A PROJECT REPORT ON

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES

INTRODUCATION

WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE ?
An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the
Earths crust that creates seismic waves. A sudden rapid hacking of the
earth caused by breaking and shifting of rocks beneath the earths surface.

RICHTER SCALE The answer to the question what is the Richter scale is, it's an
instrument, which can measure the power and energy released during an
earthquake. Initially it was called the Richter magnitude test scale and the
scale range was from 0 to 10.

FORMULA To measure the intensity of an earthquake a Richter scale formula is used

which is mentioned below. It records the movement of the earth's surface
at the epicentre of an earthquake. The number so recorded is used for
calculating the energy released. The formula is:
ML = log10A - log10A0() ML = log10A - log10A0() Where,
A = Greatest Deviation on Wood-Anderson seismograph.
A0 = Distance of the Epicenter = Location of the Earthquake

TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE

There are two types of earthquake

o Inter plate earthquake
o Intra plate earthquake

INTERPLATE EARTHQUAKE
An interplate earthquake is an earthquake that occurs at the
boundary between two tectonic plates. Earthquakes of this type account for
more than 90 percent of the total seismic energy released around the
world.

Plate Tectonics Major Plates of

Earth

INTRAPLATE EARTHQUAKE

An intraplate earthquake is an earthquake that occurs in the

interior of a tectonic plate, whereas an interplate earthquake is one that
occurs at a plate boundary. Intraplate earthquakes are relatively rare.
Notable examples of damaging intraplate earthquakes are the
devastating Gujarat earthquake in 2001, the 2012 Indian Ocean
earthquakes, the 1811-1812 earthquakes in New Madrid, etc.

NECESSITY
Safety :1) With the earthquake resisting structure we can save human lives.
2) This type of structure will not be affected by the ill effects of
earthquake on a structure.
Economy :1) We can achieve economy with this type of structure.

Causes Of Earthquake
1) Earthquakes are vibrations, or oscillations, of the ground surface
caused by transient disturbance of the elastic or gravitational
equilibrium of the rocks at or beneath the surface of the earth
2) Earthquake occurs when two tectonic plates move suddenly against
each other. The rocks usually break underground at the hypocenter
and the earth shakes, waves spread from the epicenter ,the point on
the surface above the hypocenter if an quake occurs under the see it
can cause isunami.

Effect Of Earthquake
1) Seismic waves, can damage and sometimes, completely destroy
buildings .
2) In regions consisting of hills and steep slopes, earthquake vibration
may cause landslides and mudslides, and cliffs to collapse, which can
damage buildings and lead to loss of life.
3) Soil vibration can either shake a building off its foundation, modify its
support, or cause its foundations to disintigrate.
4) Strong surface seismic waves make the ground heave lurch, and
damage the structure.

Prominent EQ in India

INTRODUCTION
Earthquake-resistant

structures

are

structures

Designed

to

withstand earthquakes. While no structure can be entirely immune to

damage from earthquakes, the goal of earthquake-resistant construction is
to erect structures that fare better during seismic activity than their
conventional counterparts.
According to building codes, earthquake-resistant structures are
intended to withstand the largest earthquake of a certain probability that is
likely to occur at their location.

To combat earthquake destruction, the only method available to

ancient architects was to build their landmark structures to last, often by
making them excessively stiff and strong, like the el castillo pyramid at
chichen itza.

Currently, there are several design Philosophies in earthquake

engineering these range from appropriately sizing the structure to be
strong and ductile enough to survive the shaking with an acceptable
damage, to equipping it with base isolation or using structural vibration
control technologies to minimize any forces and deformations.

ADVANCED EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN

TECHNIQUES
1) Base isolation

BASE ISOLATION
It is easiest to see this principle at work by referring directly to the
most widely used of these advanced techniques, which is known as base
isolation. A base isolated structure is supported by a series of bearing pads
which are placed between the building and the building's foundation.
A variety of different types of base isolation bearing pads have now
been developed. For our example, we'll discuss leadrubber bearings.
These are among the frequently used types of base isolation bearings.
A leadrubber bearing is made from layers of rubber sandwiched
together with layers of steel. In the middle of the bearing is a solid lead
"plug." On top and bottom, the bearing is fitted with steel plates.

EARTHQUAKE GENERATED FORCES

It is important to know that the inertial forces which the building

undergoes are proportional to the building's acceleration during ground
motion. It is also important to realize that buildings don't actually shift in
only one direction.
Because of the complex nature of earthquake ground motion, the
building actually tends to vibrate back and forth in varying directions. So,
Figure 3 is really a kind of "snapshot" of the building at only one particular
point of its earthquake response.

