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Chapter 4-The Development of Atomic Theory Lecture

The document discusses the history of theories about atoms. It explains that while atoms cannot be seen directly, evidence has led to changes in theories over time. Early philosophers like Democritus and Aristotle debated whether matter could be infinitely divided. John Dalton revived Democritus' idea of atoms in the early 1800s based on evidence from chemical reactions. J.J. Thomson's discovery of electrons led to the "plum pudding" model of atoms. Rutherford's gold foil experiment in the early 1900s provided evidence that atoms have a small, dense nucleus, with electrons in empty space around it. Niels Bohr combined Rutherford's nuclear model with Planck's quantum theory to propose that electrons orbit in fixed energy levels.

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553 views

Chapter 4-The Development of Atomic Theory Lecture

The document discusses the history of theories about atoms. It explains that while atoms cannot be seen directly, evidence has led to changes in theories over time. Early philosophers like Democritus and Aristotle debated whether matter could be infinitely divided. John Dalton revived Democritus' idea of atoms in the early 1800s based on evidence from chemical reactions. J.J. Thomson's discovery of electrons led to the "plum pudding" model of atoms. Rutherford's gold foil experiment in the early 1900s provided evidence that atoms have a small, dense nucleus, with electrons in empty space around it. Niels Bohr combined Rutherford's nuclear model with Planck's quantum theory to propose that electrons orbit in fixed energy levels.

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Page 82 of text

Ideas and theories in Science change as new


information is gathered.

Our theory about the atom has changed over time


as new studies are done. Even though no one
has ever seen an atom up close we are still able
to make new discoveries just like we have
made new discoveries about dinosaurs.

You cant see an atom or a dinosaur directly. We


know of their existence only by indirect
evidence. Our theories of both dinosaurs and
atoms has changed over time based on this
indirect evidence

Who was Democritus?


Democritus was an ancient
Greek philosopher who lived
from 460 - 370 B.C.E.
What did Democritus conclude about
cutting matter in half? There was a limit
to how far you could divide matter. You
would eventually end up with a piece of
matter that could not be cut.

He thought matter is like motion. It cannot


be divided in half forever. The tortoise and
hare would never finish the race if you could
keep dividing the distance to the finish line
in half forever.

The Greek word atomos


means not able to be
divided or cut.

Atoms are small hard particles.


Made of a single material thats formed
into different shapes and sizes.
They are always moving
They form different materials by joining
together.
(Which of these statements do we now know are
correct? Was Democritus pretty smart for
someone who lived thousands of years ago?)

Lets Draw Democrituss Atom

Why werent Democrituss ideas accepted?

Aristotle was a very


famous Greek philosopher
who believed that matter
could be divided into
smaller and smaller pieces
forever. He held a very
strong influence on
popular belief and his
views on this were
accepted for two thousand
years.

An atom is the
smallest particle that
an element can be
divided into and
still be that element.
For example the
smallest particle of
carbon is a single
atom of carbon. If
you divide it is no
longer carbon
anymore.

PIECES
OF
CARBON

CARBON
ATOM

Two thousand years


later a British chemist
and schoolteacher
brings back
Democrituss idea of the
atom
He performed many
experiments to study
how elements join
together to form new
substances
He found that they
combine in specific
ratios (remember water
ratio) and he supposed
it was because the
elements are made of
atoms.

All substances are made up of atoms which are


small particles that cannot be created, divided,
or destroyed.
Atoms of the same element are exactly alike
and atoms of different elements are different.
Atoms join with other atoms to form different
substances

Lets Draw John Daltons Atom

What particle did


Thomson discover? J.J.
Thomson discovered
that atoms are made of
smaller negativelycharged particles called
electrons.
Thomsons discovery
was the result of doing
experiments with
cathode ray tubes

Stream of electrons is attracted to positively


charged plate here.

"What are these particles?


are they atoms, or
molecules, or matter in a still
finer state of subdivision? quote by Thomson

Book refers to this as the chocolate


chip ice cream model
Draw Thomsonss Atom

Thomson did not know how


the electrons in an atom
were arranged. He believed
they were mixed
throughout an atom.
He proposed that the atom
was a sphere of positively
charged material. Spread
throughout the atom were
the negatively charged
electrons similar to plums in
a pudding or chocolate
chips in ice cream.

Awarded the Nobel Prize in


Chemistry for his discovery
of alpha particles, positively
charged particles emitted
from radioactive elements
Was a student of J.J.
Thomson but disagreed with
the Plum Pudding Model
Devised an experiment to
investigate the structure of
positive and negative
charges in the atom.

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/rutherford
Click here

Most of the particles traveled straight


through the gold foil

What was the surprising behavior of


a few of the particles?
A few

of the particles were deflected


and some even bounced back

Result: Most of the positively charged particles went straight through


the gold foil.
Atomic Theory: Most of the matter of the atom is found in a
very small part of the atom. This is called the nucleus of the
atom. It is very tiny and extremely dense.
Result: Some of the positively charged particles were deflected or even
bounced back.
Atomic Theory: Like charges repel so the nucleus must have a
positive charge. If electrons have a negative charge they
could not be in a positively charged nucleus. Electrons must
surround the nucleus at a distance.
Result: The diameter of the nucleus is 100,000 times smaller than the
diameter of the entire gold atom.
Atomic Theory: Atoms are mostly empty space with a tiny,
massive nucleus at the center .

The diameter of a pinhead is 100,000 times smaller than


the diameter of a stadium. Likewise the diameter of the
nucleus of an atom is 100,000 times smaller than the
diameter of an atom

Draw Rutherfords Atom

Bohr proposed that


electrons move in paths
at certain distances
around the nucleus.
Electrons can jump from
a path on one level to a
path on another level.
Click here
http://www.colorado.e
du/physics/2000/quant
umzone/bohr.html

http://www.fearofphysics.com/Atom/atom3.html

Electrons
travel in
regions
called
electron
clouds
You cannot
predict
exactly
where an
electron will
be found

The energy that an electron


has is based on its location
around the nucleus.
(Electrons that are closer to
the nucleus have less
energy than those that are
farther away from the
nucleus)

How can bookshelves help you understand


the movement of electrons?
Each shelf represents an energy level

Each book represents an electron


You can move a book to a higher or
lower shelf with the correct amount of
energy.
A book cannot be between shelves
(An electron can move by gaining or
losing energy but can never be
between energy levels)

THERE ARE 2 X 1022 ATOMS IN A PENNY. If all the


atoms in a penny were blown up to the size of a grain of
sand they would cover the entire state of California

These images do not


show an actual
picture of a
molecule. They show
a color-enhanced
image of the surface
of a material at the
atomic level.

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