Polish

Advanced Course

www.michelthomas.co.uk

Polish
Advanced Course
Jolanta Cecua

www.michelthomas.co.uk

Learn another language the way you learnt your own

Succeed with the

and learn another language the way you learnt your own
Developed over 50 years, the amazing teaching methods of the worlds
greatest language teacher completely takes the strain out of language
learning. Michel Thomas all-audio courses provide an accelerated method
for learning that is truly revolutionary.

To find out more, please get in touch with us

For general enquiries and for information about the Michel Thomas Method:
Call: 020 7873 6354
Fax: 020 7873 6325
Email: [email protected]
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www.michelthomas.co.uk
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First published in UK 2009 by Hodder Education, part of Hachette UK, 338 Euston Road,
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Copyright 2009. In the methodology, Thomas Keymaster Languages LLC, all rights reserved.
In the content and adaptation, Jolanta Joanna Watson
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Introduction
What is the Michel Thomas Method?
The Michel Thomas Method* all-audio courses, published by Hodder
Education, provide an accelerated method for language learning that is truly
revolutionary. And they promise a remarkable educational experience that
will make your learning both exciting and pleasurable.

How does the Method work?

The Method works by breaking a language down into its component parts,
enabling learners to reconstruct the language themselves to form their
own sentences, to say what they want, when they want. Because you learn
the language in small steps, you can build it up yourself to produce ever
more complicated sentences.
No books
No writing
Just confidence in hours

The Michel Thomas Method is in tune with the way your brain works, so
you assimilate the language easily and dont forget it! The Method teaches
you through your own language, so theres no stress, and no anxiety. The
teacher builds up the new language, step by step, and you dont move on till
youve absorbed and understood the previous point. As Michel Thomas said,
What you understand, you know, and what you know, you dont forget.
With parallels to the way you learnt your own language, each language is
learnt in real-time conditions. There is no need to stop for homework,
additional exercises or vocabulary memorization.
*US patent 6,565,358

Learning Spanish with Michel was the most

extraordinary learning experience of my life
it was unforgettable.
Emma Thompson

Michel Thomas is a precious find indeed.

The Guardian
The classroom situation on the recording lets you learn with others. You enjoy
their success, and you learn from their mistakes. The students on the
recordings are not reading from scripts and they have received no additional
instruction or preparation just the guidance you hear on the recording. You,
as the learner, become the third student and participate actively in the class.
A very important part of the Michel Thomas Method is that full responsibility
for your learning lies with the teacher, not with you, the pupil. This helps to
ensure that you can relax, and feel confident, so allowing you to learn
effectively.
You will enjoy the Method as it creates real excitement you cant wait to
use the language.

Theres no such thing as a poor student,

only a poor teacher.
Michel Thomas

What level of language will I achieve?

The Introductory and Foundation courses are designed for complete
beginners. They make no assumption of a knowledge of any language other
than English. They will give the beginner a practical and functional use of the

HOW ARE THE RECORDINGS BEST USED?

Relax! Make yourself comfortable before playing the recording and try to let
go of the tensions and anxieties traditionally associated with learning.
Do not write or take any notes. Remove notebooks, pens, dictionaries
and anything else associated with learning at school.
Do not try to remember. While participating in the recording and
afterwards, it is important that you do not try to memorize specific words or
expressions. It is a basic principle of the Michel Thomas Method that the
responsibility for the students learning lies with the teacher. With the Michel
Thomas Method as your teacher, your learning will be based on understanding,
and what you understand you dont forget.
Interact fully with the recordings. Use the pause button and respond out
loud (or in a whisper, or in your head, if you are in a public place) before the
students responses. This is essential. You do not learn by repetition but by
thinking out the answers to each question; it is by your own thought process
that you truly learn.
Give yourself time to think. The students on the recordings had all the time
they needed to think out their responses. On the recordings their thinking time
has been cut in order to make full use of the recording time. You can take all the
time you need (by using your pause button). The pause button is the key to your
learning! To get you used to pausing the recording before the students responses,
bleeps have been added to the first few tracks. When you hear the bleep, pause
the recording, think out and say your response, then release the pause button to
hear the students, then the teachers, response.
Start at the beginning of the course. Whatever your existing knowledge
of the language you are learning, it is important that you follow the way that the
teacher builds up your knowledge of the language.
Do not get annoyed with yourself if you make a mistake. Mistakes are
part of the learning process; as long as you understand why you made the
mistake and you have the ahaa reaction yes, of course, I understand now
you are doing fine. If you made a mistake and you do not understand why, you
may have been daydreaming for a few seconds. The course is structured so that
you cannot go on unless you fully understand everything, so just go back a little
and you will pick up where you left off.
Stop the recording whenever it suits you. You will notice that this course
is not divided into lessons; you will always be able to pick up from where you
left off, without the need to review.

spoken language. They are also appropriate for anyone who has studied a
language before, but has forgotten much of it or does not have confidence
in speaking.
The Introductory course comprises the first two hours of the Foundation
Course. The Advanced course follows on from the Foundation course and
expands on structures touched on in the earlier course to improve your
understanding and mastery of complex language.
The Michel Thomas Method teaches the everyday conversational language
that will allow you to communicate in a wide variety of situations, empowered
by the ability to create your own sentences and use the language naturally.
You will absorb the vocabulary and grammatical structures and, in addition,
will be introduced to elements of writing and reading.

How quickly can I learn with the Michel Thomas Method?

One of the most remarkable features of the Michel Thomas Method is the
speed with which results are achieved. A knowledge of the language that will
take months of conventional study can be achieved in a matter of hours with
the Michel Thomas Method. The teacher masterfully guides the student
through an instructional process at a very rapid rate yet the process will
appear informal, relaxed and unhurried. The teacher moves quickly between
numerous practice sessions, which all build the learners confidence in their
ability to communicate in complex ways.
Because the Michel Thomas Method is based on understanding, not
memorization, there is no set limit to the length of time that you should study
the course. It offers immersion without strain or stress, and you will find the
recordings are not divided into lessons, though the material has been indexed
for your convenience. This means that you can stop and start as you please.
The excitement of learning will motivate you to continue listening and learning
for as long a time as is practical for you. This will enable you to make progress
faster than you ever imagined possible.

Who is the Michel Thomas Method for?

Anyone can learn a language with the Michel Thomas Method and the
wide diversity of Michel Thomass own students proves this. Not only did
Michel instruct the rich and famous, but he also taught many so-called
hopeless cases. For example, in 1997, Michel taught French to a group of
sixteen-year-olds in north London who had been told they could never learn
a language, and gave them the ability to use the new language far beyond
their expectations in just a week. Perhaps more importantly, he gave them
the confidence to speak and a belief in, and the experience of, their own
ability to learn.
Whatever your motivation for learning a language, the Michel Thomas
Method quite simply offers the most effective method that is available.

What can I do next?

Try to speak with native speakers whenever possible, as this is invaluable for
improving your fluency. Magazines, newspapers and podcasts (especially
those which feature interviews) will give you practice in the most current
and idiomatic language. Expose yourself to the language whenever you can
you will have firm foundations on which to build.
Build your vocabulary with the Vocabulary courses, which carry forward the
Michel Thomas Method teaching tradition and faithfully follow Michel
Thomass unique approach to foreign language learning. The series editor is
Dr Rose Lee Hayden, Michels most experienced and trusted teacher. The
courses remain faithful to the method Michel Thomas used in his earlier
courses, with the all-audio and building-block approach. The teacher builds
on Michels foundations to encourage the student at home to build up their
vocabulary in the foreign language, using relationships with English, where
appropriate, or connections within the foreign language itself. The student
takes part in the audio, following prompts by the teacher, as in Michel
Thomass original Foundation and Advanced courses.

10

Who was Michel Thomas?

Michel Thomas (19142005) spent most of his
childhood in Germany and France. He studied
psychology at the Sorbonne (Paris) and at the
University of Vienna. During the Second World
War he fought for the French Resistance;
after the war he worked for the U.S. army. His
war-time experiences, including two years in
concentration and labour camps and torture at
the hands of the Gestapo, fuelled his passion for
teaching languages, as a result of which he
Michel with Grace Kelly
developed a uniquely effective languageteaching method that brought to his door celebrities (including Barbra
Streisand and Emma Thompson), diplomats, academics and business
executives from around the world. He established the first Michel Thomas
Language Center in Beverly Hills in 1947, and continued to travel the world
teaching languages for the rest of his life.

Whom did Michel Thomas teach?

