“Market Potential for Solar Water Pumping System and

Cost Benefit Analysis of Diesel vs. Solar Pump”

Submitted By- Kevin Kovadia (AM0712)

Internal Guide- Dr. Mercy Samuel

External Guide- Mr. Nilesh Arora

MBA in Technology Management,

Faculty of Management, CEPT University, Ahmedabad - 380009
www.cept.ac.in
June 2014
 CEPT/ MTM/ AM0712/ Kevin Kovadia/ [email protected]

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis titled “Market Potential for Solar Water Pumping
System and Cost Benefit Analysis of Diesel vs. Solar Pump “has been
submitted by Kevin Kovadia towards partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of MBA in Technology Management with specialization in Operations and
Project Management. This is a bonafide work of the student and has not been
submitted to any other university for award of any Degree/Diploma.

Dr. /Prof. ____________

Chairman/Chairperson,
Dissertation Committee 2012-14

Sign._______________
Internal Guide
Dr. Mercy Samuel,
Associate Professor,
Faculty of Management,
CEPT University

Sign._______________
External Guide
Mr. Nilesh Arora,
Partner,
ADDVALUE Consulting Inc.
www.avci-lean.com

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UNDERTAKING

I, Kevin Kovadia, the author of the thesis titled “Market Potential for Solar Water

Pumping System and Cost Benefit Analysis of Diesel vs. Solar Pump”,

hereby declare that this is an independent work of mine, carried out towards partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the award of MBA Degree in Technology

Management with specialization in Operations and Project Management at Faculty

of Management, CEPT University, Ahmedabad. This work has not been submitted

to any other institution for the award of any Degree/Diploma.

June 2014 Name: Kevin Kovadia

Place: Ahmedabad Roll No: AM0712

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Many people have contributed to this research work. First and foremost, I express
my sincerest gratitude to my internal guide, Dr. Mercy Samuel, Associate
Professor, Faculty of Management, CEPT University. She has provided
continuous support to my research work. I sincerely thank her for her
patience, motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge.

I convey my sincerest gratitude to Professor Mr. Nilesh Arora, Partner - Director,

ADDVALUE Consulting Inc. His guidance has helped me in all the time of
research and writing of the research report. I could not imagine anyone else as
a better advisor and mentor for my research thesis other than him.
Furthermore my earnest thanks to Dr. Gayatri Doctor and Prof. Shreekant Iyenger,
who shared their knowledge during the entire course.

I convey my special thanks to all the interviewees without whom this research
work could not be termed as a research thesis. I also thank the solar water pump
manufacturers from whom I got details about farmers using solar water pump.
Their patience and valuable time devoted to my research work are highly
respected.

I also acknowledge the support & encouragement of my friends and colleagues

throughout the course of my work. Last but not the least; I convey my heartfelt
thanks to my family for their unwavering support and patience during the course of
my thesis work. Lastly, I offer my regards to all of those who supported me in all
respect during the completion of my thesis.

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ABBREVIATION

SWP Solar Water Pump

MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

PVP Photo Voltaic Pump

PV Photovoltaic

AC Alternate Current

DC Direct Current

JNNSM Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission

RKVY Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana

GDP Gross domestic product

GHG Greenhouse gas

JGS Jyotirgram Scheme

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 10

1.1 Indian Pump Industry Overview ........................................................... 11

1.2 Pump Market in India .......................................................................... 12

1.3 Agriculture in India .............................................................................. 12

1.4 Solar Water Pump .............................................................................. 14

1.5 Why Solar .......................................................................................... 16

1.6 Why SWP? ........................................................................................ 17

1.7 Market Potential ................................................................................. 19

1.8 Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) ................................................................ 19

1.9 Research Objective ............................................................................ 20

2 Literature review ...................................................................................... 21

2.1 Electricity Consumption in Agriculture sector ........................................ 22

2.2 Water Resources in Gujarat ................................................................ 23

2.3 Solar Power as substitute of Diesel ...................................................... 23

2.4 The off-grid system ............................................................................. 26

2.5 Solar Water Pump .............................................................................. 26

2.6 Government Subsidy for Solar Water Pump ......................................... 28

2.7 Market Potential of SWP ..................................................................... 31

3 Research Methodology ............................................................................. 33

3.1 Need of the Study ............................................................................... 34

3.2 Primary Survey................................................................................... 34

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3.3 Limitation of study............................................................................... 34

4 Cost Benefit Analysis of Diesel vs. Solar Water Pump ................................ 35

4.1 Costing Assumptions: ......................................................................... 36

4.2 Scenario 0 ......................................................................................... 37

4.3 Scenario 1 ......................................................................................... 38

4.4 Scenario 2 ......................................................................................... 39

4.5 Scenario 3 ......................................................................................... 40

5 Conclusion............................................................................................... 42

6 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 43

7 Appendix ................................................................................................. 46

7.1 List of Solar PV Water Pumping Systems Tested and Qualified at Solar
Energy Center during the year 2012-13 ......................................................... 47

7.2 List of Questions and Responses during SWP User Interview................ 51

7.3 List of Images of Site location where Interview conducted of SWP Users
during Thesis Research ............................................................................... 56

7.3.1 1st Interview site location ............................................................... 56

7.3.2 2nd Interview site location .............................................................. 57

7.3.3 3rd Interview site location............................................................... 58

7.3.4 4th Interview site location ............................................................... 59

7.3.5 5th Interview site location ............................................................... 60

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Solar, Diesel & Conventional Power Comparison ................................. 17

Figure 2 Conventional vs. Solar Power generation process ............................... 24

Figure 3 Technical Specifications of Solar Submersible DC Pump ..................... 28

Figure 4 Impacts of the “Jyotigram” scheme on different stakeholder groups ...... 29

Figure 5 Breakeven Point in Scenario 0............................................................ 37

Figure 6 Breakeven Point in Scenario 1............................................................ 38

Figure 7 Breakeven Point in Scenario 2............................................................ 39

Figure 8 Breakeven Point in Scenario 3............................................................ 40

Figure 10 Site location of Solar Water Pump User (1) near Hirapur Chokdi ......... 56

Figure 11 Site location of Solar Water Pump User (2) near Hirapur Chokdi ......... 57

Figure 12 Site location of Solar Water Pump User (3) near Hirapur Chokdi ......... 58

Figure 13 Site location of Solar Water Pump User (4) near Palanpur .................. 59

Figure 14 Site location of Solar Water Pump User (5) near Ghamij Village .......... 60

