Cylindrical Wave Guide
Cylindrical Wave Guide
4 Circular Waveguide
y
H T = H + H
(2.66)
Using this in Maxwells equations (where the curl is applied in cylindrical coordinates) leads to
H =
H =
Hz
Ez
(2.67)
j
Ez
Hz
(2.68)
kc2
j
kc2
E =
E =
Hz
Ez
(2.69)
j Ez
Hz
(2.70)
kc2
j
kc2
where kc2 = k 2 2 as before. Please note that here (as well as in rectangular waveguide derivation), we
have assumed ejz propagation. For e+jz propagation, we replace with .
2.4.1
TE Modes
We dont need to prove that the wave travels as ejz again since the differentiation in z for the Laplacian
is the same in cylindrical coordinates as it is in rectangular coordinates ( 2 /z 2 ). However, the and
derivatives of the Laplacian are different than the x and y derivatives. The wave equation for Hz is
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1
1 2
2
+
+
+
2 2 2 z 2
17
(2 + k 2 )Hz = 0
2
+ k Hz (, , z) = 0
(2.71)
(2.72)
Using the separation of variables approach, we let Hz (, , z) = R()P ()ejz , and obtain
1
1 0
00
jz
00
2
2
=0
R P + R P + 2 RP + (k ) RP e
| {z }
(2.73)
kc2
(2.74)
Because the terms in this equation sum to a constant, yet each depends only on a single coordinate, each
term must be constant:
P 00
= k2
P
P 00 + k2 P = 0
(2.75)
so that
P () = A0 sin(k ) + B0 cos(k )
(2.76)
R00
R0
+ + (2 kc2 k2 ) = 0
R
R
(2.77)
or
2 R00 + R0 + (2 kc2 k2 )R = 0
(2.78)
(2.79)
where J (x) is the Bessel function of the first kind of order and N (x) is the Bessel function of the second
kind of order .
1. First, lets examine k .
(2.80)
18
(2.81)
(2.82)
3. The relative values of A and B have to do with the absolute coordinate frame we use to define the
waveguide. For example, let A = F cos(0 ) and B = F sin(0 ) (you can find a value of F and
0 to make this work). Then
A sin() + B cos() = F sin [( 0 )]
(2.83)
The value of 0 that makes this work can be thought of as the coordinate reference for measuring .
So, we really are left with finding F , which is simply the mode amplitude and is therefore determined
by the excitation.
4. We still need to determine kc . The boundary condition that we can apply is E (a, , z) = 0, where
= a represents the waveguide boundary. Since
E (, , z) =
=
j Hz
kc2
(2.84)
j
[A sin() + B cos()] kc J0 (kc )ejz
kc2
(2.85)
where
d
J (x),
dx
J0 (x) =
(2.86)
kc =
p0n
a
(2.87)
where p0n is the nth zero of J0 (x). Below is a table of a few of the zeros of J0 (x):
J0 (kc a) = 0
=0
=1
=2
n=1
0.0000
1.8412
3.0542
n=2
3.8317
5.3314
6.7061
n=3
7.0156
8.5363
9.9695
=k
p0n
a
2
(2.88)
Note that there is no term here. However, the variation of the fields in the waveguide does
influence . (How?)
6. Cutoff frequency ( = 0): Since k = kc = 2fc,n /c at the mode cutoff frequency,
fc,n =
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c p0n
2 a
(2.89)
7. Dominant Mode: We dont count the = 0, n = 1 mode (TE01 ) since p001 = 0 resulting in zero
fields. The dominant TE mode is therefore the mode with the smallest non-zero value of p0n , which
is the TE11 mode.
8. The expressions for wavelength and phase velocity derived for the rectangular waveguide apply here
as well. However, you must use the proper value for the cutoff frequency in these expressions.
2.4.2
TM Modes
The derivation is the same except that we are solving for Ez . We can therefore write
Ez (, , z) = [A sin() + B cos()] J (kc )ejz
(2.90)
kc =
pn
a
(2.91)
n=1
2.4048
3.8317
5.1356
n=2
5.5201
7.0156
8.4172
n=3
8.6537
10.1735
11.6198
c pn
2 a
(2.92)
(2.93)
It becomes clear the the TE11 mode is the dominant overall mode of the waveguide.
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2.4.3
Bessel Functions
X
(1)n (x/2)2n+
J (x) =
n=0
N (x) =
lim
(2.94)
n!(n + )!
Jp (x) cos (p) Jp (x)
sin (p)
(2.95)
(2.96)
x
(2.97)
(2.98)
d
Z (x) = Z1 (x) Z (x)/x
dx
(2.99)
where Z is any Bessel function. Figures 2.6 and 2.7 show Bessel functions of the first and second kinds of
orders 0, 1, 2, 3.
1
J0(x)
J1(x)
J2(x)
J3(x)
0.5
0.5
0
10
x
15
20
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N0(x)
N1(x)
N2(x)
N3(x)
0.5
0.5
1.5
0
10
x
15
20
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