Name

Hour

Unit 1: Acids and Bases

OBJECTIVES
1. I can distinguish between acids and bases when given a chemical formula.
2. I can distinguish between inorganic acids and oxy-acids when given a formula.
3. I can define the terms acid and base and describe each substances characteristics.
4. I can describe the way to use different acid/base indicators in lab.
5. I can explain the purpose of different indicator solutions/papers.
6. I can identify a substance as an acid or a base and determine its relative strength given a pH value.
7. I can explain how hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations are related.
8. I can explain how to calculate pH and hydroxide ion concentration when given hydronium ion
concentration and vice versa.
9. I can predict the products of an acid-base neutralization reaction and identify each reactant or
product as an acid, base, water, or salt.
10. I can explain how acid rain is produced and why limestone rock can reduce the effect of acid rain
on an ecosystem.
11. I can name and follow all lab safety rules as outlined in my lab safety contract.

VOCABULARY (I can define/describe the following terms in my own words)

Acid
Acid rain
Base
Conductivity
Electrolytes

Hydronium ion
Hydroxide ion
Indicators
Litmus paper
Neutralization

pH
pH paper
Phenolphthalein
Salt
Solution
Universal Indicator solution

Page 1

Chemistry Laboratory Safety Agreement

I will wear my goggles when I am instructed to do so. At no point in time during the lab will my goggles
leave my eyes.
I will wash my hands after any lab in which I touch chemicals or biological materials.
I will behave properly in the laboratory. I will not touch other students or engage in horseplay of any
kind. I will stay focused on the task at hand for the duration of the laboratory activity.
I will be respectful of all lab equipment. I will use equipment only as I am instructed to. I will clean all
lab equipment and leave my lab station in better condition than I found it.
I will bring ONLY my lab sheet and a writing utensil into the laboratory area. I will leave all other
personal materials in the classroom area.
I will not eat or drink in the laboratory area. I especially will not eat or drink any of my lab materials.
In the event that a chemical should enter my eye (which it wont because I will be wearing my safety
goggles at all times when working with potentially harmful chemicals) I will use the eyewash located at
the end of the instructor lab table in the front of the classroom.
In the event that chemicals have spilled or glassware is broken I will immediately call for my instructor.
I will not try to clean up the mess myself. My instructor will assess the situation and determine if it is
safe for a student to clean up or not.
I WILL FOLLOW ALL LABORATORY PROCEDURES EXACTLY AS THEY ARE STATED ON MY LAB SHEET
AND/OR BY MY INSTRUCTOR
I am fully aware that breaking any of these lab safety rules will result in immediate dismissal from
the laboratory, a zero grade for the lab activity, and possibly a trip to the principles office.

I
agree to follow all chemistry laboratory safety rules stated above.
I am aware of the consequences should I break this contract.

Signed

Dated

Page 2

How can Comet PRIDE help you succeed in

Conceptual Chemistry?
Be Positive

Be

Come to class with a positive attitude. Whether chemistry is your most favorite or least favorite
course, there are interesting things to learn from any experience.

Responsible

Attend class daily and arrive on time.

Get a 3-ring binder or folder that is just for chemistry to organize your course materials. Place some
sort of zippered pouch in your binder to keep all of your flashcards in for the trimester (this can be a
Ziploc baggie).
Bring a writing utensil and your binder/folder to class every day.
COMPLETE ALL HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS!

Have ntegrity

Be

Determined

Be

High school is preparation for the professional world. Make sure your dress, speech, and attitude are
preparing you to successfully navigate your future!

ASK FOR HELP! Chemistry has challenging content. Rise to the challenge by getting any extra help you
may need. Ask your teacher to work with you before or after school or utilize the Science Intervention
Center (help room) in room 411 after school or during lunch.
Complete your homework each night and spend time practicing the chemistry content. Find a study
buddy (parent, sibling, classmate) to ask you questions about your notes.
Take advantage of the TEST RETAKE POLICY. Every test of the trimester can be retaken and the retake
score replaces the original score. What an opportunity!

Engaged

Keep all electronic devices out of sight and out of reach during class. You wont be fully focused on
science if you can feel your cell phone buzzing in your pocket!
Sign up for remind101 to get daily texts about homework, upcoming tests, and retake deadlines. To
sign up, text the message @chemcon to (248) 236-1135.
Participate in class!

