate decimal sub-multiples and multiples of
the SI units: nano (n), micro (µ), milli (m), centi (c), deci (d), kilo (k), mega (M)
(d) show an understanding of the orders of magnitude of the sizes of common objects ranging
from a typical atom to the Earth
(e) state what is meant by scalar and vector quantities and give common examples of each
(f) add two vectors to determine a resultant by a graphical method
(g) describe how to measure a variety of lengths with appropriate accuracy by means of tapes,
rules, micrometers and calipers, using a vernier scale as necessary
(h) describe how to measure a short interval of time including the period of a simple pendulum
with appropriate accuracy using stopwatches or appropriate instruments

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SECTION II: NEWTONIAN MECHANICS

Overview

Mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of motion and its causes. Through a
careful process of observation and experimentation, Galileo Galilei discovered the flaws in Aristotle’s
ideas of the motion of objects that dominated physics for about 2,000 years. Galileo’s approach,
which is now a standard procedure in physics, involved studying an idealised system in which
complicating factors (like friction) are absent, and then transferring this understanding to a real
physical process with its complexities and subtleties. But the greatest contribution to the development
of mechanics is from arguably the greatest physicist of all time, Isaac Newton.

Newton’s three laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation, developed in the seventeenth
century, have been successfully applied to explain and predict motion of terrestrial as well as celestial
objects. He showed that nature is governed by a few special rules or laws that can be expressed in
mathematical formulas. Newton’s combination of logical experimentation and mathematical analysis
shaped the way science has been done ever since.

In this section, we examine important concepts in mechanics which include speed, velocity,
acceleration, force, gravitational field and energy conversion and conservation. Analysis of the motion
of an object is performed using free-body and vector diagrams, graphical analysis as well as
mathematical formulas. Examples of the effects of forces introduced include the moment of a force
and pressure. The law of conservation of energy and two important physical quantities, work and
power are introduced to study and explain the interactions between objects in a system.

2. Kinematics
Content
• Speed, velocity and acceleration
• Graphical analysis of motion
• Free fall
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) state what is meant by speed and velocity
(b) calculate average speed using distance travelled / time taken
(c) state what is meant by uniform acceleration and calculate the value of an acceleration using
change in velocity / time taken
(d) interpret given examples of non-uniform acceleration
(e) plot and interpret a distance-time graph and a speed-time graph
(f) deduce from the shape of a distance-time graph when a body is:
(i) at rest
(ii) moving with uniform speed
(iii) moving with non-uniform speed
(g) deduce from the shape of a speed-time graph when a body is:
(i) at rest
(ii) moving with uniform speed
(iii) moving with uniform acceleration
(iv) moving with non-uniform acceleration
(h) calculate the area under a speed-time graph to determine the distance travelled for motion
with uniform speed or uniform acceleration
(i) state that the acceleration of free fall for a body near to the Earth is constant and is
approximately 10 m/s2

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3. Dynamics
Content
• Balanced and unbalanced forces
• Free body diagram
• Friction
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on a body
(b) describe the ways in which a force may change the motion of a body
(c) identify forces acting on an object and draw free body diagram(s) representing the forces
acting on the object (for cases involving forces acting in at most 2 dimensions)
(d) recall and apply the relationship resultant force = mass x acceleration to new situations or to
solve related problems
(e) explain the effects of friction on the motion of a body

4. Mass, Weight and Density

Content
• Mass and weight
• Gravitational field and field strength
• Density
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) state that mass is a measure of the amount of substance in a body
(b) state that mass of a body resists a change in the state of rest or motion of the body (inertia)
(c) state that a gravitational field is a region in which a mass experiences a force due to
gravitational attraction
(d) define gravitational field strength, g, as gravitational force per unit mass
(e) recall and apply the relationship weight = mass x gravitational field strength to new situations
or to solve related problems
(f) distinguish between mass and weight
(g) recall and apply the relationship density = mass / volume to new situations or to solve related
problems

5. Turning Effect of Forces

Content
• Moments
• Centre of gravity
• Stability

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Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the moment of a force in terms of its turning effect and relate this to everyday
examples
(b) recall and apply the relationship moment of a force (or torque) = force x perpendicular
distance from the pivot to new situations or to solve related problems
(c) state the principle of moments for a body in equilibrium
(d) apply the principle of moments to new situations or to solve related problems
(e) show understanding that the weight of a body may be taken as acting at a single point known
as its centre of gravity
(f) describe qualitatively the effect of the position of the centre of gravity on the stability of
objects

6. Pressure
Content
• Pressure
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) define the term pressure in terms of force and area
(b) recall and apply the relationship pressure = force / area to new situations or to solve related
problems

7. Energy, Work and Power

Content
• Energy conversion and conservation
• Work
• Power
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) show understanding that kinetic energy, elastic potential energy, gravitational potential
energy, chemical potential energy and thermal energy are examples of different forms of
energy
(b) state the principle of the conservation of energy
(c) apply the principle of the conservation of energy to new situations or to solve related
problems
(d) state that kinetic energy Ek = ½ mv2 and gravitational potential energy Ep = mgh (for potential
energy changes near the Earth’s surface)
(e) apply the relationships for kinetic energy and potential energy to new situations or to solve
related problems
(f) recall and apply the relationship work done = force x distance moved in the direction of the
force to new situations or to solve related problems
(g) recall and apply the relationship power = work done / time taken to new situations or to solve
related problems

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SECTION III: THERMAL PHYSICS

Overview

Nearly all the energy we use comes from the Sun. Solar energy provides an almost infinite source of
heat which is essential for plants and animals. Early scientists thought of heat as some kind of
invisible, massless fluid called “caloric” that flowed into objects when they were heated. This view,
which endured for some time as it was adequate for explaining many thermodynamic phenomena,
was eventually proven wrong by the famous Joule experiment. The results of this experiment showed
that heat is a form of energy.

In this section, we examine how changes in temperature or state of matter are related to internal
energy and heat (or more precisely, thermal energy transfer). The kinetic model of matter is used to
explain and predict the physical properties and changes of matter in terms of the microscopic
molecular interactions level. The different processes of thermal energy transfer are introduced.

8. Kinetic Model of Matter

Content
• States of matter
• Kinetic model
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) compare the properties of solids, liquids and gases
(b) describe qualitatively the molecular structure of solids, liquids and gases, relating their
properties to the forces and distances between molecules and to the motion of the molecules
(c) describe the relationship between the motion of molecules and temperature

9. Transfer of Thermal Energy

Content
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) show understanding that thermal energy is transferred from a region of higher temperature to
a region of lower temperature
(b) describe, in molecular terms, how energy transfer occurs in solids
(c) describe, in terms of density changes, convection in fluids
(d) explain that energy transfer of a body by radiation does not require a material medium and
the rate of energy transfer is affected by:
(i) colour and texture of the surface
(ii) surface temperature
(iii) surface area
(e) apply the concept of thermal energy transfer to everyday applications

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10. Thermal Properties of Matter

Content
• Internal energy
• Melting, boiling and evaporation
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe a rise in temperature of a body in terms of an increase in its internal energy (random
thermal energy)
(b) describe melting/solidification and boiling/condensation as processes of energy transfer
without a change in temperature
(c) explain the difference between boiling and evaporation

SECTION IV: WAVES

Overview

Waves are inherent in our everyday lives. How we hear, see and communicate is due to the way
waves travel and transfer energy. Much of our understanding of wave phenomena has been
accumulated over the centuries through the study of light (optics) and sound (acoustics).

