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Cylindrical Wave Guide

1. The document describes the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a circular waveguide. It examines the transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) modes of propagation. 2. For the TE modes, the longitudinal magnetic field Hz is expressed as a Bessel function multiplied by trigonometric terms. Boundary conditions require the Bessel function's argument to equal zeros, determining allowed values of the propagation constant β. 3. A similar process is described for the TM modes, with the longitudinal electric field Ez expressed as a Bessel function. Cutoff frequencies and other waveguide properties are determined from the Bessel function zeros.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
194 views6 pages

Cylindrical Wave Guide

1. The document describes the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a circular waveguide. It examines the transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) modes of propagation. 2. For the TE modes, the longitudinal magnetic field Hz is expressed as a Bessel function multiplied by trigonometric terms. Boundary conditions require the Bessel function's argument to equal zeros, determining allowed values of the propagation constant β. 3. A similar process is described for the TM modes, with the longitudinal electric field Ez expressed as a Bessel function. Cutoff frequencies and other waveguide properties are determined from the Bessel function zeros.

Uploaded by

a4jabsi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

2.

4 Circular Waveguide
y

Figure 2.5: A circular waveguide of radius a.


For a circular waveguide of radius a (Fig. 2.5), we can perform the same sequence of steps in cylindrical
coordinates as we did in rectangular coordinates to find the transverse field components in terms of the
longitudinal (i.e. Ez , Hz ) components. In cylindrical coordinates, the transverse field is

E T = E + E


H T = H + H

(2.66)

Using this in Maxwells equations (where the curl is applied in cylindrical coordinates) leads to

H =
H =

Hz
Ez

(2.67)

j
Ez
Hz

(2.68)
kc2


j
kc2

E =
E =

Hz
Ez

(2.69)

j Ez
Hz

(2.70)
kc2

j
kc2

where kc2 = k 2 2 as before. Please note that here (as well as in rectangular waveguide derivation), we
have assumed ejz propagation. For e+jz propagation, we replace with .

2.4.1

TE Modes

We dont need to prove that the wave travels as ejz again since the differentiation in z for the Laplacian
is the same in cylindrical coordinates as it is in rectangular coordinates ( 2 /z 2 ). However, the and
derivatives of the Laplacian are different than the x and y derivatives. The wave equation for Hz is

ECEn 462

2
1
1 2
2
+
+
+
2 2 2 z 2

17

(2 + k 2 )Hz = 0

2
+ k Hz (, , z) = 0

(2.71)
(2.72)

September 12, 2003

Using the separation of variables approach, we let Hz (, , z) = R()P ()ejz , and obtain

1
1 0
00
jz
00
2
2
=0
R P + R P + 2 RP + (k ) RP e
| {z }

(2.73)

kc2

Multiplying by a common factor leads to


R00
R0
P 00
+ + 2 kc2 +
=0
2
P
| R
{zR
}
|{z}
function of
function of

(2.74)

Because the terms in this equation sum to a constant, yet each depends only on a single coordinate, each
term must be constant:
P 00
= k2
P

P 00 + k2 P = 0

(2.75)

so that
P () = A0 sin(k ) + B0 cos(k )

(2.76)

Using this result in (2.74) leads to


2

R00
R0
+ + (2 kc2 k2 ) = 0
R
R

(2.77)

or
2 R00 + R0 + (2 kc2 k2 )R = 0

(2.78)

This is known as Bessels Differential Equation.


Now, we could use the Method of Frobenius to solve this equation, but we would just be repeating a wellknown solution. The series you obtain from such a solution has very special properties (a lot like sine and
cosine: you may recall that sin(x) and cos(x) are really just shorthand for power series that have special
properties).
The solution is
R() = C0 Jk (kc ) + D0 Nk (kc )

(2.79)

where J (x) is the Bessel function of the first kind of order and N (x) is the Bessel function of the second
kind of order .
1. First, lets examine k .