Page 3

Page 4

Date ____________________________ Hour ______ Name ________________________________________________

The Magic Pitcher Demonstration

DIRECTIONS: Observe the demonstration and respond to the following prompts
1. Record as many questions as you can think of in 60 seconds.

2. A testable question: ______________________________________________________________________________

3. Record at least 3 possible answers to the testable question in #2.

4. A testable hypothesis: ____________________________________________________________________________

5. If the hypothesis in #4 is supported by evidence, what data might we observe?

6. If the hypothesis in #4 is refuted by evidence, what data might we observe?

7. What other questions does this lead you to ask? (List any questions from #1 that still apply as well.)

Page 5

Page 6

Front-Load the Words

Word:

Acid

(Definition) (Key Characteristics)

(Examples) (Pictures)

Word:

Base

(Definition) (Key Characteristics)

(Examples) (Pictures)

Page 7

Acids and Bases Introductory Reading

Why does lemonade taste sour? Why does soap feel slippery? What makes cakes rise? These
things happen because two kinds of chemicals, called acids and bases, are at work.
1

Acids and bases are important to everyones health. Acids are sour chemicals and some are
found in everyones kitchen. The word acid means sour; almost everything sour has acid in it.
Vinegar and lemon juice contain acids, and so do grapefruit, green apples, and sour milk.
Raspberries, grapes, and many other foods contain acids. Hydrochloric acid, dissolved in a
large amount of water is found in everyones stomach. It helps us digest our food. Acids flavor
foods. They also help turn milk into cheese and cucumbers into pickles. Many vitamins are
acids that help our bodies grow. Vitamin C is ascorbic acid. It helps our bodies fight infection
and repair wounds. Without enough Vitamin C, people can get a disease called scurvy.
Bases are bitter chemicals often found in kitchens and laundries. Most bases should not be
tasted because few of them are foods. Many are bitter poisons. Bases have a soapy, slippery
feel on the skin. Egg whites and ammonia are bases, and so are milk of magnesia and many
drugs and medicines. Drain openers and oven cleaners are very strong bases. They can
damage our skin if we touch them. Hominy is a vegetable we can eat that is made from corn
soaked in a strong base. Our blood is a weak base. When bases are cooked with fats or oils,
they turn into soap.
Have you ever tried mixing baking soda and vinegar together? It really bubbles up and usually
overflows from the container. This same reaction is what causes cakes to rise. If baking soda
is used in the cake recipe, an acid such as buttermilk is also needed. The acid in the buttermilk
reacts chemically with the baking soda and causes carbon dioxide bubbles to form, which then
causes the cake to rise.
We measure the strength of acids and bases with the pH scale. Water is neither an acid nor a
base; it is a neutral substance. It measures 7 on the pH scale. Acids have lower numbers than
7; the lower the number, the more acidic the substance is. Milk is a 6 on the pH scale, soda
pop is a 4, vinegar is a 3, lemon juice a 2, and stomach acid is a 1. Bases have higher numbers
than 7; the higher the number, the more basic the substance is. Egg whites are 8 on the pH
scale, ammonia is a 10, drain opener is a 12, and oven cleaner is a 13. To test the pH of a
substance, we use a pH test strip. This is a chemically treated strip of paper that will change
color to show whether the substance being tested is an acid or a base. You may have seen
someone testing swimming pool water with them. The strip will change color according to the
pH of the substance you are testing. You simply compare the strip to a color chart to find out
the pH of the substance you tested. It is fun to test common household substances to see if
they are acids or bases. You might test things like vinegar, orange juice, coffee, and dish soap.
Chemistry is fun!
Page 8

Acid Base Reading ReQuest

After reading each paragraph, write an I wonder question sparked from information in the passage. Then think about what the teacher will ask
you to remember from the passage and write a fill-in-the-blank quiz question using information from the passage.

1st Paragraph

I wonder.

Quiz question

2nd Paragraph

I wonder.

Quiz question

3rd Paragraph

I wonder.

Quiz question

4th Paragraph

I wonder.

