Table of Contents

Sr.
No

Content

Pg No

Preface
Acknowledgement
1.

Introduction

2.

Rupee Appreciation & Depreciation

3.

FDI & FII

4.

Journey of Indian Rupee

5.

Causes of Rupee Appreciation & Depreciation

10

6.

Impacts of Rupee Appreciation & Depreciation

13

7.

On Public
On Businesses
Measures

18

8.

Conclusion

20

9.

Appendix

22

10.

Bibliography

24

INTRODUCTION:

Rupee has been continuing with its downward trend since a

couple of weeks. Moving from bad to worse, The Finance Ministry
however, believes that the unwarranted panic in the market will
settle down in some time. Chief economic adviser Raghuram Rajan,
too is of the opinion that weakness in rupee could be a temporary
phenomenon.
INDIAN RUPEE has been depreciating against U.S Dollar, but the
year 2013 has seen its maximum depreciation. The Indian rupee
touched a lifetime low of 68.978 against the US dollar on August 28,

2013. The rupee plunged by 3.7 percent on the day in its biggest
single-day percentage fall in more than two decades. Since January
2013, the rupee has lost more than 20 percent of its value, the
biggest loser among the Asian currencies.

RUPEE APPRECIATION AND DEPRECIATION:

As per the rudimentary laws of economics if the demand for USD in India
exceeds its supply then its worth will go up and that of the INR will come
down in that respect. It may be that importers are the major entities who
are in need of the dollar for making their payments.
The persistent decline in rupee is a cause of concern. Depreciation leads
to imports becoming costlier which is a worry for India as it meets most of
its oil demand via imports. Apart from oil, prices of other imported
commodities like metals, gold etc will also rise pushing overall inflation
higher.
Exchange rate is the price of foreign currency (USD, Yen, Euro, Pound etc)
in terms of domestic currency (rupee) i.e. amount of domestic currency
needed to buy one unit of foreign currency.

 If price of 1$ = ` 53.74, which means 1$ can be purchased in exchange of

` 54. Exchange rate tells us the value of domestic currency in relation to
one unit of foreign currency. 1$ is worth ` 53.74.
Rupee appreciation is when value of rupee increases (becomes
expensive) and fewer rupees can buy one unit of foreign currency. This is
also known as strengthening of rupee as now INR is worth more than
foreign currency. Suppose exchange rate changes to 1$ = ` 50, we say
rupee has appreciated as 1$ can buy fewer INR.
Rupee depreciation is when rupee value decreases (becomes less
expensive) and more rupees can buy one unit of foreign currency. This is
also known as weakening of rupee as now INR worth is less than foreign
currency. If exchange rate changes to 1$ = ` 55, we say rupee has
depreciated as 1$ can buy more INR.
Currency price is always stated in relation to another currency. So when
one currency appreciates the other currency depreciates.

FDI and FII:

Capital inflow has two components: Foreign direct investment (FDI) and
foreign institutional investment (FII). FDI is investment made by foreign
companies to create specific productive assets. These typically create a
more stable availability of foreign exchange. FII is primarily money flowing
into the capital markets (investment in stocks etc). This can come in and go
out quickly and thus represents a relatively temporary source of foreign
exchange.
The current devaluation is attributed officially to excess demand for
dollars. This, however, does not explain what is actually happening. The
ever persistent excess of imports over exports calls for a continuous inflow
of foreign capital. Even if the capital does not go out (as FII sometimes
does), even if it stops coming in, India could face a decline in the value of
the rupee. Since the early nineties, when Indias foreign exchange reserve
was near zero, India has steadily built up its foreign exchange reserve,

which is in hundreds of billions of dollars. The Reserve Bank of India

normally uses this to ensure there is no undue turbulence in the value of
the rupee.

JOURNEY OF INDIAN RUPEE:

The Indian currency has witnessed a slippery journey since Independence.
Many geopolitical and economic developments have affected its movement
in the last 66 years.
When India got freedom on August 15, 1947, the value of the rupee was on
a par with the American dollar. There were no foreign borrowings on India's
balance sheet.
To finance welfare and development activities, especially with the
introduction of the Five-Year Plan in 1951, the government started external
borrowings. This required the devaluation of the rupee.
After independence, India had chosen to adopt a fixed rate currency
regime. The rupee was pegged at 4.79 against a dollar between 1948 and
1966.

 Two consecutive wars, one with China in 1962 and another one with
Pakistan in 1965; resulted in a huge deficit on India's budget, forcing the
government to devalue the currency to 7.57 against the dollar.
The rupee's link with the British currency was broken in 1971 and it was
linked directly to the US dollar.
In 1975, value of the Indian rupee was pegged at 8.39 against a dollar.
In 1985, it was further devalued to 12 against a dollar.
In 1991, India faced a serious balance of payment crisis and was forced to
sharply devalue its currency. The country was in the grip of high inflation,
low growth and the foreign reserves were not even worth to meet three
weeks of imports. Under these situations, the currency was devalued to
17.90 against a dollar.

1993 was very important. This year currency was let free to flow with the
market sentiments. The exchange rate was freed to be determined by the
market, with provisions of intervention by the central bank under the
situation of extreme volatility. This year, the currency was devalued to
31.37 against a dollar. The rupee traded in the range of 40-50 between
2000 and 2010.
It was mostly at around 45 against a dollar. It touched a high of 39 in 2007.
The Indian currency has gradually depreciated since the global 2008
economic crisis.
Liberalizing the currency regime led to a sharp jump in foreign investment
inflows and boosted the economic growth.
The USD INR history summary. This is the US Dollar (USD) to Indian Rupee
(INR) exchange rate history summary page, detailing 180 days of USD INR
historical data from Thursday 21/03/2013 to Saturday 14/09/2013

 Highest: 68.978 INR on 28 Aug 2013.

Average: 58.4158 INR over this period.
Lowest: 53.6573 INR on 01 May 2013.

Causes of Appreciation and Depreciation of Rupee

Like any commodity whose price is determined by its demand and
supply, currency price is also determined by demand and supply of that
currency in the international market.
When supply of a countrys currency increases, value of currency falls as
more currency is required to purchase another currency causing
currency to depreciate. Reverse holds true when demand for a currency
increases.

Demand for a countrys currency comes from its export of goods and
services and foreign investment in the country.

Supply for a countrys currency comes from its imports of goods and
services and its investments in other countries.