In this section, we examine the nature of waves and wave propagation and its uses by studying the
properties of light, electromagnetic waves and sound, and their applications in communication, home
appliances, and medical and industrial use.

11. General Wave Properties

Content
• Describing wave motion
• Wave terms
• Longitudinal and transverse waves
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibrations in ropes and springs and
by waves in a ripple tank
(b) show understanding that waves transfer energy without transferring matter
(c) define speed, frequency, wavelength, period and amplitude
(d) state what is meant by the term wavefront
(e) recall and apply the relationship velocity = frequency x wavelength to new situations or to
solve related problems
(f) compare transverse and longitudinal waves and give suitable examples of each

12. Light
Content
• Reflection of light
• Refraction of light
• Thin converging lenses

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Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) recall and use the terms for reflection, including normal, angle of incidence and angle of
reflection
(b) state that, for reflection, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection and use this
principle in constructions, measurements and calculations
(c) recall and use the terms for refraction, including normal, angle of incidence and angle of
refraction
(d) recall and apply the relationship sin i / sin r = constant to new situations or to solve related
problems
(e) define refractive index of a medium in terms of the ratio of speed of light in vacuum and in the
medium
(f) explain the terms critical angle and total internal reflection
(g) describe the action of a thin converging lens on a beam of light
(h) define the term focal length for a converging lens
(i) draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of real and virtual images of an object by a thin
converging lens

13. Electromagnetic Spectrum

Content
• Properties of electromagnetic waves
• Applications of electromagnetic waves
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) state that all electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that travel with the same speed in
vacuo and state the magnitude of this speed
(b) describe the main components of the electromagnetic spectrum
(c) state examples of the use of the following components:
(i) radiowaves (e.g. radio and television communication)
(ii) microwaves (e.g. microwave oven and satellite television)
(iii) infra-red (e.g. infra-red remote controllers and intruder alarms)
(iv) light (e.g. optical fibres for medical uses and telecommunications)
(v) ultra-violet (e.g. sunbeds and sterilisation)
(vi) X-rays (e.g. radiological and engineering applications)
(vii) gamma rays (e.g. medical treatment)

14. Sound
Content
• Sound waves
• Speed of sound
• Echo

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Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the production of sound by vibrating sources
(b) describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves in terms of the processes of compression
and rarefaction
(c) explain that a medium is required in order to transmit sound waves and the speed of sound
differs in air, liquids and solids
(d) relate loudness of a sound wave to its amplitude and pitch to its frequency
(e) describe how the reflection of sound may produce an echo, and how this may be used for
measuring distances

SECTION V: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Overview

The investigation of electric currents was triggered by a chance observation of an Italian biologist,
Luigi Galvani. Frog legs that he was preparing twitched when touched by a charged scalpel. This led
to his discovery of the role of electricity in living systems. It was only after the physicist, Allessandro
Volta, invented the first type of battery that the understanding of electricity developed rapidly.
Perhaps the greatest achievements in this area came from a German school teacher, Georg Simon
Ohm. Ohm introduced the important quantities of voltage, current, and resistance and discovered the
relationship between them.

Magnetism was first observed when small pieces of iron, nickel and certain other metals were
observed to be attracted by a naturally occurring ore called lodestone. The Chinese were probably
the first to discover that a piece of lodestone will align itself North and South if suspended by a thread
or floated on a piece of wood. This led to the invention of the compass which is an indispensable
navigation instrument used by scientists and travellers.

In this section, we examine the interaction and effects of electric charges; the relationship between
current flow, resistance, potential difference, charge, energy and power in electrical circuits; effects of
magnetism and applications of electromagnetism. The concepts of electric and magnetic fields are
introduced as regions of space in which electric charges and magnets experience a force
respectively.

15. Static Electricity

Content
• Principles of electrostatics
• Electric field
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) state that there are positive and negative charges and that charge is measured in coulombs
(b) state that unlike charges attract and like charges repel
(c) describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences a force
(d) draw the electric field of an isolated point charge and recall that the direction of the field lines
gives the direction of the force acting on a positive test charge
(e) draw the electric field pattern between two isolated point charges

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16. Current of Electricity

Content
• Conventional current and electron flow
• Electromotive force
• Potential difference
• Resistance
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) state that current is a rate of flow of charge and that it is measured in amperes
(b) distinguish between conventional current and electron flow
(c) recall and apply the relationship charge = current x time to new situations or to solve related
problems
(d) define electromotive force (e.m.f.) as the work done by a source in driving a unit charge
around a complete circuit
(e) state that the e.m.f. of a source and the potential difference (p.d.) across a circuit component
is measured in volts
(f) define the p.d. across a component in a circuit as the work done to drive a unit charge
through the component
(g) state the definition that resistance = p.d. / current
(h) apply the relationship R = V/I to new situations or to solve related problems
(i) describe an experiment to determine the resistance of a metallic conductor using a voltmeter
and an ammeter, and make the necessary calculations
(j) recall and apply the formulae for the effective resistance of a number of resistors in series and
in parallel to new situations or to solve related problems
(k) recall and apply the relationship of the proportionality between resistance and the length and
cross-sectional area of a wire to new situations or to solve related problems

17. D.C. Circuits

Content
• Current and potential difference in circuits
• Series and parallel circuits
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) draw circuit diagrams with power sources (cell or battery), switches, lamps, resistors (fixed
and variable), fuses, ammeters and voltmeters
(b) state that the current at every point in a series circuit is the same and apply the principle to
new situations or to solve related problems
(c) state that the sum of the potential differences in a series circuit is equal to the potential
difference across the whole circuit and apply the principle to new situations or to solve related
problems
(d) state that the current from the source is the sum of the currents in the separate branches of a
parallel circuit and apply the principle to new situations or to solve related problems

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(e) state that the potential difference across the separate branches of a parallel circuit is the same
and apply the principle to new situations or to solve related problems
(f) recall and apply the relevant relationships, including R = V/I and those for current, potential
differences and resistors in series and in parallel circuits, in calculations involving a whole
circuit

18. Practical Electricity

Content
• Electric power and energy
• Dangers of electricity
• Safe use of electricity in the home
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the use of the heating effect of electricity in appliances such as electric kettles,
ovens and heaters
(b) recall and apply the relationships P = VI and E = VIt to new situations or to solve related
problems
(c) calculate the cost of using electrical appliances where the energy unit is the kWh
(d) state the hazards of using electricity in the following situations
(i) damaged insulation
(ii) overheating of cables
(iii) damp conditions
(e) explain the use of fuses and circuit breakers in electrical circuits and of fuse ratings
(f) explain the need for earthing metal cases and for double insulation
(g) state the meaning of the terms live, neutral and earth
(h) describe the wiring in a mains plug
(i) explain why switches, fuses, and circuit breakers are wired into the live conductor

19. Magnetism and Electromagnetism

Content
• Laws of magnetism
• Magnetic properties of matter
• Magnetic field
• Magnetic effect of a current
• Application of the magnetic effect of a current
• Force on a current-carrying conductor
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) state the properties of magnets
(b) describe induced magnetism
(c) describe electrical methods of magnetisation and demagnetisation

