A PROJECT

ON
“COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
OF
MICROTEK INVERTER
WITH
OTHER BRANDS”

SUPERVISOR:- SUBMITTED BY:-

PAWAN KUMAR AGGARWAL NITIN GUPTA

Designation: Prop. MBA 4th. Semester
Enrollment No 07061227010
Specialization : Marketing

Remark of Evaluator

Approved / Disapproved Approved / Disapproved

( I Evaluation ) ( II Evaluation )

SESSION: 2007-2009

Directorate of Distance Education

Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology
Hissar ( Haryana )
 CERTIFICATE

That is to certify Mr. NITIN GUPTA, Enrollment No- 07061227010 has

proceeded under my supervision on his Research Project Report on
“ COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MICROTEK INVERTER WITH
OTHER BRANDS” in the specialization area , Marketing.

The work embodied in this report is original and is of the standard expected
of an MBA student and has not been submitted in part or full to this or any
other university for the award of any degree or diploma. He has completed
all requirements of guidelines for Research Project Report and the work is fit
for evaluation.

Signature of Supervisor

Name: Pawan Kumar Aggarwal

Designation: Prop.

Organization: Mahamaya Marketing

 Directorate of Distance Education
Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology
Hissar ( Haryana )

RESUME OF SUPERVISOR/GUIDE

NAME : MR. PAWAN KUMAR AGGRAWAL

DESIGNATION : SALES MANAGER & PROP.

MAHAMAYA MARKETING

QUALIFICATION : MBA

AREA OF SPECIALIZATION : MARKETING

EXPERIENCE : 6+ YEARS

OFFICIAL ADDRESS : MAHAMAYA MARKETING

SHOP NO-25, 1ST FLOOR,
B-BLOCK DDA MARKET,
PRASHANT VIHAR,
NEW DELHI-110089.

TELEPHONE : 011-27552243

MOBILE : 9818371200

E-MAIL : [email protected]
[email protected]

I am willing to supervise Mr. Nitin Gupta Enrollment No- 07061227010 on the topic
“COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MICROTEK INVERTER WITH OTHER
BRANDS”

Signature

Countersigned by employer with seal

Countersigned by Director of Study Centre with seal

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION OF INVERTER INDUSTRY

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE & PROBLEM
STATEMENT
3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
5. SCOPE OF PROPOSED STUDY
6. QUESTIONNAIRE
7. REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION OF INVERTER INDUSTRY
India is the largest developing country but there are many problems in this city like
communication, transportation etc. But the main problem is the shortage of electricity.
The demand of electricity is more than supply. That’s why people prefer to use Inverters.
Because this helps them to give power supply at the time of power cut. There are many
brands of Inverter in the market like Luminous, Su-kam, etc.

An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current
(AC); the resulting AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of
appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits.

Static inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from
small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct
current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC
power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.

The electrical inverter is a high-power electronic oscillator. It is so named because early

mechanical AC to DC converters were made to work in reverse, and thus were
"inverted", to convert DC to AC.

The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier.

DC power source utilization

An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries, solar panels, or
fuel cells to AC electricity. The electricity can be at any required voltage; in particular it
can operate AC equipment designed for mains operation, or rectified to produce DC at
any desired voltage.

Grid tie inverters can feed energy back into the distribution network because they
produce alternating current with the same wave shape and frequency as supplied by the
distribution system. They can also switch off automatically in the event of a blackout.
Inverter designed to provide 115 VAC from the 12 VDC source provided in an
automobile. The unit shown provides up to 1.2 amperes of alternating current, or just
enough to power two sixty watt light bulbs.

Uninterruptible power supplies

An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) uses batteries and an inverter to supply AC

power when main power is not available. When main power is restored, a rectifier is used
to supply DC power to recharge the batteries.

Induction heating

Inverters convert low frequency main AC power to a higher frequency for use in
induction heating. To do this, AC power is first rectified to provide DC power. The
inverter then changes the DC power to high frequency AC power.

HVDC power transmission

With HVDC power transmission, AC power is rectified and high voltage DC power is
transmitted to another location. At the receiving location, an inverter in a static inverter
plant converts the power back to AC.