Higher Inflation
Increase in import prices of essential commodities such as crude
oil, fertilizer, pulses, edible oils, coal and other industrial raw

materials are bound to increase the prices of the final goods.

Thereby making it costlier for the consumers and hence inflation
might be pushed up further.
Prices of Crude oil
All over the world, the price of oil is given in dollars. This implies
that as and when the demand for oil increases in India or there is an
increase in oil prices in the global market, there also arises a need for
more dollars to pay the suppliers. This also results in a situation
where the worth of the INR decreases significantly in comparison to
the dollar.

Volatility in the equity market

The equity markets in India have been volatile for a certain period
of time. This has put the FIIs into a dilemma as to whether they
should be investing in India or not. In recent times their investments
have touched an unprecedented level and so if they pull out then the
inflow will go down as well. Exchange rate risk also drives away
foreign investors which in turn depreciates the local currency.
Poor current account deficit
One of the main reasons behind the Indian governments inability
to arrest the fall of the national currency is the critical current
account deficit. The government has been unable to come up with
any new destinations for exporting its products and this has also
hampered the growth in this sector.
Increase in the Import Bill
Depreciation of the local currency results in higher import costs
for the country. Failure of a similar rise being experienced in the

prices of exportable commodities is going to result in a widening of

current account deficit of the country. Indias import bill has been
going up of late and most of this can be attributed to gold. This has
also hampered Indias efforts to arrest the slide of the INR. Gold
alone takes up more than 10 per cent of Indias import bill.

Increase in Cost of Borrowings

Interest rate differentials in domestic and global markets
encourage the industry to raise money through foreign markets
however a fall in the rupee value would negate the benefits of doing
so.
Interest Rate Difference:
Higher real interest rates generally attract foreign investment but
due to slowdown in growth there is increasing pressure on RBI to
decrease the policy rates. Under such conditions foreign investors
tend to stay away from investing. This further affects the capital
account flows of India and puts a depreciating pressure on the
currency.
Lack of reforms:
Key policy reforms like Direct Tax Code (DTC) and Goods and
Service Tax (GST) have been in the pipe line for years. A retrospective
tax law (GAAR) has already earned a lot of flak from the business
community. Attempts are being made to control the subsidy bills but
fiscal deficit continues to hover around 5% of GDP. The government
announced FDI in retail but had to hold back amidst huge furore

from both opposition and allies. This has further made investors
sentiment negative over the Indian economy.

Impacts of Appreciation and Depreciation of Rupee

Impact

Rupee Appreciates

Rupee Depreciates

Importers

Imports become cheaper & hence Imports become costlier

importers gain.
& hence importers lose.

Exporters

Fall in export realization to the

extent of forex difference &
hence exporters lose

Realization from
exporters increases &
hence exporters gain.

Foreign travel

Trip becomes cheaper

Trip becomes costlier

A. Increase in the Import Bill

A depreciation of the local currency results in higher import costs for the
country. Failure of a similar rise being experienced in the prices of exportable
commodities is going to result in a widening of current account deficit of the
country.
B. Higher Inflation
Increase in import prices of essential commodities such as crude oil, fertilizer,
pulses, edible oils, coal and other industrial raw materials are bound to
increase the prices of the final goods. Thereby making it costlier for the
consumers and hence inflation might be pushed up further.

C. Fiscal Slippage
The central government fiscal burden might increase as the hike in the prices
of imported crude oil and fertilizer might warrant for a higher subsidy provision
to be made for these commodities.

D. Increase in Cost of Borrowings

Interest rate differentials in domestic and global markets encourage the
industry to raise money through foreign markets however a fall in the rupee
value would negate the benefits of doing so. The next two sections of the
study assess the impact of rupee depreciation on the:
Import Bill of the Country
Import of Key Commodities
Fertilizer

Crude Oil

Thermal Coal

Vegetable Oil

Impact on Public
Imported goods: Buying imported stuff will become a very costly affair. You
will have to shell out extra on imported goods.
Fuel price:
A weak rupee will increase the burden of Oil Marketing
Companies (OMCs) and this will surely be passed on to the consumers as the
companies are allowed to do so following deregulation of petrol and partial
deregulation of diesel.
Students studying abroad: Students who are studying abroad will bear the
brunt most owing to depreciating rupee.

Countrys fiscal health: A frail rupee will add fuel to the rising import bill of
the country and thereby increasing its current account deficit (CAD). A
widening CAD is bound to pose a threat to the growth of overall economy.

Tourism: The depreciating rupee will surely be a dampener if you are

planning your holiday abroad. Your travel charges as well as hotel charges will
escalate drastically, let alone shopping and other miscellaneous spending
activity.
Transported Goods: Take, for example, crude oil. A weak rupee will lead to
higher import prices. Since petrol is fully and diesel partially decontrolled, oil
marketing companies such as IOC and BPCL are free to hike their retail prices
in tandem with the import-linked prices. Once the prices of both fuels
increase progressively at the filling stations, it is followed by a cascading
impact that is manifested in the form of an increase in transportation costs,
leading to higher prices of goods that are transported from one part of the
country to another, such as food, consumer durables and fast-moving
consumer goods.

Impact on Business:
The fast depreciating rupee has hit hard Indian auto companies raising
sharply import costs in a market which is already under pressure from a
continuous slide in vehicle sales over the last seven months.
Consumer companies are also hit by the deprecating rupee due to their
dependence on imported and crude oil linked raw materials
While the recent rupee depreciation against dollar may have brought some
cheer for yarn exporters, the industry players are pushing for export orders to
make the most of the situation. This depreciation may prove beneficial to
Indian IT companies and other exporters. But this benefit depends on global
demand and several other factors also. While this declining value may turn
beneficial for exporters but this is surely is putting a pressure on imports and
consumers.