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Pump Market in India Highlights........................................................... 11

Table 2 Challenges and Potential Solutions of Solar water pump ....................... 32

Table 3 5hp Diesel Pump Costing Assumptions ................................................ 36

Table 4 5hp SWP Costing With and Without 30% Subsidy................................. 36

Table 5 5hp Diesel Pump Costing (Scenario 0) ................................................. 37

Table 6 5hp Diesel Pump Costing (Scenario 1) ................................................. 38

Table 7 5hp Diesel Pump Costing (Scenario 2) ................................................. 39

Table 8 5hp Diesel Pump Costing (Scenario 3) ................................................. 40

Table 9 Comparison of break-even point in each scenario of SWP Usage .......... 41

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1 Introduction

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1.1 Indian Pump Industry Overview

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by

mechanical action. Pump is not a new concept in the Indian industry. In fact, the
‘Pichkari’ which Lord Krishna and his playmates used for splashing coloured water
on Gopies, can be termed as the oldest reference to a pump concept, especially of
the reciprocating plunger type. Thus, pumps must be an Indian invention, but
commercial production of pumps in India, as contemporarily understood, is quoted
to be way back in the first decade of twentieth century (Amin).

The Indian Pump industry has more than 800 manufacturers with worker strength
of over 40,000 producing about 5 million pumps annually. Indian market for pump
is estimated to be Rs.5000 Crores growing at an annual rate of 8% significantly
higher than the global rate of 4% in FY 12. The Pumps industry in India is more
than seven decades old. Though it has a turnover of Rs 5000 crore the size is not
even 10 per cent of the size of USA market. The industry meets 95 per cent of the
domestic demand.

Year FY 2012 FY 2013

Estimated Market (in Rs) 5000 Cr 8375 Cr

Annual Growth rate 8% 12%
No. of Pump Manufacturers 800+ 800+
% of Demand meet by Domestic 95% 95%
Manufacturers

Table 1 Pump Market in India Highlights

Source: (Singhi_Advisors, 2011), (TATA , 2013)

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1.2 Pump Market in India

Exports have been a regular feature of Indian pump industry for years. Indian
pumps have reached more than sixty countries around the world including
developed countries. India exported Pump sets worth 400 Crs in FY 11. Indian
pump industry is characterized by the coexistence of large number of Small &
Medium units, some large manufacturers and plenty of foreign manufacturers.

Coimbatore is the leading hub for pump manufacturing followed by Ahmedabad

and Rajkot. India is the outsourcing hub of the manufacturers abroad who have
found India to be not only a cheap source of skilled labor but also the market to be
an expansive one. Contribution of Agricultural and domestic industry to total pump
sales is higher in India compared to global standards. (Singhi_Advisors, 2011)

The following are major player in Indian pump Industry like,

KSB, Kirloskar, Texmo, Crompton, CRI, Jyoti, Lubi, Duke Etc.

1.3 Agriculture in India

Agriculture is a key sector in India that employs two-thirds of the country’s work
force and continues to be a significant contributor to the GDP, 20% in 2005
(MOSPI, 2007b).

Water is becoming increasingly scarce in many parts of the world and thereby
limiting agricultural development. The capacity of large countries like India to
efficiently develop and manage water resources is likely to be a key determinant
for global food security in the 21st century. (K Palanisami, 2011)

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Figure 1 Solar Water Pump (SWP) Block Diagram

Source: Self Compiled

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Since agriculture is the major water-consuming sector in India, demand

management in agriculture in water-scarce and water-stressed regions would be
central to reduce the aggregate demand for water to match the available future
supplies. (K Palanisami, 2011)

It is estimated that 80 per cent of the freshwater in India is used for agriculture and
a major portion (70%) of this is based on groundwater irrigation. Nearly 88 per
cent of the total minor irrigation schemes in India are pump-based (MoWR, 2013).
Though pump sets are important for livelihoods, they also contribute to the GHG
emissions since a significant percentage of them rely on diesel.

1.4 Solar Water Pump

Solar power operated water pumping system is used pump the water in remote
place where the electric power is not available, it is a renewable energy technic
where no cost for the electricity, A solar cell, a form of photovoltaic cell, is a device
that uses the photoelectric effect to generate electricity from light, thus generating
solar power (energy). Most often, many cells are linked together to form a solar
panel with increased voltage and/or current. Solar cells produce direct current
(DC), which can be used directly, converted in Alternate Current (AC), or stored in
a battery.

The first phase of market development for solar PV water pumping in India goes
back to 1993-94.The programme of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(MNRE), then known as Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, aimed for
deployment of 50,000 solar PV water pumping systems for irrigation and drinking
water across the country. MNRE provided the financial assistance required for
subsidizing the capital and interest cost of the solar pumps. (GIZ, 2013)

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Figure 2 Solar Submersible Pump Diagram

Source: (taiyosolar.in)

Some years ago there were PVP models on the market that operated with
batteries and a conventional inverter. However it was soon realised that the cost
savings on the pump did not make up for the overall substandard efficiency and
the higher maintenance cost due to battery replacements. Instead it became clear
that it is more economical to rather store water in a reservoir than electricity in a
battery bank. (EmCON, 2006)
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In several villages, the bore wells are now utilized as a dual source and the
operational hours have been reduced. Based on a random survey, it has been
observed that a significant saving has been achieved in electricity consumption
that is now available for alternative uses, proving to be an eco-friendly
achievement. Solar pumps have also been commissioned in 260 villages in the
State and about 200 more solar pumping systems will be installed in the near
future. In various parts of the State, including coastal and tribal areas, roof top
rainwater harvesting structures have also been taken up in public buildings,
schools and individual household level, which is also resulting in substantial
electricity savings. Comprehensive energy audits for various group water supply
schemes have also resulted in energy savings. (Gupta, 2011)

1.5 Why Solar

In India 80% of the electricity is produced by coal which is a non-

renewable source. Electricity whatever produced is very less than the need for
electricity. By this many of the companies, industries, organizations, common
people are facing severe power cuts. Because of this insufficient power supply for
the agriculture sector, output of the crop is reducing every year. This scarcity of
the power is creating major problems in small scale industries which logistics are
totally depended on power.