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(d) distinguish between the properties and uses of temporary magnets (e.g. iron) and permanent
magnets (e.g. steel)
(e) draw the magnetic field pattern around a bar magnet and between the poles of two bar
magnets
(f) describe the plotting of magnetic field lines with a compass
(g) draw the pattern of the magnetic field due to currents in straight wires and in solenoids and
state the effect on the magnetic field of changing the magnitude and/or direction of the current
(h) describe the application of the magnetic effect of a current in a circuit breaker
(i) describe experiments to show the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field,
including the effect of reversing
(i) the current
(ii) the direction of the field
(j) deduce the relative directions of force, field and current when any two of these quantities are
at right angles to each other using Fleming’s left-hand rule

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 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

SUMMARY OF KEY QUANTITIES, SYMBOLS AND UNITS

Students should be able to state the symbols for the following physical quantities and, where
indicated, state the units in which they are measured. Students should be able to define those items
indicated by an asterisk (*).
Quantity Symbol Unit
length l, h … km, m, cm, m
area A m2, cm2
3 3
volume V m , cm
weight W N*
mass m, M kg, g, mg
time t h, min, s, ms
period* T s
3 3
density* ρ g/cm , kg/m
speed* u, v km/h, m/s, cm/s
acceleration* a m/s2
2
acceleration of free fall g m/s , N/kg
force* F, f. N
moment of force* Nm
work done* W, E J*
energy E J, kWh*
power* P W*
2
pressure* p, P Pa*, N/m
atmospheric pressure use of millibar
temperature θ,T °C, K
frequency* f Hz
wavelength* λ m, cm
focal length f m, cm
angle of incidence i degree (°)
angles of reflection, refraction r degree (°)
critical angle c degree (°)
potential difference*/voltage V V*, mV
current* I A, mA
charge q, Q C, As
e.m.f.* E V
resistance R Ω

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 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

CHEMISTRY SECTION

INTRODUCTION
This syllabus is designed to place less emphasis on factual materials and greater emphasis on the
understanding and application of scientific concepts and principles. This approach has been adapted
in recognition of the need for students to develop skills that will be of long term value in an increasing
technological world rather than focusing on large quantities of factual materials, which may have only
short term relevance.
It is important that, throughout the course, attention should be drawn to:
(i) the finite life of the world’s resources and hence the need for recycling and conservation;
(ii) economic considerations in the chemical industry, such as the availability and cost of raw
materials and energy;
(iii) the social, environmental, health and safety issues relating to the chemical industry;
(iv) the importance of chemicals in industry and in everyday life.
It is envisaged that teaching and learning programmes based on this syllabus will feature a wide
variety of learning experiences designed to promote acquisition of expertise and understanding.
Teachers are encouraged to use a combination of appropriate strategies including developing
appropriate practical works for their students to facilitate a greater understanding of the subject.

CONTENT STRUCTURE

SECTION Topics

I. EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY 20. Experimental Chemistry

II. ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND 21. The Particulate Nature of Matter

STOICHIOMETRY
22. Formulae, Stoichiometry and the Mole
Concept

III. CHEMISTRY OF REACTIONS 23. Energy Changes

24. Chemical Reactions

25. Acids, Bases and Salts

IV. PERIODICITY 26. The Periodic Table

27. Metals

V. ATMOSPHERE 28. Air

VI. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 29. Organic Chemistry

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 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

SUBJECT CONTENT

SECTION I: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY

Overview
Chemistry is typically an experimental science and relies primarily on practical work. It is important for
students to learn the techniques of handling laboratory apparatus and to pay special attention to
safety while working in the laboratory. Accidents happened even to German chemist, Robert Bunsen,
while working in the laboratory. Robert Bunsen spent most of his time doing experiments in the
laboratory and at the age of 25, he lost an eye in a laboratory explosion due to the lack of proper eye
protection.

In this section, students examine the appropriate use of simple apparatus and chemicals, and the
experimental techniques. Students need to be aware of the importance of purity in the electronic,
pharmaceutical, food and beverage industries, and be allowed to try out different methods of
purification and analysis in school science laboratories. Students should be able to appreciate the
need for precision and accuracy in making readings and also value the need for safe handling and
disposing of chemicals.

1. Experimental Chemistry
Content
1.1 Experimental design
1.2 Methods of purification and analysis
1.3 Identification of ions and gases
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
1.1 Experimental design
(a) name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume,
including burettes, pipettes, measuring cylinders and gas syringes
(b) suggest suitable apparatus, given relevant information, for a variety of simple experiments,
including collection of gases and measurement of rates of reaction
1.2 Methods of purification and analysis
(a) describe methods of separations and purification for the components of the following types of
mixtures:
(i) solid-solid
(ii) solid-liquid
(iii) liquid-liquid (miscible)
Techniques to be covered for separations and purification include:
(i) use of a suitable solvent, filtration and crystallisation or evaporation
(ii) distillation and fractional distillation
(iii) paper chromatography
(b) describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms
(c) deduce from the given melting point and boiling point the identities of substances and their
purity

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 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

1.3 Identification of ions and gases

(a) describe the use of aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia to identify the following
aqueous cations: ammonium, calcium, copper(II), iron(II), iron(III), lead(II) and zinc (formulae
of complex ions are not required)
(b) describe tests to identify the following anions: carbonate (by the addition of dilute acid and
subsequent use of limewater), chloride (by reaction of an aqueous solution with nitric acid and
aqueous silver nitrate), nitrate (by reduction with aluminium and aqueous sodium hydroxide to
ammonia and subsequent use of litmus paper) and sulfate (by reaction of an aqueous
solution with nitric acid and aqueous barium nitrate)
(c) describe tests to identify the following gases: ammonia (using damp red litmus paper), carbon
dioxide (using limewater), chlorine (using damp litmus paper), hydrogen (using a burning
splint), oxygen (using a glowing splint) and sulfur dioxide (using acidified potassium
dichromate(VI))

SECTION II: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND STOICHIOMETRY

Overview

For over 2000 years, people have wondered about the fundamental building blocks of matter. As far
back as 440 BC, the Greek Leucippus and his pupil Democritus coined the term atomos to describe
the smallest particle of matter. It translates to mean something that is indivisible.

In the eighteenth century, chemist, John Dalton, revived the term when he suggested that each
element was made up of unique atoms and the atoms of an element are all the same. At the time,
there were about 35 known elements. This simple model could explain the millions of different
materials around us. Differences between the atoms give the elements their different chemical
properties.

In this section, the idea of atoms and chemical bonding being the most important fundamental
concept in Chemistry is introduced. The knowledge of atomic structure opens the door for students to
understand the world of chemical reactions. Students are also introduced to the use of models and
theories in the study of the structures of atoms, molecules and ions, and the bonding in elements and
compounds. Calculations involving chemical formulae, reacting masses and volumes, and
concentrations introduce students to the fundamentals of stoichiometry.