People came from all over the world to learn a foreign language with Michel
Thomas because his method works. His students, numbering in the
thousands, included well-known people from the arts and from the
corporate, political and academic worlds. For example, he taught French to
filmstar Grace Kelly prior to her marriage to Prince Rainier of Monaco.
Michels list of clients included:
Celebrities: Emma Thompson, Woody Allen, Barbra Streisand, Warren
Beatty, Melanie Griffith, Eddie Izzard, Bob Dylan, Jean Marsh, Donald
Sutherland, Mrs George Harrison, Anne Bancroft, Mel Brooks, Nastassja
Kinski, Carl Reiner, Raquel Welch, Johnny Carson, Julie Andrews, Isabelle
Adjani, Candice Bergen, Barbara Hershey, Priscilla Presley, Loretta Swit, Tony
Curtis, Diana Ross, Herb Alpert, Angie Dickinson, Lucille Ball, Doris Day,
Janet Leigh, Natalie Wood, Jayne Mansfield, Ann-Margaret, Yves Montand,

Kim Novak, Otto Preminger, Max von Sydow, Peter Sellers, Franois Truffaut,
Sophia Coppola.
Diplomats, dignitaries and academics: Former U.S. Ambassador to France,
Walter Curley; U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., Joseph V. Reed; Cardinal John
OConnor, Archbishop of New York; Anthony Cardinal Bevilacqua, Archbishop
of Philadelphia; Armand Hammer; Sarah Ferguson, Duchess of York;
Professor Herbert Morris, Dean of Humanities at UCLA; Warren Keegan,
Professor of Business at Pace University in New York; Professor Wesley
Posvar, former President of the University of Pittsburgh.
Executives from the following corporations: AT&T International,
Coca-Cola, Procter & Gamble, Chase Manhattan Bank, American Express,
Merrill Lynch, New York Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Boeing
Aircraft, General Electric, Westinghouse Electric, Bank of America, Max
Factor, Rand Corporation, Bertelsmann Music Group-RCA, Veuve Clicquot
Inc., McDonalds Corporation, Rover, British Aerospace.

11

Track listing
Abbreviations
: no ending; A: accusative; D: dative; f / fem: feminine; G / gen: genitive;
I: instrumental; impf: imperfective; inf: informal; L: locative; m / masc:
masculine; n: neuter; N: nominative; pf: perfective; pl: plural; sg: singular;
V: vocative
Men and women
Adjectives and verb endings given below for men and women are also
used for boys and girls, respectively.
Word order
Word order in Polish is quite flexible. The word order as given in all the
phrases, sentences and questions printed below (and heard in the
recording) are just examples of many different possible word orders to
help you to get started. Feel free to experiment with them to help you
develop your own linguistic abilities in Polish. Communication, after all, is
about expressing our thoughts and ideas and sharing them with others
and each of us does it in a different way. So enjoy finding your own way
of expressing yourself!
CD1 Track 1
Zaczynajmy Lets start; co something; kto somebody; na wakacjach
on holiday; Byem na wakacjach I (masc) was on holiday. The ending of
wakacje holiday has changed to -ach because there is no movement
involved (na on is followed by the locative case here).
raz once, one time; ile? how much, how many?; ile razy? how many
times? Razy is in the genitive plural here. The genitive case normally
expresses possession and belonging, so ile razy? literally means how
many of times? The letter z sounds like s when it is at the end of a word.
tylko only; tylko raz only once; wiele many; wiele razy many times (lit.
many of times).

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CD1 Track 2
bywa to be (somewhere) often, to frequent; Bywam tam codziennie I am
there every day. In codziennie every day, the double n is pronounced as
two separate consonants. Here the second n is followed by the vowel i,
which softens it, so it sounds like the consonant . dziennie a / per day;
Bywaem / bywaam tam wiele razy dziennie I (masc / fem) was there many
times a day.
morze sea; nad morzem by the sea. The preposition nad takes the
instrumental case, the ending for which is -em (for most masculine and
neuter singular nouns): nad oceanem by the ocean.
CD1 Track 3
artyku article; Czytaam ciekawy artyku I (fem) was reading an
interesting article; te these; te gazety these newspapers.
oglda to watch, look at; pani ogldaa you (fem formal) were
watching; ogldaem I (masc) was watching; Co pan oglda? What
were you (masc formal) watching? telewizja television; oglda telewizj
to watch television. telewizj is the direct object of the verb and so is in
the accusative case.
od from; do to; od czasu do czasu from time to time. Od and do are
prepositions and take the genitive case. Ona ogldaa telewizj od czasu
do czasu She used to watch TV from time to time.
CD1 Track 4
ksika book; On kupi gazet a ona kupia ksik He bought a
newspaper and she bought a book. gazet and ksik are direct objects
of the verb, and so are in the accusative case: the -a of the nominative is
changed to -. The accusative case of ona she, it (referring to a feminine
noun) is j her, it.
The accusative case of feminine adjectives ends in -: Czy pan kupi now
map? Have you (masc formal) bought a new map?

CD1 Track 5
The accusative case of all neuter nouns and of masculine inanimate
nouns (i.e. nouns that dont refer to humans or animals) is the same as
the nominative, or dictionary, form: Kupiam wino I (fem) bought (some)
wine; Kupiem nowy dom I (masc) bought a new house.
The accusative form of on he, it (referring to a masculine noun) is go
him, it: Dlaczego go kupie? Why did you buy it? (the it refers to a
masculine thing).
In the plural, the nominative and the accusative of feminine nouns are the
same: Kupiymy mapy We (fem) bought (some) maps.
CD1 Track 6
zamwi to order, book; takswka taxi; Zamwiem takswk I (masc)
ordered a taxi; Czy pani zamwia takswk dla mnie? Have you (fem
formal) ordered a taxi for me?; Kto zamwi takswk? Who ordered the
taxi?; Nikt nic nie zamwi Nobody ordered anything. kto who and nikt
nobody always take the masculine verb form.
herbata tea; Czy pan zamwi kaw czy herbat? Did you (masc formal)
order coffee or tea?
CD1 Track 7
woda water; (On) zamwi wod He ordered (some) water; ksiki
books; Zamwiem ksiki, gazety i mapy I (masc) ordered books,
newspapers and maps.
Zamwiam gazet I (fem) ordered a newspaper; Nie zamwiam gazety I
(fem) didnt order a newspaper. The ending of newspaper in the
negative sentence is different from its ending in the positive sentence.
This is because in positive sentences the direct object goes (usually) into
the accusative case, but then in negative sentences the direct object goes
into the genitive case. For most feminine nouns the genitive singular is the
same as the nominative and accusative plural: Zamwiam gazety I (fem)
ordered newspapers; Nie zamwiam gazety I (fem) didnt order a
newspaper.

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After prepositions, the personal pronouns him, her and them add the
letter n at the beginning to make them easier to say: jej her; dla niej for
her; dla niego for him (c.f. jego his); dla nich for them (cf. ich them):
Czy pani zamwia to dla niego? Have you (fem formal) ordered it for
him?; Dlaczego pan nie zamwi tego dla nich? Why havent you (masc
formal) ordered it for them?
CD1 Track 8
zaprosi to invite; Zaprosiem go I (masc) invited him; Czy ona zaprosia
ich na obiad? Has she invited them for dinner?. Note that the n is only
added to pronouns after prepositions, not when him, her and them are
the object of the verb; ich them, dla nich for them.
kogo? whom? (from kto who); Kogo zaprosie? Whom did you (masc
informal) invite?; dla kogo? for whom?; Dla kogo przygotowaa kolacj?
For whom have you (fem informal) prepared the supper?
CD1 Track 9
czas time (passing of time); Miaam czas wczoraj I (fem) had time
yesterday; o tym about it; Nie wiedziaem nic o tym I (masc) didnt know
anything about it (lit. not I knew nothing about it); widzie to see;
widziaem I (masc) saw / have seen; Nie widziaam tego I (fem) didnt
see it; Kogo widziaa? Whom did you (fem informal) see?
pana paszport your passport (masc formal): pan is a noun (lit. gentleman),
not a pronoun. pana brat your (masc formal) brother. brat is the nominative
form; in the accusative it is brata: Widziaam pana brata I (fem) saw your
brother. The accusative case of most masculine animate nouns (i.e. nouns
that refer to humans or animals) is the same as the genitive case.
twj brat your (inf) brother (nominative case); twojego brata your brother
(accusative / genitive case); Widziaam twojego brata wczoraj I (fem) saw
your brother yesterday; Nie widziaem twojego brata wczoraj I (masc)
didnt see your brother yesterday. For most masculine animate nouns
that are the direct object of the verb, the endings in positive and negative
sentences are the same (because accusative and genitive case endings
are the same for such nouns).

CD1 Track 10
The accusative case of neuter nouns is the same as the nominative case in
positive sentences: widziaa moje piwo / wino? have you (fem informal)
seen my beer / wine? In negative sentences, as with masculine and
feminine nouns, the direct object goes into the genitive case: Nie widziaam
twojego piwa I (fem) havent seen your (informal) beer; Nie widziaa
mojego wina? Havent you (fem informal) seen my wine?
The genitive case of inanimate masculine nouns usually ends in -u: Nie
miaam czasu I (fem) didnt have time; Nie kupiem domu / telefonu I
(masc) didnt buy the house / telephone.
tego is the genitive case of to it, this: Dlaczego nie kupie tego telefonu?
Why didnt you (masc informal) buy this telephone? (genitive case
because this is a negative sentence).
CD2 Track 1
zamkn to close, lock; drzwi door (always plural in Polish); okno
window; On zamkn drzwi He closed the door; Ona zamkna drzwi
She closed the door. Note the vowel change from to in the past
tense of zamkn, which also occurs in the plural forms: Oni zamknli
okno They (masc) closed the window; Dlaczego one nie zamkny okna?
Why didnt they (fem) close the window? Note the use of the genitive
okna in negative sentences: Oni nie zamknli okna They (masc) didnt
close the window; Dlaczego one nie zamkny okna? Why didnt they
(fem) close the window?; the accusative case, for the direct object in
positive sentences, would be okno.
CD2 Track 2
czsto often; Robiem / robiam to bardzo czsto I (masc / fem) did it
very often, I used to do it very often; ciemne piwo dark beer; jasne piwo
light beer. Here ciemne and jasne are adjectives. ciemno dark is an
adverb, and is used after it is and it is getting: Jest ciemno It is dark;
Robi si ciemno It is getting dark; Robio si ciemno It was getting dark.
The verb form it was getting dark indicates a process. Polish does not
have the range of tenses that English has (it got dark, it has got dark, it
had got dark etc.); to indicate that an action has been completed, Polish