Solar power is one of the best nonpolluting energy sources. India being at best
geographical location receives nearly 300 to 320 days good sunny days. Among
the solar power sources, solar Photovoltaic (PV) is one the matured power
systems. If the industry develops and spread the Solar PV power packs to be
installed at different places especially on buildings (commercial, public and
institutional), industries, and also on various barren lands like hilly slopes, and
desert areas. (Somasekhar. G, 2014)

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16

14

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Cost (Rs) (Per KWh)

10

0
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021

Solar PV Conventional Power Diesel Gen. Set

Figure 1 Solar, Diesel & Conventional Power Comparison

Source: Headway Solar (P) Ltd.

1.6 Why SWP?

To grow the product where the grid energy doesn't reach in the hands the PV
system plays important role in developing country like India. Another important
reason of using PV based pumping systems is: conventional electricity not
supplied in sufficient time (6-8 hour supplied to farmers in Rajasthan India), the
cost of conventional energy, government subsidy in solar pumping systems and
it is difficult to extend the electric grid to every location where it is needed for
every farmer. (Shiv Lal, 2013)

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Erratic power supply and frequent grid failures are typical in most part of rural
India. Farmers have a diesel pump or diesel run generator as an alternative
to minimize the risk of crop failure due to discontinued water supply. As an
alternative to expensive rural electricity grids and inefficient conversion of fossil
fuels, renewable energies can contribute to solving this problem. (Shamaila Zia,
2012)

According to TATA’s Strategic Report on “Indian Pumps and Industrial Valves

Market”, Likely scenario of Pumps market over next five years:

1. Minimal technological advancements; low R&D investment

2. Reduction in profit margins due to increasing raw material prices and

operation in a price- sensitive market

3. Competition from low-cost Chinese Imports

4. Manufacturers will be expected to provide integrated solution (motors,

seals, valves, drivers, after-sales service and technical support)

5. Some degree of consolidation of the market

Source: (TATA , 2013)

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1.7 Market Potential

Market Potential is the estimated maximum total Sales/Revenue of all suppliers of

1
product in market during a certain period.

• Estimating Market Potential (MP) = N × P × Q

• Estimating Market Potential (MP) of firm A = N × P × Q × MS 2

Where,
MP = market potential
N = total number of potential consumers
P = average selling price
Q = average annual consumption
MS = market share (%) of consumers buying from firm A

1.8 Cost–benefit analysis (CBA)

CBA is a systematic process for calculating and comparing benefits and costs of a
project, decision or government policy. It involves comparing the total expected
cost of each option against the total expected benefits, to see whether the benefits
compensate the costs, and by how much.

CBA has two purposes:

1) To determine if it is a sound investment/decision

2) To provide a basis for comparing projects

Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) estimates and totals up the equivalent money value
of the benefits and costs to the community of projects to establish whether they
are worthwhile. 3

1 . http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/market-potential.html
2 . http://plantsforhumanhealth.ncsu.edu/extension/marketready/pdfs-ppt/business_development_files/PDF/estimating_market_potential.pdf

3 http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/cba.htm

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1.9 Research Objective

1 The objective of this study is to analyze market potential of solar water pumps.

2 To analyze what is the need of Solar Water Pump.

3 To conduct a comparative cost benefit analysis among Diesel vs. Solar Water

Pump.

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2 Literature review

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2.1 Electricity Consumption in Agriculture sector

Gujarat energy minister Saurabh Patel says the government has promised 10
hours of electricity to farmers for agricultural purposes and is delivering on it.
However, Praful Senjaliya, a farmer leader in Saurashtra associated with the
Bharatiya Kisan Sangh, disagrees. "Farmers have never got 10 hours electricity.
As it is, we don't need much power because of drought-like situation. But the main
problem is that electricity that is supplied for around five to eight hours is only at
night and odd times. We have requested the government often to provide
electricity in the day," he says (The Times of India, 2013).

Despite massive public investments in canal irrigation, Gujarat agriculture has

come to depend heavily on irrigation with wells and tube wells. During the 1950s
and 1960s, farmers used mostly diesel engines to pump groundwater. However,
as rural electrification progressed, they began switching to submersible electric
pumps, especially as diesel pumps are unable to chase declining water levels.
Major expansion in the use of electric pumps occurred during the late 1980s as the
Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB) changed to flat tariffs linked to the horse power of
pumps. Until 1988, farmers were charged based on the metered use of electricity.
However, as electric tube wells increased to hundreds of thousands, rampant
corruption began to plague meter reading and billing. Farmers also complained
about the tyranny and arbitrariness of the GEB’s meter readers. (Tushaar Shah,
pp. 1-18)

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2.2 Water Resources in Gujarat

Gujarat has just 2.28% of India’s water resources and 6.39% of country’s
geographical area. This is again constrained by imbalances in intra-state
distribution. The State has an average annual rainfall of 80 cm with a high
coefficient of variance over time and space and as a result droughts have been
frequent. Out of 185 rivers, the State has only eight perennial rivers and all of them
are located in southern part. Around 80% of the State’s surface water resources
are concentrated in central and southern Gujarat, whereas the remaining three-
quarters of the State have only 20%. (Gupta, 2011)

Since 2000, however, all available evidence suggests that the region’s ground
water economy has begun shrinking in response to a growing energy squeeze.
This energy squeeze is a combined outcome of three factors:

a) Progressive reduction in the quantity and quality of power supplied by

power utilities to agriculture as a desperate means to contain farm
power subsidies;
b) Growing difficulty and rising capital cost of acquiring new electricity
connections for tube wells; and
c) An eight-fold increase in the nominal price of diesel during 1990-2007
(a period during which the nominal rice price rose by less than 50 %).

(Shah T. , 2008)

2.3 Solar Power as substitute of Diesel

A complex set of factors such as global warming, increasing competitive land use,
and the growing mismatch between energy demand and supply is creating new
challenges for the vast agrarian population in India. Diesel for running irrigation
pumps is often beyond the means of economically marginalized farmers.

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Insufficient Irrigation can lead to crop damage, reducing yields and diminishing
income. Environment-friendly, low-maintenance photovoltaic pumping systems
offer new possibilities for pumping irrigation water. (GIZ, 2013)

Figure 2 Conventional vs. Solar Power generation process

(Image Credit: Sunible.com)

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Solar energy technologies have long been used in the areas of solar heating, solar
photovoltaic, solar thermal electricity, and solar architecture. Energy shortages
and increasing energy prices are two of the most urgent problems we face today.
One desirable solution to the energy shortage problem is renewable energy, and
solar energy is one of the cleanest and most efficient energy sources. Solar panels
are among the most common methods of harvesting solar energy from solar
radiation, which accounts for a large portion of available renewable energy. (Hu,
2012)

According to Mr. Santosh Kamath, Executive Director of KPMG, “Decentralized

systems benefit from lower network losses as power does not have to be
transported over long distances. These include applications such as solar rooftop
systems, solar-powered agriculture pump sets, solar lighting systems and solar-
powered telecom towers” (KPMG, 2011).

