e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1. Solar Photovoltaic Theory

1-1. Basic principles of PV

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M

1-1.Basic principle of PV
Contents
1-1. Basic principles of PV
1-1-1. Mechanism of generation
1-1-2. Various type of PV cell
1-1-3. Installation example
1-1-4. Basic characteristic
1-1-5. Case sturdy

 Mechanism of generation
The solar cell is composed of a P-type semiconductor and an N-type
semiconductor. Solar light hitting the cell produces two types of electrons,
negatively and positively charged electrons in the semiconductors.
Negatively charged (-) electrons gather around the N-type semiconductor
while positively charged (+) electrons gather around the P-type
semiconductor. When you connect loads such as a light bulb, electric
current flows between the two electrodes.

Electrode
Reflect-Proof Film
Solar Energy

N-Type Semiconductor
P-Type Semiconductor

Load
Electrode

Electric Current

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1-1-1. Mechanism of generation

Photo Voltaic cell

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1-1-1. Mechanism of generation

Direction of current inside PV cell
Inside current of PV cell looks like
Reverse direction. Why?

By Solar Energy, current is pumped

up from N-pole to P-pole.
In generation, current appears reverse.
It is the same as for battery.

N
P

Current appears
to be in the
reverse direction ?

Looks like
reverse

N
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 Voltage and Current of PV cell ( I-V Curve )

P

A
(A)

Short Circuit

Voltage on normal operation point

0.5V (in case of Silicon PV)
Current depend on
- Intensity of insolation
- Size of cell

High insolation

Current(I)

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1-1-1. Mechanism of generation

Normal operation point

(Maximum Power point)
P

Low insolation

IxV=W

(V)

Voltage(V)

about 0.5V
(Silicon)

Open Circuit

 Typical I-V Curve

(A)

Depend on cell-size

5.55A

Depend on
Solar insolation

4.95A

Depend on
type of cell or
cell-material
( Si = 0.5V )

Current(I)

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1-1-1. Mechanism of generation

(V)

Voltage(V)

0.49 V 0.62 V
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-2. Various type of PV cell

Types and Conversion Efficiency of Solar Cell
Conversion Efficiency
of Module
Single crystal

10 - 17%

Poly crystalline

10 - 13%

Crystalline
Silicon
Semiconductor

e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M

Non-crystalline

Solar
Cell

Compound
Semiconductor

Organic
Semiconductor

Amorphous

Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)

7 - 10%
18 - 30%

Dye-sensitized Type

7 - 8%

Organic Thin Layer Type

2 - 3%

Electric Energy Output

x 100%
Conversion Efficiency =
Energy of Insolation on cell
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1-1-2. Various type of PV cell

Crystal cell (Single crystal and Poly crystalline Silicon)
Single crystal

Formed by melting high purity

silicon like as Integrated Circuit

Poly crystalline

For mass production, cell is sliced

from roughly crystallized ingot.
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1-1-2. Various type of PV cell

Surface of PV cell
Example of Poly Crystalline PV

Aluminum Electrode
(Silver colored wire)
To avoid shading,
electrode is very fine.

Anti reflection film

(Blue colored film)

Front Surface
(N-Type side)
Back surface is Ptype.

All back surface is

aluminum electrode
with full reflection.
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1-1-2. Various type of PV cell

PV Module (Single crystal, Poly crystalline Silicon)
Single crystal

Poly crystalline

128W

120W

(26.5V ,
4.8A)

(25.7V ,
4.7A)
1200mm

1200mm

3.93ft

(3.93ft)

800mm 2.62ft

Efficiency is higher

Same size

800mm (2.62ft)

Efficiency is lower
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1-1-2. Various type of PV cell

Hierarchy of PV
Cell

Volt

Ampere

Watt

Size

0.5V

5-6A

2-3W

about 10cm

5-6A

100-200W about 1m

Module 20-30V
Array

200-300V 50A-200A 10-50kW

about 30m

Array
10 - 50 kW

Module,Panel
100 - 200 W

Cell

23W

6x9=54 (cells)

100-300 (modules)
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 Roughly size of PV Power Station.