Quiz question

Page 9

Acid Base Notes: Video Notes

Acids & Bases Watch the movie from the beginning until 3:13.
Write down all the properties of acids and bases that you see in the movie.
Acids

Bases

The pH Scale Watch from 12:35 until The pH in the Chemistry of Nature
Acids on the pH scale are from ____________________________
Water on the pH scale is ____________________________
Bases on the pH scale are from ____________________________

The pH in the Chemistry of Nature Watch from 15:18 until the quiz.
Roses prefer a pH scale of ________ to ________. Is this an acidic or basic soil? _________________
Most rainwater is between ________ and ________. Acid rain is below ________.
What causes acid rain? ______________________________________________________________________
What does acid rain harm? ___________________________________________________________________
Human blood must have a pH range between ________ and ________. If it is outside this range, it could
cause _______________.
Quiz Answer the following questions:
1.
2.
9.
10.
Page 10

Acid Base Notes: Identifying Acids and Bases

What is an ACID?

What are the properties of an ACID?

o How do you recognize an ACID by its FORMULA?

Inorganic acids:

Ex.

Oxy-acids:

Ex.

What is a BASE?

What are the properties of a BASE?

o How do you recognize a BASE by its FORMULA?

Ex.

What are indicators?

o Litmus paper:
_____________ = base,

___________ = acid

__________ stays __________ AND __________ stays __________ = neutral

o Phenolphthalein:
__________ = Acid or Neutral

__________ = Base

o Universal Indicator:
o pH paper:
AdditionallyCOMPLETE QUESTIONS #1 4 on Page 18 - Acid Base Comprehension Assessment

Page 11

Indicator Flowers Demonstration

Purpose: Investigate the color changes of phenolphthalein and universal indicator by identifying unknown substances as
acids or bases based on color change.
For each indicator bar, use colored pencils or markers to show the appropriate indicator response for each pH.
pH
Litmus
Universal Indicator
Phenolphthalein
0-2
Red
Red
colorless
3-4
Red
Orange
colorless
5-6
Red
Yellow
colorless
7
Red and Blue
Yellow-green
colorless
8
Blue
Yellow-green
colorless
9
Blue
Aqua blue
Pale pink
10-11
Blue
Violet-blue
fuchsia
12
Blue
Violet-blue
fuchsia
13-14
Blue
Purple
fuchsia
Litmus

0-2

3-4

5-6

10-11

12

13-14

10-11

12

13-14

10-11

12

13-14

Universal Indicator

0-2

3-4

5-6

Phenolphthalein

0-2

3-4

5-6

Data Table
Unknown Number

Color with
Phenolphthalein

Color with
Universal Indicator

pH Range

Acid or Base

Page 12

Determining Properties of Acids and Bases Lab

Adapted from the Flinn Chemtopic Labs Volume 13

What are acids and bases? What properties can be used to distinguish acids and bases? Lets explore the properties of
acids and bases and identify the characteristic features that will allow us to classify substances as acids and bases.
The word acid is derived from the Latin verb acere which means to be sour. The origin of the word acid reveals a
characteristic physical property of acids-they taste sour. Lemons, oranges and grapefruits are called citrus fruits because
they contain citric acid an acidic compound that gives them their sour taste. Although taste is an interesting property of
the foods we eat, it is NOT a property that we will use in the chemical laboratory to classify compounds as acids or bases.
The following properties are typically used to classify compounds as acids or bases.
Conductivity. Some acids and bases break into ions when dissolved in water. Solutions that contain large
numbers of dissolved ions conduct an electric current and are called electrolytes. Other weaker acids and bases
may ionize only partially when dissolved in water and may conduct electricity only weakly-they are called weak
electrolytes.
Substances that do not produce dissolved ions will not conduct electricity and are called nonelectrolytes. A way
to test for conductivity is to see if a light bulb will light when put into the solution; bright light = strong
electrolyte, dim light = weak electrolyte, no light = nonelectrolyte.
Effect on Indicators: Indicators are organic dyes that change color in acidic or basic solutions. One of the oldest
known acid-base indicators is litmus, a natural dye obtained from lichens. Its use was described as early as the
sixteenth century. Litmus paper, prepared by soaking paper in a solution of the dye, is often used as a general test
for acids and bases. Phenolphthalein is another indicator that shows a color change as solutions change from
acidic to basic.
Although these indicators are useful for broadly classifying substances as acids or bases, they are not able to
distinguish among different levels of acidity or basicity. By using combinations of different indicators, however,
it is possible to obtain a spectrum of color changes over a wide range of acidity levels. Universal indicator and
pH paper are two products that use combinations of indicators to rank substances from most acidic to least acidic,
or most basic to least basic.
The pH scale. The pH scale is a numerical scale that is used to describe the relative acidity or basicity of a
solution.
Reaction with Metals. Acids react with certain metals. Reactive metals, such as magnesium and zinc, react with
acids to produce hydrogen gas (which means that it will bubble!) and solutions of metal ions.
The reaction of different acids is a well-known test used to rank metals from most active to least active. Reaction
of a single active metal with a variety of different solutions is one of the best methods to identify acids and to
compare their relative acidity.