Hz (, , z) = C0 Jk (kc ) + D0 Nk (kc ) [A0 sin(k ) + B0 cos(k )] ejz

(2.80)

Clearly, Hz (, , z) = Hz (, + 2`, z) where ` is an integer. This can only be true if k = ,


where = integer.
Hz (, , z) = [C0 J (kc ) + D0 N (kc )] [A0 sin() + B0 cos()] ejz
ECEn 462

18

(2.81)

September 12, 2003

2. It turns out that N (kc ) as 0. Clearly, = 0 is in the domain of the waveguide.


Physically, however, we cant have infinite field intensity at this point. This leads us to conclude that
D0 = 0 . We now have
Hz (, , z) = [A sin() + B cos()] J (kc )ejz

(2.82)

3. The relative values of A and B have to do with the absolute coordinate frame we use to define the
waveguide. For example, let A = F cos(0 ) and B = F sin(0 ) (you can find a value of F and
0 to make this work). Then
A sin() + B cos() = F sin [( 0 )]

(2.83)

The value of 0 that makes this work can be thought of as the coordinate reference for measuring .
So, we really are left with finding F , which is simply the mode amplitude and is therefore determined
by the excitation.
4. We still need to determine kc . The boundary condition that we can apply is E (a, , z) = 0, where
= a represents the waveguide boundary. Since
E (, , z) =
=

j Hz
kc2

(2.84)

j
[A sin() + B cos()] kc J0 (kc )ejz
kc2

(2.85)

where
d
J (x),
dx

J0 (x) =

(2.86)

our boundary condition indicates that J0 (kc a) = 0. So


kc a = p0n

kc =

p0n
a

(2.87)

where p0n is the nth zero of J0 (x). Below is a table of a few of the zeros of J0 (x):
J0 (kc a) = 0
=0
=1
=2

n=1
0.0000
1.8412
3.0542

n=2
3.8317
5.3314
6.7061

n=3
7.0156
8.5363
9.9695

5. We have already defined kc2 = k 2 2 , so

=k

p0n
a

2
(2.88)

Note that there is no term here. However, the variation of the fields in the waveguide does
influence . (How?)
6. Cutoff frequency ( = 0): Since k = kc = 2fc,n /c at the mode cutoff frequency,
fc,n =
ECEn 462

19

c p0n
2 a

(2.89)

September 12, 2003

7. Dominant Mode: We dont count the = 0, n = 1 mode (TE01 ) since p001 = 0 resulting in zero
fields. The dominant TE mode is therefore the mode with the smallest non-zero value of p0n , which
is the TE11 mode.
8. The expressions for wavelength and phase velocity derived for the rectangular waveguide apply here
as well. However, you must use the proper value for the cutoff frequency in these expressions.

2.4.2

TM Modes

The derivation is the same except that we are solving for Ez . We can therefore write
Ez (, , z) = [A sin() + B cos()] J (kc )ejz

(2.90)

Our boundary condition in this case is Ez (a, , z) = 0 or J (kc a) = 0. This leads to


kc a = pn

kc =

pn
a

(2.91)

where pn is the nth zero of J (x).


J (kc a) = 0
=0
=1
=2

n=1
2.4048
3.8317
5.1356

n=2
5.5201
7.0156
8.4172

n=3
8.6537
10.1735
11.6198

In this case, we have


2 = k2
fc,n =

c pn
2 a

(2.92)
(2.93)

It becomes clear the the TE11 mode is the dominant overall mode of the waveguide.

ECEn 462

20

September 12, 2003

2.4.3

Bessel Functions

Here are some of the basic properties of Bessel functions:

X
(1)n (x/2)2n+

J (x) =

n=0

N (x) =

lim

(2.94)

n!(n + )!
Jp (x) cos (p) Jp (x)
sin (p)

J (x) = (1) J (x), = integer


r
2
J (x) '
cos (x /4 /2),
x
r
2
N (x) '
sin (x /4 /2),
x

(2.95)
(2.96)
x

(2.97)

(2.98)

d
Z (x) = Z1 (x) Z (x)/x
dx

(2.99)

where Z is any Bessel function. Figures 2.6 and 2.7 show Bessel functions of the first and second kinds of
orders 0, 1, 2, 3.
1

J0(x)
J1(x)
J2(x)
J3(x)

0.5

0.5
0

10
x

15

20

Figure 2.6: Bessel functions of the first kind.

ECEn 462

21

September 12, 2003

N0(x)
N1(x)
N2(x)
N3(x)

0.5

0.5

1.5
0

10
x

15

20

Figure 2.7: Bessel functions of the second kind.

ECEn 462

22

September 12, 2003

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