Multiplication

Made
Easy

Rebecca Wingard-Nelson Illustrated by Tom LaBaff

This page intentionally left blank
Multiplication
Made Easy
Rebecca Wingard-Nelson
Enslow Elementary, an imprint of Enslow Publishers, Inc.

Enslow Elementary® is a registered trademark of Enslow Publishers, Inc.

Copyright © 2005 by Enslow Publishers, Inc.

All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced by any means without the written permission
of the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Wingard-Nelson, Rebecca.
Multiplication made easy / Rebecca Wingard-Nelson.
p. cm. — (Making math easy)
Includes index.
ISBN 0-7660-2510-1 (hardcover)
1. Multiplication—Juvenile literature. I. Title.
QA115.W77 2005
513.2'13—dc22
2004021659

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To Our Readers: We have done our best to make sure all Internet Addresses in this
book were active and appropriate when we went to press. However, the author and the
publisher have no control over and assume no liability for the material available on those
Internet sites or on other Web sites they may link to. Any comments or suggestions can
be sent by e-mail to [email protected] or to the address on the back cover.

Illustrations: Tom LaBaff

Cover illustration: Tom LaBaff

 Contents
Introduction 4
What Is Multiplication? 6
Multiplication Terms 8
Multiplication Tables 10
Multiplication and Zero 12
Multiplication and One 14
Facts and Multiples 16
Basic Fact Hints 18
Multiples of Ten 20
Commutative Property 22
Associative Property 24
Distributive Property 26
Multiplying by One Digit 28
Regrouping and Multiplication 30
Multiplying by Two Digits 32
More Two-Digit Multiplication 34
Greater Numbers 36
Multiplying with Zeros 38
Rounding to Estimate 40
Multiplication Key Words 42
Word Problems 44
Further Reading 46
Internet Addresses 47
Index 48
4
Introduction
M ath is all around, and an important part of
anyone’s life. You use math when you are
playing games, cooking food, spending money,
telling time, reading music, or doing any other
activity that uses numbers. Even finding a television
channel uses math!

Multiplication Is Everywhere
You need multiplication in everyday life. It is used
when you count things that are in groups or rows,
when you need to know the area of a room or
space, and when you need to know how much
money it will cost to buy more than one of
something.

Using This Book

This book can be used to learn or review
multiplication at your own speed. It can be used on
your own or with a friend, tutor, or parent. Get
ready to discover math . . . made easy!

5
 What Is
M ultiplication is just another way to repeatedly
add a number.
You have five containers of tennis balls, and
each container has four balls. How many
tennis balls do you have?

There are two ways to find the answer. You can

find the total by adding the number of tennis balls
in each container.
4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 20

Or you can multiply.

4 added 5 times is 20.

This can be written as

4 times 5 is 20, or 4
5  20.
6
Multiplication?
Kaylee planted three rows of corn with six
plants in each row. How many plants did
Kaylee have in all?

6 + 6 + 6 = 18
Multiplication
is
repeated addit
6 added 3 times is 18. ion.

6 times 3 is 18.
6
3  18.

7
Multiplication
Y ou can write multiplication problems in two
ways, in a line or in a column.

line column
2
36 2

3
6

The
means “multiply.” The
is sometimes read

as “times.” The = means “equals.” The line in
column multiplication also means “equals.”

When you read a multiplication problem out loud,

you say
2
3  6
“Two times three equals six,” or
“Two multiplied by three equals six.”

8
Terms
The numbers being multiplied are called factors.
factor factor
6
3  18
The answer to a multiplication problem is called
the product.
product
6
3  18

9
Multiplication
M ultiplication tables show mutiplication facts.
This table shows the multiplication facts
for the numbers 0 through 12. You can use a
multiplication table when you do not remember
a basic multiplication fact.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
6 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
7 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84
8 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96
9 0 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108
10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
11 0 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 132
12 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144

10
Tables
Let’s look at 3
4.

Find the first number, 3, in the top row.