Several studies have indicated that the capital cost of solar is significantly
more expensive than a diesel powered system but this is not the case. Solar
pumps tended to replace larger capacity submersible pump and generator of
comparable or greater cost. This is a result of a common tendency to oversize
generators and pumps, a “bigger is better” mentality which persists not just
within communities but also within District Water Offices and agencies who
supply the equipment. There are also other capital investment and running
costs for generators that are not required for solar. (Brian McSorley, 2011)

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2.4 The off-grid system

An off-grid solar PV power system is the standalone system provides

uninterrupted power to the customer when sun is available. Off-grid system
requires the battery storage and Inverter to get the AC power. The solar PV power
inverter and batteries shall have limited life and supposed to be replaced at fixed
intervals say after 10 years.

Advantages:

1. One time truthful Investment

2. Solar power Grid system comes without noise and pollution
3. After payback period owner can enjoy absolutely free of cost
4. For this grid system diesel is not required
(Somasekhar. G, 2014)

2.5 Solar Water Pump

Irrigation water pumping Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) theoretically has an

advantage in meeting the needs of remote communities because of the high
distribution costs of grid-power to this market and the competitive position with
respect to diesel has improved with the recent rising oil prices. A surface
pump powered with a 1.8 kWp PV array can deliver about 140,000 liters of water
on a clear sunny day from a total head of 10 meters. This quantity of water drawn
has been found to meet the irrigation requirement of 5-8 acres of land by
using improved techniques for water distribution. (Amit Jain, 2012)

In rural and/or undeveloped areas where there is no power grid and more water is
needed than what hand or foot pumps can deliver, the choices for powering
pumps are usually solar or a fuel driven engine, usually diesel. There are very
distinct differences between the two power sources in terms of cost and reliability.

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Diesel pumps are typically characterized by a lower first cost but a very high
operation and maintenance cost. Solar is the opposite, with a higher first cost but
very low ongoing operation and maintenance costs. In terms of reliability, it is
much easier (and cheaper) to keep a solar-powered system going than it is a
diesel engine. This is evident in field where diesel engines lie rusting and unused
by the thousands and solar pumps sometimes run for years without anyone
touching them. (SELF, 2008)

The solar pump has a unique cost structure with very high capital investment and
near-zero marginal cost of pumping. This makes it very similar to electric pump
owners who face high flat tariff but unlimited use of power (when available) at zero
marginal cost. This cost structure will drive away small farmers who want to
irrigate only their own little field; but it is ideal for potential ISPs. A solar -pump
driven groundwater economy will also promote competitive groundwater markets
with highly beneficial outcomes for water buyers who will gain even more with
buried pipeline distribution networks such as those obtaining in central Gujarat
(Shah, 1993).

Solar pumps offer a clean and simple alternative to fuel-burning engines and
generators for domestic water, livestock and irrigation. They are most effective
during dry and sunny seasons. They require no fuel deliveries, and very little
maintenance. Solar pumps are powered by photovoltaic (solar electric) panels and
the flow rate is determined by the intensity of the sunlight. Solar panels have no
moving parts, and most have a warranty of at least 20 years. Most solar pumps
operate without the use of storage batteries. Solar pumps must be optimally
selected for the task at hand, in order to minimize the power required, and thus the
cost of the system. (lorentz, 2008)

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The following figure indicates, Indicative Technical Specifications of Solar Deep

well (submersible) Pumping Systems:

(With D.C. Motor Pump Set with Brushes or Brush less D.C. (B.L.D.C.))

Figure 3 Technical Specifications of Solar Submersible DC Pump

Source: (MNRE, 2013, p. 10)

2.6 Government Subsidy for Solar Water Pump

With the launch of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) in 2010,
the solar water pumping programme of the MNRE was integrated with the off-grid
and decentralized component of the JNNSM. There under, solar PV water
Pumping Systems are currently eligible for a financial support of 30% subsidy,

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subject to a benchmark price of Rs. 190 per peak watt (Wp) from MNRE. Several
states such as Rajasthan, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Tamil Nadu and Bihar have taken up initiatives to implement solar PV water
pumping programs using the financial assistance of JNNSM and funds available
from the respective state governments (GIZ, 2013).

A SPV Pumping System installation program has been taken up by the

Horticulture Department of the Government of Rajasthan (GOR). Applicants may
avail of an 86% subsidy from the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
(JNNSM) and the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY). MNRE is providing
30% subsidy under the JNNSM, while the Government of Rajasthan through
the RKVY makes the remaining 56% available. This is a special scheme by GOR.
For other states only MNRE is providing 30% subsidy under the JNNSM. Only
7334 solar PV water pumps having been installed across the country, as of March
2010 (Amit Jain, 2012).

The following figure is based on assessment of the impacts of JGS on different

stakeholder groups in Gujarat.

Figure 4 Impacts of the “Jyotigram” scheme on different stakeholder groups

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Source: (Tushaar Shah, pp. 327-344)

Solar-powered agriculture pump sets:

 Currently, the agriculture category which uses power for irrigation pumps
contributes around 20 percent of the total power demand of India. The grid
power tariff to agriculture segment is heavily subsidized. The power supply
is staggered and the network performance inefficient in most cases.

 Moreover, the subsidy burden is increasing due to the increase in

conventional power costs thus negatively impacting the financial health of
the State and power utilities.

 Furthermore, there are a large number of agriculture pump sets that

currently use diesel power where there is no grid connection available.

 As cost curves come down, solar power is well suited as an alternative

solution to meet the power requirements of the agriculture segment.
Besides being a clean and convenient source of power, solar power can
reduce the subsidy burden on the Government.

 To start with diesel, pump sets could be replaced by solar-powered pump

sets due to favorable cost economics.

Source: (KPMG, 2011)

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2.7 Market Potential of SWP

According to Bloomberg reports, The Indian government is aiming to swap out 26

million fossil-fuel-powered groundwater pumps for solar-powered ones. The
pumps are used by farmers throughout the country to pull in water for irrigation,
and currently rely on diesel generators or India’s fossil-fuel-reliant electrical grid for
power. Pashupathy Gopalan, the regional head of SunEdison, Said that 8 million
diesel pumps already in use could be replaced right now. And India’s Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy estimates another 700,000 diesel pumps that could
be replaced are bought in India every year. Tarun Kapoor, the joint secretary,
MNRE said that “Irrigation pumps may be the single largest application for solar in
the country” (SPROSS, 2014).