Articles under impacts

Falling rupee has little impact on Indian tourists
Monday, Aug 19, 2013, 20:55 IST | Place: New Delhi | Agency: IANS
The weakening rupee has had little impact on Indian travelers who remain
eager to travel and have not cancelled or altered their plans waiting for the
rupee to stabilize, leading travel portals said Monday.
According to Yatra.com, which conducted a survey, 62 percent of the
respondents are pursuing their holiday plans.
The survey said that Southeast Asian countries are the destination of choice,
followed by Europe, the US and Britain.
"While 43 percent of the respondents would like to travel within India, 45
percent said that the location would depend on the expenses involved," said
the survey.
"We have been periodically mapping travel trends amongst our base of
travelers to get a sense of their mood, and this latest survey seems to suggest
that the market is still upbeat on holiday travel despite the depreciation in the
rupee," Sharat Dhall, president, Yatra.com said.
"Travelers are confident that the currency depreciation will be offset by
attractive discounts offered by hotels and flight operators," he added.
The survey was conducted among 6,000 individuals, majority of them aged
between 25 to 45 years.
MakemMyTrip.com said travelers plan their holidays at least a couple of
months in advance so currency fluctuation does not really have a major
impact.
"Travelers who are exploring a holiday at a short notice are more likely to be
influenced by currency movement. Some end up considering at short-haul

destinations instead of long-haul ones to optimize their holiday budgets,"

Rajesh Magow, chief executive officer, Make My Trip said.
"Despite the concerns due to currency depreciation, we continue to witness
growth in both domestic and international travel," he added.
However, travel site Expedia.co.in said that there was a dip in Indians travelling
to foreign destinations, but the depreciating rupee had also opened up huge
opportunities in the domestic markets with the arrival of foreign tourists.
Meanwhile, cost-cutting among Indian travelers is evident.
"Many travelers are looking at shortening the duration or downgrading
accommodation or removing a short stopover from the itinerary," said Vikram
Malhi, general manager, South and Southeast Asia Expedia
SOURCE: http://www.dnaindia.com/money/1876847/report-falling-rupee-haslittle-impact-on-indian-tourists

Depreciation of Indian rupee can affect Indias

economy: Indian PM
Concerned over depreciation of Indian rupee, Indian Prime Minister Dr
Manmohan Singh Friday said there are justifiable concerns that it would have
an impact on Indias economy.
New Delhi, Aug 30/Nationalturk Terming depreciation of Indian rupee as a
matter of concern, Indian Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh Friday said there
are justifiable concerns that it would have an impact on Indias economy and
advised people that there may be short term shocks to the economy and they
need to face it.
The movement of exchange rate of Indian Rupee recently has been a matter
of concern. The Rupee has depreciated sharply against the dollar since last
week of May. There are concerns, and justifiably so, of the impact this would
have on our economy, Singh said while addressing countrys lawmaker in Lok
Sabha, upper house of Indian parliament today.
He said what triggered the sharp and sudden depreciation was the markets
reaction to certain unexpected external developments. On May 22, 2013, the
US Federal Reserve Bank indicated that it would soon taper its quantitative

easing as the US economy was recovering. This led to a reversal of capital flows
to emerging economies which are now sharply pulling down not just the
Rupee, but also the Brazilian Real, the Turkish Lira, the Indonesian Rupiah, the
South African Rand and many other currencies.
SOURCE: http://www.nationalturk.com/en/depreciation-of-indian-rupee-canaffect-indias-economy-indian-pm-42284

MEASURES
1. Measures by RBI:
a. Using Forex Reserves: RBI can sell forex reserves and buy Indian Rupees
leading to demand for rupee. But using forex reserves poses risk also, as using
them up in large quantities to prevent depreciation may result in a
deterioration of confidence in the economy's ability to meet even its shortterm external obligations. And not using reserves to prevent currency
depreciation poses the risk that the exchange rate will spiral out of control.
Since both outcomes are undesirable, the appropriate policy response is to
find a balance.
b. Raising Interest Rates: The rationale is to prevent sudden capital outflows
and ultimately lead to higher capital inflows. But Indias interest rates are
already higher than most countries. This was done to tame inflationary
expectations. So, further raising interest rates would lead to lower growth
levels.
c. Make Investments Attractive: Easing Capital Controls: RBI can take steps to
increase the supply of foreign currency by expanding market participation to
support Rupee. RBI can increase the FII limit on investment in government and
corporate debt instruments. It can invite long term FDI debt funds in
infrastructure sector. The ceiling for External Commercial Borrowings can be
enhanced to allow more ECB borrowings.

2. Measures by Government: Government should take some

measures to bring FDI and create a healthy environment for
economic growth. Key policy reforms that should be initiated
includes rolling of Goods and Services Tax (GST), Direct Tax Code
(DTC), FDI in aviation and retail, Companies Bill and diesel decontrol.
Efforts should be made to invite FDI but much more needs to be
done especially after the holdback of retail FDI and recent criticisms
of policy paralysis. The government took steps recently to loosen
rules for portfolio investment in the Indian market, indicating its
desire to sustain external inflows. The measure to increase External
Commercial Borrowings (ECB) to $10bn will help in borrowing in
dollar at a less cost. It may take similar steps to encourage FDI as
well, helping sustain external funding.

CONCLUSION
We cant predict where the rupee will eventually land and I dont think anyone
else can either.
Of course, we are not the only country at the mercy of the dollar because
almost every emerging market is suffering. But surely, that shouldnt be any
consolation.
The rupee has depreciated about 50
percent in the past three years and 15
percent this year. The situation is
extremely worrying for us because of the
debilitating impact it will have on Indias
economy that have been pushed to the
brink by global factors.
In India, there is a sense of despondency in the wake of policy announcements
that havent really been executed. There is a sense of loss of credibility. It is
unfortunate that these strains have surfaced in the midst of a change of
guard at the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
Sadly, we cant say we did not see it coming. The RBI has been pointing to the
twin deficits fiscal and trade for long while waging a losing battle on the
monetary front. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) pointed out early this
year that our fiscal deficit and inflation were among the highest in emerging
markets. Our dependence on hot FII portfolio money was always there for all
to see.
Our government, the markets and the rupee hid behind a huge wall of liquidity
in the global markets. Looking back, it almost seems as though the RBI

commenced its interest reduction cycle a bit too early and the outgoing
governor did not wish to leave without correcting what he may believe was an
error in policy judgment.

The fall in the rupee is a mere manifestation of the deeper malaise

high inflation, low interest rates combined with low growth.
Also, we should open up incoming FDI for all sectors, except those
considered sensitive to national interests. Especially for infrastructure, capitalintensive and environmentally safe projects.
We do not see anything wrong
in heavily taxing imports of luxury
consumables and durables; and
preventing low-value imports that
can be produced locally. Given our
vulnerabilities in coal and oil-based
energy, pretending that we can do
away entirely with capital controls is
utopian.
While NREGA and food security can be justified, inflation led by fiscal
deficit has to be controlled by eliminating indirect subsidies and freeing up
agricultural trade. To revive the rupee, we need to rein in the twin deficits. At
the same time, painful as it may seem, we need to hold on to interest rates at
a real level to encourage household savings.
Most importantly, we need a majority government with a clear mandate
for development. For now, India will have hold on till the next elections.