2. The Particulate Nature of Matter

Content
2.1 Kinetic particle theory
2.2 Atomic structure
2.3 Structure and properties of materials
2.4 Ionic bonding
2.5 Covalent bonding
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
2.1 Kinetic particle theory
(a) describe the solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter and explain their interconversion in
terms of the kinetic particle theory and of the energy changes involved

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 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

2.2 Atomic structure

(a) state the relative charges and approximate relative masses of a proton, a neutron and an
electron
(b) describe, with the aid of diagrams, the structure of an atom as containing protons and
neutrons (nucleons) in the nucleus and electrons arranged in shells (energy levels)
(no knowledge of s, p, d and f classification will be expected; a copy of the Periodic Table will
be available in the examination)
(c) define proton number (atomic number) and nucleon number (mass number)
12
(d) interpret and use symbols such as 6C

(e) define the term isotopes

(f) deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms and ions given proton and
nucleon numbers
2.3 Structure and properties of materials
(a) describe the differences between elements, compounds and mixtures
2.4 Ionic bonding
(a) describe the formation of ions by electron loss/gain in order to obtain the electronic
configuration of a noble gas
(b) describe the formation of ionic bonds between metals and non-metals, e.g. NaCl; MgCl2
(c) relate the physical properties (including electrical property) of ionic compounds to their lattice
structure
2.5 Covalent bonding
(a) describe the formation of a covalent bond by the sharing of a pair of electrons in order to gain
the electronic configuration of a noble gas
(b) describe, using ‘dot and cross’ diagrams, the formation of covalent bonds between non-
metallic elements, e.g. H2, O2, H2O, CH4 and CO2
(c) deduce the arrangement of electrons in other covalent molecules
(d) relate the physical properties (including electrical property) of covalent substances to their
structure and bonding

3. Formulae, Stoichiometry and the Mole Concept

Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) state the symbols of the elements and formulae of the compounds mentioned in the syllabus
(b) deduce the formulae of simple compounds from the relative numbers of atoms present and
vice versa
(c) deduce the formulae of ionic compounds from the charges on the ions present and vice versa
(d) interpret chemical equations with state symbols
(e) construct chemical equations, with state symbols, including ionic equations
(f) define relative atomic mass, Ar
(g) define relative molecular mass, Mr, and calculate relative molecular mass (and relative formula
mass) as the sum of relative atomic masses
(h) calculate stoichiometric reacting masses and volumes of gases (one mole of gas occupies
24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure); calculations involving the idea of limiting reactants
may be set

22
 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

(The gas laws and the calculations of gaseous volumes at different temperatures and
pressures are not required.)
(i) apply the concept of solution concentration (in mol/dm3 or g/dm3) to process the results of
volumetric experiments and to solve simple problems
(Appropriate guidance will be provided where unfamiliar reactions such as redox are involved.
Calculations on % yield and % purity are not required. )

SECTION III: CHEMISTRY OF REACTIONS

Overview
Chemists like Svante Arrhenius played an important role in providing a comprehensive understanding
of what happens in chemical reactions. In 1887, the Swedish chemist, Svante Arrhenius proposed
the theory that acids, bases, and salts in water are composed of ions. He also proposed a simple yet
beautiful model of neutralisation – the combination of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions to form water.

In this section, students examine the chemical characteristic properties of acids, bases and salts, and
also their reactions with substances, the factors affecting the rate of reaction and also the energy
changes during a reaction. Students should be able to appreciate the importance of proper laboratory
techniques and precise calculations for accurate results, and the importance of controlling variables in
making comparisons. They should also value the knowledge of the hazardous nature of acids/alkalis
and the safe handling, storing and disposing of chemicals.

4. Energy Changes
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the term exothermic as a process or chemical reaction which transfers energy, often
in the form of heat, to the surroundings and may be detected by an increase in temperature,
e.g. the reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid
(b) describe the term endothermic as a process or chemical reaction which takes in energy, often
in the form of heat, from the surroundings and may be detected by a decrease in temperature,
e.g. the dissolving of ammonium nitrate in water

5. Chemical Reactions
Content
5.1 Speed of reaction
5.2 Redox
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
5.1 Speed of reaction
(a) describe the effect of concentration, pressure, particle size and temperature on the speeds of
reactions and explain these effects in terms of collisions between reacting particles
(b) interpret data obtained from experiments concerned with speed of reaction
5.2 Redox
(a) define oxidation and reduction (redox) in terms of oxygen/hydrogen gain/loss
(b) define redox in terms of electron transfer and changes in oxidation state
(c) describe the use of aqueous potassium iodide and acidified potassium dichromate(VI) in
testing for oxidising and reducing agents from the resulting colour changes

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 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

6. Acids, Bases and Salts

Content
6.1 Acids and bases
6.2 Salts
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
6.1 Acids and bases
(a) describe the meanings of the terms acid and alkali in terms of the ions they produce in
aqueous solution and their effects on Universal Indicator
(b) describe how to test hydrogen ion concentration and hence relative acidity using Universal
Indicator and the pH scale
(c) describe the characteristic properties of acids as in reactions with metals, bases and
carbonates
(d) describe the reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to produce water,
H+ + OH– → H2O as neutralisation
(e) describe the importance of controlling the pH in soils and how excess acidity can be treated
using calcium hydroxide
(f) describe the characteristic properties of bases as in reactions with acids and with ammonium
salts
(g) classify oxides as acidic, basic, amphoteric or neutral based on metallic/non-metallic
character
6.2 Salts
(a) describe the techniques used in the preparation, separation and purification of salts as
examples of some of the techniques specified in Section 1.2(a)
(methods for preparation should include precipitation and titration, together with reactions of
acids with metals, insoluble bases and insoluble carbonates)
(b) suggest a method of preparing a given salt from suitable starting materials, given appropriate
information

SECTION IV: PERIODICITY

Overview
The development of the Periodic Table started in the 1800s as chemists began to recognise
similarities in the properties of various elements and place them in families. The most famous and
successful classification, widely accepted by chemists, was published in 1869 by Dmitri Mendeleev, a
Russian chemist. His periodic table arranged the elements known at that time, in order of increasing
atomic masses.

In this section, students examine the periodic trends and group properties of elements, occurrence of
metals, their properties, reactivity and uses. Students should be able to appreciate the development
of the Periodic Table and hence to envisage that scientific knowledge changes and accumulates over
time, and also the need for conserving some of the finite resources.

7. The Periodic Table

Content
7.1 Periodic trends
7.2 Group properties

24
 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
7.1 Periodic trends
(a) describe the Periodic Table as an arrangement of the elements in the order of increasing
proton number (atomic number)
(b) describe how the position of an element in the Periodic Table is related to proton number and
electronic structure
(c) explain the similarities between the elements in the same group of the Periodic Table in terms
of their electronic structure
(d) describe the change from metallic to non-metallic character from left to right across a period
of the Periodic Table
(e) describe the relationship between group number, number of valency electrons and
metallic/non-metallic character
(f) predict the properties of elements in Group I and Group VII using the Periodic Table
7.2 Group properties
(a) describe lithium, sodium and potassium in Group I (the alkali metals) as a collection of
relatively soft, low density metals showing a trend in melting point and in their reaction with
water
(b) describe chlorine, bromine and iodine in Group VII (the halogens) as a collection of diatomic
non-metals showing a trend in colour, state and their displacement reactions with solutions of
other halide ions
(c) describe the lack of reactivity of the elements in Group 0 (the noble gases) in terms of their
electronic structures

8. Metals
Content
8.1 Properties of metals
8.2 Reactivity series
8.3 Extraction of metals
8.4 Recycling of metals
8.5 Iron
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
8.1 Properties of metals
(a) describe the general physical properties of metals as solids having high melting and boiling
points, being malleable and good conductors of heat and electricity
(b) describe alloys as a mixture of a metal with another element, e.g. brass; stainless steel
(c) identify representations of metals and alloys from diagrams of structures
8.2 Reactivity series
(a) place in order of reactivity calcium, copper, (hydrogen), iron, lead, magnesium, potassium,
silver, sodium and zinc, by reference to the reactions, if any, of the metals with water, steam
and dilute hydrochloric acid
(b) deduce the order of reactivity from a given set of experimental results

25
 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

8.3 Extraction of metals

(a) describe the ease of obtaining metals from their ores by relating the elements to their
positions in the reactivity series
8.4 Recycling of metals
(a) describe metal ores as a finite resource and hence the need to recycle metals, e.g. the
recycling of iron
(b) discuss the social, economic and environmental issues of recycling metals
8.5 Iron
(a) describe and explain the essential reactions in the extraction of iron using haematite,
limestone and coke in the blast furnace
(b) describe the essential conditions for the corrosion (rusting) of iron as the presence of oxygen
and water; prevention of rusting can be achieved by placing a barrier around the metal, e.g.
painting; greasing; plastic coating

SECTION V: ATMOSPHERE
Overview

Our atmosphere has been taken for granted in the past. In the last few decades, scientists and the
general public began to realise the adverse effects of pollutants on the air we breathe. It is now
recognised that pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, and particulates released into the
atmosphere as a result of energy generation and increased use of motor vehicles, have serious health
and environmental consequences.