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uses another verb form, which is often the familiar verb with a prefix.
Zrobio si ciemno It has got dark, it became dark. So, the two Polish
verbs for the English verb to do are robi / zrobi; they form their tense
endings in the same way. The first verb of the pair describes ongoing or
continuous actions, the second verb describes completed actions.
nagle suddenly; Nagle zrobio si ciemno It suddenly became dark, it
has suddenly got dark. zupa soup; Zupa robia si zimna The soup was
getting cold; Zupa zrobia si zimna The soup became cold. The verb
and adjective have feminine endings to agree with zupa soup. Co
robia? What were you (fem informal) doing? (a continuous action); Co
zrobie? What did you (masc informal) do, what have you done?
(a completed action).
CD2 Track 3
budowa to build; Budowaam dom I (fem) was building a house;
Mieszkam sam / sama I (masc / fem) live alone; Oni mieszkali sami They
(masc) lived alone; One mieszkay same They (fem) lived alone. Sami
budowalimy dom We (masc) were building a house ourselves. The other
verb in this pair is zbudowa to build (completed action, also called
perfective). Same zbudowaymy dom We (fem) (have) built the house
ourselves. Oni budowali hotel They (masc) were building a hotel; Oni
zbudowali hotel They (masc) (have) built the hotel.
CD2 Track 4
skanowa / zeskanowa to scan. In this case the prefix is ze-, not just z-,
as this would be too difficult to say before sk-. Skanowaa dokument She
was scanning the document; Zeskanowa dokument He (has) scanned
the document.
koczy / skoczy to finish. In this case the prefix is s-, not z-, because
it precedes an unvoiced consonant (k is the unvoiced equivalent of the
voiced g). Koczyam gotowa obiad I (fem) was finishing cooking
dinner; Skoczyem czyta ksik I (masc) have finished reading the
book. In both sentences koczy / skoczy is followed by the
imperfective verb czyta to read and can never be followed by its
perfective counterpart przeczyta.

jzyk language; jzyk polski the Polish language. Polski comes after
jzyk here because it is an adjective that has no opposite. Adjectives that
do have an opposite, e.g. dark, come before the noun: ciemne piwo
dark beer.
uczy si to learn takes the prefix na to form its perfective form: nauczy
si to learn. The object of uczy si / nauczy si to learn is in the
genitive: Uczyam si jzyka polskiego I (fem) was learning Polish (note
that the genitive ending of jzyk is -a, not -u, even though it is a masculine
inanimate noun ); Nauczyem si jzyka polskiego bardzo szybko I (masc)
learnt Polish very quickly (i.e. completed action).
CD2 Track 5
i to go (on foot), walk. The past tenses of this verb, like in English, are
irregular: Szed He was going; Pan szed You (masc formal) were going;
Sza She was going; Szam I (fem) was going; Szedem I (masc) was
going; Szy they (fem) were going; Szli they (masc) were going. The d
(plus its helping vowel e) only appear in the masculine singular forms:
Szed He was going; Pan szed You (masc formal) were going; Szedem
I (masc) was going. Szed tam He was going there; Pan szed do teatru
You (masc formal) were walking to the theatre; Czy oni szli do teatru
kiedy pani ich widziaa? Were they (masc) going to the theatre when you
(fem formal) saw them?; Widziaam pana kiedy pan szed do teatru I (fem)
saw you (masc formal) when you were going to the theatre.
CD2 Track 6
Almost all Polish verbs have two forms, or aspects: the imperfective,
which is used for continuous actions, and the perfective, used for
completed actions. The perfective form of i to go is pj: oni poszli
they (masc) went; one poszy they (fem) went.
dokd where, where to. This can be used instead of gdzie where in
sentences with a verb of motion. Both dokd and gdzie are correct, but
dokd is of higher register and therefore more precise: Gdzie one poszy
wczoraj wieczorem? = dokd one poszy wczoraj wieczorem? Where did
they (fem) go last night? Wszyscy poszli do teatru Everybody went to
the theatre.

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The genitive ending of some feminine nouns is -i: Anglia England; do

Anglii to England; restauracja restaurant; do restauracji to the
restaurant. Poszymy We (fem) went; Poszymy do restauracji na obiad
We (fem) went to the restaurant for dinner.
CD2 Track 7
dawa to give; this is the imperfective form of the verb. The perfective
form is da to give. On dawa jej prezenty He used to give her presents
(imperfective), but One day mu prezent wczoraj They (fem) gave him a
present yesterday (perfective). mu to him; komu? to whom?; Komu oni
to dali? To whom did they (masc) give it?
sprzedawa / sprzeda to sell (imperfective / perfective); Ona to
sprzedaa She (has) sold it; On nie sprzeda tego jeszcze He hasnt sold
it yet; Sprzedaem to I (masc) sold it.
CD2 Track 8
swj ones own; this can be translated my, your, his, her etc.; it is
used when it refers back to the subject of the verb: Sprzedaem swj
komputer wczoraj I (masc) sold my computer yesterday (swj refers back
to the subject, I); Oni sprzedali swj komputer They (masc) sold their
computer; Kiedy one sprzeday swj dom? When did they (fem) sell their
house?
In colloquial Polish swj ones own can be substituted by my, your,
our and your (pl), depending on the subject of the verb, but replacing
swj with his, her and their changes the meaning.
CD2 Track 9
mwi to speak and powiedzie to say, tell form a verb pair; mwi is
imperfective and powiedzie is perfective; On mwi dugo He spoke for a
long time (continuous action); Ona powiedziaa mi to She told me that /
it; Ona powiedziaa mi o tym She told me about it; On mi powiedzia
He told me; wam to you (plural informal, from wy you); nam to us
(from my we); Powiedziaymy wam to We (fem) have told it to you (pl
informal); One powiedziay nam wszystko They (fem) told us everything.
Czy one powiedziay wam co? Did they (fem) say anything to you

(pl informal)?; Oni nie powiedzieli wam nic? Didnt they (masc) say
anything to you (pl informal)?
CD2 Track 10
rozumie / zrozumie to understand; Zrozumiaem to I (masc)
understood it. The same English tense can translate either aspect
(imperfective or perfective); (Czy) rozumiaa co ona mwia? Did you (fem
informal) understand what she was saying? (i.e. were you following what
she was saying?) and Zrozumiae co on mwi? Did you (masc informal)
understand what he was saying (i.e. have you understood the result is
more important than the process); Zrozumiaa co ona powiedziaa? Did
you (fem informal) understand what she said?.
Mieszkaem w Polsce, kiedy sprzedaem dom I (masc) was living in
Poland when I sold the house.
CD3 Track 1
kilka a few. Expressions of quantity like this in the nominative and the
accusative case (also wiele many, ile? how much / how many?) are
followed by the genitive case: kilka gazet a few newspapers (lit. a few of
newspapers).
To form the genitive plural of feminine nouns ending in -a and neuter nouns
ending in -o, just drop the final vowel: wiele gazet many / a lot of
newspapers; ile piw? how many beers? The helping vowel -e is added to
separate final consonants where the word would be difficult to say
otherwise: ksika book, kilka ksiek a few books. This can affect the
pronunciation: in ksika the is voiceless and sounds sz, as it precedes a
voiceless consonant; in ksiek the is voiced because it precedes a vowel.
The perfective form of czyta to read is przeczyta; Przeczyta kilka
ksiek He read a few books; Ile ksiek przeczytaa? How many books
have you (fem informal) read?
To form the genitive plural of masculine nouns ending in a consonant, just
add -w: wiele komputerw a lot of computers; wiele domw many
houses.

21

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kilkanacie a dozen or so. This word is made up of kilka a few and

nacie teen. It is also followed in the nominative and accusative case by
the genitive plural: Kupiam kilkanacie gazet I (fem) bought a dozen or so
newspapers.
CD3 Track 2
o ktrej godzinie? at what time? (lit. at which hour?): o is followed by
the locative case, so both ktorej and godzine are in the locative case; O
ktrej godzinie pan bdzie gotowy? (At) what time will you (masc formal)
be ready? On bdzie czyta dobr ksik He will read / be reading a
good book.
CD3 Track 3
pracowa to work; this verb only has an imperfective form; Ona pracowaa
She was working. pracowaa, the feminine 3rd person singular past tense,
is also a participle and can be combined with the future tense of to be to
make a feminine singular (I, you, she) imperfective future: Bd pracowaa I
(fem) will work / be working; Ona bdzie pracowaa She will work / be
working; Czy bdziesz pracowaa tutaj jutro? Will you (fem informal) be
working here tomorrow?. Pracowaa remains the same; no personal
endings are added for the I or you forms, unlike in the past tense.
The masculine 3rd person singular form of the verb pracowa is used as a
participle to create masculine singular forms of this future imperfective
tense: Bd pracowa I (masc) will work / be working. As in feminine
forms no personal endings are added.
The future imperfective form bd + pracowa(a) (participle) is probably
more common in Polish than the form made up of bd + pracowa
(infinitive), though the meaning is identical. However, the future
imperfective of modal verbs like musie to have to can be formed only
from the participle.
CD3 Track 4
mg he could; moga she could. These forms are the past tense of mc
to be able and combine with bd will be to form the future tense. Bd
mg I (masc) will be able; bd moga I (fem) will be able; Nie bd
moga tam pj I (fem) wont be able to go there; Ona nie bdzie moga