APPENDIX

Indias FOREX reserves on each week-end in 2013

Date

Reserves

29-Mar-13 292,646.5

Variations

Rate

-720.3

54.33

5-Apr-13

293,843.0

1,196.5

54.88

12-Apr-13

295,247.2

1,404.2

54.44

19-Apr-13

294,761.3

-485.9

54.02

26-Apr-13

296,370.6

1,609.3

54.29

3-May-13

294,306.8

-2,063.8

53.95

10-May-13 293,690.4

-616.4

54.54

17-May-13 291,966.2

-1,724.2

54.88

24-May-13 292,076.1

109.9

55.60

31-May-13 287,897.3

-4,178.8

56.49

7-Jun-13

289,676.1

1,778.8

56.74

14-Jun-13

290,658.4

982.3

57.74

21-Jun-13

287,845.7

-2,812.7

59.35

28-Jun-13

284,644.9

-3,200.8

59.69

5-Jul-13

280,167.0

-4,477.9

60.33

12-Jul-13

280,188.1

21.1

59.89

19-Jul-13

279,202.7

-985.4

59.79

26-Jul-13

280,162.9

960.2

58.91

2-Aug-13

277,167.3

-2,995.6

60.80

9-Aug-13

278,601.7

1,434.4

61.11

16-Aug-13

278,807.5

205.8

61.81

23-Aug-13

277,722.2

-1,085.3

64.88

30-Aug-13

275,491.6

2,230.6

66.57

6-Sep-13

274,806.5

685.1

65.96

USD/INR (United State Dollar/ Indian Rupee) Exchange Rates of last

one year

INTRODUCTION:

Rupee has been continuing with its downward trend since a couple of weeks.
Moving from bad to worse, The Finance Ministry, however, believes that the
unwarranted panic in the market will settle down in some time. Chief
economic adviser Raghuram Rajan, too, is of the opinion that weakness in
rupee could be a temporary phenomenon.
INDIAN RUPEE has been depreciating against U.S Dollar, but the year 2013 has
seen its maximum depreciation.The Indian rupee touched a lifetime low of
68.85 against the US dollar on August 28, 2013. The rupee plunged by 3.7
percent on the day in its biggest single-day percentage fall in more than two
decades. Since January 2013, the rupee has lost more than 20 percent of its
value, the biggest loser among the Asian currencies.

SOME IMPORTANT CONCEPTS:

RUPEE APPRECIATION AND DEPRECIATION:
As per the rudimentary laws of economics if the demand for
USD in India exceeds its supply then its worth will go up and
that of the INR will come down in that respect. It may be that
importers are the major entities who are in need of the dollar
for making their payments.
The persistent decline in rupee is a cause of concern.
Depreciation leads to imports becoming costlier which is a
worry for India as it meets most of its oil demand via imports.
Apart from oil, prices of other imported commodities like
metals, gold etc will also rise pushing overall inflation higher.
The depreciating rupee will add further pressure on the overall
domestic inflation and since India is structurally an import

intensive country, as reflected in the high and persistent

current account deficits month after month, the domestic costs
will rise on account of rupee depreciation.
Exchange rate is the price of foreign currency (USD, Yen, Euro, Pound
etc) in terms of domestic currency (rupee) i.e. amount of domestic
currency needed to buy one unit of foreign currency.
If price of 1$ = ` 53.74, which means 1$ can be purchased in
exchange of ` 54. Exchange rate tells us the value of domestic
currency in relation to one unit of foreign currency. 1$ is worth `
53.74.
Rupee prices keep fluctuating all the time. Sometimes we need more
rupees to buy one unit of foreign currency and sometimes we need
fewer rupees to buy one unit of foreign currency. This change in
rupee price is known as rupee appreciation or depreciation.
Rupee appreciation is when value of rupee increases (becomes
expensive) and fewer rupees can buy one unit of foreign currency.
This is also known as strengthening of rupee as now INR is worth
more than foreign currency. Suppose exchange rate changes to 1$ = `
50, we say rupee has appreciated as 1$ can buy fewer INR.
Rupee depreciation is when rupee value decreases (becomes less
expensive) and more rupees can buy one unit of foreign currency.
This is also known as weakening of rupee as now INR worth is less
than foreign currency. If exchange rate changes to 1$ = ` 55, we say
rupee has depreciated as 1$ can buy more INR.
Currency price is always stated in relation to another currency. So
when one currency appreciates the other currency depreciates.

What causes currency to appreciate or depreciate?

Like any commodity whose price is determined by its demand and
supply, currency price is also determined by demand and supply of that
currency in the international market.
When supply of a countrys currency increases, value of currency falls as
more currency is required to purchase another currency causing

currency to depreciate. Reverse holds true when demand for a currency

increases.
Demand for a countrys currency comes from its export of goods and
services and foreign investment in the country.
Supply for a countrys currency comes from its imports of goods and
services and its investments in other countries.
Major factors which cause currency to appreciate or depreciate are
current account deficit/surplus, capital account flows, interest rate and
inflation.
Current account deficit is when imports are higher than exports. When a
country imports more, it needs to pay in foreign currency, causing the
countrys currency to depreciate as demand of its currency decreases.
Reverse holds true in case of current account surplus.
Capital account flows- Current account deficit is funded by capital flows
and current account surplus generate capital outflows (invest in other
countries). When there is capital inflows in the country, demand for the
currency increases leading to currency appreciation. Capital outflow
causes the countrys currency to depreciate as supply of its currency
decreases and demand for foreign currency increases.

FDI and FII:

Capital inflow has two components: Foreign direct investment (FDI) and
foreign institutional investment (FII). FDI is investment made by foreign
companies to create specific productive assets. These typically create a
more stable availability of foreign exchange. FII is primarily money flowing
into the capital markets (investment in stocks etc). This can come in and go
out quickly and thus represents a relatively temporary source of foreign
exchange.
The current devaluation is attributed officially to excess demand for dollars.
This, however, does not explain what is actually happening. The ever
persistent excess of imports over exports calls for a continuous inflow of
foreign capital. Even if the capital does not go out (as FII sometimes does),
even if it stops coming in, India could face a decline in the value of the
rupee. Since the early nineties, when Indias foreign exchange reserve was
near zero, India has steadily built up its foreign exchange reserve, which is

in hundreds of billions of dollars. The Reserve Bank of India normally uses

this to ensure there is no undue turbulence in the value of the rupee.