In this section, the sources of air pollutants and their effects are examined. Students should be able
to value the knowledge of the hazardous nature of pollutants and the environmental issues related to
air pollution.

9. Air
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the volume composition of gases present in dry air as being approximately 79%
nitrogen, 20% oxygen and the remainder being noble gases (with argon as the main
constituent) and carbon dioxide
(b) name some common atmospheric pollutants, e.g. carbon monoxide; methane; nitrogen
oxides (NO and NO2); ozone; sulfur dioxide; unburned hydrocarbons
(c) state the sources of these pollutants as:
(i) carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion of carbon-containing substances
(ii) nitrogen oxides from lightning activity and internal combustion engines
(iii) sulfur dioxide from volcanoes and combustion of fossil fuels
(d) discuss some of the effects of these pollutants on health and on the environment:
(i) the poisonous nature of carbon monoxide
(ii) the role of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in the formation of ‘acid rain’ and its
effects on respiration and buildings

26
 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

SECTION VI: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Overview

In the nineteenth century, chemists believed that organic chemicals originated in tissues of living
organisms. Friedrich Wohler, in 1828, changed this belief and synthesised the organic compound,
urea, a compound found in urine, under laboratory conditions. His work led other chemists to attempt
synthesis of other organic compounds.

In this section, students examine the sources of fuels, some basic concepts of organic chemistry like
homologous series, functional group, general formula and structural formula, and polymers. Students
should be able to identify and name unbranched alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and carboxylic acids.
They should recognise that materials such as plastics, detergents and medicines, and even the food
that we eat are examples of organic compounds. Students should be able to value the need for
assessing the impacts of the use of synthetic materials and the environmental issues related to the
use of plastics.

10. Organic Chemistry

Content
10.1 Fuels and crude oil
10.2 Alkanes
10.3 Alkenes
10.4 Alcohols
10.5 Carboxylic acids
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
10.1 Fuels and crude oil
(a) name natural gas, mainly methane, and petroleum as sources of energy
(b) describe petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons and its separation into useful fractions by
fractional distillation
(c) name the following fractions and state their uses :
(i) petrol (gasoline) as a fuel in cars
(ii) naphtha as feedstock for the chemical industry
(iii) paraffin (kerosene) as a fuel for heating and cooking and for aircraft engines
(iv) diesel as a fuel for diesel engines
(v) lubricating oils as lubricants and as a source of polishes and waxes
(vi) bitumen for making road surfaces
10.2 Alkanes
(a) describe an homologous series as a group of compounds with a general formula, similar
chemical properties and showing a gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in
the size and mass of the molecules, e.g. melting and boiling points; viscosity; flammability
(b) describe the alkanes as an homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons with the general
formula CnH2n+2
(c) draw the structures of unbranched alkanes, C1 to C3 and name the unbranched alkanes,
methane to propane
(d) describe the properties of alkanes (exemplified by methane) as being generally unreactive
except in terms of burning and substitution by chlorine

27
 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

10.3 Alkenes
(a) describe the alkenes as an homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general
formula CnH2n
(b) draw the structures of unbranched alkenes, C2 to C3 and name the unbranched alkenes,
ethene to propene
(c) describe the manufacture of alkenes and hydrogen by cracking hydrocarbons and recognise
that cracking is essential to match the demand for fractions containing smaller molecules from
the refinery process
(d) describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons from their
molecular structures and by using aqueous bromine
(e) describe the properties of alkenes (exemplified by ethene) in terms of combustion and the
addition reactions with bromine and hydrogen
(f) state the meaning of polyunsaturated when applied to food products
(g) describe the manufacture of margarine by the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated vegetable
oils to form a solid product
(h) describe the formation of poly(ethene) as an example of addition polymerisation of ethene as
the monomer
(i) state some uses of poly(ethene) as a typical plastic, e.g. plastic bags; clingfilm
(j) deduce the structure of the addition polymer product from a given monomer and vice versa
(k) describe the pollution problems caused by the disposal of non-biodegradable plastics
10.4 Alcohols
(a) describe the alcohols as an homologous series containing the -OH group
(b) draw the structures of unbranched alcohols, C1 to C3 and name the unbranched alcohols,
methanol to propanol
(c) describe the properties of alcohols in terms of combustion and oxidation to carboxylic acids
(d) describe the formation of ethanol by fermentation of glucose
10.5 Carboxylic acids
(a) describe the carboxylic acids as organic acids containing the –CO2H group
(b) describe the formation of ethanoic acid by the oxidation of ethanol by atmospheric oxygen or
acidified potassium dichromate(VI)

28
 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

NOTES FOR QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Test for anions
anion test test result
carbonate (CO32–) add dilute acid effervescence, carbon dioxide
produced
chloride (Cl –) acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add white ppt.
[in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
nitrate (NO3–) add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then ammonia produced
[in solution] aluminium foil; warm carefully
sulfate (SO42–) acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add white ppt.
[in solution] aqueous barium nitrate

Test for aqueous cations

cation effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide effect of aqueous ammonia
ammonium (NH4+) ammonia produced on warming -
calcium (Ca2+) white ppt., insoluble in excess no ppt.
copper(II) (Cu2+) light blue ppt., insoluble in excess light blue ppt., soluble in excess giving
a dark blue solution
iron(II) (Fe2+) green ppt., insoluble in excess green ppt., insoluble in excess
iron(III) (Fe3+) red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess
lead(II) (Pb2+) white ppt., soluble in excess giving a white ppt., insoluble in excess
colourless solution
zinc (Zn2+) white ppt., soluble in excess giving a white ppt., soluble in excess giving a
colourless solution colourless solution

Test for gases

gas test and test result

ammonia (NH3) turns damp red litmus paper blue
carbon dioxide (CO2) gives white ppt. with limewater
(ppt. dissolves with excess CO2)
chlorine (Cl2) bleaches damp litmus paper
hydrogen (H2) “pops” with a lighted splint
oxygen (O2) relights a glowing splint
sulfur dioxide (SO2) turns aqueous acidified potassium dichromate(VI) from orange to green

29
 The Periodic Table of the Elements
Group
I II III IV V VI VII 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium
1 2
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20
Li Be B C N O F Ne

5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
30

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
55 56 57 * 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
– – –
Fr Ra Ac
francium radium actinium
87 88 89 †
*58-71 Lanthanoid series
†90-103 Actinoid series
140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 162 165 167 169 173 175
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Key a a = relative atomic mass 232 – 238 – – – – – – – – – – –
X X = atomic symbol
b = proton (atomic) number
Th
thorium
Pa
protactinium
U
uranium
Np
neptunium
Pu
plutonium
Am
americium
Cm
curium
Bk
berkelium
Cf Es
californium einsteinium
Fm
fermium
Md No
mendelevium nobelium
Lr
lawrencium
b 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).
 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

Colours of Some Common Metal Hydroxides

calcium hydroxide white

copper(II) hydroxide light blue

iron(II) hydroxide green

iron(III) hydroxide red-brown

lead(II) hydroxide white

zinc hydroxide white

31
 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

BIOLOGY SECTION

INTRODUCTION
This syllabus is designed to have less emphasis on factual materials, but a much greater emphasis on
the understanding and application of scientific concepts and principles. This approach has been
adopted in recognition of the need for students to develop skills that will be of long-term value in an
increasingly technological world, rather than focusing on large quantities of factual material, which
may have only short-term relevance.