Find the second number, 0 1 2 3 4

4, in the left column.
0 0 0 0 0 0

Move down from the 3 1 0 1 2 3 4

and across from the 4
2 0 2 4 6 8
to the box where the
row and column meet. 3 0 3 6 9 12
This box has the answer.
4 0 4 8 12 16
3
4  12
5 0 5 10 15 20

11
Multiplication
M ultiplication with zero is easy! Zero times
any number is always zero.

If you have three plates with zero

green beans on each plate, you have
zero green beans.

0+0+0=0
3
0=0

If you have zero plates

with 400 green beans on
each plate, you have zero
green beans.

0
400 = 0

12
and Zero The Zer o Pr o
0
number
number
0
perty
 0
Any time you see zero in a  0
multiplication problem, the
answer is zero. This is called the zero property.

The zero property is true with every number.

1
0=0 0
5=0
1,789
0 = 0 0
327 = 0

Gwen is writing a story. She has six pages

with zero words on each page. How many
words has she written so far?

Multiply the number of pages by the number of

words on each page.
6 pages
0 words on each page
6
0=0
Gwen has written zero words so far.

13
Multiplication
A ny time you see the number 1 in a
multiplication problem, the answer is the
same as the other number. This is called the
property of one.

One row of six stars is six stars.

1
66

Three groups of one fish are three fish.

3
13

14
and One The Pr operty
1
number

of One
number
number
1
The property of one is true  number
with every number.
1
3=3
4,208
1 = 4,208

Brent’s job is to wash the chalkboards in

the classrooms of the elementary school
every day. There are 16 classrooms, and
each has one chalkboard. How many
chalkboards does Brent wash every day?

Multiply the number of classrooms by the number of

chalkboards in each classroom.
16 classrooms
1 chalkboard in each
16
1 = 16
Brent washes 16 chalkboards every day.

15
 Facts and
B asic multiplication facts are
sometimes divided into groups
using one of the factors. For
factor—A
number that
is
multiplied with
example, all of the basic facts that another numb
er.
use the number 2 are called the
TWOs facts.

A hint to learn the TWOs facts is that two times any

number is double the number.

2
12 Double 1 is 2
2
6  12 Double 6 is 12

When a number and any other number are

multiplied, the answer is called a multiple. The
multiples of two are the numbers you get
when you mutliply any number and two.

16
Multiples
Use the TWOs facts to find five multiples of 2.

2
1  2
HINT: All of th
2
2  4 e
multiples of tw
o
2
3  6 are even num
bers.
2
4  8
2
5  10
multiples
Five multiples of 2 are 2, 4, 6,
8, and 10.

Now find five multiples of 3.

3
3  9
3
4  12
3
5  15
3
6  18
3
7  21
Five multiples of 3 are 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21.

17
 Basic Fact
H ere are some more hints to help you with
multiplication.

FOUR times any number is double-double that number.

4
3  12 Double 3 is 6, double 6 is 12
4
7  28 Double 7 is 14, double 14 is 28

FIVEs facts can be memorized by counting by fives.

5
3  15 Count by fives to the third
number. 5, 10, 15

5
8  40 Count by fives to the eighth

number. 5, 10, 15, 20,
n
25, 30, 35, 40
and an eve
HINT: When 5
ultiplied, the
number are m
s ends in 0.
answer alway r
an odd numbe
When 5 and
the answer
are multiplied,
5.
always ends in

18
Hints
The NINEs facts are fun! Hold up both of your
hands with all ten fingers raised. Suppose you need
to find the fact for 9
4. You are multiplying by 4,
so put down the fourth finger from the left.

There are 3 fingers to the left of the fourth finger;

these are the tens (30). To
the right of the fourth finger,
HINT: In the
there are 6 fingers; these answer to a
NIN Es fact, th
are the ones (6). e tens and on
digits always es
add up to nin
e.
9
4  36 9
4  36,
so 3  6  9
.
This trick always works!

19
 Multiples
M ultiplying numbers that end in zeros is
simple once you know the basic facts.

6
40 

Drop the zero. 6
40

Find the basic fact. 6
4  24
Put the zero back, and 6
40  240
add the zero to the answer.

This works no matter how many zeros are after the

basic fact.
800
2 

Drop the zeros. 800
2

Find the basic fact. 8
2  16
Put the zeros back, and 800
2  1,600
add the zeros to the answer.