JOURNEY OF INDIAN RUPEE:

The Indian currency has witnessed a slippery journey since Independence.
Many geopolitical and economic developments have affected its movement
in the last 66 years.
When India got freedom on August 15, 1947, the value of the rupee was on
a par with the American dollar. There were no foreign borrowings on India's
balance sheet.
To finance welfare and development activities, especially with the
introduction of the Five-Year Plan in 1951, the government started external
borrowings. This required the devaluation of the rupee.
After independence, India had chosen to adopt a fixed rate currency
regime. The rupee was pegged at 4.79 against a dollar between 1948 and
1966.
Two consecutive wars, one with China in 1962 and another one with
Pakistan in 1965; resulted in a huge deficit on India's budget, forcing the
government to devalue the currency to 7.57 against the dollar.
The rupee's link with the British currency was broken in 1971 and it was
linked directly to the US dollar.
In 1975, value of the Indian rupee was pegged at 8.39 against a dollar.
In 1985, it was further devalued to 12 against a dollar.
In 1991, India faced a serious balance of payment crisis and was forced to
sharply devalue its currency. The country was in the grip of high inflation,
low growth and the foreign reserves were not even worth to meet three
weeks of imports. Under these situations, the currency was devalued to
17.90 against a dollar.
1993 was very important. This year currency was let free to flow with the
market sentiments. The exchange rate was freed to be determined by the
market, with provisions of intervention by the central bank under the
situation of extreme volatility. This year, the currency was devalued to
31.37 against a dollar. The rupee traded in the range of 40-50 between
2000 and 2010.

 It was mostly at around 45 against a dollar. It touched a high of 39 in 2007.

The Indian currency has gradually depreciated since the global 2008
economic crisis.
Liberalising the currency regime led to a sharp jump in foreign investment
inflows and boosted the economic growth.
the USD INR history summaryThis is the US Dollar (USD) to Indian Rupee
(INR) exchange rate history summary page, detailing 180 days of USD INR
historical data from Thursday 21/03/2013 to Saturday 14/09/2013
Highest: 67.9576 INR on 28 Aug 2013.
Average: 58.4158 INR over this period.
Lowest: 53.6573 INR on 01 May 2013.

CAUSES
Higher Inflation
Increase in import prices of essential commodities such as crude oil,
fertilizer, pulses, edible oils, coal and other industrial raw materials
are bound to increase the prices of the final goods. Thereby making it
costlier for the consumers and hence inflation might be pushed up
further.
Prices of Crude oil
All over the world, the price of oil is given in dollars. This implies that
as and when the demand for oil increases in India or there is an
increase in oil prices in the global market, there also arises a need for
more dollars to pay the suppliers. This also results in a situation
where the worth of the INR decreases significantly in comparison to
the dollar.
Volatility in the equity market
The equity markets in India have been volatile for a certain period of
time. This has put the FIIs into a dilemma as to whether they should

be investing in India or not. In recent times their investments have

touched an unprecedented level and so if they pull out then the
inflow will go down as well. Exchange rate risk also drives away
foreign investors which in turn depreciates the local currency.
Poor current account deficit
One of the main reasons behind the Indian governments inability to
arrest the fall of the national currency is the critical current account
deficit. The government has been unable to come up with any new
destinations for exporting its products and this has also hampered
the growth in this sector.
Increase in the Import Bill
Depreciation of the local currency results in higher import costs for
the country. Failure of a similar rise being experienced in the prices
of exportable commodities is going to result in a widening of current
account deficit of the country. Indias import bill has been going up
of late and most of this can be attributed to gold. This has also
hampered Indias efforts to arrest the slide of the INR. Gold alone
takes up more than 10 per cent of Indias import bill
RBI can sell forex reserves and buy Indian Rupee leading to demand
for rupee. But using forex reserves poses risk also, as using them up
in large quantities to prevent depreciation may result in a
deterioration of confidence in the economy's ability to meet even its
short-term external obligations.
Increase in Cost of Borrowings
Interest rate differentials in domestic and global markets encourage
the industry to raise money through foreign markets however a fall
in the rupee value would negate the benefits of doing so.

Interest Rate Difference:

Higher real interest rates generally attract foreign investment but
due to slowdown in growth there is increasing pressure on RBI to
decrease the policy rates. Under such conditions foreign investors
tend to stay away from investing. This further affects the capital
account flows of India and puts a depreciating pressure on the
currency.
Lack of reforms:
Key policy reforms like Direct Tax Code (DTC) and Goods and Service
Tax (GST) have been in the pipe line for years. A retrospective tax law
(GAAR) has already earned a lot of flak from the business
community. Attempts are being made to control the subsidy bills but
fiscal deficit continues to hover around 5% of GDP. The government
announced FDI in retail but had to hold back amidst huge furore
from both opposition and allies. This has further made investors
sentiment negative over the Indian economy.

IMPACTS
Primarily the consequences of weak rupee are to be felt
through:
A. Increase in the Import Bill
A depreciation of the local currency results in higher import costs for the
country. Failure of a similar rise being experienced in the prices of exportable
commodities is going to result in a widening of current account deficit of the
country.
B. Higher Inflation
Increase in import prices of essential commodities such as crude oil, fertilizer,
pulses, edible oils, coal and other industrial raw materials are bound to

increase the prices of the final goods. Thereby making it costlier for the
consumers and hence inflation might be pushed up further.
C. Fiscal Slippage
The central government fiscal burden might increase as the hike in the prices
of imported crude oil and fertilizer might warrant for a higher subsidy provision
to be made for these commodities.
D. Increase in Cost of Borrowings
Interest rate differentials in domestic and global markets encourage the
industry to raise money through foreign markets however a fall in the rupee
value would negate the benefits of doing so. The next two sections of the
study assess the impact of rupee depreciation on the:
Import Bill of the Country
Import of Key Commodities
Fertilizer
Thermal Coal
Vegetable Oil
Crude Oil

Fluctuations in Indias Rupee Rate and its Economic Impact

The Indian rupee is under great stress as overseas investors are paring their
exposure to Asias third-largest economy amid international uncertainty
and mounting worries over the domestic economy.
Rupee appreciation makes imports cheaper and exports more expensive.
According to intelligence reports by the Associated Chambers of Commerce
and Industry of India, sectors like petroleum and petroleum products, drugs
and pharmaceuticals and engineering goods which have import inputs of
as much as 77 percent, 19 percent and 21 percent, respectively will gain if
the rupee appreciates. They would have to pay less for the imported raw

materials which would increase their profit margins.