In India nearly 81 million (32.8 per cent) households do not have access to
electricity (Census of India, 2011). Around 74 million rural households lack access
to modern lighting services (TERI, 2013, p. 380) and a larger proportion of the
population (around 840 million) continue to be dependent on traditional biomass
energy sources (IEA, Octomber, 2011).

There are about 21 million irrigation pump sets in India, of which about 9 million
are run on diesel and the rest are grid based (Amit Jain, 2012).

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Barriers Potential Solutions

High Upfront Cost Smart Subsidies/ Innovative

Finance

Lack of Finance Mechanisms Innovative Customer Behaviour/

Business Finance Mechanisms
Market Low awareness among Awareness Campaigns
Related Consumers & other relative
Barriers shareholders

Lack of Maintenance and Localized Service Infrastructure

Support

Danger of Theft Portable/ Community Owned

Systems, Insurance

Restricted Financial Innovative Policies and Finance

Engineering Engineering

Maze of Political Department “Single-Window” Approach

Regularity Lack of Market Oriented Policies Providing a level Playing
Issues Policies Field with diesel pumps

Concealed Tendency and Tendency Reform, Leasing

Small Landholdings Mechanisms & Group
Investments

Lack of Standardization and Standardize product that cater

Technology
Quality Assurance local needs
Related
Lack of Local Manufactures Promotion of Local
Barriers
Manufacturing

Table 2 Challenges and Potential Solutions of Solar water pump

Source: (GIZ, 2013)

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3 Research Methodology

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3.1 Need of the Study

The water pump industry in India has become too much competitive to sustain and
in this scenario one needs to be innovative. And other side there is demand for
solar water pump because there are many farmers who do not have access to
electricity for farming in India. The point is “Will this new innovation called solar
water pump able to fulfill the demand?” During my secondary research I found
many reports which show comparison of Diesel VS Solar water pump. When we
talk of viability of solar water pump for farmers in Indian context, it makes
difference because of Indian geographical conditions, farmers’ mindset, Indian
government’s approach towards solar water pump etc. So this issue needs to be
discussed with solar water pump users in India and perform cost benefit analysis
of diesel vs. solar water pump during my research thesis.

3.2 Primary Survey

To identify what is market potential of solar water pump, a structured interview of

farmer was taken. The interview includes questions like - what is capacity of solar
water pump, what is process of installing SWP, effectiveness of Government
subsidy etc.

This interview details are shown in Appendix 7.2 and 7.3 .

3.3 Limitation of study

Due to time constraint, five structured interviews able to taken of solar water pump
users. And this all SWP user belong to north central Gujarat.

 Kheda District - 3 Interviews

 Gandhinagar District - 1 Interview
 Banaskantha District - 1 Interview
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4 Cost Benefit Analysis of

Diesel vs. Solar Water Pump

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4.1 Costing Assumptions:

5hp Diesel Pump Costing Assumptions

Particular Scenario 0 Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3

No. of Hour Pump Usage /day 1 2 4 8
No. of Sunny Days/ Year 250 250 250 250
No. of Hour Pump Usage/ Year 250 500 1000 2000
Price of Diesel/ litre (Rs) 4 63 63 63 63
5
Diesel Usage/ Hour (5HP) 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7
Hike in Diesel Price (%) 10 10 10 10
Total Running Cost (Rs) 26775 53550 107100 214200

Table 3 5hp Diesel Pump Costing Assumptions

SWP SWP
Capital Capital
Maintena Cumulative Cumulative
Year Cost Cost Operating
nce Cost Cost W/O Cost With
Without With 30% Cost (B)
(C) Subsidy 30% Subsidy
Subsidy (A) Subsidy (D)
(A+B+C) (D+B+C)
1 489400 342580 0 2500 491900 345080
2 0 0 0 2500 494400 347580
3 0 0 0 2500 496900 350080
4 0 0 0 2500 499400 352580
5 0 0 0 2500 501900 355080
6 0 0 0 2500 504400 357580
7 0 0 0 2500 506900 360080
8 0 0 0 2500 509400 362580
9 0 0 0 2500 511900 365080
10 0 0 0 2500 514400 367580
Table 4 5hp SWP Costing With and Without 30% Subsidy

4
http://www.mypetrolprice.com/10/Diesel-price-in-Ahmedabad
5
(Seleshi Bekele Awulachew (IWMI), 2009)
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4.2 Scenario 0

5hp Diesel Pump Costing (Scenario 0)

Diesel
Capital Mainte- Total SWP Cost SWP Cost
Operating Pump
Year Cost nance Cost Without With 30%
Cost (B) Cumulative
(A) Cost (C) (A+B+C) Subsidy Subsidy
Cost
1 30000 26775 5000 61775 61775 491900 345080
2 0 29453 5000 34453 96228 494400 347580
3 0 32398 5000 37398 133625 496900 350080
4 0 35638 5000 40638 174263 499400 352580
5 0 39201 5000 44201 218464 501900 355080
6 0 43121 5000 48121 266585 504400 357580
7 0 47434 5000 52434 319019 506900 360080
8 0 52177 5000 57177 376196 509400 362580
9 0 57395 5000 62395 438590 511900 365080
10 0 63134 5000 68134 506725 514400 367580
Total 506725

Table 5 5hp Diesel Pump Costing (Scenario 0)

600000

500000
Cumulative Cost (Rs)

400000

300000 Diesel Pump

SWP without Subsidy
200000
SWP With 30% Subsidy
100000

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Break Even Duration (Year)

Figure 5 Breakeven Point in Scenario 0

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4.3 Scenario 1

5hp Diesel Pump Costing (Scenario 1)

Diesel
Capital Mainte- Total SWP Cost SWP Cost
Operating Pump
Year Cost nance Cost Without With 30%
Cost (B) Cumulative
(A) Cost (C) (A+B+C) Subsidy Subsidy
Cost
1 30000 53550 5000 88550 88550 491900 345080
2 0 58905 5000 63905 152455 494400 347580
3 0 64795.5 5000 69796 222251 496900 350080
4 0 71275.05 5000 76275 298526 499400 352580
5 0 78402.56 5000 83403 381928 501900 355080
6 0 86242.81 5000 91243 473171 504400 357580
7 0 94867.09 5000 99867 573038 506900 360080
8 0 104353.8 5000 109354 682392 509400 362580
9 0 114789.2 5000 119789 802181 511900 365080
10 0 126268.1 5000 131268 933449 514400 367580
Total 933449