BASIC ASSUMPTIONSThe following assumptions are made in the analysis of earthquake

resistant design of structures:1) An earthquake causes impulsive ground motions, which are complex
and irregular in character, with each change in period and amplitude
lasting for a small duration.
2) An earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with winds or
powerful floods and sea waves.
3) The value of elastic modulus of materials, wherever required, may be
taken as the one used for static analysis, unless more definite value is
available for use in such a condition.

PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN OF RCC MEMBERS:The collapse of RCC buildings are generally preventable if the
following principles of earthquake resistant design are observed1) Failure should be ductile rather than brittle- ductility with large
energy dissipation capacity must be ensured.
2) Flexure failure should precede shear failure.
3) Beams should fail before columns.
4) Connections should be stronger than the members which fit into
them.

EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT DESIGN
PHILOSOPHY

EQ RESISTANT DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

o Basic Approach
To prolong damage of structure
Follow IS:13920 recommendations
o Only saving of life is considered, not the loss of property
o High strength may result in high acceleration levels, so increasing
strength alone wont always work.
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY MINOR SHAKING
o No structural damage
o Reparable non structural damage
o No need to vacant building in post EQ repair stage

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY STRONG SHAKING

o Major structural damage
o Non reparable non structural damage
o Need to demolish building in post EQ stage
o No complete collapse during EQ

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY STRONG SHAKING

o Major structural damage
o Non reparable non structural damage
o Need to demolish building in post EQ stage
o No complete collapse during EQ

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY: USE OF DUCTILE MATERIAL

o Ductility It is a ability of material to take the load beyond elastic
limit without failure
o Under reinforced sections are ductile

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY: STRONG-COLUMN

WEAK-BEAM
o Weak beam leads to local failure whereas weak column leads to
global failure
o Weak beam act as ductile link

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY: DESIGN REQUIREMENT

o Good Structural Configuration: ensure a direct and smooth flow of
inertia forces to the ground.
o Lateral Strength: damage induced in it does not result in collapse.
o Adequate Stiffness: do not damage its contents under low-tomoderate shaking.
o Good Ductility: improved by favorable design and detailing
strategies
EFFECT OF EQ ON RCC STRUCTURE:
TRANSFER OF FORCES
o EQ forces transfer from top to bottom through slab, beam, column,
foundation to ground
o Lateral force goes on increasing from top to bottom

FAILURE OF BEAM
o Flexural Failure: Longitudinal steel resist failure.
o Shear Failure: Stirrups resist failure. Closed stirrups are to be
provided to avoid such failure

DUCTILE DETAILING OF BEAM

As the reversal of B.M. takes place in EQ at least
a)

Two continuous bars on both faces

b)

Half Ast at bottom face at support

DETAILING OF BEAM STIRRUPS

Min. Diameter of Stirrups:
6mmup to 5m span
8mmgreater than 5m span
Hook
135o >= 10 times dia. of stirrups

DETAILING OF BEAM STIRRUPS

DETAILING OF LAPPING OF LONGITUDINAL BARS

L.E,S,P, SANGLI

27

COLUMN DESIGN STRATEGY

o Columns to sustain axial-flexural failure and shear failure. Shear
damage is brittle and must be avoided by providing transverse ties at
close spacing
o Columns to be at least 300 mm wide
o Column width of up to 200mm is allowed if unsupported length < 4m
and beam length < 5m.
DETAILING OF COLUMN TIES
o Ties carry horizontal shear force, thereby resist shear failure
o 135o hooks prevent opening of loops, consequently buckling of
concrete and vertical bars
o Closed ties at top and bottom of column provides confined concrete

DETAILING OF COLUMN TIES

o Extra links with 180o hooks for more than four vertical bars
o Prevent buckling of vertical bar and bulging of 135o ties

DETAILING OF COLUMN LAPPING

o Lapping at mid span, where B.M. is zero
o Lap length - 50 times bar diameter
o Only half bars to be lapped at a time at any storey
o Ties spacing at lap not more than 150 mm

BEAM-COLUMN JOINT: IMPORTANCE

o Joints have limited force carrying capacity, since constituent
materials have limited strength
o During EQ joints damage severely, leads to global failure
o Repairing damaged joints is difficult, hence avoid damage

BEAM-COLUMN JOINT : EQ BEHAVIOR

Under EQ shaking the beams adjoining a joint are subjected to same sense
of moment

DUCTILE DETAILING OF BEAM- COLUMN JOINT

o Two methods to avoid failure, wide column a closely spaced closedloop ties in joint region
o Ties hold concrete, also resist shear failure

DUCTILE DETAILING OF BEAM-COLUMN JOINT

o

Narrow columns to be avoided, since it is difficult to hold overhanging

beam bars

DUCTILE DETAILING OF BEAM-COLUMN JOINT

DESIGN OF
EARTHQUAKE
RESISTING SIX STOREY
BUILDING
FOR EXAMPLE