tego zrobi She wont be able to do it; Pan bdzie mg to przygotowa

You (masc formal) will be able to prepare it; Kiedy bdziesz moga to
przygotowa? When will you (fem informal) be able to prepare it?
CD3 Track 5
On bdzie musia He will have to (from musie to have to); Nie bd
musia tego czyta, ale on bdzie I (masc) wont have to read it, but he will;
Bd musiaa przygotowa obiad I (fem) will have to prepare the dinner.
The participles used in the future for plural verb forms (we, you, they)
end in -li / -y: Bdziemy musieli to robi We (mixed) will have to do it (lit.
be doing it, the process is being stressed); Bdziemy musiay to zrobi
We (fem) will have to do it (lit. get it done, the result is being stressed);
Oni bd musieli kupi nowy komputer They (masc) will have to buy a
new computer.
bogaty rich (masc); bogata rich (fem). After kiedy when, if the future is
being referred to, Polish uses the future tense where English uses the
present: Kiedy bd bardzo bogata, bd moga robi co bd chciaa
When I (fem) am (lit. will be) very rich I will be able to do what I want (lit.
what I will want). chciaa is from chcie to want. chyba e unless (lit.
unless that); Nie bdziemy musieli pracowa, chyba e bdziemy chcieli
We (masc) will not have to work unless we want to (lit. unless that we
will want to).
CD3 Track 6
jest there is; czy jest? is there? s there are; czy s? are there?: Czy
jest tutaj telefon? Is there a telephone here?; Czy s tutaj telefony? Are
there telephones here?.
nie ma there isnt, there arent, being the negative form, is followed by
the genitive case: Nie ma tutaj telefonu There is no telephone here (lit.
there is no of telephone here); Nie ma tutaj telefonw There are no
telephones here; Nie ma tutaj gazety There isnt a newspaper here; Nie
ma gazet tutaj, Gazet nie ma tutaj, or Tutaj nie ma gazet There are no
newspapers here.

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CD3 Track 7
czu to feel; czuj to I feel it. The reflexive verb czu si means to feel
when talking about your health or feelings: Czuj si dobrze I feel fine (lit.
I feel myself fine); Jak si pani czuje dzisiaj? How do you (fem formal)
feel today?; Czujemy si dobrze We feel fine.
lepiej better; najlepiej best; Czuj si lepiej Im feeling better; On czu
si najlepiej wczoraj He felt best yesterday. Lepiej better and najlepiej
best are adverbs. Better and best as adjectives (masculine form) are
lepszy better and najlepszy best; To piwo jest dobre, ale to wino jest
jeszcze lepsze This beer is good but this wine is even (lit. still) better
(adjectives here are in the neuter form because they describe the neuter
noun); Ta wdka jest najlepsza This vodka is the best (the adjective here
is in the feminine form because it describes the feminine noun).
CD3 Track 8
Words that end in -ure in English end in -ura in Polish: kultura culture;
literatura literature; struktura structure. kurs course. The direct object
of the verb uczy to teach is in the genitive case: Kursy Michela
Thomasa ucz struktury jzyka Michel Thomas courses teach the
structure of the language.
dzikuj I thank; dzikuj, e thank you for (lit. thank you that);
Dzikuj, e to zrobie Thank you (masc informal) for doing it (lit. thank
you that you have done it); Dzikuj, e pani to zrobia Thank you (fem
formal) for doing this.
CD3 Track 9
go him is the genitive form of on he as well as the accusative; Nikt nie
wie dlaczego nie ma go tutaj jeszcze Nobody knows why he is not here
yet (lit. why there is no of him); Nikt nic o tym nie wie Nobody knows
anything about it. The prepositional phrase o tym about it, when spoken,
is treated as a single word in Polish, so, since it is usually the penultimate
syllable of words that is stressed, the o of o tym carries the stress.
widzie to see; widz I see; Co widzisz? What can you (inf) see? (lit.
what do you see); Czy pan ich widzi? Can you (masc formal) see
them?; Oni widz wszystko They (masc) can see everything.

CD3 Track 10
skd where from; Skd pan wraca? Where are you (masc formal) coming
back from?; Skd jeste? Where are you (informal) from?; Skd pan jest?
Where are you (masc formal) from? do domu home (i.e. to home); Id
do domu Im going home; praca work (noun); do pracy to work.
CD3 Track 11
chodzi to go (on foot) (habitually); do teatru to the theatre; Chodz do
teatru czsto I often go to the theatre. Compare this sentence with Id
do teatru Im going to the theatre (i.e. now).
samochd car; samochodem by car: samochodem here is in the
instrumental case. jedzi to go (by vehicle) (habitually); Ona czsto
jedzi do pracy samochodem She often goes to work by car. Compare
this with Ona jedzie do pracy jutro She is going to work tomorrow.
CD4 Track 1
zawsze always; ona jedzi she goes; wy jedzicie you go (pl informal);
Czy wy zawsze jedzicie do pracy samochodem? Do you (pl informal)
always go to work by car?; jed I go. All of these verb forms are from
jedzi to go (habitually) (by vehicle).
na jak dugo? for how long?; jak czsto? how often?; Jak czsto pani
jedzi do Polski? How often do you (fem formal) go to Poland?
CD4 Track 2
zamawia to order is the imperfective aspect of zamwi. The present
tense is formed from the imperfective aspect; perfective verbs cannot be
used in the present. danie dish; dania dishes. Oni czsto zamawiaj te
same dania They (masc) often order the same dishes; Co pastwo
zamawiaj? What are you (mixed group, formal) ordering?
CD4 Track 3
Londyn London; w Londynie in London; On czsto bywa w Londynie
He is often in London, he (often) frequents London.
The I form of pisa to write is pisz I write. pisywa to write habitually
behaves like an -owa verb: on pisuje he writes. wieczorem in the

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evening, wieczorami in the evenings. Both wieczorem and wieczorami

here are in the instrumental case. On czsto pisuje artykuy do gazety
wieczorem / wieczorami He often writes articles for the newspaper (lit. to
the newspaper) in the evening / evenings.
CD4 Track 4
zna to know (a person or a place); znam go I know him.
Some masculine nouns end in an -a: poeta poet; artysta artist; kolega
colleague. They have the normal masculine ending in the genitive plural
i.e. -w.
There is a special ending (-u) for words relating to quantity (e.g. kilka
some, ile how many) when they go with nouns denoting men in the
accusative case plural: Znam kilku poetw I know a few poets; Ilu masz
kolegw? How many colleagues do you (inf) have?; Znamy wielu poetw
We know many poets.
The feminine equivalent of ich them is je: Wszyscy je znaj Everybody
knows them (fem).
CD4 Track 5
Revision of the different infinitive and I form endings of verbs in the
present.
CD4 Track 6
Nouns can be formed from verbs by taking off the infinitive ending and
adding -nie (for -a verbs): czyta to read, czytanie reading; mieszka
to live, mieszkanie flat, apartment (lit. living); and -enie (for -e and
most other verbs): widzie to see, widzenie seeing. czytanie ksiki the
reading of a book; Czy ma pan ksik do czytania? Do you (masc
formal) have a book to read? (lit. to reading). The verb appears towards
the beginning of the sentence since this is the key idea you are asking
about.
Nie widziaa mojego nowego mieszkania? Havent you (fem informal)
seen my new flat? (-ego is the genitive ending of neuter adjectives). do
widzenia goodbye (lit. till the seeing); do jutra till tomorrow.

CD4 Track 7
The perfective future tense is formed by adding present tense endings to
the perfective infinitive of the verb. It translates will (do) in the sense of
get it (done) i.e. it is the result of the action that is important.
zrobi I will do (from zrobi to do); Kto to zrobi? Who will do it?; Nie
bd tego robi teraz, zrobi to jutro Im not going to do it now, Ill do it
tomorrow; Zrobimy to pniej We will do it later; Kiedy one to zrobi?
When will they (fem) do it?
CD4 Track 8
poprosi to ask for, request is the perfective form of the imperfective
verb prosi; Poprosz kaw / herbat Please could I have a coffee / tea?
(lit. I will ask for).
z + instrumental case with. The singular masculine and neuter
instrumental ending is -em and the feminine is -. mleko milk; z mlekiem
with milk; cukier sugar (the i is present in this form to soften the sound
of the k before the e); z cukrem with sugar; cytryna lemon; z cytryn
with lemon.
CD4 Track 9
napisa to write is the perfective form of pisa; napisz I will write (i.e. I
will finish writing); napisze he will write; Oni napisz (artyku do gazety)
They (masc) will write (an article for the newspaper).
The command form of the verb can, in theory, be formed from either verb
aspect, depending on whether you want to stress the result (perfective),
or the process (imperfective). However, in practice, positive commands
are usually created from perfective verbs, as those created from
imperfective verbs can be interpreted as rushed or even impolite.
Negative commands are mostly created from imperfective verbs and only
exceptionally from perfective.