Pre Lab Questions:

A conductivity meter will produce a bright light if the solution contains ______________ electrolytes.
A conductivity meter will produce a dim light if the solution contains ______________ electrolytes.
A conductivity meter will produce no light if the solution contains ______________ electrolytes.
Indicators _____________________ _______________________ when put into acids or bases.
I know a substance reacts with metals because it will produce ______________________.

Page 13

Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to explore the properties of solutions and to classify them as acidic, basic or
neutral. The results will be used to develop definitions of acids and bases and to analyze the pH scale for identifying acids
and bases.

Materials:
Acetic acid
Ammonia
Hydrochloric acid
Magnesium pieces
Phenolphthalein

Universal indicator
Wash bottle with distilled water
Conductivity tester
Forceps
Litmus paper

Lemon juice
Distilled water
Stirring rod
Pipets
Sodium hydroxide

Dish soap
Windex
Piece of paper
Reaction plate
pH paper

Safety: All of the acids and bases used in this lab are corrosive to eyes, skin and other body tissues. They are toxic by ingestion.
Avoid contact of all chemicals with eyes and skin. Notify your teacher and clean up all spills immediately with large amounts of
water. Magnesium metal is a flammable solid and burns with an intense flame. Keep away from flames. Phenolphthalein is an
alcohol-bases solution and is flammable. It is moderately toxic by ingestion. Keep away from flames and other ignition sources.
Wear chemical splash goggles at all times in lab. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the laboratory.

Procedure:
Part I
1. Obtain a reaction plate. Notice that each well is labeled with a number that corresponds to the solution numbering.
2. Fill eight wells with the eight different solutions. The wells should be about 2/3 full.
3. Test each well using both red and blue litmus paper using the method that you were shown in class. Record the
color of the paper in Data Table A.
4. Touch a piece of magnesium metal to each solution and move it around in the solution. Record if the reaction
produces bubbles or not. Wipe the metal off between each solution.
5. Using the same solutions, add 1 drop of phenolphthalein solution to each well. Record the color of each solution
in Data Table A.
6. Rinse the plate in the sink and clean with water.
Part II
7. Fill eight wells with the eight different solutions. The wells should be about 2/3 full.
8. Test each solution using a pH test strip and a glass stirring rod. Use the color chart on the pH paper container to
assign a numerical pH value to each solution. Record the pH value for each solution in Data Table A.
9. Using the same solutions, add 1 drop of universal indicator to each well. Record the color of each solution in
Data Table A.
10. Clean the plate and return all materials used. Wait for your teacher to continue.

Data Table A
Solutions
1
Test Property

Hydrochloric Acid

2
Acetic
Acid

3
Distilled
Water

4
Ammonia

5
Sodium
Hydroxide

6
Windex

7
Lemon
Juice

8
Dish
soap

Conductivity
Demo
Reaction w/ Mg
Red Litmus
Paper
Blue Litmus
Paper
Phenolphthalein
pH paper
Universal
indicator
Page 14

Chemistry
Date _________________ Hour _____ Name ________________________________________
Determining Properties of Acids and Bases Lab Handout
Characteristics of Acids and Bases
DIRECTIONS: In the Venn Diagram below, list the SUBSTANCES you determined to be acids, bases, or neutral.

Acids

Neutral

Bases

DIRECTIONS: Complete the following table to summarize the PROPERTIES of acids and bases. Use words the words
found in the following word bank (Note: words may be used more than once).

Red

Clear

Yes

less than 7

Fuschia

No

greater than 7

Blue

Property

Acids

Bases

Conductivity
Litmus
Phenolphthalein
Reaction with Metals
pH

Page 15

Acid Base Notes: The pH Scale

STOP!! Comprehension Check Point:

pH

Acid, Base, or Neutral

If Acid or Base,
Strong or Weak?

Red Litmus

Blue Litmus

Phenolphthalein

12
3
7

AdditionallyCOMPLETE QUESTIONS #5 6 on Page 18 - Acid Base Comprehension Assessment

Pre-Requisite Info:
A. What is a solution?