Likewise, a depreciating rupee makes exports cheaper and imports
expensive. So, it is good news for industries such as IT, textiles, hotels and
tourism which generate income mainly from exporting their products or
services. Rupee depreciation makes Indian goods and services cheaper for
overseas buyers, thus leading to increases in demand and higher revenue
generation. The foreign tourists would find it cost effective to come to
India, therefore increasing the business of hotel, tours and travel
companies.
Indias IT sector is dependent on foreign clients, especially the United
States, for more than 70 percent of its revenue. When an IT company gets a
project from a client, it pre-decides on the length of the contract and the
cost of the project. The contracts with U.S. clients are usually quoted in U.S.
dollar terms. So, the fluctuation in the exchange rate can bring about a
considerable difference in the performance of a company.
Some companies undertake a range of measures like hedging exchange
risks using forwards and futures contracts. This helps in mitigating some of
the losses due to exchange rate fluctuations, but none-the-less the impact
is substantial.
The exchange rate is a significant tool that can be used to examine many
key industries; with fluctuations potentially having a serious impact on the
economy, industries, companies, and foreign investors. Rupee appreciation
is generally helpful for industries which rely closely on imported inputs
while depreciation of the rupee is welcome news for industries which are
exporting a majority of their products.

Impact on Common Man

Imported goods: Buying imported stuff will become a very costly affair. You
will have to shell out extra on imported goods.
Fuel price: A weak rupee will increase the burden of Oil Marketing
Companies (OMCs) and this will surely be passed on to the consumers as the
companies are allowed to do so following deregulation of petrol and partial
deregulation of diesel.

Students studying abroad: Students who are studying abroad will bear the
brunt most owing to depreciating rupee.
Countrys fiscal health: A frail rupee will add fuel to the rising import bill of
the country and thereby increasing its current account deficit (CAD). A
widening CAD is bound to pose a threat to the growth of overall economy.
Tourism: The depreciating rupee will surely be a dampener if you are
planning your holiday abroad. Your travel charges as well as hotel
charges will escalate drastically, let alone shopping and other
miscellaneous spending activity.
Transported Goods: Take, for example, crude oil. A weak rupee will lead
to higher import prices. Since petrol is fully and diesel partially
decontrolled, oil marketing companies such as IOC and BPCL are free to
hike their retail prices in tandem with the import-linked prices. Once the
prices of both fuels increase progressively at the filling stations, it is
followed by a cascading impact that is manifested in the form of an
increase in transportation costs, leading to higher prices of goods that
are transported from one part of the country to another, such as food,
consumer durables and fast-moving consumer goods.
IMPACT ON BUSINESS :
The fast depreciating rupee has hit hard Indian auto companies raising sharply
import costs in a market which is already under pressure from a continuous
slide in vehicle sales over the last seven months.
Consumer companies are also hit by the deprecating rupee due to their
dependence on imported and crude oil linked raw materials
While the recent rupee depreciation against dollar may have brought some
cheer for yarn exporters, the industry players are pushing for export orders to
make the most of the situation. This depreciation may prove beneficial to
Indian IT companies and other exporters. But this benefit depends on global
demand and several other factors also. While this declining value may turn
beneficial for exporters but this is surely is putting a pressure on imports and
consumers.

Articles under impacts

Falling rupee has little impact on Indian

tourists
Monday, Aug 19, 2013, 20:55 IST | Place: New Delhi | Agency: IANS
The weakening rupee has had little impact on Indian travellers who remain eager to travel
and have not cancelled or altered their plans waiting for the rupee to stabilise, leading travel
portals said Monday.
According to Yatra.com, which conducted a survey, 62 percent of the respondents are
pursuing their holiday plans.
The survey said that Southeast Asian countries are the destination of choice, followed by
Europe, the US and Britain.
"While 43 percent of the respondents would like to travel within India, 45 percent said that
the location would depend on the expenses involved," said the survey.
"We have been periodically mapping travel trends amongst our base of travellers to get a
sense of their mood, and this latest survey seems to suggest that the market is still upbeat on
holiday travel despite the depreciation in the rupee," Sharat Dhall, president, Yatra.com said.
"Travellers are confident that the currency depreciation will be offset by attractive discounts
offered by hotels and flight operators," he added.
The survey was conducted among 6,000 individuals, majority of them aged between 25 to 45
years.
MakemMyTrip.com said travellers plan their holidays at least a couple of months in advance
so currency fluctuation does not really have a major impact.
"Travellers who are exploring a holiday at a short notice are more likely to be influenced by
currency movement. Some end up considering at short-haul destinations instead of long-haul
ones to optimize their holiday budgets," Rajesh Magow, chief executive officer,
MakeMyTrip said.
"Despite the concerns due to currency depreciation, we continue to witness growth in both
domestic and international travel," he added.
However, travel site Expedia.co.in said that there was a dip in Indians travelling to foreign
destinations, but the depreciating rupee had also opened up huge opportunities in the
domestic markets with the arrival of foreign tourists.
Meanwhile, cost-cutting among Indian travellers is evident.
"Many travellers are looking at shortening the duration or downgrading accommodation or
removing a short stopover from the itinerary," said Vikram Malhi, general manager, South
and Southeast Asia Expedia
SOURCE: http://www.dnaindia.com/money/1876847/report-falling-rupee-has-little-impacton-indian-tourists

Depreciation of Indian rupee can affect Indias

economy: Indian PM

Concerned over depreciation of Indian

rupee, Indian Prime Minister Dr
Manmohan Singh Friday said there are
justifiable concerns that it would have an
impact on Indias economy.
New Delhi, Aug 30/Nationalturk Terming depreciation of Indian rupee as a matter of
concern, Indian Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh Friday said there are justifiable
concerns that it would have an impact on Indias economy and advised people that there may
be short term shocks to the economy and they need to face it.
The movement of exchange rate of Indian Rupee recently has been a matter of concern. The
Rupee has depreciated sharply against the dollar since last week of May. There are concerns,
and justifiably so, of the impact this would have on our economy, Singh said while
addressing countrys lawmaker in Lok Sabha, upper house of Indian parliament today.
He said what triggered the sharp and sudden depreciation was the markets reaction to certain
unexpected external developments. On May 22, 2013, the US Federal Reserve Bank
indicated that it would soon taper its quantitative easing as the US economy was recovering.
This led to a reversal of capital flows to emerging economies which are now sharply pulling
down not just the Rupee, but also the Brazilian Real, the Turkish Lira, the Indonesian Rupiah,
the South African Rand and many other currencies.