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28

Niech pastwo napisz artyku do gazety! Write an article for the

newspaper! (addressing a group of people formally); Napisz artyku do
gazety! Write an article for the newspaper! (addressing one person
informally); Nie pisz artykuu do gazety! Dont write an article for the
newspaper! (addressing one person informally).
CD4 Track 10
kupowa to buy is the imperfective form of kupi (perfective).
Imperfective: kupuj I am buying; Oni to kupuj They are buying it.
Perfective: Kupi to I will buy it; On to kupi He will buy it; Oni kupi
They (masc) will buy. Niech pani to kupi! Buy it! (addressing a woman
formally); Kup to! Buy it! (addressing one person informally); Nie kupuj
tego! Dont buy it! (addressing one person informally).
CD4 Track 11
The conditional form (c.f. English would) is formed from the past tense
plus the particle by. The by is added to the base form of the past tense,
and the personal endings are added to by: on kupi he bought; on
kupiby he would buy; ona kupia she bought; ona kupiaby she would
buy; kupiem I (masc) bought; kupibym I (masc) would buy; kupiam I
(fem) bought; kupiabym I (fem) would buy.
chciaem I (masc) wanted; chciaby he would like; chciabym I (masc)
would like (lit. I would want); chciaam I (fem) wanted; chciaabym I
(fem) would like. Kiedy pan chciaby by tutaj? When would you (masc
formal) like to be here?; Co pani chciaaby robi wieczorem? What would
you (fem formal) like to do this evening?
CD4 Track 12
mg he could, was able; mgby he could, would be able; mgbym I
(masc) could, would be able; moga she could, was able; mogabym I
(fem) could, would be able; Mgbym to zrobi I (masc) would be able to
do it.

Czy pani mogaby mi powiedzie? Could you (fem formal) tell me?; Czy
pan mgby mi powiedzie, o ktrej godzinie zaczyna si konferencja
Could you (masc formal) please tell me at what time the conference
starts? (lit. starts itself). There is no need to add please in Polish, as
the form with mgby etc. is already polite enough.
CD4 Track 13
English sentences of the type I would like you to (do something) are
translated into Polish as I would like that (you would have done
something). e that adds the by plus personal endings in such
sentences: Chciaabym, eby jej powiedziaa, e on tam by I (fem) would
like you (fem informal) to tell her that he was there (lit. I would like that to
her you would tell).
rok year; temu ago. gdyby if in unreal conditions (e.g. if I had known);
this word, like e that, adds the personal verb endings: gdybym wiedziaa
if I (fem) had known.
The conditional in Polish translates I would have (done) as well as I
would (do): kupiabym I (fem) would buy / would have bought; umiabym
ju I (fem) would already be able / would already have been able.
Gdybym wiedziaa, e kursy Michela Thomas s tak efektywne, kupiabym
kurs jzyka polskiego rok temu... i umiabym ju mwi bardzo dobrze po
polsku If I (fem) had known that Michel Thomas courses were (lit. are)
so effective, I (fem) would have bought the Polish course (lit. course of
Polish language) a year ago... and I (masc) would already be able to
speak Polish very well.

29

Grammar reference

31

The information provided here is meant as a general guide to help you

make sense of Polish grammar. All care has been taken to present it as
accurately as possible; however, with so much variability in the Polish
language, you may find exceptions to the guidelines given below.
Verbs
Aspect
English meaning

Imperfective

Perfective

apologise, to
ask, request, to
be, to
be able, to; can
be called, to
begin, start, to
build, to
buy, to
close, lock, to
come back, return, to
congratulate, to
cook, to
cost, to
do, make, to
drink, to
eat, to
feel, to
feel oneself, to
find out, to
finish, to
frequent, to
give, to
give back, return, to
go, to (on foot)
go, to (on foot) habitual
go, to (by transport)
go, to (by transport)
habitual

przeprasza
prosi
by
mc
nazywa si
zaczyna
budowa
kupowa
zamyka
wraca
gratulowa
gotowa
kosztowa
robi
pi
je
czu
czu si
dowiadywa si
koczy
bywa
dawa
oddawa
i
chodzi
jecha
jedzi

przeprosi
poprosi

nazwa si
zacz
zbudowa / wybudowa
kupi
zamkn
wrci
pogratulowa
ugotowa

zrobi
wypi
zje
poczu
poczu si
dowiedzie si
skoczy

da
odda
pj

pojecha

32

have, to
have to, to; must
help, to
invite, to
know (somebody or
something), to
know how to, be able to, to
know (a fact), to
learn, to
like, to
live, to
observe, to
operate, to
organize, to
order, book, to
plan, to
prefer, to
prepare, to
read, to
reserve, to
scan, to
see, to
sell, to
speak, say, tell, to
teach, to
thank, to
think, to
understand, to
want, to
wait, to
watch, look at, to
work, to
write, to
write habitually, to

mie
musie
pomaga
zaprasza
zna

pomc
zaprosi

umie
wiedzie
uczy si
lubi
mieszka
obserwowa
operowa
organizowa
zamawia
planowa
wole
przygotowywa (si)
czyta
rezerwowa
skanowa
widzie
sprzedawa
mwi
uczy
dzikowa
myle
rozumie
chcie
czeka
oglda
pracowa
pisa
pisywa

nauczy si
polubi

zaobserwowa
zoperowa
zorganizowa
zamwi
zaplanowa

przygotowa (si)
przeczyta
zarezerwowa
zeskanowa
zobaczy
sprzeda
powiedzie
nauczy
podzikowa
pomyle
zrozumie
zechcie
poczeka / zaczeka
obejrze

napisa

Imperative

In theory imperative forms can be created from most imperfective and

perfective verbs, but in practice perfective verbs are mostly used for
creating positive commands and imperfective verbs for creating negative
commands.

Formal commands to one person or to a group; informal

commands to one person

The formal commands use the appropriate third-person form for pan,
pani, pastwo etc. with niech.
(1) Verbs with the infinitive ending in:
-a (e.g. to read czyta / przeczyta)
-owa (e.g. to cook gotowa / ugotowa)
short verbs (e.g. to drink pi / wypi)
Informal command: to read czyta / przeczyta: drop the - ending from
the they form: czytaj / przeczytaj przeczytaj / czytaj
Formal command

Informal command

Read this!
(formally to a
man / woman)

Niech pan / pani Read this!

to przeczyta!
(informally to
a friend)

Przeczytaj to!

Dont read this!

(formally to a
man / woman)

Niech pan / pani Dont read this!

tego nie czyta!
(informally to a
friend)

Nie czytaj tego!

Read this!
Niech pastwo
(formally to a
to przeczytaj!
group of people)
Dont read this! Niech pastwo
(formally to a
tego nie czytaj!
group of people)
(2) Verbs with the infinitive ending in:
-e (e.g. to say, tell powiedzie)
-i (e.g. to speak mwi )

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34

Informal command: -e verbs e.g. to say, tell powiedzie: drop the -

ending from the they form: powiedz powiedz
Formal command
Tell it to her!
(formally to a
man / woman)

Informal command
Niech pan / pani Tell it to her!
jej to powie!
(informally to a
friend)

Powiedz jej to!

Tell it to her!
Niech pastwo
formally to a
jej to powiedz!
group of people)
Informal command: -i verbs e.g. to speak mwi: drop the -i ending
from the they form: mwi mw or drop the -i ending from s/he
form: mwi mw (see also below)
Formal command
Dont say
anything!
(formally to a
man / woman)

Informal command
Niech pan / pani Dont say
nic nie mwi!
anything!
(informally to a
friend)

Nie mw nic!

Dont say
Niech pastwo
anything!
nic nie mwi!
(formally to a
group of people)

(3) Verbs with the infinitive ending in -i preceded by the consonants c,

dz, n, s, z use the s/he form (of the present tense for imperfective verbs
and of the future simple for perfective verbs) as a base and drop the final
i, but retain the softness created by the vowel i, which leads to
consonantal alternations in spelling:

Verb

Informal
command
(to a friend)

s/he

Informal
command
(to a friend)

Alternations

to return, come Return quickly!

back wrci
(pf)

wrci

Wr szybko!

ci

to go on foot,
habitually
chodzi

Come here!

chodzi

Chod tutaj!

dzi d

to call,
telephone
dzwoni /
zadzwoni

Call me
tomorrow!

dzwoni /
zadzwoni/

Zadzwo do
mnie jutro!

ni

to ask for,
request
prosi /
poprosi

Ask for the

menu!

prosi /
poprosi

Popro o menu
(kart)!

si

to transport
wozi (impf
habitual)

Transport it
slowly!

wozi

Wo to wolno!

zi

(4) Verbs with the infinitive ending in -y (e.g. to finish, end koczy /
skoczy)
Informal command: to finish, end koczy / skoczy: drop the - ending
from the they form: kocz / skocz kocz / skocz or drop the -y
ending from the s/he form: koczy / skoczy kocz / skocz
Formal command
Finish this!
(formally to a
man / woman)

Informal command
Niech pan /
pani to skoczy

Finish this!
Niech pastwo
(formally to a
to skocz!
group of people)

Finish this!
(informally to
a friend)

Skocz to!

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36

(5) Verbs with the stem ending in a consonantal cluster and their infinitives
ending in:
- (e.g. to start, begin zacz (pf))
-n (e.g. to close zamkn (pf))
some -e verbs (e.g. to watch, look at obejrze (pf))
Informal command: to close zamkn (pf): drop the - ending from they
form: zamkn and add -ij
Formal command
Close the door!
(formally to a
man / woman)

Informal command
Niech pan /
pani zamknie
drzwi!

Close the door!

(informally to
a friend)

Zamknij drzwi!

