Formula Sheet

Trigonometry through Elementary Calculus

Henry Ko
 Basic Differentiation Rules Basic Integration Rules
d
[c] = 0
dx Z Z
d kf (u)du = k f (u)du
[x] = 1
dx Z
d du = u+C
[cu] = cu0
dx Z Z Z
d n [f (u) ± g(u)]du = f (u)du ± g(u)du
[u ] = nun−1 u0 (Power/Chain Rule)
dx
un+1
Z
d
[u ± v] = u0 ± v 0 (Sum and Difference Rule) un du = +C
dx n+1
d
[uv] = = uv 0 + vu0 (Product Rule)
dx
d ui
h vu0 − uv 0
= (Quotient Rule) Exponentiation/Logarithms
dx v v2
d u 0
[|u|] = (u )
dx |u|
Z
1
du = ln |u| + C
Exponentiation/Logarithms u
Z
eu du = eu + C
d u u 0
[c ] = c (ln c)(u )
dx
d u
[e ] = eu (u0 )
dx
Trigonometry
d u0
[logc (u)] =
dx u ln(c)
d u0
[ln(u)] = Z
dx u sin u du = − cos u + C
Z
Trigonometry cos u du = sin u + C
Z
d tan u du = − ln | cos u| + C
[sin u] = (cos u)u0
dx Z
d
[cos u] = −(sin u)u0 cot u du = ln | sin u| + C
dx Z
d
[tan u] = (sec2 u)u0 sec u du = ln | sec u + tan u| + C
dx
d
Z
[cot u] = −(csc2 u)u0 csc u du = − ln | csc u + cot u| + C
dx
d Z
[sec u] = (sec u tan u)u0 sec2 u du = tan u + C
dx
d
[csc u] = (csc u cot u)u0
Z
dx csc2 u du = − cot u + C
d u0 Z
[arcsin u] = √
dx 1 − u2 sec u tan u du = sec u + C
d u0 Z
[arccos u] = − √ csc u cot u du = − csc u + C
dx 1 − u2
0
d u Z
1 u
[arctan u] = √ du = arcsin +C
dx 1 + u2 a2 − u2 a
d u0 Z
1 1 u
[arccot u] = − du = arctan + C
dx 1 + u2 a2 + u2 a a
d u0
|u|
Z
[arcsec u] = √ 1 1
dx |u| u2 − 1 √ du = arcsec +C
u u − a2
2 a a
d u0
[arccsc u] = − √
dx |u| u2 − 1
 Trogonometric Basics Double Angle Identities:
y x
sin θ = cos θ =
r r sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
y x cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ
tan θ = cot θ =
x r = 2 cos2 θ − 1
r r = 1 − 2 sin2 θ
sec θ = csc θ = 2 tan θ
x y tan 2θ =
1 − tan2 θ

Unit Circle Half Angle Identities:

  r
θ 1 − cos θ
sin = ±
2 2
  r
θ 1 + cos θ
cos = ±
2 2
 
θ 1 − cos θ
tan =
2 sin θ

Squared Identities:

1 − cos 2θ
sin2 θ =
2
1 + cos 2θ
cos2 θ =
2
1 − cos 2θ
tan2 θ =
1 + cos 2θ

Even/Odd Functions Inverse Trigonometric Domains

h π πi
Even Function: f (−x) = f (x) arcsin θ − ,
2 2
Odd Function : f (−x) = −f (x)
arccos θ [0, π]
sin cos tan
 π π
ODD EVEN ODD arctan θ − ,
csc sec cot 2 2
h π πi
arccsc θ − , , 6= 0
2 2
Reciprocal Identities π
arcsec θ [0, π], 6=
2
1 1 1
sin x = sec x = tan x = arccot θ (0, π)
csc x cos x cot x
1 1 1 Cofunction Identities
csc x = cos x = cot x =
sin x sec x tan x π 
sin −x = cos x
2
π 
cos −x = sin x
Identities 2
π 
csc −x = sec x
Pythagorean Identities: 2
π 
tan −x = cot x
2
π 
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 sec −x = csc x
2 2
1 + cot θ = csc2 θ π 
cot −x = tan x
tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ 2
 Multiple Angle Identities

n    
X n k n−k 1
sin nθ = cos θ sin θ sin (n − k)π
k 2
k=0
n    
X n 1
cos nθ = cosk θ sinn−k θ cos (n − k)π
k 2
k=0

Power Reduction Identities

if n is odd:

n−1
2  
2 X ( n−1 n
n
sin θ = (−1) 2 −k) sin ((n − 2k)θ)
2 n k
k=0
n−1
2  
2 X n
cosn θ = cos ((n − 2k)θ)
2n k
k=0

if n is even:

n
  2 −1  
1 n 2 X (n n
n
sin θ = + (−1) 2 −k) cos ((n − 2k)θ)
n n n
2 2 2 k
k=0
n
  2 −1  
1 n 2 X n
cosn θ = + cos ((n − 2k)θ)
2n n2 2n k
k=0

Sum and Difference Formulas

sin(α ± β) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β

cos(α ± β) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β
tan α ± tan β
tan(α ± β) =
1 ∓ tan α tan β

Sum-to-Product Formulas
  
θ+ϕ θ−ϕ
sin θ + sin ϕ = 2 sin cos
2 2
   
θ−ϕ θ+ϕ
sin θ − sin ϕ = 2 sin cos
2 2
   
θ+ϕ θ−ϕ
cos θ + cos ϕ = 2 cos cos
2 2
   
θ+ϕ θ−ϕ
cos θ − cos ϕ = −2 sin sin
2 2

Product-to-Sum Formulas

cos(θ − ϕ) − cos(θ + ϕ)
sin θ sin ϕ =
2
sin(θ + ϕ) + sin(θ − ϕ)
sin θ cos ϕ =
2
sin(θ + ϕ) − sin(θ − ϕ)
cos θ sin ϕ =
2
cos(θ − ϕ) + cos(θ + ϕ)
cos θ cos ϕ =
2