SOURCE: http://www.nationalturk.com/en/depreciation-of-indian-rupee-canaffect-indias-economy-indian-pm-42284

MEASURES
1. Measures By RBI:
a. Using Forex Reserves: RBI can sell forex reserves and buy Indian Rupees
leading to demand for rupee. But using forex reserves poses risk also, as using
them up in large quantities to prevent depreciation may result in a
deterioration of confidence in the economy's ability to meet even its shortterm external obligations. And not using reserves to prevent currency
depreciation poses the risk that the exchange rate will spiral out of control.
Since both outcomes are undesirable, the appropriate policy response is to
find a balance. Recent data shows that RBI had indeed intervened by selling
forex reserves selectively to support Rupee.

b. Raising Interest Rates: The rationale is to prevent sudden capital outflows

and ultimately lead to higher capital inflows. But Indias interest rates are
already higher than most countries. This was done to tame inflationary
expectations. So further raising interest rates would lead to lower growth
levels.
c. Make Investments Attractive- Easing Capital Controls: RBI can take steps to
increase the supply of foreign currency by expanding market participation to
support Rupee. RBI can increase the FII limit on investment in government and
corporate debt instruments. It can invite long term FDI debt funds in
infrastructure sector. The ceiling for External Commercial Borrowings can be
enhanced to allow more ECB borrowings.

2. Measures by Government: Government should take some measures to bring

FDI and create a healthy environment for economic growth. Key policy reforms
that should be initiated includes rolling of Goods and Services Tax (GST), Direct
Tax Code (DTC), FDI in aviation and retail, Companies Bill and diesel decontrol.
Efforts should be made to invite FDI but much more needs to be done
especially after the holdback of retail FDI and recent criticisms of policy
paralysis. The government took steps recently to loosen rules for portfolio
investment in the Indian market, indicating its desire to sustain external
inflows. The measure to increase External Commercial Borrowings (ECB) to
$10bn will help in borrowing in dollar at a less cost. It may take similar steps to
encourage FDI as well, helping sustain external funding.

How to rescue the falling rupee

By RAJAN GHOTGALKAR
I cant predict where the rupee will eventually land and I dont think
anyone else can either.

Of course, we are not the only country at the mercy of the dollar
because almost every emerging market is suffering. But surely, that
shouldnt be any consolation.

The rupee has depreciated about

50 percent in the past three years and 15 percent this year. The situation
is extremely worrying for us because of the debilitating impact it will have
on Indias economic fundamentals that have been pushed to the brink by
global factors.
The dollar seems to be flexing its muscle and violently at that. The U.S.
Fed minutes did not soothe jangled nerves and markets continue to
expect that QE3 tapering will commence in September. The U.S. trade
deficit seems far healthier than a year ago and the countrys economy is
in better shape. QE3 tapering is a foregone conclusion. But when it does
hit us, I expect a lot more pain.
In India, there is a sense of despondency in the wake of policy
announcements that havent really been executed. There is a sense of
loss of credibility. It is unfortunate that these strains have surfaced in the
midst of a change of guard at the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
Sadly, we cant say we did not see it coming. The RBI has been pointing
to the twin deficits fiscal and trade for long while waging a losing
battle on the monetary front. The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
pointed out early this year that our fiscal deficit and inflation were among
the highest in emerging markets. Our dependence on hot FII portfolio
money was always there for all to see.
Our government, the markets and the rupee hid behind a huge wall of
liquidity in the global markets. Looking back, it almost seems as though
the RBI commenced its interest reduction cycle a bit too early and the

outgoing governor did not wish to leave without correcting what he may
believe was an error in policy judgment.
The fall in the rupee is a mere manifestation of the deeper malaise
high inflation, low interest rates combined with low growth.
The root of the problem lies in the consistently negative rate of interest
imposed on savers. An open economy has its own ways of correcting
artificial imbalances created by its policymakers. Negative real interest
rates will almost always break out into currency depreciation. When this
happens, no amount of intervention can help till the currency finds its
right level.
Holding on to negative real interest rates for a long time has driven
household savers into non-financial assets in India, that means gold.
To begin with, there needs to be a true gold alternative. In the past few
years, gold ETFs and loans added to its liquidity. Banks and PSUs
pushed gold coins to cash in on the craze. Buying gold in India is as
easy as buying a bar of chocolate.
Inflation-linked bonds can never be successful as an alternative to gold
unless the government is courageous enough to give post-tax inflationlinked real returns. At the same time, gold loans and ETFs should be
made inaccessible.
Its time to also go back grovelling to the NRIs hoping that they will
return for the premiums over international dollar interest rates.
Also, shouldnt we open up incoming FDI for all sectors, except those
considered sensitive to national interests? Especially for infrastructure,
capital-intensive and environmentally safe projects. One would rather
approve outgoing FDI on a case-by- case basis ensuring that, like in the
case of China, they are in national strategic interest.
I do not see anything wrong in heavily taxing imports of luxury
consumables and durables; and preventing low-value imports that can
be produced locally. Given our vulnerabilities in coal and oil-based

energy, pretending that we can do away entirely with capital controls is

utopian.
The other day, a friend told me that it was easier to import than
transport in India and there lies the real solution in the long run. Our
manufacturing sector has to grow aggressively and has to be provided
with enabling infrastructure. India needs to promote its own economic
union with the goods and services tax. We spend an estimated $25
billion on defence imports; after 60 years we surely can do something to
substitute this.
While NREGA and food security can be justified, inflation led by fiscal
deficit has to be controlled by eliminating indirect subsidies and freeing
up agricultural trade. To revive the rupee, we need to rein in the twin
deficits. At the same time, painful as it may seem, we need to hold on to
interest rates at a real level to encourage household savings.
Most importantly, we need a majority government with a clear mandate
for development. For now, India will have hold on till the next elections.
SOURCE: http://blogs.reuters.com/india-expertzone/2013/08/23/how-torescue-the-falling-rupee/