It is envisaged that teaching and learning programmes based on this syllabus will feature a wide
variety of learning experiences designed to promote inquiry. Teachers are encouraged to use a
combination of appropriate strategies in teaching topics in this syllabus. The assessment will be
specifically intended to test skills, comprehension and insight in familiar and unfamiliar contexts.

CONTENT STRUCTURE

THEMES Topics

I. PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY 1. Cell Structure and Organisation

2. Movement of Substances

3. Biological Molecules

II. MAINTENANCE AND REGULATION 4. Animal Nutrition

OF LIFE PROCESSES
5. Plant Nutrition

6. Transport in Flowering Plants

7. Transport in Humans

8. Respiration

9. Co-ordination and Response

III. CONTINUITY OF LIFE 10. Reproduction

11. Molecular Genetics

12. Inheritance

IV. MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT 13. Organisms and their Environment

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SUBJECT CONTENT
THEME I: PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY

A basic characteristic of life is the hierarchy of structural order within the organism. Robert Hooke
(1635–1703), one of the first scientists to use a microscope to examine pond water, cork and other
things, was the first to refer to the cavities he saw in cork as “cells”, Latin for chambers. Subsequent
scientists developed Hooke’s discovery of the cell into the Cell Theory on which modern Biology is
built upon. The Cell Theory states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, and that
those cells have arisen from pre-existing cells.

In this section, we study two key principles of biology. The first principle is the correlation of structure
to function. This is illustrated by how each part of the cell is suited for its intended function.
The second principle is that specialisation results in the division of labour which enables the cell to
effectively carry out a number of vital life processes. A strong foundation in the principles of biology
will pave the way for students to master the content in the subsequent topics.

1. Cell Structure and Organisation

Content
• Plant and animal cells
• Specialised cells, tissues and organs
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) identify organelles of typical plant and animal cells from diagrams, photomicrographs and as
seen under the light microscope using prepared slides and fresh material treated with an
appropriate temporary staining technique:
• chloroplasts
• cell membrane
• cell wall
• cytoplasm
• cell vacuoles (large, sap-filled in plant cells, small, temporary in animal cells)
• nucleus
(b) identify the following organelles from diagrams and electronmicrographs:
• mitochondria
• ribosomes
(c) state the functions of the organelles identified above
(d) compare the structure of typical animal and plant cells
(e) state, in simple terms, the relationship between cell function and cell structure for the
following:
• absorption – root hair cells
• conduction and support – xylem vessels
• transport of oxygen – red blood cells
(f) differentiate cell, tissue, organ and organ system
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.

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 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

2. Movement of Substances
Content
• Diffusion
• Osmosis
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) define diffusion and describe its role in nutrient uptake and gaseous exchange in plants and
humans
(b) define osmosis and describe the effects of osmosis on plant and animal tissues
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.

3. Biological Molecules
Content
• Water and living organisms
• Carbohydrates, fats and proteins
• Enzymes
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) state the roles of water in living organisms
(b) describe and carry out tests for
• starch (iodine in potassium iodide solution)
• reducing sugars (Benedict’s solution)
• protein (biuret test)
• fats (ethanol emulsion)
(c) state that large molecules are synthesised from smaller basic units
• glycogen from glucose
• polypeptides and proteins from amino acids
• lipids such as fats from glycerol and fatty acids
(d) explain enzyme action in terms of the ‘lock and key’ hypothesis
(e) investigate and explain the effects of temperature and pH on the rate of enzyme-catalysed
reactions
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.

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 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

THEME II: MAINTENANCE AND REGULATION OF LIFE PROCESSES

Life is sustained through the integrated organisation of the whole organism. In humans, the
maintenance and regulation of life processes include nutrition, transport, respiration, excretion,
homeostasis and co-ordination and response. The key overarching theme in the study of the organ
systems is the correlation between form and function.

4. Animal Nutrition
Content
• Human alimentary canal
• Chemical digestion
• Absorption and assimilation
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the functions of main regions of the alimentary canal and the associated organs:
mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, gall bladder, liver,
ileum, colon, rectum, anus, in relation to ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and
egestion of food, as appropriate
(b) describe digestion in the alimentary canal, the functions of a typical amylase, protease and
lipase, listing the substrate and end-products
(c) state the function of the hepatic portal vein as the route taken by most of the food absorbed
from the small intestine
(d) state the role of the liver in:
• the metabolism of glucose
• the metabolism of amino acids and the formation of urea
• the breakdown of alcohol
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.

5. Plant Nutrition
Content
• Leaf structure
• Photosynthesis
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) identify the cellular and tissue structure of a dicotyledonous leaf, as seen in cross-section
under the microscope and state their functions:
• distribution of chloroplasts – photosynthesis
• stomata and mesophyll cells – gaseous exchange
• vascular bundles – transport
(b) state the equation, in words only, for photosynthesis
(c) describe the intake of carbon dioxide and water by plants
(d) state that chlorophyll traps light energy and converts it into chemical energy for the formation
of carbohydrates and their subsequent storage

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 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

(e) investigate and state the effect of varying light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and
temperature on the rate of photosynthesis (e.g. in submerged aquatic plants)
(f) briefly explain why most forms of life are completely dependent on photosynthesis
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.

6. Transport in Flowering Plants

Content
• Water and ion uptake
• Transpiration and translocation
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) identify the positions of xylem vessels and phloem in sections of a typical dicotyledonous
stem and leaf, under the light microscope, and state their functions
(b) relate the structure and functions of root hairs to their surface area, and to water and ion
uptake
(c) state that transpiration is the loss of water vapour from the stomata
(d) briefly explain the movement of water through the stem in terms of transpiration pull
(e) describe
• the effects of variation of air movement, temperature, humidity and light intensity on
transpiration rate
• how wilting occurs
(f) define the term translocation as the transport of food in the phloem tissue
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.

7. Transport in Humans
Content
• Circulatory system
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) name the main blood vessels to and from the heart, lungs, liver and kidney
(b) state the functions of blood
• red blood cells – haemoglobin and oxygen transport
• white blood cells – phagocytosis, antibody formation and tissue rejection
• platelets – fibrinogen to fibrin, causing clotting
• plasma – transport of blood cells, ions, soluble food substances, hormones, carbon
dioxide, urea, vitamins, plasma proteins
(c) relate the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries to their functions
(d) describe the structure and function of the heart in terms of muscular contraction and the
working of valves (histology of the heart muscle, names of nerves and transmitter substances
are not required)
(e) describe coronary heart disease in terms of the occlusion of coronary arteries and list the
possible causes, such as diet, stress, smoking, and the possible preventative measures
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.