20
of Ten
You can drop the zeros even when there are zeros in
both factors.
300
30
Drop the zeros. You
are dropping three
zeros. 300
30

Find the basic fact.

3
39

Put the zeros back.

Since you dropped three
zeros, add three zeros
to the answer.
300
30  9,000

21
Commutative
Y ou can use the same numbers to make
different multiplication problems. Let’s try the
numbers 5 and 6.

5
6  30
6
5  30

When the numbers being multiplied change places,

the answer stays the same. This is called the
commutative property of multiplication.

You can remember the name of the property by

knowing that when you commute, you go back and
forth, or change places.

You can have 6 groups of 5, or 5 groups of 6, and

still have 30 all together.

22
Property The Commuta
Pr operty of
Multiplication
tive

This property makes memorizing When multiply

ing
the multiplication facts easier. If any two num
bers,
the order in w
you know the fact for 4
8, you hich
you write the
also know the fact for 8
4. m
does not chan
ge
the answer.
4
8  32
8
4  32

You can change the order of the numbers to check

your answer to a multiplication problem.

9
3

You think the answer is 27. Check your answer by

changing the order of the numbers. What is 3
9?
27. Your first answer is correct.

9
3  27

23
 Associative
W hen you multiply more than two numbers,
the order in which you multiply them does
not change the answer.

3
2
4
Parentheses are used to group the numbers that get
multiplied first.

The numbers 3 and 2 are (3
2)
4

multiplied first.
Multiply inside the parentheses. (3
2)
4
Multiply the remaining numbers. (6)
4  24

Now group a different set of numbers.

The numbers 2 and 4 are 3
(2
4)
multiplied first.
Multiply inside the parentheses. 3
(2
4)
Multiply the remaining 3
(8)  24
numbers.

24
Property The Associati
Pr operty of
Multiplication
ve

The way you

(3
2)
4  3
(2
4) group,
or associate,
numbers
does not chan
ge
The product did not change when the answer.
the factors were grouped in
different ways.

25
 Distributive
W hen you are distributing papers, you are
passing them out. The distributive property
“passes out” multiplication to each of the
numbers in an addition or subtraction problem.

6
(1  8)
You can solve this problem in two ways.
1 Do the addition inside the parentheses first,
then multiply.
6
(1  8)  6
(9)  54

2 “Pass out” or distribute the multiplication, then add.

1. Multiply 6 by the first addend, 1.
2. Multiply 6 by the second addend, 8.
3. Add the two products.

6
(1  8)  (6
1)  (6
8)
 (6)  (48)
 54
No matter which way you solve it, the answer is 54.

26
Property
You can use this property to find multiplication facts
you have not memorized yet.

8
(2  5)  8
7  56
If you do not know 8
7, you can distribute first.

8
(2  5)  (8
2)  (8
5)
 (16)  (40)
 56

27
 Multiplying
Y ou can multiply any number by a one-digit
number using place value.
412
2
Separate the number 412 by place value.
hundreds

ones
tens

412
You have 4 hundreds, 1 ten, and 2 ones.
Multiply each place by 2, beginning with ones.
2
2 ones  4 ones, or 4
2
1 ten  2 tens, or 20
2
4 hundreds  8 hundreds, or 800

Now add the products. 4

20
 800
824
412
2  824
28
by One Digit
One-digit multiplication can
place value—T
be easy when you write the he value of
a digit in a nu
problem in columns. mber. In the
number 23, th
e digit 2 is
in the tens pla
ce. Its place
32
3 value is 2 ten
s.

Line up the numbers so that 32

the same place values are in
3
the same column.

Multiply the ones place. 32

2
3  6.
3
Write the answer in the ones column. 6

Multiply the tens place. 32

3
3  9.
3
Write the answer in the tens column. 96

32
3  96

29
Regrouping and
W hen the product in a place is more than nine,
you can regroup to the next larger place.

56
4
2
Write the problem in columns. 56
Multiply ones. 6
4  24.
4
Regroup 24 as 2 tens and 4 ones. 4
Write 4 in the ones place.
Carry the 2 tens to the tens column.