Variable-frequency drives

Main article: variable-frequency drive

A variable-frequency drive controls the operating speed of an AC motor by controlling

the frequency and voltage of the power supplied to the motor. An inverter provides the
controlled power. In most cases, the variable-frequency drive includes a rectifier so that
DC power for the inverter can be provided from main AC power. Since an inverter is the
key component, variable-frequency drives are sometimes called inverter drives or just
inverters.

Electric vehicle drives

Adjustable speed motor control inverters are currently used to power the traction motors
in some electric and diesel-electric rail vehicles as well as some battery electric vehicles
and hybrid electric highway vehicles such as the Toyota Prius. Various improvements in
inverter technology are being developed specifically for electric vehicle applications.[2] In
vehicles with regenerative braking, the inverter also takes power from the motor (now
acting as a generator) and stores it in the batteries.
Air Conditioning

Main article: Inverter (air conditioning)

An air conditioner bearing the inverter tag uses a variable-frequency drive to control the
speed of the motor and thus the compressor.

The general case

A transformer allows AC power to be converted to any desired voltage, but at the same
frequency. Inverters, plus rectifiers for DC, can be designed to convert from any voltage,
AC or DC, to any other voltage, also AC or DC, at any desired frequency. The output
power can never exceed the input power, but efficiencies can be high, with a small
proportion of the power dissipated as waste heat

MICROTEK - A MASTER IN ITS CHOSEN FIELD

MICROTEK is the country's Largest Power Products manufacturer having

products like Line Interactive UPS, ONLINE UPS, DIGITAL & SINEWAVE
INVERTERS/UPS EB/UPS E². Eight manufacturing plants, each specialising in
different sphere of the industry has made it possible for Microtek to harness the
World's latest technology, perfect it and incorporate it in its product range, for the
user's benefit. It is this dedication of mastering its chosen field by continuously
upgrading and investing that has won Microtek national awards and international
recognition.

Microtek has been adjudged SD's No.1 (Inverter & Home UPS) Company of the year.
Adjudged being best in Product Quality & after Sales Service in User Satisfaction
Survey, 2008. This same has been announced in the Soft disk Issue of Nov. 2008.

Microtek has been awarded 'Channels Choice Silver Award' 2008, for UPS by IDC-
Dataquest. IDC-Dataquest survey is conducted in India across 19 cities and 898
channel partners of the country

Microtek has very strong infrastructural National Network, which is growing rapidly,
presently we have 255 Service Points, 28 Service Centers and more than 7000 most
dedicated and committed Distributors and Dealers spread all across India, besides its
own showrooms and more than 200 exclusive shoppees. Microtek has achieved total
customer satisfaction through design, manufacture and supply of quality products. It
has now the largest installation base, which is growing at a fastest pace month after
month and year after year. With its vast network of well-equipped own Customer
Care Centers and the innovative scheme of On-site services, it has won the
confidence of Customers.

Microtek has World class Range of ONLINE UPS from 1KVA to 30KVA.

• Digital Inverters
 • Sine Wave Inverters
• UPS EB / UPS E²
• High-End Inverters
• Range of Line Interactive UPS
• External Battery Line Interactive UPS
• Digital Online UPS from 1KVA to 30KVA.
• Inverter UPS Specialist Batteries
• Sealed Maintenance Free (VRLA) Batteries

REVIEW OF LITERATURE & PROBLEM

STATEMENT
Existing literature survey had been done for the purpose of getting some sort of

information and inspiration to raise a unique issue about the inverter. It was very

good to go through, because all the information or the issues & data that were

contained in it inspired me a lot to raise a different issue about the inverter or you

can say in electronic sector. Existing literature survey includes hoardings,

magazines & Tv add for different inverter company.Which contain information

about the price of inverter its features & different schemes.

Basic designs

In one simple inverter circuit, DC power is connected to a transformer through the centre
tap of the primary winding. A switch is rapidly switched back and forth to allow current
to flow back to the DC source following two alternate paths through one end of the
primary winding and then the other. The alternation of the direction of current in the
primary winding of the transformer produces alternating current (AC) in the secondary
circuit.