Close the door! Niech pastwo

(formally to a
zamkn drzwi!
group of people)

Informal command: to watch, look at obejrze (pf): add j to the s/he

form or drop the - ending from they form: obejrz and add -yj
Formal command

Informal command

Have a look
at this! (formally
to a man /
woman)

Niech pan /
pani to obejrzy!

Have a look at
this! (formally
to a group of
people)

Niech pastwo
to obejrz!

Have a look at
this! (informally
to a friend)

Obejrzyj to!

(6) Verbs which have o as the core vowel sometimes replace it with :
Verb

Informal
command
(to a friend)

s/he

to do, make
robi / zrobi

Dont do it now, z / robi

do it tomorrow!

Informal
command
(to a friend)

Alternations

Nie rb tego teraz,

zrb to jutro!

(7) Irregular forms

37

Verb
to be by

Informal command (to a friend)

Be there this evening!

Bd tam wieczorem!

to eat je / zje Eat something!

Dont eat this!

Zjedz co!
Nie jedz tego!

to give dawa /
da

Give it to me!
Dont give it to her!

Daj mi to!
Nie dawaj jej tego!

to have mie
to understand
zrozumie (pf)

Have hope!
Understand me!

Miej nadziej!
Zrozum mnie!

Informal commands to a group and to express lets

To give an informal command to a group of people add the usual ending

-cie to the informal command, and for expressing lets... add -my: e.g.:
to close, lock zamyka / zamkn
Informal
command (to a
friend)

Informal
command (to a
friend)

Informal
command (to a
group of friends)

Lets...

Close the door!

(informally to
a friend)

Zamknij drzwi!

Zamknijcie drzwi!

Zamknijmy
drzwi!

Dont close the

door! (informally
to a friend)

Nie zamykaj
drzwi!

Nie zamykajcie
drzwi!

Nie zamykajmy
drzwi!

Conditional

In structures such as I / you / he / we etc. would like you / him / them

etc. to do it in Polish the verb endings vary according to the gender and
number of the subject of the main verb (I / you / he / we etc. would like)
and according to the gender and number of the subject of the
subordinate clause (you / him / them etc. to do it).

38

The sample below shows you how this works in practice:

I (m / f) would like X to do (pf / impf) it

X=

Chciabym / chciaabym, eby to z / robi / a

you (m/f sg inf)

Chciabym / chciaabym, eby pan / i to z / robi / a

you (m / f sg formal)

Chciabym / chciaabym, eby on / a to z / robi / a

him / her

Chciabym / chciaabym, ebymy to z / robili / z /

robiy

us (m or mixed / f)

Chciabym / chciaabym, ebycie to z / robili / z /

robiy

you (pl inf m or

mixed / pl inf f)

Chciabym / chciaabym, eby pastwo to z / robili

you (pl formal

mixed)

Chciabym / chciaabym, eby panowie to z / robili

you (pl formal m)

Chciabym / chciaabym, eby panie to z / robiy

you (pl formal f)

Nouns
Glossary of cases

(1) Nominative: who? what?

Mianownik: kto? co?

(1a) subject
Marta is reading / reads a book.

Marta (f) czyta ksik.

The newspaper is here

Gazeta (f) jest tutaj.

Is there a newspaper here?

Czy jest tutaj gazeta (f)?

(1b) complement of the

expression: this is, these are

to jest, to s

This is a newspaper.

To jest gazeta (f).

These are newspapers.

To s gazety (f).

(2) Genitive: of whom? of what?

Dopeniacz: kogo? czego?

(2a) direct object of negated

transitive verbs (i.e. used with a direct
object either expressed or implied)
I dont have a brother, computer,
telephone, book, newspaper,
wine.

Nie mam brata (m), komputera (m),

telefonu (m), ksiki (f), gazety (f),
wina (n).

I dont have brothers, telephones,

computers, books, newspapers,
wines.

Nie mam braci (m), telefonw (m),

komputerw (m), ksiek (f),
gazet (f), win (n).

(2b) complement of the

expression: there isnt / there
arent, there wasnt / there
werent, there wont be

nie ma / nie byo / nie bdzie

There isnt / wasnt / wont be

a telephone, computer, book,
newspaper, wine here

Nie ma / nie byo / nie bdzie

tutaj telefonu (m), komputera (m),
ksiki (f), gazety (f), wina (n).

There arent / werent / wont be

(any) telephones, computers,
books, newspapers, wines here.

Nie ma / nie byo / nie bdzie

tutaj telefonw (m), komputerw
(m), ksiek (f), gazet (f), win (n).

(2c) to express of
your (m and f formal) passport (lit.
passport of gentleman / lady)

pana / pani paszport

(2d) after prepositions: from, to,

for, from (out of)

od, do, dla, z

from time to time

od czasu do czasu (m)

to Poland, America, England,

to work, home, to the theatre,
to the cinema

do Polski (f), Ameryki (f), Anglii

(f), do pracy (f), do domu (m), do
teatru (m), do kina (n)

from Poland, America, England,

theatre, cinema

z Polski (f), Ameryki (f), Anglii (f),

teatru (m), kina (n)

39

40

for you (male / female formal)

dla pana / pani

(2e) object of some verbs

I teach / am teaching Polish
(language).

Ucz jzyka (m) polskiego.

I learn / am learning Polish

(language)

Ucz si jzyka (m) polskiego.

(3) Dative: to whom? to what?

Celownik: komu? czemu?

(3a) indirect object

I (f) gave it to my mother.

Daam to mojej mamie (f).

They didnt buy it for them.

Oni nie kupili im tego.

Tell it to Adam!

Powiedz to Adamowi (m)!

To whom did you (m formal)

give it?

Komu pan to da?

(3b) complement used in

expressions such as: I am cold /
warm (lit. to me is cold / warm)

Jest mi zimno / ciepo

(4) Accusative: whom? what?

Biernik: kogo? co?

(4a) direct object of transitive

verbs (i.e. used with a direct
object either expressed or implied)
I have a brother, telephone,
computer, book, newspaper, wine.

Mam brata (m), telefon (m), komputer

(m), ksik (f), gazet (f), wino (n).

I have brothers, telephones,

computers, books, newspapers,
wines.

Mam braci (m), telefony (m),

komputery (m), ksiki (f), gazety (f),
wina (n).

(4b) object of verbs with

prepositions
Can I have (lit. I will ask for)
(some) juice, wine, coffee

Poprosz (o) sok (m), wino (n),

kaw (f)

Can I have three juices, wines,

coffees

Poprosz (o) trzy soki (m), wina (n),

kawy (f)

I am waiting for you (m / f formal)

Czekam na pana (m) / pani (f)

(4c) object of prepositions

(active movement stated or
implied)
(to go on foot) to a film, opera,
performance

(i / pj) na film (m), oper (f),

przedstawienie (n)

(to go by transport) on holiday (pl)

(jecha / pojecha) na wakacje (pl)

(5) Instrumental: with whom?

with what?

Narzdnik: z kim? z czym?

(5a) following linking verbs like

to be

by

I (m) am Polish, English, American, Jestem Polakiem, Anglikiem,

Australian, Japanese.
Amerykaninem, Australijczykiem,
Japoczykiem (all m sg).
I (f) am Polish, English, American, Jestem Polk, Angielk,
Australian, Japanese.
Amerykank, Australijk,
Japonk (all f sg).
We (m or mixed) are Polish,
English, American, Australian,
Japanese.

Jestemy Polakami, Anglikami,

Amerykanami, Australijczykami,
Japoczykami (all m pl or mixed).

We (f) are Polish, English,

American, Australian, Japanese.

Jestemy Polkami, Angielkami,

Amerykankami, Australijkami,
Japonkami (all f pl).

(5b) to communicate the idea

by means of
I am going to work by car, taxi.

Jad do pracy samochodem (m),

takswk (f).

We like travelling by car(s), taxi(s). Lubimy jedzi

samochodami (m), takswkami (f).

41

42

She doesnt like writing with a

biro, pen, chalk.

Ona nie lubi pisa dugopisem (m),

pirem (n), kred (f)

We like writing with biros, pens,

chalk(s)

Lubimy pisa dugopisami (m),

pirami (n), kredami (f).

(5c) to convey seasons and

periods of time
In the evening / evenings

Wieczorem / wieczorami (m)

In the spring, summer, autumn,

winter

Wiosn (f), latem (n), jesieni (f),

zim (f)

(5d) object of prepositions: on,

by, with

na, nad, z

We are by the sea, ocean, river.

Jestemy nad morzem (n),

oceanem (m), rzek (f).

She is going to the restaurant

with her brother

Ona idzie do restauracji ze

swoim bratem (m)

Are you (inf) going on holiday

with your sister?

Jedziesz na wakacje ze swoj

siostr (f)?

Do you (inf) like coffee with milk?

Czy lubisz kaw z mlekiem (n)?

I dont like coffee with milk,

I prefer tea with lemon

Nie lubi kawy z mlekiem (n), wol

herbat z cytryn (f).

(5e) object of some verbs e.g.

to be interested in (lit. to interest interesowa si
oneself in)
I am interested in sport, Polish
music.

Interesuj si sportem (m) muzyk

polsk (f) .

(6) Locative: about whom?

about what?

Miejscownik: o kim? o czym?

(6a) after the prepositions:

on, in, at, about, after

na, w, o, po

I am on holiday (lit. holidays)

Jestem na wakacjach (pl)

Where is she now: in London,

in Krakw or in Warsaw?