Table 6 5hp Diesel Pump Costing (Scenario 1)

1000000
900000
800000
Cumulative Cost (Rs)

700000
600000
500000 Diesel Pump
400000 SWP without Subsidy
300000 SWP With 30% Subsidy
200000
100000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Break Even Duration (Year)

Figure 6 Breakeven Point in Scenario 1

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4.4 Scenario 2

5hp Diesel Pump Costing (Scenario 2)

Diesel
Capital Mainte- Total SWP Cost SWP Cost
Operating Pump
Year Cost nance Cost Without With 30%
Cost (B) Cumulative
(A) Cost (C) (A+B+C) Subsidy Subsidy
Cost
1 30000 107100 5000 142100 142100 491900 345080
2 0 117810 5000 122810 264910 494400 347580
3 0 129591 5000 134591 399501 496900 350080
4 0 142550.1 5000 147550 547051 499400 352580
5 0 156805.1 5000 161805 708856 501900 355080
6 0 172485.6 5000 177486 886342 504400 357580
7 0 189734.2 5000 194734 1081076 506900 360080
8 0 208707.6 5000 213708 1294784 509400 362580
9 0 229578.4 5000 234578 1529362 511900 365080
10 0 252536.2 5000 257536 1786898 514400 367580
Total 1786898

Table 7 5hp Diesel Pump Costing (Scenario 2)

2000000
1800000
1600000
1400000
1200000
Axis Title

1000000 Diesel Pump

800000 SWP without Subsidy
600000 SWP With 30% Subsidy
400000
200000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Break Even Duration (Year)

Figure 7 Breakeven Point in Scenario 2

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4.5 Scenario 3

5hp Diesel Pump Costing (Scenario 3)

Diesel
Capital Mainte- Total SWP Cost SWP Cost
Operating Pump
Year Cost nance Cost Without With 30%
Cost (B) Cumulative
(A) Cost (C) (A+B+C) Subsidy Subsidy
Cost
1 30000 214200 5000 249200 249200 491900 345080
2 0 235620 5000 240620 489820 494400 347580
3 0 259182 5000 264182 754002 496900 350080
4 0 285100.2 5000 290100 1044102 499400 352580
5 0 313610.2 5000 318610 1362712 501900 355080
6 0 344971.2 5000 349971 1712684 504400 357580
7 0 379468.4 5000 384468 2097152 506900 360080
8 0 417415.2 5000 422415 2519567 509400 362580
9 0 459156.7 5000 464157 2983724 511900 365080
10 0 505072.4 5000 510072 3493796 514400 367580
Total 3493796

Table 8 5hp Diesel Pump Costing (Scenario 3)

4000000

3500000
Cumulative Cost (Rs)

3000000

2500000

2000000 Diesel Pump

1500000 SWP without Subsidy

SWP With 30% Subsidy
1000000

500000

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Break Even Duration (Year)

Figure 8 Breakeven Point in Scenario 3

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Particular Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario

0 1 2 3
No. of Hour Pump
1 2 4 8
Operating/ day
No. of Sunny Days/
250 250 250 250
Year
No. of Hour Pump
250 Hour 500 Hour 1000 Hour 2000 Hour
Operating/ Year
Break Even Point
10 Year 6 Year 3 Year 2 Year
Without Subsidy
Break Even Point
7 Year 4 Year 2 Year 1 Year
With 30% Subsidy

Table 9 Comparison of break-even point in each scenario of SWP Usage

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5 Conclusion

From the cost benefit analysis of diesel vs. solar water pump, Conclusion is that if
your daily water usage is ranging from 1-2-4-8 hours than respective break even
time period is approximately 10-6-4-2 year for Without subsidy and with 30%
Central Government Subsidy it is 7.5 - 4.5 - 2.5 - 1.5 year as shown in Table 9.
So, Daily around 8 hour of 5hp solar water pump usage for 250 days per year led
to recover cost in 2 year with comparison of 5hp diesel pump. Higher usage of
water will reduce break even time period. Now, if your usage is less than 8 hour
per day than you can recover SWP cost by other ways. Like selling water to others
and use solar panel for getting electricity for home lighting and other home
appliances.

During primary research in discussion with solar water pump user, one reason why
farmer buy solar water pump. And this reason will not able to found in any kind of
secondary research. Normally, Farmer buy solar water pump mainly because of
two things. One is unavailability of electricity at farm and increasing price of
diesel. The reason is that farmer also buy solar water pump because of land
ownership issue. To get electricity connection, farmer need land ownership
document and signature of related owners. Normally one can become land owner
from his father’s land and father’s land is shared among his children. Now to get
signatures of all related owner is difficult. So, in this situation to get electricity
connection is difficult. So, farmers prefer to buy solar water pump.

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6 Bibliography

Amin, R. (n.d.). An Overview of Indian Pump Industry. pp. 1-2.

Amit Jain, S. J. (2012). Is Solar a solution to Blackouts in India: A case study with
agriculture diesel pumps sets?

Brian McSorley, M. M. (2011). Solar Pumps: A solution to improving water security

in drought prone areas. Oxham.

Census of India. (2011). Source of lighting: 2001-2011, Houselisting and Housing

Census Data Highlights - 2011. Registrar General & Census Commissioner,
India (ORGI), Government of India.

EmCON. (2006). Feasibility Assessment for the Replacement of Diesel Water

Pumps with Solar Water Pumps. NAMIBIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY
PROGRAMME (NAMREP).

GIZ. (2013). Solar Water Pumping for Irrigation: Potential and Barriers in Bihar,
India. Indo-German Energy Programme (IGEN), Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.

Gupta, R. K. (2011). The role of water technology in development: a case study of

Gujarat State. (pp. 1-14). Zaragoza, Spain: UN Water.

Hu, B. (2012). Solar Panel Anomaly Detection and Classification. Waterloo:

University of Waterloo.

IEA. (Octomber, 2011). energy for all: financing access for the poor. energy for all
conference (pp. 19-22). Oslo, Norway: International Energy Agency.

K Palanisami, K. M. (2011). Spread and Economics of Micro-irrigation in India:

Evidence from Nine States. REVIEW OF AGRICULTURE, 1-6.