B. When comparing exponents, which is larger? Circle the correct answer, write the number out if
you need help visualizing it.
a. 1010 or 101
b. 101 or 10-1
c. 10-1 or 10-10

Since acids donate ______, in solution, ______________ will accept the hydrogen ions and H2O + H+
becomes ___________. This is known as the HYDRONIUM ION.
o The more hydronium ion present in solution, the more _________ the solution is.

Since bases _________________ H+ ions, in solution, bases take H+ away from water, leaving it with
only 1 _____ and 1 ______. H2O H+ = ________ - this is called the HYDROXIDE ION. Youll notice that
the ______________ of bases formulas also contain the ________________________ ion.

o The more hydroxide ion present in solution, the more _____________ the solution is.
When concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions are equal, the solution is considered
_________________.
Page 16

The concentrations are always expressed as 10-n mole/L because were referring to atoms and atoms
are very _________________.
o The maximum concentration of an ion in solution would be 1 x 10-0 mol/L, because this would
mean there was _______% of that ion present, and nothing else (so it really wouldnt be a
______________________ then)
o The lowest concentration of an ion in solution (for our purposes) is 1 x 10-14 mol/L. This would
be very very ___________________ of the ion is there.

All this to say, the concentration of hydronium and hydroxide ion are related, when there is _________
of one, there is ___________ of the other. The exponents of each concentration will always add up to
_________.
o Therefore, when you know the hydronium ion concentration, you can calculate the hydroxide
ion concentration.
o Ex.

The ____________________ on the _____ scale is related to the concentration (or amount of)
hydronium ions in solution.
o The numeric component of the ____________________ in the HYDRONIUM ION concentration
IS the number for the pH of the substance.
o This is why ______________ have LOW pH numbers and ___________ have HIGH pH numbers.

STOP!! Comprehension Check Point:

pH

[H3O+]

[OH-]

Acid, Base, or
Neutral?

7
1 x 10-14
1 x 10-9
AdditionallyCOMPLETE QUESTIONS #7 10 on Page 18 - Acid Base Comprehension Assessment

Page 17

Acid Base Notes: Neutralization Reactions

When an acid and a base are added together, they will ____________ each other out. This is known as
_____________________________.

The products of a neutralization reaction are ALWAYS a ____________ and ________________.

o Word Equation:

o Example:

NaOH + HCl ___________________ + _____________________

o What is a salt?

o When a strong acid is added to a weak base, the weak base cannot cancel out all of the strong
acid, therefore some ___________ will remain in solution.
o The reverse is also true, when a weak acid is added to a strong base_____________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
STOP!! Comprehension Checkpoint:
Example Problem:

Ca(OH)2
______________

H2SO4
______________

____________________ + ____________________
______________

______________

AdditionallyCOMPLETE QUESTION #11 on Page 18 - Acid Base Comprehension Assessment

Page 18

Acid Base Notes Comprehension Assessment

1. Explain how you can tell the difference between an acid and a base by looking at a chemical formula.

2. How do inorganic acid chemical formulas differ from oxy-acid formulas?

3. What are litmus paper and phenolphthalein able to determine in the lab?

4. What can pH paper or universal indicator solution determine about an acid or a base that litmus paper or
phenolphthalein cannot?

5. Where are acids located on the pH scale? Bases?

6. What does pH tell you about the strength of an acid or base?

7. What is the formula for the hydroxide ion? Hydronium ion?

8. If you know the hydronium ion concentration, what else can you determine?

9. How are hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations related?

10. If the hydronium ion concentration is 1 x 10-3, what is the pH? What is the hydroxide ion concentration?

11. List the two products of an acid-base neutralization reaction.

Page 19

Acid Rain Lab

In this experiment you will observe the effects of limestone on the acidity of water. Some areas of the nation have a lot
of limestone in lake bottoms and in soil. The reaction that occurs between acid rain and limestone is: CaCO3 + H2SO4
CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O. Limestone is primarily CaCO3, which acts as a base. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is the main component of
acid rain.
Materials:
Universal indicator
acid rain solution

two cups
limestone

Procedure:
1. Label one cup acid rain; the other cup acid rain plus limestone. Put your initials on both cups.
2. Line the bottom of the cup labeled acid rain plus limestone with a thin layer of limestone.
3. In the cup labeled acid rain, fill the cup with acid rain mixture. This mixture simulates acid rain.
4. Pour of the acid rain cup into the cup with the limestone.
5. Check pH of each cup and record below.
Questions:
1. pH of acid rain cup __________________

pH of acid rain + limestone cup______________

2. Why do you think the pH of the acid rain with limestone was different than the pH of just acid rain?

3. What kind of reaction occurred in the cup and what products (in general) remain in the cup?

4. How do you think having limestone in lakes and in soil might help with an acid rain problem?

5. Granite is also a common mineral in lake bottoms. Granite + H2SO4 No reaction.

a) What effect would granite have on acid rain?

b) If a lake had a granite bottom and was experiencing an acid rain problem, what might be a solution for
the problem?

c) Would this solution last for an indefinite amount of time? Explain.