Multiply tens. 5
4  20. 2

Then add the regrouped 2 tens. 56
20 tens  2 tens  22 tens.
4
Cross out the regrouped 2 to show 224
you have done the addition.
There are no more places to
multiply, so write 22 tens, or
2 hundreds, 2 tens.

56
4  224

30
Multiplication
Let’s look at another one.
4 14 14
415 415 415

8
8
8
0 20 3320
Multiply ones. Multiply tens. Multiply hundreds.
8
5  40. 8
1  8. 8
4  32.
Regroup. Add. Add.
8  4  12. 32  1  33.
Regroup.

31
 Multiplying
T wo-digit multiplication problems can be solved
by multiplying by one digit at a time.

91
47

91 Multiply 91 by the ones digit of the

7 number 47, which is 7. The answer
637 is called a partial product, because
it is part of the total product.

Find another partial product by multiplying 91 by

the tens digit of the number 47.

91 Multiply the tens. Since you are

40 multiplying by 40, put a zero in the
3640 ones place. (See pages 20 and 21.)
Multiply 91 by the tens digit, 4.
Write the answer beginning in the
tens column.

32
by Two Digits
Add the partial products.
partial pr oduc
637  3,640  4,277 product you g
t—The
et
when you mu
ltiply
a factor by o
91
47 4,277 place value of
nly one
the
other factor.

33
More Two-Digit
C olumns can keep two-digit multiplication
problems organized.

56
82
1
56 Write the problem in columns

82 according to place value.
112 Multiply 56 by the ones digit, 2.
2
6  12. Regroup the 1.
2
5  10. 10  1  11.
4 The partial product is 112.
1
56 Now multiply the tens. Since you are

82 really multiplying by 80, put a zero in
112 the ones place directly below the first
4480 partial product. Now multiply.
8
6  48. Write the 8 in the tens
column. Regroup the 4.
8
5  40. 40  4  44.
The second partial product is 4480.

34
Multiplication
The partial products are now neatly lined up by place
value, ready to be added.
4
1
56 All of the numbers below the

82 first line are partial products.
112
 4480 Draw a second line below
4592 the partial products and add.

56
82  4,592

35
 Greater
N umbers that have more than two digits are also
multiplied using partial products.

211
341
211 Write the problem in columns.

341 Multiply 211 by the ones digit, 1.
211 Write the partial product.

211 Multiply 211 by the tens digit.

341 Remember, since you are really
211 multiplying by 40, put a zero in the
8440 ones place directly below the first
partial product. Write the answer
beginning in the tens column.

36
Numbers
211 Multiply 211 by the hundreds digit.

341 Since you are really multiplying by
211 300, put zeros in the ones and tens
8440 places below the second partial
63300 product. Write the answer beginning
in the hundreds column.

211 All of the numbers below the line are

341 partial products. There are three
211 digits in the second factor, so there
8440 are three partial products. Draw a
 63300 line below the partial products and
71951 add them.

211
341  71,951

37
 Multiplying
S ome numbers, such as 102 and 301, have zero
as one of the digits. How do you multiply with
these numbers?

301
5
301 Multiply ones. 5
1  5.

5
5

301 Multiply tens. 5
0  0. Write

5 a zero in the tens place.
05

301 Multiply hundreds. 5
3  15.

5
1505

301
5  1,505

38
with Zeros
412
102
412 Write the problem in columns.

102 Multiply 412 by the ones digit.
824 Write the partial product.

The digit in the tens place is a zero. You do not

need to write the partial product for tens because it
is zero.

412 Write a zero in the ones and tens

102 places. Multiply 412 by the hundreds
824 digit. Write the partial product.
41200

412 Add the partial products.

102
824
 41200
42024

412
102  42,024

39
 Rounding
Y ou can estimate the answer to a multiplication
problem by rounding the larger number.

Estimate 82
4.
The greater factor is 82. Estimate 82
4 by
rounding 82 to the nearest ten, 80.

Drop the zero. 80
4

Find the basic fact. 8
4  32
Put the zero back, and 80
4  320
add one zero to the answer.

82
4 is about 320.
Does rounding give you a good estimate? Yes. Look
at the exact answer.
The estimate, 320,
82 82 is close to the exact

4
4 answer, 328.
8 328

82
4 is exactly 328.