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KPMG. (2011). “The Rising Sun - A Point of View on the Solar Energy Sector in
India”. Mumbai: KPMG.

lorentz. (2008). Solar Water Pumps in Namibia: A Comparison Between Solar And
Diesel.

MNRE. (2013). Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission - SOLAR

PHOTOVOLTAIC WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS.

Seleshi Bekele Awulachew (IWMI), P. L. (2009). Pumps for small-scale irrigation.

IWMI.

SELF. (2008). A COST AND RELIABILITY COMPARISON BETWEEN SOLAR

AND DIESEL POWERED PUMPS. Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF).

Shah. (1993). Groundwater markets and irrigation development: Political economy

and practical policy. Bombay: Oxford University .

Shah, T. (2008). Crop per Drop of Diesel! Energy-Squeeze on India’s Smallholder

Irrigation. Anand, India: International Water Management Institute, .

Shamaila Zia, T. A. (2012). easibility Assessment of photovoltaic pumping for

irrigation in West Bengal, India. 1. Institute of Agricultural Engineering
(440e) Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany 2. Indian Institute of
Technology, Kharagpur, India.

Shiv Lal, P. K. (2013). Techno-economic analysis of solar photovoltaic based

submersible water pumping system for rural areas of an Indian state
Rajasthan . Science Journal of Energy Engineering, 1-4.

Singhi_Advisors. (2011). Pump & Valve Industry – Overview & Opportunities.

Somasekhar. G, B. G. (2014). Marketing Methodology of Solar PV Power Packs.

IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF), 38-43.

44
 CEPT/ MTM/ AM0712/ Kevin Kovadia/ [email protected]

SPROSS, J. (2014, February 7). India Wants To Switch 26 Million Water Pumps
To Solar Power Instead Of Diesel. Retrieved April 15, 2014, from
http://thinkprogress.org:
http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/02/07/3265631/india-solar-pump-
swap/

taiyosolar.in. (n.d.). solarpump. Retrieved may 20, 2014, from taiyosolar:

http://taiyosolar.in/solarpump.html

TATA . (2013). Indian Pumps and Industrial Valves Market. TATA Strategic
management group.

TERI. (2013). TERI Energy Data Directory & Yearbook (TEDDY) 2012/13. TERI
Publication.

The Times of India. (2013, March 4). Power-full’ Gujarat gives 24-hour electricity.
Retrieved May 10, 2014, from indiatimes.com:
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Power-full-Gujarat-gives-24-hour-
electricity/articleshow/18786012.cms

Tushaar Shah, S. V. (n.d.). Real-time Co-management of Electricity and

Groundwater: An Assessment of Gujarat’s Pioneering ‘Jyotirgram’ Scheme.
International Water Management Institute, Anand, India.

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7 Appendix

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7.1 List of Solar PV Water Pumping Systems Tested and

Qualified at Solar Energy Center during the year 2012-13
File No.
N Pump
& Pump submitted by PV array Type & Head
o system
Issue Date
1 0837/11/CSC/ M/s JJPV solar Pvt Ltd., M/s Groundfos M/s JJPV solar Submersible
SEC/Pump Vill Veraval (Shapar), Pvt. Ltd. 3HP DC
Dist. Rajkot- 360024, pump, Head
27.12.2011 Gujarat (India) 30 meter

2 0861/11/CSC/ M/s JJPV solar Pvt Ltd., M/s Rotomag M/s JJPV solar Centrifugal 2
SEC/Pump Vill Veraval (Shapar), Pvt. Ltd. HP DC surface
Dist. Rajkot- 360024, pump, Head 10
8.6.2012 Gujarat (India) meter

3 43/2012/CSC/ M/s Span pumps Pvt. M/s Groundfos M/s Surana Submersible 0.5
SEC/Pump Ltd., 104,Arihant, Telecom & HP DC pump,
1187/26, Shivaji nagar, Power Ltd, Head 30 meter
8.6.2012 Pune-411005, India Hyderabad

4 44/2012/CSC/ M/s VRG Energy India M/s Groundfos M/s PV Power Submersible DC
SEC/Pump Pvt. Ltd., 128, Backbone Model: SQF Technologies pump, Head 30
shopping center, Rajkot- 8A-5 Pvt. Ltd., meter
8.6.2012 360064, Gujarat, India Mumbai

5 93/2012/CSC/ M/s Moserbaer (I) Ltd., M/s Sun M/s Moserbaer Submersible DC
SEC/Pump 66, Udyog Vihar, Pump, USA (I) Ltd. Pump, Head 30
Greater Noida, G.B. meter 2 HP
8.6.2012 Nagar (UP)-201306,
India

6 95/2012/CSC/ M/s WAREE Energies M/s Lorentz M/s WAREE Submersible

SEC/Pump (P) Ltd., 602, Western Pump Model: Energies (P) 2HP DC
Edge-1, Borivali (E), PS 1800 Ltd. Pump, Head
15.06.2012 Mumbai-4000066, India SJ8-7 30 meter

7 115/2012- M/s Central Electronics M/s Lorentz M/s Central Submersible DC

13/CSC/SEC/ Limited, 4, Industrial Pump Electronics Pump, Head 30
Pump area, Sahidabad, Limited meter 4.6 HP
Ghajiabad (U.P)-
11.07.2012 201010

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8 113/2012- M/s BSES Yamuna M/s Lorentz M/s WAREE Submersible

13/CSC/SEC/ Power Limited, Shakti Pump Energies (P) 2HP DC
Pump Kiran Building, Model:PS1800 Ltd. Pump, Head
Karkardooma, New CSJ5-12 30 meter
08.08.2012 Delhi

9 247/2012- M/s Jain Irrigation M/s Lorentz M/s Jain Deep well 3HP
13/CSC/SEC/ Systems Ltd., Jain Pump Irrigation DC pump ,
Pump Plastic Park, P.O. Box Systems Ltd. Head 50 meter
8.11.2012 72, N.H. No. 6, Jalgaon-
425001
10 244/2012- M/s Shakti Pumps M/s Shakti M/s PV Power Submersible
13/CSC/SEC/ (India) Ltd., Plot No. 401- Pumps (India) Technologies 5HP AC deep
Pump 402-413, Sector -3, Ltd. Pvt. Ltd. well mono-
Pithampur, Dhar-454775, block pump,
9/11/2012 Madhya Pradesh Head 50 meter