Page 20

Acid Rain WebQuest

To START: Go to http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/index.html
1. To find out what is acid rain, start by answering the question: what are the precursors (chemical causes of) or
chemical forerunners of acid rain? _______________________________________________________________
2. How does acid rain occur and what chemicals are produced? __________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. How is acid rain measured? ____________________________________________________________________
4. What is the normal pH of rain water? ________ What is the weak acid that is in normal rain water? ___________

5. What is the pH of most acid rain falling in the US? ___________________________________________________

After question 5, follow these instructions: Note clickable links are UNDERLINED
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Follow the link for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program.

Click on the box that says National Trends Network
Select the blue Maps and Data Tab (it will be the 3rd tab along the top)
Click on the Annual Maps link (1st choice under green Maps and Data along left side)
Under Available Maps in middle of screen, select NTN Maps
Under Annual Maps, click on the li nk for maps organized by year
Choose the year 2006
Next to Lab pH click on the link called PDF

Answer the following questions:

6. What region of the US has the lowest pH value of acid rain? ________________________________________
7. What would be a good explanation for that region having the most acid rain? ___________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
8. What was the pH value of the rain in our town? _______________________
Hit the back button on your browser window, scroll down and click on 1994, again choose the PDF link next to Lab
pH
9. Select at least three states to record and comment on the acid rain values. ______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 21

10. How could you account for the change from 1994 to 2006?___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Close the map of 1994 and open the Lab pH PDF file for 2010. Compare the maps for 2006 and 2010.
11. Does what you see seem congruent with the trend from 1994 to 2006? _________________________________
Now, navigate back to the EPA website by using the back button or by retyping in the web address on the previous
page.
12. What are the effects of acid rain? List at least five. __________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
13. How does acid rain affect lakes and streams and aquatic animals? Read this whole page and then write at least
five sentences in your own words! _______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
14. How does acid rain affect your car? ______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
15. How does acid rain affect your health?____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
16. How can we reduce acid rain? ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
17. How can you as an individual take steps to reduce the causes of acid rain? _______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
When you have completed the webquest, show your instructor and get his/her signature here: ____________________

Page 22

Neutralization Lab
Background: Your stomach is an amazing organ! The stomach begins the digestive process by secreting a very
strong/concentrated Hydrochloric Acid with a pH of about 2. The inside of your stomach is normally protected from the strong HCl
by a coating of mucous, but sometimes your stomach produces too much acid (like when you eat too much spicy food, or you are
very stressed) that can eat through the mucous coating and actually start to digest your stomach lining. This hurts and burns causing
heartburn, stomach aches, and in the worst causes a sore or ulcer to form. A quick relief for excess stomach acid is to take an
antacid. Antacids are really just bases (pH>7) that will react with and neutralize the acid (pH<7) in your stomach to produce salt and
water (pH=7). With the acid gone (or greatly reduced) the burning pain goes away and your stomach makes a new protective
mucous lining!