40
to Estimate
When a problem does not ask estimate
—An
answer
for an exact answer, you can use that is
not exac
an estimate. t; a
reasonab
le guess.

Adison is running for president of

her class. She wants to give each student
a flyer. There are 27 students in each
of 3 classrooms. About how many flyers
should Adison make?

The word about tells you that you do not need an

exact answer. Estimate the number of flyers Adison
needs for three classes.

Round 27 to the nearest ten, 30, then multiply.

Drop the zero. 30
3
Find the basic fact. 3
39
Put the zero back, and 30
3  90
add one zero to the answer.
27
3 is about 90.
Adison needs about 90 flyers.

41
Multiplication
W ords that help you know which operation to
use to solve math problems are called key
words. Some key words for multiplication problems
are listed in the table below.

Multiplication Key Words

at multiply rate
each per times
\ every product twice

Jennifer is 8. Her brother John is twice as

old. How old is John?
The word twice tells you that you
should multiply by 2 to find John’s age.
8 years
2  16 years

42
Key Words
Some problems will ask you to use the value of one
item to find the value of more than one item. For
example:
If you know the: and you need to find the:
Price of one Price of more than one
Size of one Size of more than one
Length of one Length of more than one
you can use multiplication to find the answer.

Keisha wants to buy 6 CDs. Each CD

costs $16. How much money does Keisha
need to buy 6 CDs?

The word each tells you that the price given is for
one CD. Keisha wants to buy 6. You know the price
of one; you need to find the price of more than one.
This is a multiplication problem.

$16
6  $96

Keisha needs $96 to buy 6 CDs.

43
 Word
T he world is full of math problems, but they are
usually in the form of word problems. Changing
word problems into math is a skill you use every day.

How much juice do you need to fill 24 cups?

Each cup holds 8 ounces of juice.

1 Read the problem.

What do you know? There are 24 cups that
hold 8 ounces each.
What are you trying How much juice will you
to find? need to fill 24 cups?

2 Make a plan.
You are looking for the total amount of juice in 24
cups. You know the amount in one cup and want to
know the amount in many cups. This is a
multiplication problem.

44
Problems
3 Solve the problem.
Multiply the number of cups by the amount of juice
in each.
24 cups

8 ounces each
192 ounces in 24 cups

4 Check your answer.

Does the answer make sense? Yes.
Is the multiplication correct? Yes.

45
Further Reading
Goldish, Meish. Making Multiplication Easy.
New York: Scholastic Press, 1999.

Leedy, Loreen. 2 x 2 = Boo. New York: Holiday

House, 1996.

Long, Lynette. Marvelous Multiplication.

Indianapolis: John Wiley & Sons, 2000.

Miller, Marcia, and Martin Lee. Time Tunes.

New York: Scholastic Press, 1999.

Neuschwander, Cindy. Amanda Bean’s Amazing

Dream: A Mathematical Story. New York:
Scholastic Press, 1998.

46
Internet Addresses
Banfill, J. AAA Math. “Multiplication.”
© 2000–2002.
<http://www.aaamath.com/mul.html>

The Math Forum. Ask Dr. Math. “Elementary

Multiplication.” © 1994–2004.
<http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/sets/
elem_multiplication.html>

47
Index
A multiplication facts, 10–11,
addition, 6–7 16, 18–19
associative property, 24–25 fives, 18
fours, 18
C nines, 19
commutative property,
22–23 ones, 14–15
twos, 16–17
D zeros, 12–13
distributive property, 26–27 multiplication tables, 10–11
E P
estimating, 40–41 parentheses, 24, 26
F partial product, 32–33,
factor, 9, 16 34–35, 36–37, 39
place value, 28, 35
H product, 9
hints, 18–19, 20–21 property of one, 15
K R
key words, 42–43 regrouping, 30–31
M rounding, 40–41
multiples, 16–17 T
of ten, 20–21 terms, 8–9
multiplication, 6–7
one-digit, 28–29 W
of greater numbers, word problems, 44–45
36–37 Z
two-digit, 32–35 zero, 12–13, 38–39
with zero, 12–13, 38–39 zero property, 12–13

48