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 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

8. Respiration
Content
• Human gaseous exchange
• Aerobic respiration
• Anaerobic respiration
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) identify on diagrams and name the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and
associated capillaries and state their functions in human gaseous exchange
(b) state the characteristics of, and describe the role of, the exchange surface of the alveoli in
gaseous exchange
(c) describe the effect of tobacco smoke and its major toxic components – nicotine, tar and
carbon monoxide, on health
(d) define and state the equation, in words only, for aerobic respiration in humans
(e) define and state the equation, in words only, for anaerobic respiration in humans
(f) describe the effect of lactic acid in muscles during exercise
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.

9. Co-ordination and Response

Content
• Receptors – eye
• Nervous system – neurones (reflex action)
• Effectors – endocrine glands
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) state the relationship between receptors, the central nervous system and the effectors
(b) state the principal functions of component parts of the eye in producing a focused image of
near and distant objects on the retina
(c) describe the pupil reflex in response to bright and dim light
(d) outline the functions of sensory neurones, relay neurones and motor neurones
(e) define a hormone as a chemical substance, produced by a gland, carried by the blood, which
alters the activity of one or more specific target organs and is then destroyed by the liver
(f) state what is meant by an endocrine gland, with reference to the islets of Langerhans in the
pancreas
(g) outline how the blood glucose concentration is regulated by insulin and glucagon
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.

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 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

THEME III: CONTINUITY OF LIFE

The many aspects of form and function that we have examined in this syllabus can be viewed in the
widest context as various adaptations aimed at ensuring reproductive success. Reproduction is vital
for the survival of species across generations. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick developed
the model for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a chemical that had then recently been deduced to be the
physical carrier of inheritance. In this section, we examine how genes interact to produce hereditary
characteristics in the offspring. This section focuses on understanding the processes involved in the
continuity of life and how genetic information is passed from one generation to the next.

10. Reproduction
Content
• Asexual reproduction
• Sexual reproduction in plants
• Sexual reproduction in humans
• Sexually transmitted diseases
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) define asexual reproduction as the process resulting in the production of genetically identical
offspring from one parent
(b) define sexual reproduction as the process involving the fusion of nuclei to form a zygote and
the production of genetically dissimilar offspring
(c) state the functions of the sepals, petals, anthers and carpels
(d) outline the process of pollination
(e) describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule followed by fertilisation
(f) identify on diagrams of the male reproductive system and give the functions of: testes,
scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra and penis
(g) identify on diagrams of the female reproductive system and give the functions of: ovaries,
oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina
(h) briefly describe the menstrual cycle with reference to the alternation of menstruation and
ovulation, the natural variation in its length, and the fertile and infertile phases of the cycle,
with reference to the roles of oestrogen and progesterone only
(i) briefly describe fertilisation and early development of the zygote simply in terms of the
formation of a ball of cells which becomes implanted in the wall of the uterus
(j) discuss the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and methods by which it may be
controlled
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.

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 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

11. Molecular Genetics

Content
• The structure of DNA
• The role of DNA in protein synthesis
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) outline the relationship between genes, chromosomes, and DNA
(b) state the structure of DNA in terms of the bases, sugar and phosphate groups found in each
of the nucleotides
(c) state the rule of complementary base pairing
(d) state that DNA is used to carry the genetic code (details of translation and transcription are
not required)
(e) state that each gene
• is a sequence of nucleotides, as part of a DNA molecule
• controls the production of one polypeptide
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.

12. Inheritance
Content
• The passage of information from parent to offspring
• The nature of genes and alleles, and their role in determining the phenotype
• Monohybrid crosses
• Variation
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) define a gene as a unit of inheritance and distinguish clearly between the terms gene and
allele
(b) describe the difference between continuous and discontinuous variation and give examples of
each
(c) explain the terms dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype and genotype
(d) predict the results of simple crosses with expected ratios of 3:1 and 1:1, using the terms
homozygous, heterozygous, F1 generation and F2 generation
(e) state why observed ratios often differ from expected ratios, especially when there are small
numbers of progeny
(f) describe the determination of sex in humans – XX and XY chromosomes
(g) describe mutation as a change in the structure of a gene such as in sickle cell anaemia, or in
the chromosome number such as the 47 chromosomes in a condition known as Down’s
Syndrome
(h) name radiation and chemicals as factors which may increase the rate of mutation
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.

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 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

THEME IV: MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT

All living organisms are part of a complex network of interactions called the web of life. This section
focuses on the interrelationships among living things. These include two major processes. The first is
the cycling of nutrients, as illustrated by the carbon cycle. The second major process is the flow of
energy from sunlight to organisms further down the food chain.

13. Organisms and their Environment

Content
• Energy flow
• Food chains and food webs
• Carbon cycle
• Effects of man on the ecosystem
• Environmental biotechnology
Learning Outcomes:
Candidates should be able to:
(a) briefly describe the non-cyclical nature of energy flow
(b) establish the relationship of the following in food webs:
producer, consumer, herbivore, carnivore, decomposer, food chain, trophic level
(c) describe energy losses between trophic levels and infer the advantages of short food chains
(d) interpret pyramids of numbers and biomass
(e) explain the importance of the carbon cycle
(f) evaluate the effects of
• water pollution by sewage
• pollution due to insecticides including bioaccumulation up food chains and impact on top
carnivores
(g) outline the roles of microbes in sewage disposal as an example of environmental
biotechnology
(h) discuss reasons for conservation of species with reference to the maintenance of biodiversity,
management of fisheries and management of timber production
Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems.

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 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN SCIENCE PAPERS

It is hoped that the glossary (which is relevant only to science papers) will prove helpful to candidates
as a guide, i.e. it is neither exhaustive nor definitive. The glossary has been deliberately kept brief not
only with respect to the number of terms included but also to the descriptions of their meanings.
Candidates should appreciate that the meaning of a term must depend in part on its context.

1. Calculate is used when a numerical answer is required. In general, working should be shown,
especially where two or more steps are involved.
2. Classify requires candidates to group things based on common characteristics.
3. Comment is intended as an open-ended instruction, inviting candidates to recall or infer points
of interest relevant to the context of the question, taking account of the number of marks
available.
4. Compare requires candidates to provide both similarities and differences between things or
concepts.
5. Construct is often used in relation to chemical equations where a candidate is expected to
write a balanced equation, not by factual recall but by analogy or by using information in the
question.
6. Define (the term(s)…) is intended literally, only a formal statement or equivalent paraphrase
being required.
7. Describe requires candidates to state in words (using diagrams where appropriate) the main
points of the topic. It is often used with reference either to particular phenomena or to
particular experiments. In the former instance, the term usually implies that the answer should
include reference to (visual) observations associated with the phenomena. In the latter
instance the answer may often follow a standard pattern, e.g. Apparatus, Method,
Measurement, Results and Precautions.
In other contexts, describe and give an account of should be interpreted more generally, i.e.
the candidate has greater discretion about the nature and the organisation of the material to
be included in the answer. Describe and explain may be coupled in a similar way to state and
explain.
8. Determine often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly but is
obtained by calculation, substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a
standard formula.
9. Discuss requires candidates to give a critical account of the points involved in the topic.
10. Estimate implies a reasoned order magnitude statement or calculation of the quantity
concerned, making such simplifying assumptions as may be necessary about the points of
principle and about values of quantities not otherwise included in the question.
11. Explain may imply reasoning or some reference to theory, depending on the context.
12. Find is a general term that may be variously interpreted as calculate, measure, determine etc.
13. List requires a number of points, generally each of one word, with no elaboration. Where a
given number of points is specified, this should not be exceeded.
14. Measure implies that the quantity concerned can be directly obtained from a suitable
measuring instrument, e.g. length, using a rule, or angle, using a protractor.
15. Outline implies brevity, i.e. restricting the answer to giving essentials.
16. Predict or deduce implies that the candidate is not expected to produce the required answer
by recall but by making a logical connection between other pieces of information. Such
information may be wholly given in the question or may depend on answers extracted from an
earlier part of the question. Predict also implies a concise answer with no supporting
statement required.