Part I The Upset Stomach

1. You MUST keep your safety goggles on to protect you from the acids and bases used in this lab. If any acid or base
gets on your skin RINSE IT OFF IMMEDIATELY!
2. Pick up a 50 mL beaker. This will represent your stomach! Use a graduated cylinder to carefully measure 5 mL of
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and pour it into the beaker. Imagine this is your stomach after you have just eaten a large,
spicy meal and your stomach is full of burning acid!
3. Choose an antacid you would like to test and record its name in Table 2.
4. Grind your antacid into a powder using a Mortar and Pestle (this will help the antacids tablet to dissolve in your
stomach acid). Use a plastic spoon to scrape out the powdered antacid tablet, clean and dry the mortar and pestle
before moving on.
5. Place your scrapings of the chosen antacid on a piece of weighing paper and take its mass using the electronic
balance (dont forget to zero the balance before placing your tablet on the scrap paper). Record the mass of the
piece of tablet in Table 2.
6. Pour all of the powdered tablet into your upset stomach beaker of acid. Gently swirl to help dissolve the antacid.
This process may take a minute or two of stirring, try to get as much dissolved as possible. Some antacids will
release a gas as they dissolve, wait till the bubbling has settled before beginning to stir.
7. You cant really see what happened in your upset stomach as you added the antacid but a Neutralization Reaction
quickly took place. Antacids are really just bases like Mg(OH)2. When the antacids base enters your stomach it
reacts with the stomachs acid (HCl) to produce harmless salt and water. There is now less acid in your stomach!
GOOD ANTACIDS CONTAIN MORE BASE AND WILL NEUTRALIZE MORE OF YOUR STOMACHS ACID!
8. How did your antacid do? Remember you started with 5 mL of HCl in your stomach. How much of this acid was
neutralized by the antacid and how much remains in your stomach? Part II will help you answer these questions!
Part II Titrating with a Pipet
1. Add THREE drops of Phenolphthalein Indicator Solution to your stomach beaker and observe. Are your stomachs
liquids still acidic (pH<7) or did the antacid neutralize all the acid and turn your stomachs liquids slightly basic
(pH>7)?
2. The clear color in your stomach beaker tells you the stomach liquid still has acid in it and the pH is less than 7. The
antacid did NOT neutralize the entire 5 mL of HCl stomach acid. You still cant tell if your antacid worked great or
not (like the drawings below).

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3. To find out exactly how well your antacid worked you are going to use a pipette to add Na(OH) base to your
stomach beaker. A pipette is a small, plastic dropper that will allow you to add drops of Na(OH) one at a time. An
average of 20 drops from a pipette is equal to 1 mL. The laboratory method you are going to use is called Titration.
A titration is when you find the unknown concentration of one liquid (the amount of HCl left in the stomach) by
adding another liquid (Na(OH) base) to it until a color change occurs.
4. Obtain a pipette and fill with Na(OH) base. Practice dropping Na(OH) from the pipette into the beaker so you get
the feel of how hard to press to get one full drop to come out at a time. Practice until you have control and are no
longer getting streams of liquid to come out instead of drops.
5. Add drops ONE AT A TIME from your pipette to your stomach beaker, then gently swirl the beaker mixing with the
glass stirring rod. The one drop of Na(OH) you just added will neutralize 2 drops of the HCl remaining in your
stomach beaker because the base you are using is twice as concentrated as the acid in your stomach. Your goal
is to neutralize ALL the remaining acid so you will know how much was there. Remember, the phenolphthalein you
added to the stomach beaker will turn pink the second all the acid is neutralized and the pH is greater than 7.
Continue to slowly add drops of Na(OH) to the stomach beaker and KEEP A CAREFUL COUNT OF YOUR DROPS!!!
When it turns pink and stays a light pink color for at least 15 seconds then all the acid is neutralized! If you add
one drop after this point the liquid should turn bright pink and stay that way. If you get to this point, do not count
the last drop you used to turn your beaker bright fuchsia.
6. Calculate the volume in milliliters of base you used (which will be the same as the volume of acid neutralized) by
dividing the number of drops you added by 20. Example: 101 drops / 20 = 5.05 mL. Record your answer in Table 2.
7. Pour the neutralized stomach acid down the sink and rinse out the stomach beaker.
Part III More Antacids!
1. Repeat the titration process using a SECOND antacid of your choice. Do Part I and Part II again completely for the
new antacid. Record all your data in Table 2.
2. Repeat the titration process using a THIRD antacid of your choice. Do Part I and Part II again completely for the new
antacid. Record all your data in Table 2.
3. Look at the data you recorded in Table 2. You should now have a rough idea about which of the antacids you tested
neutralized the most stomach acid. After completing Part V you will know for sure which of the antacids is the best!
4. When you have completed all your tests you should clean up and return all your equipment.
Part IV Calculating How Well Your Antacids Worked
1. Look at the pictures below to understand how titrating with Na(OH) helped you determine the amount of
stomach acid each antacid neutralized.

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2. You began each experiment with 5 mL of HCl in your stomach. How many mL of this acid did each antacid
tablet neutralize? Calculate by using this formula:
mL of stomach acid
neutralized by the
antacid

5 mL of acid to begin
with

total Na(OH) volume used during

titration to neutralize remaining acid

Record this calculation for each antacid in Table 2.