11 226/2012- M/s HBL Power M/s Kirlosker M/s HBL Power Submersible
13/CSC/SEC/ systems Ltd., Plot No. Brothers Ltd systems Ltd. 3HP AC deep
Pump 263, Patparganj well mono-
Industrial Area, Delhi- block pump,
9/11/2012 110092 Head 50 meter

12 248/2012- M/s Topsun Energy M/s Mono M/s Topsun Centrifugal 3HP
13/CSC/SEC/ Ltd., B-101,GIDC, Pumps Ltd. Energy Ltd. DC Submersible
Pump Electronic Zone, Deep Well
Sector-25, pump, Head :50
27/11/2012 Gandhinagar- 382028, meters
Gujarat, INDIA
13 243/2012- M/s Bright Solar Pvt. Ltd. M/s Bright M/s Green 3HP DC
13/CSC/SEC/ Plot No. 90,Nathabhai Solar Pvt. Ltd. Brilliance Submersible
Pump Estate,Near Energy Pvt. Ltd. mono-block
Jashodanagar Cross, pump, Head 50
29/11/2012 Ahmedabad-380026, meter
Gujarat, India

14 249/2012- M/s Duke Plasto M/s Duke M/sPV Centrifugal 5HP

13/CSC/SEC/ Technique Pvt. Ltd. N.H. Plasto Powertech AC Submersible
Pump 14, Deesa Highway, Technique Pvt. Deep Well
Badarpura Ltd. Pump, Head :50
Dist: Banaskuntha, meters,
Palanpur-385511,
North Gujarat, India

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15 253/2012- M/s Punchline Energy M/s Shroffs M/s Kotak Urja Submersible
13/CSC/SEC/ Pvt. Ltd. 328 Phase 2, Engineering Private Ltd Deep well
Pump Udyog, Vihar Gurgaon, Ltd pump, 3HP AC
Haryana 122016,India Pump, Head: 50
29/11/2012 Meters

16 257/2012- M/s BSES Yamuna M/s Grundfos, M/s Kotak Urja, Centrifugal
13/CSC/SEC Power Limited Shakti Denmark Bangalore Submersible 1HP
/Pump Kiran Building, DC pump, Head:
30/11/2012 Karkardooma, New 30 Meters
Delhi-110032

17 115/2012- M/s Central Electronics M/s Rotomag M/s Central Centrifugal

13/CSC/SEC/ Limited 4, Industrial Electronics 2HP DC
Pump Area, Sahibabad Limited Surface
24/12/2012 Ghaziabad (U.P) – mono-block
201010 pump, 10
Meters
18 252/2012- M/s JJPV Solar Pvt. Ltd. M/s Shakti M/s JJPV Solar Submersible
13/CSC/SEC/ Survey No. 236, Plot Pumps (I) Ltd. Pvt. Ltd. 3HP AC
Pump No.2, Near Vikas Stove, Pump,
NH-8 B, Village - 50 Meters
26/12/2012 Veraval-Shaper, Dist:
Rajkot-360024 Gujarat,

19 247/2012- M/s Jain Irrigation M/s Lorentz M/s Jain Submersibl

13/CSC/SEC/ Systems Ltd., Jain Pump Irrigation e 2HP DC
Pump Plastic Park, P.O. Box: Systems Ltd. pump,
72, N. H. No. 6, Jalgaon- 50 Meters
04.02.2013 425001

20 316/2013/CSC/ M/s Rajasthan M/s Rotomag M/s Rajasthan Shallow well

SEC/Pump Electronics & Electronics & 3HP DC Pump
Instruments Limited, 2, Instruments Head :20
21.02.2013 Kanakpura Industrial Limited Meters
Area, Jaipur-3 02012,
Rajasthan

21 254/2012- M/s Alpex Exports Pvt. M/s Bright M/s Alpex Submersible
13/CSC/SEC/ Ltd., 81/2, 1st floor, Sri Solar Pvt. Ltd Exports Pvt. 2HP DC
Pump Aurobindo Marg,, Near Ltd. Pump,
Hero Honda Showroom, 30 Meters

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18.02.2013 Adhchini, New Delhi-

110017
22 309/2012- M/s Jain Irrigation M/s Lorentz M/s Jain Submersibl
13/CSC/SEC/ Systems Ltd., Jain Irrigation Pvt. e 3HP DC
Pump Plastic Park, P.O. Box: Ltd. pump,
72, N. H. No. 6, Jalgaon- 20 Meters
05.03.2012 425001

23 315/2013/CSC/ M/s BSES Yamuna M/s Grundfos M/s Kotak Urja Submersible 1
SEC/Pump Power Limited, Shakti Pvt. Ltd. HP DC Deep
Kiran Building, Well pump , 30
20.03.2012 Karkardooma, Meters
New Delhi-110032

24 276/2013/CSC/ M/s Waaree Energies M/s Bright M/s Submersible

SEC/Pump Pvt. Ltd. 602, Western Solar Pvt. Waaree 3HP DC, Deep
edge-1, Western Ltd. Energies Well pump , 50
07/03/2013 Express Highway, Pvt. Ltd. Meters
Borivali (E),
Mumbai-400066, India

25 324/2013/CSC/ M/s Bright Solar Pvt. M/s M/s Submersible 5

SEC/Pump Ltd. Plot No. 90, PUMPMAN Waaree HP DC Deep
Nathabhai Estate, Energies Well pump , 50
21/03/2013 Near Jashodanagar Pvt. Ltd. Meters
Cross,
Ahmedabad-380026,
Gujarat, India

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7.2 List of Questions and Responses during SWP User Interview

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7.3 List of Images of Site location where Interview conducted of

SWP Users during Thesis Research

7.3.1 1st Interview site location

Figure 9 Site location of Solar Water Pump User (1) near Hirapur Chokdi

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7.3.2 2nd Interview site location

Figure 10 Site location of Solar Water Pump User (2) near Hirapur Chokdi

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7.3.3 3rd Interview site location

Figure 11 Site location of Solar Water Pump User (3) near Hirapur Chokdi

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 CEPT/ MTM/ AM0712/ Kevin Kovadia/ [email protected]

7.3.4 4th Interview site location

Figure 12 Site location of Solar Water Pump User (4) near Palanpur

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 CEPT/ MTM/ AM0712/ Kevin Kovadia/ [email protected]

7.3.5 5th Interview site location

Figure 13 Site location of Solar Water Pump User (5) near Ghamij Village

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