1947-1948 British owned private foreign capital-Swadeshi movement & Industrial policy resolution

1949-1953 Trio of Domestic business houses, foreign capital and the government-nationalist sentiments in policies kept
away foreign investment 1957-Second Economic Plan, launched Industrialization though import substitution encouraged
private investment 1960s-Selective industries got foreign collaboration and JV mostly manufacturing Indian participation
retained After 1960s-Devaluation of Rupee encouraged socialist idealism banks and foreign oil majors nationalized 1968
introduction of Foreign investment board encouraging investments on own terms and conditions FDI History in India

10. 1973-Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) new clause introduced all firms dilute their foreign equity holdings to
40% to be treated as Indian companies exit of IBM, Coca Cola 1980s-restrictive licensing procedures softened, technology
transfer and royalty payments relaxed, wherever possible foreign investment was encouraged 1990s-Rupee devalued, NRI
money withdrew, India turned to IMF, Trade regime and regulatory frame work was liberalized, FDI invited in wide range of
industry, limit was increased from 51% to 100% in some cases, service sector reopened for FDI, FIIs also encouraged After
1995-Political instability but perception towards FDI changed, changing government kept focus on FDI

Key Statistics

Foreign direct investment in India has increased by about 35 percent to USD 13.6 billion
during the first half of 2013 with merger and acquisitions accounting for the bulk of inflows,
says an UNCTAD report.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into India declined to 8-month low of USD 1.4 billion in
August, down 38 percent year-on-year.
In August 2012, the country had attracted foreign investment worth USD 2.26 billion.
During the April-August period of 2013-14 fiscal, FDI has grown by a meagre 4 percent to
USD 8.46 billion, from USD 8.16 billion in the first five months of 2012-13

India Inc witnessed a year-on-year (y-o-y) upsurge of 24.2 per cent in FDI to touch US$ 3.95
billion in April-May 2013 as against US$ 3.18 billion during the same period in 2012,

according to statistics released by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP).
During 2012-13, India attracted FDI worth US$ 22.42 billion. Hotels and tourism,
pharmaceuticals, services, chemicals and construction received the highest amount of FDI.
The major contributors to the Indian FDI were Singapore, Mauritius, the Netherlands and the
US.

The Government of India has liberalised the FDI regime in about a dozen sectors, including
telecom, power etc and have also relaxed investment norms in multi-brand retailing.
Private equity (PE) and venture capital (VC) firms remained bullish about Indias consumer
goods and services sector. PE and VC investments increased by more than 46 per cent in the
first half of FY14, with consumer companies in retail, e-commerce, consumer packaged
goods and quick service restaurants raising US$ 609.39 million through 51 deals.
Meanwhile, Indian merger and acquisition (M&A) space witnessed substantial levels of deal
activity in the first nine months of 2013. There happened 377 deals amounting to US$ 23.9
billion, according to a survey by tax advisory firm Grant Thornton.
India's foreign exchange (forex) reserves increased by US$ 1.51 billion to touch US$ 279.24
billion for the week ended October 11, 2013, showed the data from the Resrve Bank of India
(RBI)s Weekly Statistical Supplement. India's foreign currency assets (FCA), the biggest
component of the forex reserves, increased by US$ 1.52 billion to US$ 250.85 billion for the
week under review.

Important Developments

SCA, the Swedish company that deals in hygiene and forest products, will be setting up a
manufacturing plant in India with an investment of about Rs 145 crore (US$ 23.66 million).
The plant is expected to be operational by 2015. The global major has been attracted by
Indias large population and low penetration of hygiene products that could provide a major
impetus to its growth plans.
DIPP is learnt to have granted approval to Hennes & Mauritz ABs Rs 700-crore (US$ 114.24
million) investment proposal for the single-brand retail market. The proposal by the Swedish
clothing giant will move to the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) for its nod.
This is second such proposal from Sweden and also the second largest. The Cabinet
Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) had cleared furniture-maker Ikeas Rs.10, 500 crore
(US$ 1.71 billion) earlier in 2013.
Meanwhile, UK-based bank Williams & Glyns, which is a part of the Royal Bank of Scotland
Group, has inked Rs 2, 535 crore (US$ 413.71 million) deal with IBM and Infosys wherein the
Indian IT majors will build a new technology system for Williams & Glyns

HISTORY OF FDI IN INDIA.

At the time of independence, the attitude towards foreign capital was one of fear and
suspicion. This was natural on account of the previous exploitative role played by it in
draining away resources from this country.
The suspicion and hostility found expression in the Industrial Policy of 1948 which, though
recognizing the role of private foreign investment in the country, emphasized that its
regulation was necessary in the national interest. Because of this attitude expressed in the
1948 resolution, foreign capitalists got dissatisfied and as a result, the flow of imports of
ca[ital goods got obstructed. As a result, the prime minister had to give following assurances
to the foreign capitalists in 1949:
1. No discrimination between foreign and Indian capital. The government o India will not

differentiate between the foreign and Indian capital. The implication was that the government
would not place any restrictions or impose any conditions on foreign enterprise which were
not applicable to similar Indian enterprises.
2. Full opportunities to earn profits. The foreign interests operating in India would be
permitted to earn profits without subjecting them to undue controls. Only such restrictions
would be imposed which also apply to the Indian enterprises.
3. Gurantee of compensation. If and when foreign enterprises are compulsorily acquired,
compensation will be paid on a fair and equitable basis as already announced in governments
statement of policy.
Though the Prime Minister stated that the major interest in ownership and effective control of
an undertaking should be in Indian hands, he gave assurance that there would be no hard and
fast rule in this matter.
By a declaration issued on June 2, 1950, the government assured the foreign capitalists that
they can remit the he foreign investments made by them in the country after January 1, 1950.
in addition, they were also allowed to remit whatever investment of profit and taken place.
Despite the above assurances, foreign capital in the requisite quantity did now flow into India
during the period of the First plan. The atmosphere of suspicion had not changed
substantially. However, the policy statement of the Prime Minister issued in 1949 and
continued practically unchanged in the 1956 Industrial Policy Resolution, had opened up
immense fields to foreign participation. In addition, the trends towards liberalization grew
slowly and gradually more strong and the role of foreign investment grew more and more
important.

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SOURCE: http://blogs.reuters.com/india-expertzone/2013/08/23/how-torescue-the-falling-rupee/