Gdzie ona jest teraz: w Londynie (m),

w Krakowie (m) czy w Warszawie (f)?

We like conversing (talking)

about music, literature and film.

Lubimy rozmawia o muzyce (f),

literaturze (f) i filmie (m)

Lets talk about interesting films,

good books.

Porozmawiajmy o ciekawych
filmach i dobrych ksikach (pl).

Well talk about it after dinner.

Porozmawiamy o tym po obiedzie (m).

(7) Vocative

Woacz

(7a) addressing people directly

by first names or formally using
titles
Good morning (Miss, Mrs, Ms)
president, professor, director
(addressing a woman formally).

Dzie dobry pani prezydent,

profesor, dyrektor (all f).

Good bye (Mr) president,

professor, director (addressing
a man formally).

Do widzenia panie prezydencie,

panie profesorze, panie
dyrektorze (all m).

Robert, Marek, Anna, Maria!

Robercie (m), Marku (m), Anno (f),

Mario (f)!

Ada, Ania! (diminutives of

Adam and Anna)

Adasiu (m), Aniu (f)!

43

44

Case endings
(a) Feminine nouns
Case

woda water

ksika book

gazeta
newspaper

Singular
N
G
D
A
I
L
V

wo - d - a
wo - d - y
wo - dzi - e
wo - d -
wo - d -
wo - dzi - e
wo - d - o

ksi - k - a
ksi - k - i
ksi - c - e
ksi - k -
ksi - k -
ksi - c - e
ksi - k - o

gaze - t - a
gaze - t - y
gaze - ci - e
gaze - t -
gaze - t -
gaze - ci - e
gaze - t - o

Plural
N
G
D
A
I
L
V

wo - d - y
w - d -
wo - d - om
wo - d - y
wo - d - ami
wo - d - ach
wo - d - y

ksi - k - i
ksi - e - k -
ksi - k - om
ksi - k - i
ksi - k - ami
ksi - k - ach
ksi - k - i

gaze - t - y
gaze - t -
gaze - t - om
gaze - t - y
gaze - t - ami
gaze - t - ach
gaze - t - y

Case

restauracja restaurant

pani you/lady

noc night

Singular
N
G
D
A
I
L
V

restauracj - a
restauracj - i
restauracj - i
restauracj -
restauracj -
restauracj - i
restauracj - o

pan - i
pan - i
pan - i
pan - i -
pan - i -
pan - i
pan - i

noc
noc - y
noc - y
noc
noc -
noc - y
noc - y

Plural
N
G
D
A
I
L
V

restauracj - e
restauracj - i
restauracj - om
restauracj - e
restauracj - ami
restauracj - ach
restauracj - e

pan - i - e
pa -
pan - i - om
pan - i - e
pan - i - ami
pan - i - ach
pan - i - e

noc - e
noc - y
noc - om
noc - e
noc - ami
noc - ach
noc - e

(b) Masculine nouns

Case

brat brother

ojciec father

komputer
computer

Singular
N
G
D
A
I
L
V

bra - t
bra - t - a
bra - t - u
bra - t - a
bra - t - em
bra - ci - e
bra - ci - e

oj - ci - e - c
oj - c - a
oj - c - u
oj - c - a
oj - c - em
oj - c - u
oj - cz - e

kompute - r
kompute - r - a
kompute - r - owi
kompute - r
kompute - r - em
kompute - rz - e
kompute - rz - e

45

46

Plural
N
G
D
A
I
L
V

Case

bra - ci - a
bra - ci
bra - ci - om
bra - ci
bra - - mi
bra - ci - ach
bra - ci - a

ojc - owie
ojc - w
ojc - om
ojc - w
ojc - ami
ojc - ach
ojc - owie

telefon telephone

kolega colleague

Singular
N
G
D
A
I
L
V

telefo - n
telefo - n - u
telefo - n - owi
telefo - n
telefo - n - em
telefo - ni - e
telefo - ni - e

kole - g - a
kole - g - i
kole - dz - e
kole - g -
kole - g -
kole - dz - e
kole - g - o

Plural
N
G
D
A
I
L
V

telefo - n - y
telefo - n - w
telefo - n - om
telefo - n - y
telefo - n - ami
telefo - n - ach
telefo - n - y

kompute - r - y
kompute - r - w
kompute - r - om
kompute - r - y
kompute - r - ami
kompute - r - ach
kompute - r - y

kole - dz - y
kole - g - w
kole - g - om
kole - g - w
kole - g - ami
kole - g - ach
kole - dz - y

(c) Neuter nouns

Case

47

morze sea

niadanie breakfast

okno window

Singular
N
G
D
A
I
L
V

morz - e
morz - a
morz - u
morz - e
morz - em
morz - u
morz - e

niada - ni - e
niada - ni - a
niada - ni - u
niada - ni - e
niada - ni - em
niada - ni - u
niada - ni - e

ok - n - o
ok - n - a
ok - n - u
ok - n - o
ok - n - em
ok - ni - e
ok - n - o

Plural
N
G
D
A
I
L
V

Case

morz - a
mrz -
morz - om
morz - a
morz - ami
morz - ach
morz - a

niada - ni - a
niada - -
niada - ni - om
niada - ni - a
niada - ni - ami
niada - ni - ach
niada - ni - a

imi name

centrum centre

Singular
N
G
D
A
I
L
V

imi -
imi - eni - a
imi - eni - u
imi -
imi - eni - em
imi - eni - u
imi -

centrum
centrum
centrum
centrum
centrum
centrum
centrum

ok - n - a
ok - ie - n -
ok - n - om
ok - n - a
ok - n - ami
ok - n - ach
ok - n - a

48

Plural
N
G
D
A
I
L
V

imion - a
imion -
imion - om
imion - a
imion - ami
imion - ach
imion - a

centr - a
centr - w
centr - om
centr - a
centr - ami
centr - ach
centr - a

(d) Consonant alternations

This section exemplifies examples of consonantal alternations (changes of
consonants) governed by the various noun declensions (cases) and is by
no means complete.
Feminine nouns: there are consonantal alternations in Dative and
Locative singular in the last syllable of the stem, before the -e ending, for
example:
d dz: woda w wodzie water in water
k c: ksika w ksice book in the book
l: szkoa w szkole school at school
t ci (= ): gazeta w gazecie newspaper in the newspaper
r rz: literatura o literaturze literature about literature
Most other consonants get softened by the letter i before the -e ending in
Dative and Locative singular:
mama mamie (m mi); cytryna cytrynie (n ni (= )); mapa
mapie (p pi); kasa kasie (s si (= )) till; kawa kawie (w wi)
Masculine nouns: the consonantal alternations occur in Locative singular
before the -e ending; for example:
d dzi (= d): obiad na obiedzie dinner during dinner
g dz: kolega o koledze colleague about a colleague
r rz: komputer o komputerze computer about the computer
t ci (= ): brat o bracie brother about the brother

As with feminine nouns, most other consonants get softened by the letter
i before the -e ending in Locative singular: klub klubie; ryba rybie
(fish).
Neuter nouns: some consonants get softened by the letter i before the -e
ending in Locative singular: okno w oknie (n ni (= )), piwo piwie
(w wi)
(e) Vocalic alternations
This section exemplifies examples of vocalic alternations (changes of
vowels) governed by the various noun declensions (cases) and is by no
means complete.
Feminine nouns: szkoa szk (gen pl): o school of schools
Masculine nouns: samochd samochody: o car cars
(f) Simultaneous consonantal and vocalic alternations
Sometimes both types of alternation (i.e. vocalic and consonantal) occur
simultaneously in one word.
Neuter nouns: lato w lecie summer in the summer; miasto w
miecie (town in the town)
Pronouns
Personal pronouns

Case

you (inf)

she

he

it

N
G
D
A
I
L

ja
mnie
mi
mnie
mn
mnie

ty
ci
ci
ci
tob
tobie

ona
jej
jej
j
ni
niej

on
go
mu
go
nim
nim

ono
go
mu
je
nim
nim

49

50

Case

we

you (inf)

they (men
and mixed)

they (non
men)

N
G
D
A
I
L

my
nas
nam
nas
nami
nas

wy
was
wam
was
wami
was

oni
ich
im
ich
nimi
nich

one
ich
im
je
nimi
nich

Emphatic personal pronouns

Case

you (inf)

he

it

G
D
A

mnie
mnie
mnie

ciebie
tobie
ciebie

jego
jemu
jego

jego
jemu

Examples:
I / he / you inf wasnt / werent there mnie / ciebie / jego tam nie byo
(Genitive)
I (m / f) gave it to you (inf) / him tobie / jemu to daem / daam (Dative)
I (m / f) saw you (inf) / him there ciebie / jego tam widziaem /
widziaam (Accusative)

Demonstrative pronouns

51

this, that*
Case

N
G
D
A
I
L

ta
tej
tej
t
t
tej

ten
tego
temu
tego / ten
tym
tym

to
tego
temu
to
tym
tym

these, those*
Case

non-m personal

m personal

N
G
D
A
I
L

te
tych
tym
te
tymi
tych

ci
tych
tym
tych
tymi
tych

*The above are used to express both this / these and that / those;
however, there are separate pronouns for that: tamten, tamta, tamto,
tamte (non m personal) and tamci (m personal) (lit. there this) inflected
as above.