The electromechanical version of the switching device includes two stationary contacts
and a spring supported moving contact. The spring holds the movable contact against one
of the stationary contacts and an electromagnet pulls the movable contact to the opposite
stationary contact. The current in the electromagnet is interrupted by the action of the
switch so that the switch continually switches rapidly back and forth. This type of
electromechanical inverter switch, called a vibrator or buzzer, was once used in vacuum
tube automobile radios. A similar mechanism has been used in door bells, buzzers and
tattoo guns.
As they became available with adequate power ratings, transistors and various other types
of semiconductor switches have been incorporated into inverter circuit designs.

Top: Simple inverter circuit shown with an electromechanical switch

and automatic equivalent
auto-switching device implemented with two transistors and split winding auto-
transformer in place of the mechanical switch.

Output waveforms

The switch in the simple inverter described above produces a square voltage waveform as
opposed to the sinusoidal waveform that is the usual waveform of an AC power supply.
Using Fourier analysis, periodic waveforms are represented as the sum of an infinite
series of sine waves. The sine wave that has the same frequency as the original waveform
is called the fundamental component. The other sine waves, called harmonics, that are
included in the series have frequencies that are integral multiples of the fundamental
frequency.

The quality of the inverter output waveform can be expressed by using the Fourier
analysis data to calculate the total harmonic distortion (THD). The total harmonic
distortion is the square root of the sum of the squares of the harmonic voltages divided by
the fundamental voltage:

The quality of output waveform that is needed from an inverter depends on the
characteristics of the connected load. Some loads need a nearly perfect sine wave voltage
supply in order to work properly. Other loads may work quite well with a square wave
voltage.
Square waveform with fundamental sine wave component, 3rd harmonic and 5th
harmonic

Advanced designs

H-bridge inverter circuit with transistor switches and antiparallel diodes

There are many different power circuit topologies and control strategies used in inverter
designs. Different design approaches address various issues that may be more or less
important depending on the way that the inverter is intended to be used.

The issue of waveform quality can be addressed in many ways. Capacitors and inductors
can be used to filter the waveform. If the design includes a transformer, filtering can be
applied to the primary or the secondary side of the transformer or to both sides. Low-pass
filters are applied to allow the fundamental component of the waveform to pass to the
output while limiting the passage of the harmonic components. If the inverter is designed
to provide power at a fixed frequency, a resonant filter can be used. For an adjustable
frequency inverter, the filter must be tuned to a frequency that is above the maximum
fundamental frequency.
Since most loads contain inductance, feedback rectifiers or antiparallel diodes are often
connected across each semiconductor switch to provide a path for the peak inductive load
current when the switch is turned off. The antiparallel diodes are somewhat similar to the
freewheeling diodes used in AC/DC converter circuits.

Fourier analysis reveals that a waveform, like a square wave, that is antisymmetrical
about the 180 degree point contains only odd harmonics, the 3rd, 5th, 7th etc. Waveforms
that have steps of certain widths and heights eliminate or “cancel” additional harmonics.
For example, by inserting a zero-voltage step between the positive and negative sections
of the square-wave, all of the harmonics that are divisible by three can be eliminated.
That leaves only the 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th etc. The required width of the steps is one third
of the period for each of the positive and negative steps and one sixth of the period for
each of the zero-voltage steps.

Changing the square wave as described above is an example of pulse-width modulation

(PWM). Modulating, or regulating the width of a square-wave pulse is often used as a
method of regulating or adjusting an inverter's output voltage. When voltage control is
not required, a fixed pulse width can be selected to reduce or eliminate selected
harmonics. Harmonic elimination techniques are generally applied to the lowest
harmonics because filtering is more effective at high frequencies than at low frequencies.
Multiple pulse-width or carrier based PWM control schemes produce waveforms that are
composed of many narrow pulses. The frequency represented by the number of narrow
pulses per second is called the switching frequency or carrier frequency. These control
schemes are often used in variable-frequency motor control inverters because they allow
a wide range of output voltage and frequency adjustment while also improving the
quality of the waveform.

Multilevel inverters provide another approach to harmonic cancellation. Multilevel

inverters provide an output waveform that exhibits multiple steps at several voltage
levels. For example, it is possible to produce a more sinusoidal wave by having split-rail
direct current inputs at two voltages, or positive and negative inputs with a central
ground. By connecting the inverter output terminals in sequence between the positive rail
and ground, the positive rail and the negative rail, the ground rail and the negative rail,
then both to the ground rail, a stepped waveform is generated at the inverter output. This
is an example of a three level inverter: the two voltages and ground.