3. It really isnt fair to compare one antacid tablet to another because some tablet brands may work better simply
because they are much larger than others. To make fair comparisons you should calculate how much strong
acid can be neutralized by ONE GRAM of each antacid. Calculate by using this formula:
mL of stomach
acid neutralized
by 1 gram of
antacid

mL of stomach acid neutralized by the piece of tablet

mass (grams) of the powdered antacid table

4. Do you pay for what you get? Do expensive antacid tablets neutralize more acid than cheaper brands? To
answer these questions you must calculate how much strong acid can be neutralized by a single pennys worth
of each antacid. Calculate by using this formula:
mL of stomach
acid neutralized
by 1 pennys
worth of antacid

mL of stomach acid
neutralized by one gram of
antacid

mass of a whole tablet

cost of one antacid tablet

AlkaSeltzer

Tums

Rolaids

Mass of tablet

3.6 g

1.4 g

1.2 g

Cost/tablet

9.53 cents

1.96 cents

1.96 cents

Record your calculations in Table 2 on the Handout Sheet.

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Chemistry
Neutralization LAB

Date _______________ Hour _____ Name ___________________________________

Table 2 How much stomach acid will my antacid neutralize?

Antacid 1

Antacid 2

Antacid 3

brand of Antacid
tested
mass of the powdered
Antacid tablet piece
(grams)
number of drops of
Na(OH) used
volume of Na(OH) used
to neutralize remaining
stomach acid (milliliters)

milliliters stomach acid

neutralized by antacid
tablet piece
milliliters of stomach
acid neutralized by
ONE GRAM of antacid
milliliters of stomach acid
neutralized by ONE
PENNYS worth of antacid

divide number
of drops by 20
use equation #2
in Part IV of lab
use equation #3
in Part IV of lab
use equation #4
in Part IV of lab

QUESTIONS
1. Which antacid that you tested neutralized the greatest amount of acid per tablet piece? 1.________________

2. You have 75 mL of HCl in your stomach. How many grams of your best antacid would
you have to take before the entire 75 mL of acid was neutralized?

2.________________

3. Which antacid that you tested neutralized the greatest amount of acid per gram?

3.________________

4. Which antacid that you tested neutralized the greatest amount of acid per penny?

4.________________

5. Based on the class data, and taking all calculations into consideration, which
ONE antacid would you recommend that your family and friends purchase?

5.________________

6. Based on the class data, and taking all calculations into considerations, which
ONE antacid would you least recommend for your family and friends to purchase?

6.________________

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7. You are experiencing an upset stomach and take an antacid that contains Mg(OH)2 to neutralize your excess
stomach acid. A neutralization reaction occurs and your stomach feels much better! What chemical compounds
are now present in your stomach? Please write the correct chemical formulas for the compounds now found in
your stomach).

Mg(OH)2 + HCl

___________________ + ____________________

8. Write a pH number that would best fit the following situations as they occurred during the training lab.
a. The stomach acid before adding anything to it. _________
b. The stomach acid after adding the antacid tablet. _________
c. The Na(OH) you used in your pipette. _________
d. The stomach acid after adding an antacid tablet, phenolphthalein, and titrating with Na(OH) until the
solution turned a pink color. _________
e. The antacid tablet if you were to dissolve it in distilled water. _________

9. List three potential sources of error in this experiment.

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Page 28

A quick, simple test to determine if

a substance is an acid or a base by
observing a color change from red
to blue or blue to red

Solutions that have a large number

of dissolved ions allowing them to
conduct an electrical current

Substances that accept (take)

hydrogen ions

Substances that change color

when exposed to an acid or a base

Neither acidic nor basic, a neutral

substance

A paper that, when dipped in an

acid or base, will tell the strength
of the acid or base by changing
color which must be compared to
a key

The ability to transmit an electrical

current through a substance

A number that indicates the

concentration of hydronium ions in
a solution

Substances that donate hydrogen

ions

Found in basic solutions, OH-

A mixture of substances dissolved

in water

Rain water with a pH below 5.6

An indicator solution that will tell

the strength of an acid or base by
comparing the color the solution
turns to a color chart

When an acid is mixed with a base

and cancel each other out

Found in acidic solutions when

water combines with a hydrogen
ion to form H3O+

A quick, simple test to determine if

a substance is an acid or a base by
observing adding this indicator to a
solution an observing if the
solution stays clear or turns
fuchsia

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