52

Interrogative and indefinite pronouns

Interrogative pronouns

Indefinite pronouns

Case

who

what

nobody

nothing

N
G
D
A
I
L

kto
kogo
komu
kogo
kim
kim

co
czego
czemu
co
czym
czym

nikt
nikogo
nikomu
nikogo
nikim
nikim

nic
niczego / nic
niczemu
nic
niczym
niczym

Possessive pronouns

Singular
Case

English
meaning
my
your (inf)
our
your (pl inf)

moja
twoja
nasza
wasza

mj
twj
nasz
wasz

moje
twoje
nasze
wasze

my
your (inf)
our
your (pl inf)

mojej
twojej
naszej
waszej

mojego
twojego
naszego
waszego

mojego
twojego
naszego
waszego

my
your (inf)
our
your (pl inf)

mojej
twojej
naszej
waszej

mojemu
twojemu
naszemu
waszemu

mojemu
twojemu
naszemu
waszemu

my
your (inf)
our
your (pl inf)

moj
twoj
nasz
wasz

mojego / mj
twojego / twj
naszego / nasz
waszego / wasz

moje
twoje
nasze
wasze

my
your (inf)
our
your (pl inf)

moj
twoj
nasz
wasz

moim
twoim
naszym
waszym

moim
twoim
naszym
waszym

my
your (inf)
our
your (pl inf)

mojej
twojej
naszej
waszej

moim
twoim
naszym
waszym

moim
twoim
naszym
waszym

Plural
Case

English meaning

non-m personal

m personal

my
your (inf)
our
your (pl inf)

moje
twoje
nasze
wasze

moi
twoi
nasi
wasi

my
your (inf)
our
your (pl inf)

moich
twoich
naszych
waszych

moich
twoich
naszych
waszych

my
your (inf)
our
your (pl inf)

moim
twoim
naszym
waszym

moim
twoim
naszym
waszym

my
your (inf)
our
your (pl inf)

moje
twoje
nasze
wasze

moich
twoich
naszych
waszych

my
your (inf)
our
your (pl inf)

moimi
twoimi
naszymi
waszymi

moimi
twoimi
naszymi
waszymi

53

54

my
your (inf)
our
your (pl inf)

moich
twoich
naszych
waszych

moich
twoich
naszych
waszych

The pronouns jego, jej, ich (his, her, their) are not inflected.
Adjectives
dobry, drogi good, dear
Singular
Case
N
G
D
A

I
L

f
dobra, droga
dobrej, drogiej
dobrej, drogiej
dobr, drog

m
dobry, drogi
dobrego, drogiego
dobremu, drogiemu
dobrego, drogiego
(animate = G)
dobry, drogi
(inanimate = N)
dobr, drog dobrym, drogim
dobrej, drogiej dobrym, drogim

n
dobre, drogie
dobrego, drogiego
dobremu, drogiemu
dobre, drogie (= N)

dobrym, drogim
dobrym, drogim

55

Plural
Case

non-m personal

m personal

N
G
D
A
I
L

dobre, drogie
dobrych, drogich
dobrym, drogim
dobre, drogie (=N)
dobrymi,drogimi
dobrych, drogich

dobrzy, drodzy
dobrych, drogich
dobrym, drogim
dobrych, drogich
dobrymi, drogimi
dobrych, drogich

Numerals
Case Question

Indefinite numbers

how much,
how many

(a) few

ile, ilu

kilka, kilku

G
D
A

ilu
ilu
ile, ilu

ilu / iloma

ilu

a dozen or so many

kilkanacie /
kilkunastu
kilku
kilkunastu
kilku
kilkunastu
kilka, kilku
kilkanacie /
kilkunastu
kilku / kilkoma kilkunastu /
kilkunastoma
kilku
kilkunastu

wiele / wielu
wielu
wielu
wiele / wielu
wielu /
wieloma
wielu

Your guide to the Michel Thomas Method courses

No books

No writing

Just confidence

Introductory course (2 CDs)

First 2 hours of the Foundation course
A taster of the Michel Thomas Method
14.99

Foundation course (8 CDs)

8-hour course for beginners
Track listing
70.00

French, German, Italian, Spanish

Language Builders (2 CDs)
Increase word power and learn
colloquial phrases
Track listing
20.00

Advanced course (4 CDs)

5-hour follow-on to Foundation course
Track listing
50.00

French, German, Italian, Spanish

Vocabulary course (5 CDs)
Learn 1,000 words painlessly
in 6 hours
Track listing
30.00

New languages
Vocabulary course (4 CDs)
Learn hundreds of words
painlessly in 5 hours
Track listing
35.00

57

58

The Michel Thomas Method product range

Introductory course (2 CDs*) 14.99
Arabic
ISBN: 978 0340 95728 8
Dutch
ISBN: 978 0340 97170 3
French
ISBN: 978 0340 78064 0
German
ISBN: 978 0340 78066 4
Italian
ISBN: 978 0340 78070 1
Japanese
ISBN: 978 0340 97458 2
Mandarin
ISBN: 978 0340 95722 6
Polish
ISBN: 978 0340 97518 3
Portuguese
ISBN: 978 0340 97166 6
Russian
ISBN: 978 0340 94842 2
Spanish
ISBN: 978 0340 78068 8
*These are the first 2 hours of the Foundation course.
Foundation course (8 CDs) 70
Arabic
ISBN: 978 0340 95727 1
Dutch
ISBN: 978 0340 97169 7
French
ISBN: 978 0340 93891 1
German
ISBN: 978 0340 93892 8
Italian
ISBN: 978 0340 93894 2
Japanese
ISBN: 978 0340 97457 5
Mandarin
ISBN: 978 0340 95726 4
Polish
ISBN: 978 0340 97517 6
Portuguese
ISBN: 978 0340 97167 3
Russian
ISBN: 978 0340 94841 5
Spanish
ISBN: 978 0340 93893 5
Advanced course (4 CDs) 50
Arabic
ISBN: 978 0340 95729 5
Dutch
ISBN: 978 0340 97171 0
French
ISBN: 978 0340 93898 0
German
ISBN: 978 0340 93913 0
Italian
ISBN: 978 0340 93900 0
Japanese
ISBN: 978 0340 97459 9
Mandarin
ISBN: 978 0340 95723 3
Polish
ISBN: 978 0340 97517 6
Portuguese
ISBN: 978 0340 97168 0
Russian
ISBN: 978 0340 94843 9
Spanish
ISBN: 978 0340 93899 7

The Language Builders take the form of a one-to-one lecture with Michel Thomas,
building on the words and phrases in the Foundation and Advanced courses. The
courses provide confidence in pronunciation, increase your word-power and consolidate
your knowledge in just two hours.
Language Builders (2 CDs) 20
French
German
Italian
Spanish

ISBN: 978 0 340 78969 8

ISBN: 978 0 340 78973 5
ISBN: 978 0 340 78975 9
ISBN: 978 0 340 78971 1

The Vocabulary courses carry forward the Michel Thomas Method teaching tradition
and faithfully follow this unique approach to foreign language learning, with the allaudio and building-block approach.
Vocabulary courses: French, German, Italian, Spanish (5 CDs) 30
French
German
Italian
Spanish

ISBN: 978 0 340 93982 6

ISBN: 978 0 340 93984 0
ISBN: 978 0 340 93983 3
ISBN: 978 0 340 93973 4

Vocabulary courses: new languages (4 CDs) 40

Arabic
Mandarin
Russian

ISBN: 978 0 340 98323 2

ISBN: 978 0 340 98358 4
ISBN: 978 0 340 98324 9

Background reading
The Test of Courage is Michel Thomass thrilling biography. Written by acclaimed
journalist Christopher Robbins, it tells the story of the worlds greatest language teacher
and of how his experience at the hands of the Gestapo fuelled his passion for language
teaching.
ISBN: 978 0340 81245 7; paperback; 9.99
In The Learning Revolution renowned instructional psychologist Dr Jonathan Solity
draws on professional experience and lengthy discussions with Michel Thomas to
explain how and why the Michel Thomas Method of language teaching works where so
many others fail.
ISBN: 978 0340 92833 2; hardback; 19.99

59

The Michel Thomas Method Special Editions comprise:

The Foundation course on CD

The Language Builder CD
Sample hours from 2 other languages
A CD wallet to store the course in
Michel Thomas biography The Test of Courage

Special Editions 99
French
ISBN: 978 0 340 81402 4
Italian
ISBN: 978 0 340 81403 1
Spanish
ISBN: 978 0 340 88289 4
These Michel Thomas Method products are available from all good
bookshops and online booksellers.
To find out more, please get in touch with us
For general enquiries and for information about the Michel Thomas
Method:
Call: 020 7873 6354 Fax: 020 7873 6325
Email: [email protected]
To place an order:
Call: 01235 400414 Fax: 01235 400454 Email: [email protected]
www.michelthomas.co.uk
You can write to us at:
Hodder Education, 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH

Download and learn a new language anywhere

Download the Michel Thomas language courses straight to your PC or
Mac. Listen as you travel, while you drive, or any time your ears are free
but your hands are busy.
For more information, visit www.audible.co.uk/michelthomas

61


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Learn another language the way you learnt your own

Press reviews for the Michel Thomas Method

language courses
The Times
the nearest thing to painless learning
The Daily Telegraph
works like a dream
Sunday Business
ideal for any business traveller who needs to be able to get around
confidently
Time Out
five minutes into the first CD, you already feel like youre winning
Red
Hugely inspiring
Daily Star
Michels methods will teach you effectively and easily
The Daily Telegraph
a great way to learn; its fast and it lasts

www.michelthomas.co.uk