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17. Sketch, when applied to graph work, implies that the shape and/or position of the curve need
only be qualitatively correct, but candidates should be aware that, depending on the context,
some quantitative aspects may be looked for, e.g. passing through the origin, having the
intercept, asymptote or discontinuity at a particular value.
In diagrams, sketch implies that a simple, freehand drawing is acceptable; nevertheless, care
should be taken over proportions and the clear exposition of important details.
18. State implies a concise answer with little or no supporting argument, e.g. a numerical answer
that can be obtained ‘by inspection’.
19. Suggest is used in two main contexts, i.e. either to imply that there is no unique answer, or to
imply that candidates are expected to apply their general knowledge to a ‘novel’ situation, one
that may be formally ‘not in the syllabus’.
20. What do you understand by/What is meant by (the term(s)...) normally implies that a definition
should be given, together with some relevant comment on the significance or context of the
term(s) concerned, especially where two or more terms are included in the question.
The amount of supplementary comment intended should be interpreted in light of the
indicated mark value.

SPECIAL NOTE
Nomenclature
Students will be expected to be familiar with the nomenclature used in the syllabus. The proposals in
"Signs, Symbols and Systematics" (The Association for Science Education Companion to 16-19
Science, 2000) and the recommendations on terms, units and symbols in ‘Biological Nomenclature
(2000)’ published by the Institute of Biology, in conjunction with the ASE, will generally be adopted
although the traditional names sulfate, sulfite, nitrate, nitrite, sulfurous and nitrous acids will be used in
question papers. Sulfur (and all compounds of sulfur) will be spelt with f (not with ph) in question
papers, however students can use either spelling in their answers.
It is intended that, in order to avoid difficulties arising out of the use of l as the symbol for litre, use of
dm3 in place of l or litre will be made.
In chemistry, full structural formulae (displayed formulae) in answers should show in detail both the
relative placing of atoms and the number of bonds between atoms. Hence, –CONH2 and –CO2H are
not satisfactory as full structural formulae, although either of the usual symbols for the benzene ring is
acceptable.
Units, significant figures
Candidates should be aware that misuse of units and/or significant figures, i.e. failure to quote units
where necessary, the inclusion of units in quantities defined as ratios or quoting answers to an
inappropriate number of significant figures, is liable to be penalised.
Calculators
Any calculator used must be on the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board list of approved
calculators.

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 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT
Scientific subjects are, by nature, experimental. It is therefore important that an assessment of a
candidate’s knowledge and understanding of Science should include a component relating to practical
work and experimental skills. This assessment is provided in Paper 5, as a formal practical test, and
is outlined in the Scheme of Assessment.

Paper 5 Practical Test

Physics Practical Test

Candidates may be asked to carry out exercises based on:

(a) measurements of lengths with appropriate accuracy by means of tapes, rules, micrometers and
callipers, using a vernier as necessary;
(b) measurements of time intervals, including the period of a simple pendulum, by means of clocks
and stopwatches;
(c) measurements of temperature by using appropriate thermometers;
(d) measurements of mass and weight by using appropriate balances;
(e) measurements of the volume of a liquid or solid by using a measuring cylinder;
(f) determination of the density of a liquid, of a regularly and irregularly shaped solid, which sinks
in water;
(g) the principle of moments;
(h) determination of the position of the centre of gravity of a plane lamina;
(i) the law of reflection;
(j) determination of the position and characteristics of an optical image formed by a plane mirror or
a thin converging lens;
(k) the refraction of light through glass blocks;
(l) measurements of current and voltage by using appropriate ammeters and voltmeters;
(m) determination of the resistance of a metallic conductor using a voltmeter and an ammeter.

This is not intended to be an exhaustive list. Reference may be made to the techniques used in these
experiments in the theory papers, but no detailed description of the experimental procedures will be
required.

Chemistry Practical Test

Candidates may be asked to carry out exercises based on:

(a) quantitative experiments involving the use of a pipette, burette and an indicator such as methyl
orange or screened methyl orange; if titrations other than acid/alkali are set, full instructions and
other necessary information will be given;
(b) speeds of reaction;
(c) measurements of temperature based on thermometers with 1 °C graduations;
(d) problems of an investigatory nature, possibly including suitable organic compounds;
(e) simple paper chromatography;
(f) filtration;
(g) tests for oxidising and reducing agents as specified in the syllabus;
(h) identification of ions and gases as specified in the syllabus.

This question paper will contain Notes For Qualitative Analysis for the use of candidates in the
examination.

Candidates may also be required to perform simple calculations.

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 5116, 5117 & 5118 SCIENCE ORDINARY LEVEL 2010

Biology Practical Test

1. The practical examination is designed to test candidates’ abilities to:

(a) follow carefully a sequence of instructions within a set time allowance;
(b) use familiar and unfamiliar techniques to record their observations and make deductions
from them;
(c) recognise and observe features of familiar and unfamiliar biological specimens, record
their observations and make deductions about functions of whole specimens or their parts;
(d) make clear line drawings of the specimens provided, indicate magnification and to label
familiar structures;
(e) interpret unfamiliar data and draw conclusions from their interpretations;
(f) design/plan an investigation to solve a problem;
(g) comment on a procedure used in an experiment and suggest an improvement;
(h) employ manipulative skills in assembling apparatus, in using chemical reagents and in using
such instruments as mounted needles, scalpels and razor blades, forceps and scissors;
(i) observe reactions, read simple measuring instruments and perform simple arithmetical
calculations;
(j) measure to an accuracy of 1 mm, using a ruler.

2. Candidates may be asked to carry out simple physiological experiments, involving tests for food
substances (specifically reducing sugars with Benedict’s solution, starch using iodine solution,
protein using the biuret test and fats using the ethanol emulsion test), enzyme reactions,
hydrogen carbonate indicator solution, cobalt(II) chloride paper etc. It is expected that glassware
and instruments normally found in a laboratory (e.g. beakers, test-tube racks, funnels,
thermometers, droppers and so on) should be available for these experiments.

3. Candidates may be asked to carry out simple physiological experiments, involving the use of the
above mentioned instruments 1(h) on plant or animal materials. Accurate observations of these
specimens will need a hand lens of not less than x6 magnification for each candidate.

4. The material set will be closely related to the subject matter of the syllabus, but will not
necessarily be limited to the particular types mentioned therein. In order to assist their own
practical work, and to supply possible examination specimens, schools are asked to build up a
reference collection of material.

5. When planning practical work, teachers should make sure that they do not contravene any
school, education authority, or government regulations which restrict the sampling, in educational
establishments, of urine, saliva, blood or other bodily secretions and tissues.

44