Three phase inverters

3-phase inverter with wye connected load

Three-phase inverters are used for variable-frequency drive applications and for high
power applications such as HVDC power transmission. A basic three-phase inverter
consists of three single-phase inverter switches each connected to one of the three load
terminals. For the most basic control scheme, the operation of the three switches is
coordinated so that one switch operates at each 60 degree point of the fundamental output
waveform. This creates a line-to-line output waveform that has six steps. The six-step
waveform has a zero-voltage step between the positive and negative sections of the
square-wave such that the harmonics that are multiples of three are eliminated as
described above. When carrier-based PWM techniques are applied to six-step waveforms,
the basic overall shape, or envelope, of the waveform is retained so that the 3rd harmonic
and its multiples are cancelled.

3-phase inverter switching circuit showing 6-step switching sequence and waveform of
voltage between terminals A and C

To construct inverters with higher power ratings, two six-step three-phase inverters can
be connected in parallel for a higher current rating or in series for a higher voltage rating.
In either case, the output waveforms are phase shifted to obtain a 12-step waveform. If
additional inverters are combined, an 18-step inverter is obtained with three inverters etc.
Although inverters are usually combined for the purpose of achieving increased voltage
or current ratings, the quality of the waveform is improved as well.

History

Early inverters

From the late nineteenth century through the middle of the twentieth century, DC-to-AC
power conversion was accomplished using rotary converters or motor-generator sets (M-
G sets). In the early twentieth century, vacuum tubes and gas filled tubes began to be
used as switches in inverter circuits. The most widely used type of tube was the thyratron.

The origins of electromechanical inverters explain the source of the term inverter. Early
AC-to-DC converters used an induction or synchronous AC motor direct-connected to a
generator (dynamo) so that the generator's commutator reversed its connections at exactly
the right moments to produce DC. A later development is the synchronous converter, in
which the motor and generator windings are combined into one armature, with slip rings
at one end and a commutator at the other and only one field frame. The result with either
is AC-in, DC-out. With an M-G set, the DC can be considered to be separately generated
from the AC; with a synchronous converter, in a certain sense it can be considered to be
"mechanically rectified AC". Given the right auxiliary and control equipment, an M-G set
or rotary converter can be "run backwards", converting DC to AC. Hence an inverter is
an inverted converter.

Controlled rectifier inverters

Since early transistors were not available with sufficient voltage and current ratings for
most inverter applications, it was the 1957 introduction of the thyristor or silicon-
controlled rectifier (SCR) that initiated the transition to solid state inverter circuits.

12-pulse line-commutated inverter circuit

The commutation requirements of SCRs are a key consideration in SCR circuit designs.
SCRs do not turn off or commutate automatically when the gate control signal is shut off.
They only turn off when the forward current is reduced to below the minimum holding
current, which varies with each kind of SCR, through some external process. For SCRs
connected to an AC power source, commutation occurs naturally every time the polarity
of the source voltage reverses. SCRs connected to a DC power source usually require a
means of forced commutation that forces the current to zero when commutation is
required. The least complicated SCR circuits employ natural commutation rather than
forced commutation. With the addition of forced commutation circuits, SCRs have been
used in the types of inverter circuits described above.

In applications where inverters transfer power from a DC power source to an AC power

source, it is possible to use AC-to-DC controlled rectifier circuits operating in the
inversion mode. In the inversion mode, a controlled rectifier circuit operates as a line
commutated inverter. This type of operation can be used in HVDC power transmission
systems and in regenerative braking operation of motor control systems.
Another type of SCR inverter circuit is the current source input (CSI) inverter. A CSI
inverter is the dual of a six-step voltage source inverter. With a current source inverter,
the DC power supply is configured as a current source rather than a voltage source. The
inverter SCRs are switched in a six-step sequence to direct the current to a three-phase
AC load as a stepped current waveform. CSI inverter commutation methods include load
commutation and parallel capacitor commutation. With both methods, the input current
regulation assists the commutation. With load commutation, the load is a synchronous
motor operated at a leading power factor.

As they have become available in higher voltage and current ratings, semiconductors
such as transistors or IGBTs that can be turned off by means of control signals have
become the preferred switching components for use in inverter circuits.