How much PV can we install in this conference room?

1 kw PV need 10

m2

Please
remember

(108 feet2)

20m(66feet)

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e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M

1-1-2. Various type of PV cell

Conference
Room
(We are now)

Our room has about 200 m2

(2,178 feet2)

We can install about

20 kW PV in this room
10m(33feet)
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1-1-3. Installation example

Roof top of residence ( Grid connected )
Owner can sell excess
power to power utility.

Most popular installation

style in Japan.
(Almost 85% PV in Japan )

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e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M

1-1-3. Installation example

Roof top of school ,community-center building.
(For education and emergency power)

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e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M

1-1-3. Installation example

Distant and independent power supply ( Off grid )

Advertising sign beside highway

Relay station on top of mountain
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-3. Installation example

Mountain lodge ( Off grid )

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Inverter and controller

1.2kW system

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1-1-3. Installation example

Stationary power station (Grid connected )
e8 & PPA project in Tuvalu
30kW array

Site:
Installation:
Capacity:
Purpose:

10kW array

Funafuti Tuvalu
Feb. in 2008
40kW
Grid connected power supply for fuel conservation
and CO2 reduction.
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1-1-3. Installation example

Stationary power station (Off grid or mini grid )
Site:

Mongolia

Installation: May & June in 1999

Purpose:

For lighting, refrigerator

and outlet in a hospital.

Solar cell capacity:

3.4kW
Wind Power capacity: 1.8kW
Inverter capacity:
5kVA

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1-1-3. Installation example

Solar Home System (SHS)
Solar array
Solar array
Solar array

Controller
Light
Solar array
Storage battery
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-4. Basic Characteristic

I / V curve and P-Max control
A

V
(A)

Ipmax
Current(I)

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P1
I/V curve

To obtain maximum power, current

control (or voltage control) is very
important.

Power conditioner (mentioned

later) will adjusts to be most suitable
PMAX voltage and current automatically.
P- Max control

Power curve

IxV=W

P2
(V)

Voltage(V)

Vpmax
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-4. Basic Characteristic

Estimate obtained power by I / V curve
A

R 0.05()
(A)

Then power is 10x0.5=5 W

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PV character
( I/V curve )

10

Current(I)

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If the load has 0.05 ohm resistance,

cross point of resistance character and
PV-Character will be following point.

R 0.05()

Ohms theory

V
I
R

I V / 0.05

2
0

(V)
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Voltage(V)
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-4. Basic Characteristic

I / V curve vs. Insolation intensity
Current is affected largely by change
of insolation intensity.

5A

Partially shaded serial cell will

produce current mismatch.
(A)

N
P

Bypass Diode

Mismatch
1A

High intensity insolation

N
5A

Current(I)

e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M

P
Low intensity insolation

5A

1A

Bypass
Diode

N
P

IxV=W

1A

(V)

4A

N
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 Temperature and efficiency

When module temperature rises up, efficiency decreases.
The module must be cooled by natural ventilation, etc.

14
Efficiency (%)

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1-1-4. Basic Characteristic

Crystalline cell

2%
down

12
10

Amorphous cell

8
6

Typical
(25C)

4
0

10

20 30 40 50 60 70
Module Temperature (deg.C)

Summer time
on roof top
(65C)

80

90

100
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-5. Case sturdy

1.Maximum power control
Q : Calculate how much power you can get by following three
resistance. ( I / V curve is next page)
P

R 0.02()

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N
P

R 0.05()
N
P

R 0.10()
N
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1.Maximum power control

(A)

V
I
R

I/V curve of current insolation.

12
10

Current(I)

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1-1-5. Case sturdy

8
6

4
2
0

(V)
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Voltage(V)
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1-1-5. Case sturdy

2.Temperature vs. Efficiency
Q: There is 50 kW Crystalline PV system.
If surface temperature rises from 25C to 65C, How much
the capacity will be?

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