Rectifier and inverter pulse numbers

Rectifier circuits are often classified by the number of current pulses that flow to the DC
side of the rectifier per cycle of AC input voltage. A single-phase half-wave rectifier is a
one-pulse circuit and a single-phase full-wave rectifier is a two-pulse circuit. A three-
phase half-wave rectifier is a three-pulse circuit and a three-phase full-wave rectifier is a
six-pulse circuit.

With three-phase rectifiers, two or more rectifiers are sometimes connected in series or
parallel to obtain higher voltage or current ratings. The rectifier inputs are supplied from
special transformers that provide phase shifted outputs. This has the effect of phase
multiplication. Six phases are obtained from two transformers, twelve phases from three
transformers and so on. The associated rectifier circuits are 12-pulse rectifiers, 18-pulse
rectifiers and so on.

When controlled rectifier circuits are operated in the inversion mode, they would be
classified by pulse number also. Rectifier circuits that have a higher pulse number have
reduced harmonic content in the AC input current and reduced ripple in the DC output
voltage. In the inversion mode, circuits that have a higher pulse number have lower
harmonic content in the AC output voltage waveform.

Problem statement:
In the last few years there has been an influx of cheap quality local inverter

manufacturer in the market. The signage manufacturer in order to increase their profit

margins have stared using low quality components without taking care of quality &

performance of these products .there are certain procedures & quality standard which
have been laid in the manuals for the manufacturing of the signage which are being

ignored. This effects the sale of the branded & good quality inverters.In this way

consumers does not know about the good inverters.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1) To know there brand loyalty.

2) To know about which inverter brand people prefer

most.

3) To find out the reason for buying inverters.

4) To find out the price range that people prefer most.

5) To know which features they admire in their inverter

set.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1) Propose a questionnaire to collect data

2) Campaning the Inverter in the Market area
3) Interact with retail outlet owners to understand end
users behavior.
4) Collected data from Newspaper, magazine etc.
 SCOPE OF THE PROPOSED STUDY

This study gives a clear idea or we can say view about the factors

influencing the purchase decision of the consumers for the inverters like

price of inverters, its features. Purpose of having Inverter like gone

electricity in nights, examination days, working hours in offices. This study

gives information about the consumer buying behavior in the current

scenario.

If we will talk about its scope for future studies or insertion, it

may be addition of some different queries regarding consumer changing

behavior as compare to past one. We all know that there are a lot of Inverter

Companies in this competition and surely some more companies will come

in this sector. So that some sort of duplication in Microtek inverters might be

possible. So it may be the cause raising some different kind of question to

know about the consumer’s perception about inverter as well as their

manufactures.

QUESTIONNAIRE
For Consumers

1 NAME ……………………………………

2 ADDRESS ………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………

3 AGE ……………

4 OCCUPATION ……………………………

5 TELEPHONE ……………………………

6 MOBILE …………………………...

7 Do you have Inverter?

 A. YES

B. NO

8 Which brand of Inverter you have?

Which brand of Inverter you prefer to buy?

A. MICROTEK

B. LUMINIOUS

C. SU-KAM

D. PARKER POWER

E. LOCAL

9 Which Kind of Inverter do you have?

A. SQUARE WAVE

B. SINE WAVE

10 What is the VA or KVA of your Inverter?

A. 400 VA

B. 600 VA

C. 850 VA

D. 1400 VA

E. 2.5 KVA

F. 5.5 KVA

G. ANY OTHER

11 How much time companies give services about any complain?

A. 24 HOURS

B. 48 HOURS
 C. OTHER

12 What is the warranty of your Inverter?

A. 12 MONTHS

B. 24 MONTHS

C. OTHER

13 What are the features of Inverter influence you?

A. PRICE

B. DURABILITY

C. USER FRIENDLY

REFRENCES
WEB SITES

1. WWW.MICROTEKDIRECT.COM

2. WWW.ROHINIBAZAR.COM

3. WWW.JUSTDIAL.COM

4. WWW.MOUTHSHUT.COM

NEWSPAPERS & MAGAZINES

1. TIMES OF INDIA

2. HINDUSTAN TIMES

3. HINDUSTAN ( HINDI )

4. NAV BHARAT TIMES

ALSO GET SOME DATA FROM TV ADD. HODDINGS.